HMMIHMHI 


BMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT»^3) 


4p 


1.0 


I.I 


liilM  12.5 
U>  lii  122 
m    ....     11112.0 


IL25  III  1.4 


6" 


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Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


33  WIST  MAIN  S^ktr. 

WHSTER,  N.Y.  I4S3Q 

(716)  S72-4S03 


'^ 


A^ 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVI/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


7h( 
to 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  boat 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  msy  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of. the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantiv  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


□    Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


r~~]    Covers  damaged/ 


D 


D 


D 


D 


0 


Couverture  endommagie 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurie  et/ou  pelliculAe 


I      I    Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


I      I    Coloured  maps/ 


Cartes  g6ographiques  en  couleur 


Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


nn   Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli*  avec  d'autres  documents 


r~7\    Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 


along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  liure  serrie  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 

distortion  ie  long  de  la  marge  intirieuro 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
11  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajouties 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  Atait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  M  filmies. 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exempiaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6ti  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exempiaire  qui  sont  peut-6tre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibiiographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  m6thode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquAs  ci-dessous. 


I      I   Coloured  pages/ 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  sndommagies 


□    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restauries  et/ou  pelliculdes 

I    ~|    Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 


Th( 
poi 
of 
fiinl 


Ori 
be] 
thi 
sio 
ot» 
firs 
sio 
or 


Pages  dicoiories,  tachetdes  ou  piqudes 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ditachies 


r~T'  Showthrough/ 


Transparence 


□    Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Qualiti  inigale  de  I'impression 

□    Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  suppl^mentaire 

□    Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


Th( 
shi 
Tl^ 
wh 

Ma 
dif 
ant 
be^ 
rigl 
req 
me 


D 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.   have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  it6  filmies  A  nouveau  de  facon  i 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  supplAmentaires: 


Irregular  pagination  :    [6],  [3]- 10.  [131-114,  [11-87.  [11-94.  [21.  [1]-96p. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  fiimi  au  taux  de  rMuction  indiquA  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

y 

12X 


aox 


24X 


28X 


32X 


ils 

u 

lifier 

ne 

age 


7h«  copy  filmad  h«r«  has  bMn  rsproducad  thank* 
to  thw  genaroaity  of: 

Univeriity  of  British  Columbia  Library 


Tha  imagas  app<>aring  hcra  ara  tha  bast  quality 
possibia  conslJs.-ing  tha  condition  and  lagibility 
of  tha  origina<  copy  and  in  Icaaping  with  tha 
filming  contract  apacif ications. 


Original  copias  in  printad  papar  covars  ara  filmad 
baginning  with  tha  front  covar  and  anding  on 
tha  last  paga  with  a  printad  or  Hluatratad  impras- 
aion,  or  tha  back  covar  whan  appropriata.  All 
othar  original  copias  ara  filmad  baginning  on  tha 
first  paga  with  a  printad  or  iilustratad  impraa- 
sion,  and  anding  on  tha  last  paga  with  a  printad 
or  iilustratad  imprassion. 


Tha  last  racordad  frama  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  tha  symbol  —^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


L'examplaira  filmA  f ut  reproduit  grioa  A  la 
gAnAroaitA  da: 

urmversity  of  British  Columbia  Library 


Lea  imagas  suivantas  ont  4t*  raproduitas  ■««€  It 
plus  grand  soin,  compta  tenu  de  la  condition  at 
da  la  nattetS  da  rexemplaira  film*,  et  tm 
conformity  avac  las  conditions  du  contrat  da 
filmaga. 

Las  axemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couvartura  an 
papier  est  imprimis  sont  filmfo  Ski  commanpant 
par  la  premier  plat  et  en  43rminant  soit  par  la 
darnlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinta 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  la  second 
plat,  salon  la  cas.  Tous  les  autres  axemplairas 
originaux  sont  fiimts  en  commenpant  par  la 
pramiAre  page  qui  comporte  une  Jampreinta 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  at  en  terminant  par 
la  derniire  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaftra  sur  la 
derniAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  la 
cas:  la  symbola  -*>  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  la 
symbols  V  signifie  'FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc..  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  retios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  itra 
filmAs  h  des  taux  de  reduction  diffArents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atra 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichA,  il  est  film*  A  partir 
de  I'angle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  i  drolta, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'imagas  nAcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mAthode. 


ita 


lure. 


] 


1  2  3 


1 

2 

3 

4 

S 

6 

TO    ALL    PARTIES    WISHING 

WOOD-CUT    IL.L,rSTRATIO]¥S. 

The  Subscribers  linve  now  in  successful  operntion  Price's  Patent  process  of  Phntogrnpb- 
injf  directly  upon  tlie  Wood  JJlock,  iiisteiul  of  the  old  slow,  tedious,  expensive,  nnd  iiinccu- 
rule  process  of  llnnd-Urawiuj,'. 

PERFECT  AGGURAGT,   CHEAPNESS,  AND  DISPATCH, 

ARE    ITS    PRINCIPAL   RECOMMENDATIONS. 

We  nrc  rendy  to  furnish,  nt  the  shortest  notice,  llliistriitive  Cuts  of  all  kinds  of  INrnnu- 
fiictured  Articles,  MiinuliKitories,  ^'tores,  Dwellings,  Lnndsoapes,  Portraits,  «fec.  AVe  are 
u->ing  this  process  in  every  department  of  Wood-Cut  lliusirations,  nnd  shall  be  pleased  to 
show  our  patrons 

PROOFS  OP  ITS  PERFECT  SUCCESS. 
Parties  wishing  work  done,  bj-  leaving  or  sending  their  orders,  will  be  promptly  waited 
upon.  Anibrotypes,  Photographs,  l>agucrreotypes,  <fee.,  copied  u|)on  the  wood,  and  correct 
Cuts  furnished,  so  that  parties  out  of  the  city  need  only  send  their  orders,  aeconipiiniod 
with  the  picture.  We  are  tlinnkful  for  the  favour  with  which  our  ^'tlorts  to  introduce  this 
great  improvement  have  been  received.     We  shall  endeavour  to  ttill  deserve  success. 

^VATERS    Sc    TIIiTO]¥, 

90  Fultoii  Street,  (Ipstairs)  New  York. 


HOLLOW  AY'S 
OINTMENT 

AND 

PILL.S. 

Sci-ofuln,  KrynIi>elM,  Snit 
Rlicnni,  aiiil  nil  oilier  ■kin  dis- 
e:iM>a,  indlcjiltt  [tn|mrt^  lildiitl.  The 
Oillline  It  rtM4(>lies  Hiiil  netllriiUres 
till)  poison  in  l1m  vtjiiiA,  wtiilt)  tht3 
I*i:U  lire  iniarnnteuil  n  ccrlnin 
I'lire  for  DyKi>t'psiit,  Uv('r  C'ojii- 

Sliiliit,  Hti<l  nil  iiH'L'ciloni  of  the 
tonmcli  Hiiil  lio\s'eU, 
*»*  Siltl  lit  lliu  MtimifHrlorlc's 
of  Dorlor  IIoi.i.owav,  bO  MiU  i«ii 
Lnnc,  New  Yorh,  uml  bv  all 
rusiwclahlu  nrujf^i.stA  aiirl  lUeal- 
era  In  Mt'diolnu  Ihroujfiinnt  llic 
United  SliitL's  an.l  tlitj  i-lv[liz«Hl 
world,  in  h  xes  nt  i!5  cunts,  03 
reniD,  hiicI  ^1  uacli. 

M.  H.— l)lp«i'tlo!i»  for  the  fnii.1- 
nncf  of  iinllfiits  in  every  disorder 
am  tittixc.l  lu  ejich  l>ux. 


ivinclnimd.  For 
W.  W.  HAMER  &  Co/s 

AUVKKTl.SK.MKNT   (IP 

GRINDING  MILLS, 

Sea  Part  I.,  between  pp.  78  &  79. 


THE 


WORLD 


IN 


1859. 


liKITISlI 

COMMERCIAU 

Lll-'K 

IITSURANCE  CO. 

London  &  America. 
UmlabUiiltetl   18  3  0. 
Capital,  $3,000,000, 

AND  A  LVRon 

Acc'.iniulaird  l>t:rrlu8. 

Tills ('ojiipciny  l):is  heuii  iii 
siicnCBMul  (iptuatimi  i.u.irly 
4i)  yanrs,  mul  1ms  piiitl  i'tir 
clnims»l.i()0.(imi. 

Ni)  i.'xira  rhiirgo  foreross- 
ini  tlio  Atliiritic. 

Lciaiisrrrnntuil  on  I'ollcles. 

I.nrtro  lloniiscK  >ni  t*uiicles 
on  Participat'ngSralo. 

Frazer  lllver,  Ciililonvia, 
and  special  rislis  takon. 

C/tif  (yffice  m  America^ 

edWaUSt.,  NcwYork, 

GEO.  M.  KNSVITT, 

General  Agent, 

For  U.  S.  mil  Cminila. 


BILLIARD    TABLES. 

Improved  Billiard  Tables  and  Combination 

Gnsnions. 

Protected  by  Letters'  I'litcnt,  dated  "^ 

Feb.  19, 1856 ;  Oct.  28.  1856 ;  Dec.  8,  1857 ;  Jan.  12,  1858. 


^^  The  recent  Imprnvemcnls  In  IticM-  TaliliM  ni;ilic  tlieni  nnslll•|la^s^.•(l  In  tlie  woiM.  They  are  nnvr 
ofTered  to  rlie  scieiillHc  Hllllard  plavers  as  conilpinini,'  spuL'il  wild  tnitli,  niniM-  liefiiri'  iililiiliie'l  in  any  1111- 
Uard  Table,    hale-noo-iis,  Nos.  7SG  and  T^S  l)ii)ail\vii\ ,  New  Vnilc.     .Maiinriclnrv,  No.  it-\  Ann  Street. 

O'OONNER  8l  COLLANDER,  Sole  Manufacturers. 


TTxmianrtmtsiT^mM 


mmmmmmmmmm 


«m 


w 


■■»*«n. 


THE  BREVOORT  HOUSE, 

FIFTH    AVENUE, 

CORNER    OF    EIGHTH    ST.,    NEW    YORK, 

Strictly  upon  the  European  plan,  furnishing  meals  at  all  hours,  guests 
paying  only  for  what  they  call  for. 

ALBERT    CLARK,  Proprietor. 

Clarendon  Hotel, 

UNION  PLACE,  COR.  OF    18TH  STREET, 

NEW    YORK.    '     ^  ^^ 

This  Hotel  is  delightfully  situoted  near  the  Union  Park,  Academy  of  Music,  and  other 
places  of  attraction.  Tlie  apartments,  from  the  single  room  to  the  suite  of  any  number 
desired,  are  amply  provided  with  Bath  Rooms,  and  all  the  modern  conveniences.  It  is 
conducted  on  the  Table  d'Hote  system,  or  meals  are  served  in  rooms.  The  cuisine  is  under 
the  directions  of  one  of  the  first  chefs  in  the  United  States, 

Terms:  %9.S0  per  day.    No  ctaarfife  for  Baths. 

KEENER  &.  BIRCH,   Proprietors. 

LAFARGE    H  O  U  S~E , 

BROADWAY, 

Opposite  Bond.  St.,  N'e'w  "^ork:. 

This  new  and  elegant  Hotel  is  located  in  the  most  fashionable  part 
of  Broadway,  and  is  furnished  with  all  the  modern  improvements, 
rendering  it  the  most  desirable  Hotel  in  the  Metropolis. 

HENRY  WHEELER,  Proprietor. 
W.  W.  HILL,  (formerly  of  the  Irving  House,)  Superintendent. 

W.   CHASE    &   SON, 

MANtTFACTDBERS  OF 

SCHOOL  FURNITURE, 

OF     VARIOUS     DESIGNS. 

Chase's  Patent  Iron  Back  Chatr,  Office  Desks, 
and  new  design  of  Settee;  a  supply  kept  con- 
stantly on  hand  at 

198  SEVENTH  STBEET,  BUFFALO,  N.T., 

and  194  Lake  Street,  Chicago,  HI. 

WYLIE    &    LOGHEAD, 

BUCHANAN  STREET,  Glasgow,  Scotland. 

lUiistrated  OtUiloguea  sent  by  applying  as 
ab<»)e.  ! 


mmfm 


THE  MERCANTILE  AGENCY, 

314   &    316   BROADWAY, 

SUB  OFFICE,  111  BROADWAY,   TBOTITY  BlJiliDINO, 

NEW    YORK. 

B.  DOUGLASS  &  CO.,  PROPRIETORS. 


Eaiahliahedy  June^   1§41. 


This  establishment  supplies  (to  subscribers  only)  all  necessary 
information  as  to  the  standing,  responsibility,  &c.,  of  Merchants, 
Traders,  Manufacturers,  Public  Companies,  &c.,  throughout  the 
United  States,  their  Territories,  and  British  North  America. 

Also  makes  collections  and  attends  to  legal  business  generally.  It 
is  the  oldest  and  by  far  the  most  complete  and  extensive  system  ever 
organized  for  the  accommodation  of  Banking  and  Mercantile  interests, 
and  for  the  general  promotion  and  protection  of  trade. 

BRANCH   AND   ASSOCIATE   OFFICES. 

nr    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


B.  DOUGLASS  <b  CO.,  New  York. 
B.  DOUGLASS  A  CO.,  Philadelphia. 
K  RUSSELL  &  CO.,  Boston, 
J.  D.  PRATT  &  CO.,  Baltimore. 
B.  DOUGLASS  «St  CO.,  Cincinnati 
B.  DOUGLASS  A  CO.,  Pittsburg. 
B.  DOUGLASS  <fc  CO.,  aeveland,  Ohio. 
B.  DOUGLASS  &  CO.,  Detroit,  Mich. 


B.  DOUGLASS  A  CO.,  Chicago,  BL 
B.  DOUGLASS  &  CO.,  Dubuque,  Iowa. 
B.  DOUGLASS  A  CO.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 
B.  DOUGLASS  A  CO.,  New  Orleans. 
B.  DOUGLASS  A  CO.,  Charleston. 
PRATT  A  CO.,  Richmond,  Va. 
B.  DOUGLASS  A  CO.,  LouisvUle,  Ky. 
B.  DOUGLASS  A  CO.,  St  Louis,  Mo. 


IN    CANADA. 

B.  DOUGLASS  A  CO.,  Montreal.        |        B.  DOUGLASS  A  CO.,  Toronto. 

IN    ENGLAND. 

B.  DOUGLASS  A  CO.,  Unity  Building,  10  Cannon  Street,  London,  E.  C. 


This  Institution,  of  long-tried  utility  in  the  United  States  of  America  and  British 
Provinces,  has  lately  been  extended  by  branch  to  London.  A  continued  and  con- 
stantly increasing  patronage  of  18  years,  is  a  suflBcient  proof  of  the  advantages  its 
subscribers  have  derived  from  it  To  those  Houses  in  the  United  Kingdom  which  are 
doing  an  American  or  Canadian  trade,  it  aflfords  facilities  such  as  they  have  never 
before  had  access  to,  and  it  will  be  found  as  well  adapted  in  its  opei-ations  to  "  Inter- 
national Trade"  as  it  has  hitherto  been  foimd  within  narrower  limits. 

Any  reasonable  test  of  the  correctness  of  the  ii\formation  on  the  records^  will  ie 
given  to  parties  contemplating  svhscrihing,  by  application  at  the  Office  in  London, 
where  also  the  terms  of  subscription  will  be  made  knofon. 


CINCINNATI  AND  ST.  LOUIS! 

Tlirougli  "Witlio-at  Olieinge  of  Cars. 

OHIO    AND    MISSISSIPPI 

BKOAD  GAUGE  KAILKOADI 


FOR 


Louisville,  Vincennes,  Evansville,  Cairo,  and 
SA-IISTT    LOTJISI 

OONNEOTINO  AT  ST.    LOUIS  FOB  ALL  PLACES  IN 

MEMPHIS,  VICKSBURO,  NATCHEZ,  AND  NEW  OBLEANS ;  AT 

CAIRO! 

For  Memphis,  Yioksbui|p,  Natchez,  and 


AT  NEW  ORLEANS  FOB 


GALVESTON  &  ALL  PLACES  IN  SOUTHERN  TEXAS. 


Notice* — The  attention  of  persons  emigrating  West  is  called  to  the  fine  Timber 
Lands  between  Cincinnati  and  Vincennes.  Hickory,  Black  and  White  Walnut,  Sugar 
Maple,  Poplar,  Oak,  and  Ash,  abound.  To  those  who  prefer  Prairie  Lands  of  a  supe- 
rior quidity,  and  at  favorable  rates,  a  fine  opportunity  is  offered  for  selection  between 
Vincennes  and  St.  Louis,  with  all  the  benefits  of  a  mild  climate.  Farmers  on  the  line 
of  the  Ohio  &  Mississippi  Railroad,  have  the  advantage  of  the  two  great  western  mar- 
kets— Cincinnati  and  St  Louis. 


ASK  FOR  TICKETS  VIA  OHIO  AND  MISSISSIPPI  RAILROAD. 


OOX.CS'ORT  s 

Broad  Gauge  Saloon  Cars  through  from  Cincinnati  to  St.  Louis  without  chanob. 
Only  one  Change  of  Cars  between  Cincinnati,  Louisville,  Evansvillo  or  Cairo. 


Trains  learo  Cincinnati  in  Connection  with  Trains  of  all  tlie  Eastern  Railroads. 
ONE  THROUGH  TRAIN  ON  SUNDAY. 


THROUGH     TICKETS 

To  the  West  and  South,  via  Cincinnati  and  Ohio  &  Miasissippi  Railroad,  con  be  procured 
at  all  the  Eastern  Railroad  Ticket  Offices,  and  at  all  the  principnl  Stations  on  Roads  east 
of  Cincinnati,  and  at  the  several  Offices  of  the  Company  at  CiucinnatL 


IT.  H.  CliEISENT. 

General  Superintendent. 


P.  W.  STRADETil, 

General  Ticket  Agent,  Cin. 


mFOETABT  TO  EKIOBAITTS 

GOING  TO 

THE   CANADAS   AND  THE   WESTERN   STATES. 


Land  Agency  and  Registry  Offujee  for  the  sale  of  Canada  Landa^ 
particulars  of  which,  as  well  as  reliable  information,  can  now  he  db- 


which 
Agri- 
onto, 


j)ected 

(jntains 

Canada, 


tained  at  Brooks  &  Beal,  209  Piccadilly,  London,  Engl 
House  is  in  connection  with  the  well-known  Zand  Agenoij 
cultural  Estahlishinent  of  Geo.  Fuller  &  Co.,  Hamilton  an 
Canada  West. 

Tlie  English  Registry  for  Properties  in  Canada     n  now  T^ 
at  209  Piccadilly,  London,  England,  free  of  expe        t^^ 
the  particulars  of  various  farms  for  sale  in  Upper  n 
(varying  from  £4  to  JE12  and  £30  sterling  per  acre).  v  eries,  flour 

and  saw-mills,  houses,  and  all  descriptions  of  property;  also  10,000  acres 
of  land  covered  with  capital  growing  oak,  elm,  ash,  and  beech  timber, 
at  from  $6  to  $20  per  acre,  or,  in  English  money,  from  £1  4«.  to  £6 
sterling  per  acre. 

In  the  State  of  Illinois,  the  property  of  Martin  ZiL^^nerman,  Esq., 
the  eminent  railway  contractor,  are  100,000  acres  of  the  very  best 
prairie  lands,  from  £1  to  £3  sterling  per  acre.  This  soil  produces  40 
bushels  of  wheat  to  the  acre,  besides  Indian  corn  and  other  crops.  The 
very  best  of  shooting  and  fishing  in  the  district. 

There  are  also  1,360  acres  of  excellent  land,  some  400  under  culti- 
vation, 7  miles  from  the  Cornwall  station,  on  the  Grand  Trunk  line ; 
68  miles  from  Montreal.  This  is  for  sale  at  £5  per  acre,  in  farms  of 
200  acres,  or  in  one  lot  at  £4  per  acre. 

People  emigrating  should  inspect  the  Register,  at  which  place  can 
be  obtained  the  most  useful  information,  as  well  as  a  letter  of  introduc- 
tion to  George  Fuller  &  Co.,  the  agricultural  auctioneers,  James  street, 
Hamilton,  and  at  Romain  Buildings,  King  street,  Toronto. 

Persons  will  find  it  most  desirable  not  to  settle  until  after  an  inter- 
view with  Mr.  George  Fuller,  either  at  Toronto  or  Hamilton. 


Moneys  received  from,  and  tranflmitted  to,  England,  Ireland  &  Scotland. 


GEO.     FULLER    &    CO., 
Ag^ricaltnral  Auctioneers  and  Land  Valuers, 

HAMILTON    AND    TORONTO,    0.    W., 

Who  are  the  Importers  of  "  Thorlkt's  Cattlb  Food,"  and  "Downs'  Fabmbb's  Fbibnd,"  a  pre- 
ventative to  Smut  in  Wheat  and  Wire  Worm. 


THE 


NEW  WORLD  m  1859 


BKIXO   TUB 


UNITED  STATES  AND  CANADA, 


ILLUSTRATED   AND   DESCRIBED. 


IN  FOUB  PARTS. 

PART     I.— THE  UNITED  STATES. 
PART   IL— SCENES  AND  SCENERY. 
PART  III.— UPPER  AND   LOWER  CANADA. 
PART  IV.— THINGS  AS  THEY  ARE  IN    1859. 


ILLUSTRATED  WITH 

FROM   PHOTOGRAPHIC    AND    PENCIL    SKETCHES    OF    THE    HOST    CELEDBATED 

RIVER,    LAKE,    MOUNTAIN    AND    FALL    SCENERY    IN    THE 

UNITED    STATES    AND    CANADA. 


TOGETHER  WITH        , 

ROUTES  OF  TRAVEL,  FARES,  DISTANCES, 

ETC.,    ETC.,   ETC. 


NEW  YORK: 
BAILLIERE    BROTHERS,    440    BROADWAY. 

AND  H.   BAILLIERE,  219  REGENT  STREET,  LONDON, 
EDINBURGH:— McLACHLAN    &  STEWART,   AND    EDMONSTON  &  DOUGLAS, 

GLASGOW:— GRIFFIN  &  CO.    DUBLIN :— HODGES  <fe  SMITH. 
PARIS:— O£0.  FOWLER,  6  RUE  MONTPENSIER.    MADRID:— B.  BAILLIERE,  CALLE  DEL  PRINCIPE. 


Entered,  according  to  Act  of  C(in(rreM,  In  the  year  1889, 

Uy  C.  K.  Baillikrk, 

In  the  Clerk's  Office  o(  the  District  Court  of  the  United  Btatei  for  the  Southern  Dlitrict  of  Neir  York. 


.')' ..  ., 


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'ft. 


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S 


OaW  TOHK  :— BUXIN  AMU  B>OTUIU^  PSIIITMS  AMD  BT««IOTrna8,  N,  NORTH  WILLIAM  BTRRIff. 


TO   THE    READER. 


As  this  work  Is  designed  to  be  useful  and  interesting  to  readers  on  both  sides  of  the  AN 
lantic,  the  author,  in  compiling  it,  has  endeavoured  to  present  it  in  such  a  manner  as  will 
meet  that  end.  Whilst  it  may  be  correctly  supposed  that  the  illustrations  given  of  Amer- 
ican and  Canadian  cities  and  scenery  will  be  new  to  readers  generally,  in  Europe,  still  it 
is  believed,  that  even  in  America  there  are  thousands  to  whom  many  of  such  scenes  will 
be  new;  and  that,  whilst  the  articles,  entitled  "  Things  as  they  are  in  1869,"  are  more  im- 
mediately connected  with  matters  with  which  every  resident  in  America  is  supposed  to  be 
conversant,  yet,  from  the  introduction  of  information  having  special  reference  to  the  same 
subjects  as  they  exist  in  Britain— and  by  a  comparison  of  these  as  they  are  in  the  two 
countries— it  is  hoped  that  American  readers  will  find  such  articles  both  interesting  and  in- 
I  structive. 


In  the  opinions  expressed,  or  descriptions  of  "  men  and  things"  given,  the  author  does 
Dot  lay  claim  to  either  infallibility,  or  any  great  literary  merit ;  but  to  a  sincere  desire  to 
present  such  in  an  intelligible,  unbiassed,  and  disinterested  manner;  and  where  he  has 
liappened  to  err  as  to  any  particular  facts — or  differ  from  any  in  the  opinions  expressed — 
lie  claims  that  such  may  be  attributed  to  error  in  information  received,  and  in  judgment — 
ban  to  error  of  intention,  to  gratify  any  personal,  or  prejudiced  preconceived  notions. 

In  attempting  to  describe  and  illustrate  so  vast  a  territory  as  this  work  embraces,  it  has 
[been  found  impossible— even  with  considerable  assistance  rendered  him — for  the  author  to 
produce  original  descriptions  of  every  place  noticed  in  time  for  this  edition  of  the  work ; 
consequently,  he  has  availed  himself  of  extracts  from  some  of  the  most  reliable  authori- 
ties having  reference  to  the  districts  not  yet  visited  personally  by  him.    Amongst  these, 
I  he  mentions  Lippencot's  and  Hay  ward's  Gazetteers,  the  Cosmopolitan  Art  Journal,  Francis's 
Gu'de  to  New  York;  and  Hunt's  Merchants'  Magazine,  and  to  a  work  by  Mr.  W.  P.  Smith 
of  Baltimore,  on  the  "Railroad  Celebration  of  1867,"  for  information  pertaining  to  the 
[states,  and  "  Lovell's  Directory"  and  "  Key  to  Canada,"  as  regards  Canada.    Any  other 
I  sources  of  information  are  mentioned  where  extracts  from  them  occur.    By  this  means, 
[the  Information,  given  as  a  whole,  is  rendered  more  complete.    It  is,  however,  the  inten- 
Ition  in  future  editions  of  this  work,  to  bring  the  information  respecting  parti'^ilar  districts 
[down  to  later  dates,  from  personal  observation  and  experience. 


HP 


6  TO  THE  READER. 

The  author  has  confidence  in  submitting  the  illustrations  for  public  approval,  as  he  hat 
endeavoured  to  secure  the  best  at  command  where  already  in  existence,  and  also  by  hav- 
ing others  engraved  from  photographic  and  pencil  sketches  taken  specially  for  this  work. 
To  preserve,  as  far  as  possible,  all  the  truthful  details  of  the  photographic  views,  they 
have  been  .  e-photographed  upoix  wood  by  Messrs.  Waters  &  Co.  of  New  York,  by  Price's 
patent  process,  and  engraved  from  such  by  them,  so  that  the  illustrations  presented  from 
these,  faithfully  illustrate  each  scene  represented. 

A  few  typographical  and  clerical  errors  occur  here  and  there,  which  were  not  observed 
till  after  being  printed  off;  these,  however,  will  be  rectified  in  future  editions,  which, .  is 
intended,  to  extend  and  improve. 

The  work  has  been  divided  into  parts,  each  part  containing  one  class  of  matter  and  an 
index  to  contents,  so  that  readers  may  all  the  more  easily  find  out  any  particular  informa- 
tion or  illustration,  they  are  in  search  of.  ^ 


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GENERAL    INDEX    OF    CONTENTS, 

ARRANaED    IN   PARTS. 


natter  and  an 
sular  informa- 


C0NTENT8  OF  PART  I. 


PAOK 

Baltimore,  City  of. 5U 

Boston,  Citv  of. 50 

Brief  Account  of  U.  States.  17 

BuAFhIo,  City  of. 87 

Ciiicago,  City  of. 93 

Cincinnati,  City  of 75 

City  of  Baltimore 59 

"    Boston 50 

"    Buftalo 87 

"    Cincinnati 75 

"    Chicaao 98 

"    Cleveland 84 

"    Detroit 92 

"    Madison 100 

"    Milwaukee 96 

"    New  York 25 

"    Philadelphia 52 

"    Portland 01 


George  Washington 10 

Hon.  James  Buchanan 22 

New  York — 

View  of  City 25 

Broadway 27 

Park  and:  City  Hall 28 

University 20 

Halls  of  Justice 80 

Custom  House 30 

Merchants' Exchange., ..  31 

Free  Academy 82 

Private  Residence 83 

The  Cooper  Institute. . . .  88 

The  Hospital 84 

LaFarge  House 85 


PAO( 

City  of  Pittsburg 71 

"    St,  Louis 78 

"    City  of  Washington  47 

Detroit,  City  of. 92 

Elevations,  in  America 18 

George  Washington 16 

Government  of  u.  States. .  21 

Hon.  James  Buchanan 22 

Illinois,  State  of. 101 

Iowa,  State  of 103 

Madison,  City  of 100 

Michigan,  State  of 106 

Milwaukee,  City  of 96 

Minnesota,  Territory  of. . .  .112 

Missouri,  State  of 109 

Mountains  in  America 17 

Mouut  Vernon 50 


nXTTSTBATIOira  OF  PABT  I. 


New  York — 

Trinity  Church 

All  Soul's'  Church 

High  Bridge— Aqueduct. 

Buiik  of  ti}e  Republic. . . . 

Phclun's  liitliai'd  Rooms. 
Washin'gton— Tiie  Capitol. 

The  Patent  Office 

Baltimore'— View  of  City.. 
New  Orleans- 
View  of  Canal  Street. . . . 

The  French  Cathedral . . . 

Avenue  in  the  Cemet«ry. 
Ohio  River — Susp.  Bridge. . 
Wheeling,  Virginia 


PAoa 

New  Orleans,  City  of 68 

Patent  Office,  Washington,.  61 

Philadelphia,  City  of 63 

Pittsburg,  City  of 71 

Portland,  City  of 91 

Presidents  ot  United  States  22 

Rivers  in  America 18 

St,  Louis,  City  of 78 

The  Capitol  at  Washington,  48 

The  Great  Lakes 20 

United  States.  Account  of,,  17 
United  States  Government,  21 
United  States' Presidents..  22 
United  States' Gov.  Depart's  28 

Washington,  City  of. 47 

Wheeling,  Virginia 70 

Wisconsin,  State  of. 104 


Pittsburg— View  of  City...  71 
Cincinnati — View  of  City,  80 

Third  Street 77 

Foi^ith  Street 80 

Masonic  Temple 78 

National  Theatre 81 

Cleveland — 

View  of  Superior  Street.  85 
Buffalo- 
Looking  up  Main  Street.  83 

From  the  Creek 89 

Detroit— View  of  Cit;r 92 

Chicago-  View  of  City . , . .  96 
Milwaukee — View  of  City.,  97 
Madison,  View  of. 99 


CONTENTS  OF  PART   II. 


Albany,  Scenery  between 

New  York  and 64 

Alleghany  Mountains,  The.  7 

Altutnount,  AUeghanies...,  18 

Avon  Springs 62 

BallstonSpa 01 

Baltimore  to  Cincinnati....  7 
Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  22 

Reaiiharnois,  St.  Lawrence.  45 

Bottom  lands  in  Missouri..  2S 

Breezes  >  .i  the  Prairies....  29 

Burning  Snringg,  Niagara. .  77 

Canadian  boat-song 79 


Canandai  gua  Lake 62 

Cape  May 48 

Cassidv  -'  Ridge 1,') 

Catskih  Jloun tains 53 

Caughnawauga,  St.  Law- 
rence   45 

Cedar  Rapids,  St.  Lawrence  4.'i 

Crooked  Lake 52 

Chaudori'.'  Falls,  Ottawa. . .  82 

Cheat  River  and  Valley , , , .  18 

Cincinnati  to  Columbus...  19 

Clarksburg 17 

Clitton  Springs 61 


Climate  of  Missouri  Valley.  29 

Cohoes  Falls 48 

Columbia  Bridge  Susqueha.  28 

Columbia  Springs 62 

Columbus  to  Cincinnati . . . ,  19 

Oolumbiis  to  Baltimore...,  21 

Columbus  to  Philadelphia. .  21 

Columbus  to  New  York. . . ,  21 

Cranberry  Summit 18 

Cumberland,  AUeghanies..  12 

Davenport,  lo wo 80 

Descending  the  Rapids..,,  48 

Fulls  of  the  Chauderie 89 


'I, 

■A. 


GENERAL  INDEX  OF  CONTENTS. 


PAOB 

Falls  of  the  Rideau 82 

Falls,  Little 62 

FallsofCohoes 48 

Falls  of  Genesee 60 

Falls  of  Kauterskill 55 

Falls  of  Minnehaha 89 

Falls  of  Men tmorenci 87 

Falls  of  Niagara. 72 

Falls  of  the  Passaic 61 

FallsofStAntheny SI 

Falls  of  Trenton 4« 

Genesee  Falls 60 

Geneva  Lake 62 

Grafton  Junction 15 

Great  Columbia  Bridge. . . .  23 
Harper's  Ferry,  Virginia. . .  10 

Hudson  River 64 

Indian  Lake. . .   62 

Indian  Mound,  Moundsville  17 
Iron  Bridge — the  largest  in 

America 16 

Iron  Mountain,  MissourL . .  25 

Islands,  the  Thousand 43 

Jefterson's  Rock 10 

Junction  to  Wheeling  and 

Parkersburg 15 

Juniata,  Scenery  of  the.. . .  28 

Kansas  and  Nebraska. 27 

Kauterskill  Falls 55 

Kingwood  Tunnel.. ,.  15 

La  Chine,  St.  Lawrence ....  45 

Lake  Canandaigua.... 62 

Lake  George 51 

Lake  Mabopoc 62 

Lake  of  the  Thousand  M'ds  43 
Lake  of  the  Two  Mountains  80 

Lake  Pepin,  Mississippi 35 

Lakes  Pleasant  and  Crooked  52 

Lake  Sarunacs 62 

Lakes  Geneva  and  Seneca. .  62 

Loke  St.  Francis 46 

Lake  Superior 40 

Lake  Svlvan.  Catskill  Mf  ns  54 

Lake  Winnipiseogee 50 

Lebanon  Springs 01 

Little  Falls 62 

Little  Miami  Riv'randVal'y  19 

Long  Sault  Rapids. 43 

Lumber  in  Missouri.... 29 

Maiden  Rock,  Mississippi. .  35 


PAOH 

Mammoth  Cave,  Kentucky.  48 

Miami  Vallev  and  River 19 

Minnehaha  I^alls 89 

if ississippi  B'dge,Rock  Isl'd  80 
Mississippi  Trip  on  Upper.  81 
Missouri,  Mineral  Resour- 
ces of 25 

Missouri,  Valley  of  the 27 

Monongahela  and  Tygart's 

Valley  Rivers 16 

Montraorenci  Falls 87 

Montreal  to  Ottawa,  per  Rail  83 
Montreal  to  Ottawa,perRiv'r  79 

Mountain,  the  Iron 25 

Mount  Vernon 49 

Nahant 49 

Nebraska  and  Kansas 29 

New  Lebanon  Springs 61 

Newport,  Rhode  Island ....  52 

New  York  to  Albany 64 

Niagara  Burning  Springs. .  77 

Niagara  Falls 72 

Niagara  Falls,  Routes  to. . .  78 
Niagara  Suspension  Bridge  70 
Niagara  to  Thousand  Isl'ds.  46 
Ottowa  River,  Trip  np  the.  79 

Parkersburg 18 

Passaic  Falls 61 

Patapsco  River,  Scenery  of.  8 
Philadelphia  to  PiUsburg.. .  23 
Pictured  Uocks,  Loke  Sun'r  40 
Piedmont,  Alleghany  Mt  ns  12 
Pittsburg  to  Philadelphia..  21 
Platte  River  and  Valley ....  28 

Plymouth  Rock 49 

Point  of  Rocks 9 

Potomac  Valley  and  River. .  10 
Prairies,  Breezes  on  the ....  29 

Prairies  in  Missouri 28 

River  Hudson,  Scenery  of. .  65 
River  Hudson,  Source  oL . .  63 

River  Juniata,  Pa 24 

River  Mississippi 31 

River  Missouri 27 

River  Ottawa 79 

River  Passaic 61 

Kiver  Pntnpsco 7 

River  Platte,  Missouri 28 

River  Potomac 10 

River  Saguenay 85 


PAOI 

River  St.  Lawrence  and 

Rapids 42 

River  Susquehanna,  Pa. . . .  23 

River  (Upper)  Ottawa 84 

Rochester 46 

Rockaway  Beach 49 

Rock  Island  Bridge 80 

Rondout  Creek 69 

Saguenay  River 85 

Saratoga  Springs 49 

Scenery  of  Alleghany  Mt'ns  7 
Scenery  of  Catskill  Mt'ns. .  58 
Scenery  of  the  Potomac ....  9 
Scenery  of  White  Mount'ns  57 

Scenes  and  Scenery 5 

Scottish  and  Am.  facenery..    7 

Sharon  Springs 60 

Shooting  the  Rapids 43 

Sleepy  Hollow 66 

Soil  of  the  Missouri  Valley.  27 

Source  of  the  Hudson 68 

Springs  &  Watering  places.  48 
St.  Anthony,  Minnesota....  87 
Steaminj;  up  the  Mississippi  31 
Steaming  up  the  Missouri. .  28 

St.  Francis'  Luke 45 

St.  Lawrence  River,  Rapids.  42 

St.  Paul,  Minnesota 85 

St.  Paul  to  St.  Anthony's 

Falls 87 

Superior  Lake 40 

Suequehftnna  River 23 

Svlvan  Lake 54 

Tip-Top  House 59 

Trenton  Falls 46 

Trip  up  the  Ottawa 79 

Trip  up  the  Saguenay 85 

Trip  through  the  Thousand 

Islands 43 

Trip  up  the  Upper  Miss'ppi  31 

Tupper's  Lake 62 

Turk's  Face,  on  the  Hudson  68 
Upper  Mississippi  River. . .  31 

Upper  Ottawa  River 84 

Vafiey  of  the  Missouri 27 

Watering  Places 48 

White  Xiountains 57 

White  Sulphur  Springs....  50 

Willey  House 58 

Winnipiseogee  Lake 50 


AUegliany  Mountains. 
Viaduct   across  the   Pa- 
tapsco     8 

Scenery  at  Elly«ville  and 

IronBridge 7 

Harper's  Ferry 10 

Point  of  Rocks 9 

Mountain  View,  Cranber- 
ry Grade 18 

Grand    Potomac   Valley 

View 11 

Scenery  on  the  Potomac 

River 11 

The  Cheat  River  Grade..  14 

Cheat  River  Valley. 14 

Grafton    Junction     and 

Iron  Bridge 15 

Piedmont — "  Foot  of  the 

•        Mountain" 12 

'     Tygart's  Valley  and  Mo- 

'nongahcla  Rivers 16 

Indian   Mound,  Mounds- 
ville 17 


nXUSTBATIONB  OF  FAST  H 

CaUhiU  Mountmng. 
Scene  in  the  Mountains.  53 
The  Kouterskill  Falls..  55 
View  down  Sleepy  Hollow  56 

Sylvan  Lake 54 

City  of  St.  Paul,  Minnesota.  36 
Clifton  Springs  Water  Cure  51 

Genesee  FaUs 60 

Jun  iata,  Scene  on  the 24 

Lake  Superior. 

The  Pictured  Rocks 41 

LifiU  Miami  liicer  and  Valley. 
View  neor  Fort  Ancient .  19 

Miamiville 20 

Minnehaha  Falls.., 88 

Mnntmorenci  Falls 87 

Newport,  Rhode  Island 52 

JS'iamra  Falls. 
Suspension    Bridge,   full 

view 70 

Railroad   Track  on  Sus- 
pension Bridge 72 

Terrapin  Tower 75 


Nianara,  Falh. 
Tlie  American  and  Horse- 
Shoe  Falls 73 

Table  Rock^ 75 

Burning  Springs 77 

Passaic  falls,  New  Jersey. . .  61 

River  Hudson. 
Source  of  the  Hudson,...  63 

The  Palisades 64 

The  Turk's  Face 68 

Rondout  Creek 69 

Interior  Hudson  Steamer  65 

Jiiver  Mississippi. 
Steaming  up  the  Missis- 
sippi    31 

View  between  Lake  Pepin 

and  St.  Paul 34 

The  Maiden  Bock 33 

Bridge  across  the  Missis- 
sippi   30 

River  St.  Lawrence. 
Descending  the  Rapids..  \^ 
The  Thousand  Islands...  43 


\ 


GENEBAL  INDEX  OF  CONTENTS. 


9 


rial 
Biv«r  St.  Zawenet. 
Shootine  the  Long  Sault 

Kapids 42 

Steaming  up  th«  MUtouri. . .  88 
St.  Anthmgi  FaU» 88 


PAOI 

Siuqufhanna,  View  on  the. ,  28 
T/te  Iron  Mountain,  Musouri  26 
li-enion  Folio. 
TbeHighFalls 47 


PAM. 

Trenton  FaU». 
The  Cascades 47 

White  Mountains. 

Tip-Top  House 69 

The  WUley  House 68 


CONTENTS  OF  PART  Mi. 


Addington  Rood,  free  lands.  87 

Agriculture  of  Canada 84 

Banks  in  Canada  and  as'ts.  42 
Banks  in  G.  Britain  and  Ire  42 
Canada,  gener'l  information  81 

Consuls  at  Montreal 16 

Climate 84 

Conditions  of,  free  lands. . .  89 

Crown  land  asents 89 

Canadian  banks  and  agents.  42 

Crops,  rotation  of 35 

Distribution  of  in  test,  est's.  45 

Expense  of  a  family 86 

Emigration  gov.  officers...  41 
Free  lands  of  government.  37 
Free  lauds,  cocditions 89 


Quebec 7 

Montreal — 

The  entire  City 12 

Great  St.  James  Street. . .  15 

Place  d' Amies 15 

Beaver  Hall 15 

Bonsecour's  Market 15 

Victoria  Bridge 14 


Game  of  the  country 87 

Government  free  lands 87 

Government  land  agents..  89 
Government  emigt'n  otfic'a.  41 

Hamilton,  C.  W 26 

Hastings  Road,  free  lands. .  87 
Income  k  expend,  of  prov.  88 

Kingston,  C.  W 28 

Laws,  Municipal  Institution  82 

Log  house,  cost  of 85 

London,  C.  W 26 

Land  agents,  government. .  89 
Lands,  wild,  cost  of  cl'riug.  35 

Montreal,  C.  E 11 

Money-order  office  system. ,  44 

Naturalization 81 

I 

miiBTSATioira  or  past  to. 

Toronto.— The  entire  City  .  22 

St.  Lawrence  Hall 22 

The  Normal  Academy ...  24 

King  Street 28 

Trinity  College 24 

Yonge  Street 28 

Crown  Lands'  Office,  and 
Mechanics'  Institution.  22 


Ottawa,  C.  W 17 

Offices  held  by  settlers 86 

Postal  regulations  in  Can. ,  45 

Quebec 7 

Rideau  canal  and  locks  ....  21 

Religion 84 

Settlers,  information  for. . .  86 
Sale  and  occupation  of  lands  40 

School  lands  for  sale 41 

Toronto,  C.  W 22 

Trinity  College 22 

Taxes  payable 86 

Victoria  Bridge 18 

Wild  beasts,  it  troublesome  87 
Wages  to  agriculturists.. . ,  89 
Work  during  winter 86 


Ottawa. — 

Lower  and  Central  Town.  18 

Upper  Town 19 

Locks  on  Rideau  Canal. .  21 

Kingston 28 

Lonaon 27 

Hamilton 86 


CONTENTS  OF  PART   IV. 


1  American  Auction  Rooms..  80 

{American  Bank  Notes 23 

American  Banks,  Banking.  19 

kmerican  Hotels 11 

American  Houses 66 

American  People,  Degenc'y  62 

?  American  Railroad  Cars. . .  41 
American  Railroad  Conduc.  45 
American  Railr'd  Locomo. .  43 

American  Railroads 40 

I  Amusements  and  Sports. .     59 

Attendance  at  Church 49 

Auctioneer,  the  American. .  31 
Auctitn  Rooms  in  N.York.  80 

Automaton  Oven 33 

Bakeries,  Mechanical 33 

Ballot  Voting  in  America. .  76 

Bank-Note  Reporters 24 

Bank  Notes  of  America. .. .  23 
Banking  Lit'ture,  Cur'ties..  25 

Banking,  Wild-Cat 21 

Banks  and  Banking 19 

Billiards  and  Chess 61 

Bookseller,  The  Railroad. ..  45 

I  Booksellers'  Trade  Sales. . .  81 
Broken  Batiks 28 

I  Business,  Past,  Present  & 
Future 88 

i  Canada,  Trade  with 32 

Cars  on  American  Railr'ds.  41 
Cars,  Railroad  Sleeping....  48 

Church  Attendance 49 

Churches  in  America 49 


Church  Psalmody 50 

Citizenship 64 

Clergymen  in  America 72 

Clothing  and  Dress 49 

Commercial  Agencies 17 

Commercial  Colleges 29 

Commercial  Retrospect. ...  88 
Comparative  Time  Indicator  85 

Consumption  of  Ice 40 

Curiosities  in  Bank  Lit'ture  25 
Cutting  Ice  on  Rockl'd  L'ke  88 

Debt  Collecting 19 

Declaration  of  Intentions. .  64 
Degeneracy  of  Am.  People.  62 
Difference  in  Time,  Canada.  86 
Difference  in  Time,  U.  8. . .  85 
Distances  from  New  York.  92 
Distances  from  Quebec  ....  95 

Domestic  Servonts 71 

Dress  and  Clothing 49 

Drinking  Customs 86 

Drinking.    Water 86 

Drinks,  Refreshing 88 

Educational  Inst,  of  Am. . .  74 

Elections  in  America 76 

Exchange  and  Ex.  Offices. .  22 
Exemption  Laws  of  U.  S.. .  83 

Express ! 55 

Express  Companies 56 

Extracts  from  Bk-Note  Rep  24 
Failures  in  1857  and  1858. .  90 

Fares  from  New  York 92 

Fares  from  Quebec 95 


Farmers  in  Winter  Time,. .  68 
Fire  Engine  Establishment.  58 

Fire  Engine,  Steam 55 

Fruit,  Prices  of 70 


e  Manufacturing..  88 
o.'s  Print.  Machine    7 


Furniture 
Hoe  &  Co.' 

Hotels  in  America 11 

Household  Affairs 67 

Housekeeping,  Expenses  of.  68 

Ice  Trade 88 

Indicator,  Time 86 

Intentions,  Declaration  of. .  64 

Interest,  Legal 28 

Laws,  Exemption,  of  U.  S.  83 

Laws,  Usury 28 

Leviathan  I'rint.  Machine..  7 
Locomotive.  The  Amei'ican.  43 
Lumber  ana  Lumbermen  . .  51 

Meat,  Prices  of 70 

Mechanical  Bakeries 33 

Mercantile  Agencies 18 

Newsman,  The  Railroad. . .  45 
New  York  Auction  Rooms.  30 
Peter  Funk  Auction  Rooms  S3 
Printing  Mach.,  Hoe  &  Co..  7 
Professional  Men  in  Amer. .  71 

Protection  to  Trade 17 

Psalmody  in  Churches 50 

Pushing'Trade  on  the  Cars.  46 

Quaker  Settlement 79 

Railroad  (Am.)  Locomotive  48 

Railroad  Cars 41 

Railroad  Conductor 45 


TT 


10 


GENERAL  INDEX  OF  CONTENTS. 


PAOB 

Railroad  Rofkresbment  Sta- 
tions  47 

Railroad  Sleeping  Cars....  48 

Railroads  iu  America 40 

Railroad  Newsman 45 

Rapids,  Rails  running 61 

Rerreshing  Drinks 88 

Refreshment  Stat'ns  in  Am  47 

Reporters,  Bank-Note 24 

Shakers,  The 79 

Sleeping  Cars  on  Railroads.  48 

American  Locomotive 44 

American  "Backer" 80 

American  Railroad  Car....  42 
Hoe  &  Co.'s  Print.  Machine    6 


PAM 

Sleighing  in  Winter  Time. .  67 
SportA  and  Amusements...  69 

Steam  Fire  Engine 65 

The  Shakers 79 

Time  Indicator 86 

Time  in  Europe  and  Amer.  86 

Trade  Sales 81 

Trade  with  Canada 82 

Trade  Protection  Societies..  18 

Trotting  Matches 59 

"Two  Forty" 60 

nXUSTBATIOlIB  OF  PABT  IV. 

Ice-cutting  at  Rockl'd  Lake  89 

Running  the  Rapids 62 

Shaker  Costume 80 


PAOI 

Usury  Laws  of  America. . .  28 

Vegetables,  Prices  of 70 

Voting  by  Ballot 76 

Water  and  Water  Drinking  SO 
Wayside  Refresh.  Station..  48 

Who  are  Yankees  1 35 

Wild  Cat  Bonking 21 

Winter  Evenings 68 

Winter  Time  in  America . .  57 

Worthy  of  Credit 18 

Yankees,  Who  are? 86 

Shakers  Dancing 81 

Steam  Fire  Engine 65 

Time  Indicator 86 


■ 


ADVERTISEMENTS  AND  BUSINESS  DIRECTORIES 

Will  J)6  found,  on  reference,  aafollovaa: — 


PAOI 

Baltimore 62 

Buffalo 90 

Canada,  generally 78 

Cleveland 88 

Cincinnati 74,  78,  79 

Chicago 98 

Detroit 92 

Grand  Rapids 100 

Hamilton,  C.  W 26 

Kalamaxoo,  Mich 100 


PAOI 

London,  C.  W 16 

Milwaukee,  Wis 98 

Montreal,  C.  E 16 

New  Orleans 68 

New  York 46 

Niagara  Falls 78 

Ottawa,  C.  W 20 

Prairie  du  Chien 100 

St.  Louis 78 

St.  Paul 100 


t    ,■ 


■..;.,.;  ./:..\ 


r  ^' ■■     *.  .  . , 


f 


!art  Jfirst. 


UNITED   STATES. 


I  <^>  I 


CITIES  ON  THE  SEABOAED, 


AND 


NORTH  AND  NORTHWESTERN  STATES. 


11! 


i» 


%  :- 


n;. : 

,♦;.*■  v'i':i  ■■■.  .X 


-r'-r 


■I   '-     s 


-ir 


OOIfTEN^TS    OP   PART   I. 


rxam 

Baltimore,  City  of, 69 

Boston,  City  of 56 

Brief  Account  of  United  States 17 

Buffalo,  City  of, 87 

Chicago,  City  of, 93 

Cincinnati,  City  of, 76 

City  of  Baltimore 69 

'      Boston 56 

'      Buffalo 87 

'      Cincinnati 75 

*      Chicago 93 

'      Cleveland 84 

'      Detroit 92 

'      Madison 100 

'      Milwaukee 96 

'      New  York 25 

'      Philadelphia 52 

'      Portland 91 

'      Pittsburg 71 

'      St.  Louis 73 

'      City  of  Washington 47 

|Detroit,  City  of, 92 

"Elevations,  principal  in  America 18 

jreorge  Wasnington 16 

Tovernment  of  United  States 21 

Ion.  James  Buchanan 22 


TXUM 

Illinois,  State  of, 101 

Iowa,  State  of, 103 

Madison,  City  of, 100 

Michigan,  State  of, 106 

Milwaukee,  City  of, 96 

Minnesota,  Territory  of, 112 

Missouri,  State  of, 109 

Mountains  in  America,  principal 17 

Mount  Vernon 50 

New  Orieans,  City  of, 63 

Patent  Office,  Washington 61 

Philadelphia,  City  of, 62 

Pittsburg,  City  of, 71 

Portland,  City  of, 91 

Presidents  of  United  States 22 

Rivers  in  America,  principal 18 

St,  Louis,  City  of, 73 

The  Capitol  at  Washington 48 

Tlie  Great  Lakes  in  America 20 

United  States,  Brief  Account  of. 17 

United  States'  Government 21 

United  States'  Presidents 22 

United  States'  Government  departments  23 

Washington,  City  of 47 

Wheeling,  Virginia 70 

Wisconsin,  State  of, 104 


Sllnstrations. 


Pi  OB 

\  George  Washington 16 

j  Hon.  James  Buchanan 22 

I  New  York,  View  of  City 25 

"  Broadway 27 

Park  and  City  Hall 28 

"  University 29 

"  Halls  of  Justice 30 

"  Custom  House 30 

"  Merchants'  Exchange  ....  31 

"  Free  Academy 32 

"  Private  Residence 33 

"  The  Cooper  Institute 33 

"  Thellospitnl 84 

"  La  Farge  House 83 

"  Trinity  Church 36 

All  Souls' Church 37 

7SW  "  High  Bridge — Aqueduct..  41 

"  Bank  of  the  Republic 42 

Phelan's  Billiard  Rooms  . .  42 

«  Washington— The  Capitol 48 


PAOII 

Washington— Tlie  Patent  Office 51 

Baltimore — View  of  City 60 

New  Orleans — View  of  Canal  Street. . .  64 

"              The  French  Cathedral  .  66 

"              Avenue  in  the  Cemetery  67 

Ohio  River — Suspension  Bridge 69 

Wlieeling,  Virginia 70 

Pittsburg— View  of  City 71 

Cincinnali^View  of  City 80 

Third  Street 77 

Fourth  Street 80 

"            Masonic  Temple 78 

"            National  Theatre 81 

Cleveland — View  of  Superior  Street  . .  85 

Buffalo — Looking  up  Main  Street 88 

"        Fi'om  tlie  Creek 89 

Detroit— View  of  City 92 

Chicago— View  of  City 96 

Milwaukee — View  of  &ity 97 

Madison,  View  of 99 


^'if 


5^ 


\\ 


.    [ 


GEORGE  "WASHINGTON— FIRST  AMERICAN  PRESIDENT. 

■  "the  FATUEU  of  I1I8  COUSTRY." 

George  Washixoton  wna  born  nt  Bridge's  Creek,  Virginia,  Feb.  22J,  1732.  At  tlie  age 
of  19,  he  was  appointed  one  oftlie  adjutant-generals  of  Virginia.  In  1754,  ho  joined  the  ex- 
pedition of  General  Braddock,  who  was  killed,  when  the  command  devolved  on  Washing- 
ton, whose  masterly  conduct  of  tlie  retreat  is  celebrated  in  history.  lie  was  soon  appoint- 
ed corainander-in-ehief  of  the  forces  of  Virginia,  and  in  1758  led  the  expedition  to  Fort 
Du  Quesne,  (Pittsburg,)  which  repelled  the  French  from  the  western  frontier.  In  177-1,  he 
was  sent  to  the  Continental  Congress,  and  was  appointed  commander-in-chief  of  the  Ameri- 
can army,  and  served  through  the  Revolution,  refusing  to  receive  any  pay  for  his  service?, 
and  only  reimbursement  of  his  expenses.  In  1787,  he  was  appointed  a  delegate  to  the 
national  convention  for  forming  the  Constitution,  and  was  chosen  its  president.  In  1780, 
he  was  unanimously  elected  President  of  the  United  States  for  4  yonrs,  and  unanimously 
re-elected  in  1793.  He  declined  n  third  re-election,  and  issued  his  farewell  aduicss.  After 
Mr.  Adams's  inaugurotion,  he  retired  to  Jlount  Vernon,  near  Washington  City,  D.  C,  whero 
he  died  on  the  Uth  of  December,  1799,  in  the  68th  year  of  his  age. 

Ilis  virtues  and  patriotism  have  won  for  liini  the  imperishablo  title  throughout  the  world  ■ 
of "  The  Fother  of  liis  Country."  ...       .... 


rhout  the  worlJ 


BRIEF  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

TiiK  United  States,  u  confederacy  of  sovereign  States,  and  the  most  influential  Republic 
»f  the  world,  occuines  the  middle  portion  of  North  America.  This  confederation,  consist- 
llng  originally  of  thirteen  Stuies,  but  now  of  thirty-one  States,  the  federal  district,  and  sev- 
eral territorial  appendages,  lies  between  the  parallels  of  24°  and  49°  north  latitude,  and  the 
(lerldians  of  10°  east  and  48°  west  from  Washington,  or  6"°  and  126°  from  Greenwich,  ex- 
Itending  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  from  the  British  colonies  on  the  north, 
to  the  Republic  of  Mexico  and  the  great  Gulf  on  the  south.  Tlie  wholo  extent  of  this 
boundary  is  now  definitely  settled  by  treaty.  The  greatest  width  of  this  country,  from 
east  to  west,  is  2900  miles,  and  the  greatest  depth,  from  north  to  south,  1730  miles.  Its 
urea  may  be  estimated  at  3,260,000  square  miles,  Including  California,  Texas,  etc.,  recently 
ncqulred.  It  has  a  frontier  of  about  10,000  miles,  of  which  4400  Is  sea-coast,  and  1500  lake- 
coast. 

Its  shores  are  washed  by  three  seas,  the  Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  east,  the  Gulf  of  Mexico 
9n  the  south,  and  the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  west.  Tlie  principal  bays  and  sounds  on  the 
Uhintic  border  are  Passamaquoddy  Bay,  which  lies  between  the  State  of  Maine  and  the 
Jritlsh  province  of  New  Brunswick ;  Massachusetts  Bay,  between  Cape  Ann  and  Cape  Cod ; 
Long  Island  Sound,  between  Long  Island  aud  the  coast  of  Connecticut ;  Delaware  Bay, 
ifhleh  sets  up  between  Cape  May  and  Cape  Henlopen,  separating  tlie  States  of  New  Jersey 
and  Delaware ;  Chesapeake  Bay,  which  communicates  with  the  ocean  between  Cape 
Charles  and  Cape  Henry,  extending  In  a  northern  direction  for  200  miles,  through  the 
Btatea  of  Virginia  and  Maryland ;  Albemarle  Sound  and  Pamlico  Sound,  on  the  coast  of 
forth  Carolina,  There  are  no  large  bays  or  sounds  on  the  coast  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 
)n  the  Pacific  coast,  however,  there  are  several  excellent  bays,  but  the  principal  and  only 
bne  necessary  to  mention  Is  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco,  In  the  State  of  California.  It  is  one 
M  the  finest  bays  In  the  world,  and  capable  of  containing  the  navies  of  all  the  European 
ttowers  at  one  time. 

MOUNTAINS.    •    .     ■       ■  •    •• 

I  Tlie  territory  of  the  United  States  Is  traversed  by  two  principal  chains  of  mountains,  the 
illegbanles  on  the  east  side,  and  the  Rocky  Mountains  on  the  west.    These  divide  the 
^untry  into  three  distinct  regions,  the  Atlantic  slope,  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi,  and  the 
cllvlty  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Pacific. 
[  The  Alleghanles  are  less  a  chain  of  mountains  than  a  long  plateau,  crested  with  several 
bains  of  mountains  or  hills,  separated  from  each  other  by  wide  and  elevated  valleys. 
East  of  the  Hudson  tile  mountains  are  chiefly  granitic,  with  rounded  summits,  often  cov- 
ered at  their  tops  with  bog  and  turf,  and  distributed  in  irregular  groups  without  any 
narked  direction.    Some  peaks  of  the  Green  Mountains  in  Vermont,  and  the  White  Moun- 
alns  In  New  Hampshire,  rise  to  the  height  of  5000  to  6400  feet  above  the  sea.     After  past- 
ing the  Hudson,  the  structure  of  the  mountains  seems  to  change. 

In  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia  they  assume  the  form  of  long  parallel  ridges,  varying  In 
lielght  from  2500  to  4000  feet,  and  occupying  a  breadth  of  100  miles. 

In  North  Carolina  the  highest  culmination  Is  6476  feet ;  but  in  the  northern  part  of 
Jeorgla  and  Alabama,  where  they  terminate,  they  again  lose  the  form  of  continuous  chains, 
»nd  break  Into  groups  of  Isolated  mountains,  touching  at  their  base,  some  of  which  attain 
.  considerable  elevation. 

Tlie  Rocky  Mountains  are  on  a  much  grander  scale  than  the  Alleghanles.  Their  base  is 
feOO  miles  In  breadth,  and  their  loftiest  summits,  covered  with  everlasting  snow,  rise  to  the 
aelght  of  10  to  14,000  feet  These  vast  chains  may  be  considered  as  a  contlnuatlc  i  of  the 
3ordiUera?  of  Mexico.  They  are  distant  from  the  Pacific  Ocean  from  600  to  600  miles,  but 
between  them  and  the  coast,  several  minor  ranges  intersect  the  country,  of  wlilch  the  Mari- 
ime  Range  Is  the  most  conspicuous. 


18 


ELEVATIONS  AND  RIVERS. 


CXJA'ATIONH   MORK  TIUN    1000  FEIT  ABOVE  TUB  LEVEL  OF  THE  BEA. 


Feet. 

Rocky  MountainB 14,000 

Sierrn  Nuvada 7,200 

South  Pans 7,0Hfl 

Santa  Fo fl,HOO 

Mount  WuifhinKton  (White  Mountains) . .  0,234 

Mount  Adams 6,7ft0 

Moi'nt  Jcfl'erson 5,6fi7 

Mount  MadJHon 6,41B 

Mount  Monroe 5,849 

Mount  Franklin 4,8fi0 

Mount  littfayutto criOO 

Mount  Sfarcy (Adironducks) 6,4(J7 

Mount  Maclntyre.  "  5,188 

Mount  McMurtin..  "  5,000 

Dial  Mountain "  4,900 


White  Face  . . .  (Adirondacks) 4,866 

4,000 

4,000 
4,279 

4,188 


Mount  Howard 

Mount  Lyon..  "  

North  I'uak (Oreen  Mountains). .. 

Camel's  Humn " 

Shrewsbury  Mountain 


South  Peak  .   " 

Killington  Peak...  " 

K(iuinox  Mountain.  " 

Ascutnov  Mountain  "  .     

Peaks  or  Otter  ( Allcghanies) 4,260 

Catskill  Mountains 8,800 

Blue  Ridne 1,500 

Sources  of  the  Mississippi 1,400 


4,086 
8,983 
8,924 
8,924 
8,820 


RIVERS. 

The  principal  rivers  of  the  United  Staies  may  be  divided  into  four  clnssef.  First,  the 
Mississippi  and  its  wide-spread  branches,  which  drain  the  waters  of  the  whole  country  in- 
oluded  between  tlie  Alleghany  and  Rocky  Mountains ;  tecmid,  the  rivers  east  of  the  Alle- 
ghany Mountains,  which,  rising  from  their  eastern  declivity,  woter  the  Atlantic  ploln,  and 
hence  flow  into  the  ocean ;  third,  the  system  of  rivers  flowing  Into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
which  may  be  subdivided  into  those  flowing  from  the  southern  slope  of  the  AUeghanles, 
and  those  having  their  source  in  the  north-western  highlands  of  Texas;  and, /our</j,  those 
itreoms  on  the  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  which  flow  Into  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

The  Mississippi  rises  west  of  Lake  Superior,  In  lotltudo  -17"  47'  north,  amid  lakes  and 
swamps,  dreary  and  desolate  beyond  description ;  and  after  a  south-east  course  of  about 
600  miles,  reaches  the  Falls  of  the  St,  Anthony,  where  it  descends  perpendicularly  16  feet, 
and  where  are  numerous  rapids.  From  these  falls  it  pursues,  at  first,  a  south-easterly,  and 
then  a  southerly  direction ;  and  after  forming  the  boundary  between  Iowa,  Missouri,  and 
Arkansas  on  the  west,  and  Wisconsin,  Illinois,  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  and  Mississippi  on  the 
east,  passes  through  Louisiana,  and  discharges  Itself  through  a  delta  of  many  mouths  Into 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  It  Is  nearly  3200  miles  In  length,  and  Is  navigable,  with  few  obstruc- 
tions, to  the  Falls  of  St  Anthony. 

Its  princlpol  tributaries  from  the  east  are : — 

1.  The  Wisconsin,  which  joins  it  between  the  parallels  42°  ond  48'  north  latitude. 

2.  The  Illinois,  a  navigable  river,  which  joins  It  near  latitude  88°  and  40'  north. 

8.  The  Ohio,  wliich  is  Itself  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Alleghany  and  Monongahela 
Rivers  at  Pittsburg.  It  flows  in  a  south-westerly  direction  for  946  miles,  separating  the 
north-western  States  from  Virginia  and  Kentucky,  and  falls  Into  the  Mississippi,  in  37°  north 
latitude.  The  chief  tributaries  of  the  Ohio  are  the  Wabash,  the  Cumberland,  and  the  Ten- 
nessee, which  last  Is  formed  of  several  streams  from  the  western  parts  of  Virginia  and  the 
Carollnas,  which  unite  a  little  west  of  Knoxville,  In  the  State  of  Tennessee,  and  runs,  at 
first,  south-west  Into  Alabama,  where  it  turns  and  runs  north-west,  through  Tennessee  into 
Kentucky,  and  joins  the  Ohio  10  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the  Cumberland. 

4.  The  Yazoo,  which  rises  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State  of  Mississippi,  and,  running 
south-west,  joins  the  Mississippi  100  miles  above  Natchez. 

The  tributaries  from  the  west  are : — 

1.  The  Minnesota,  or  St.  Peter's,  which  joins  it  about  9  miles  below  the  Falls  of  St  An- 
thony, after  a  south-east  course  of  several  hundred  miles. 

2.  The  Des  Moines,  which  joins  it  near  the  parallel  of  40°  north  latitude,  after  a  south-  i 
easterly  course  of  more  than  800  miles. 

3.  The  Missouri,  wliich  is  formed  V>y  three  branches,  called  Jefferson's,  Madison's,  and  | 
GoUatin's  Rivers,  all  of  which  lise  and  unite  in  the  Rocky  Mountains.     Tlie  whole  length,  i 
from  the  highest  point  of  Jefferson's  River,  to  the  confluence  with  the  Mississippi,  Is,  by 
actual  course,  about  2500  miles,  and  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  about  4350  miles ;  during  the  | 
whole  of  which  distance  there  Is  no  cataract  or  considerable  impediment  to  the  navigation,  \ 


RIVERS  IN  THE   UNITED  STATES. 


19 


pi,  and,  running  ^ 


3  Falls  of  St  An-  ^ 


le,  after  a  south-  i 


[except  at  Great  Foils,  which  are  above  2000  miles  from  the  Misalssippi.  At  these  falls  the 
Iriver  descends,  in  the  distance  of  18  miles,  362  feet.  The  principal  tributaries  of  the  Missouri 
(are  the  YoUow  Stone,  wliioh  rises  In  the  Uocky  Mountiilns,  and  joins  It  after  a  north-east- 
Jly  course  of  «(»(»  miles;  the  Nebraska  or  Platte,  which  rises  also  In  those  mountains,  and, 
(after  an  easterly  course  of  800  miles,  joins  the  Missouri  in  latitude  41°  north;  and  the 
I  Kansas,  whlcii  joins  It  near  ktltude  89°  nortli,  after  an  easterly  course  of  more  than  600 
Imlles. 

Probably  no  district  In  the  United  States  will  shortly  be  attracting  the  attention  of 

[settlers,  if  not  already  doing  so,  than  portions  of  the  vast  region  connected  with  the  Mis- 

[souri  River  and  Valley.    Tlie  opening  of  the  great  Pacific  mall  route  last  October,  will  tend 

[very  materially  to  the  development  of  that  portion  of  the  country,  which  is  found  to  be 

(suitable  for  colonization.    The  route  referred  to  now  joins  St.  Louis  (Missouri)  with  Sau 

iFrancisco,  (California,)  or  in  other  words,  forming  a  continuous  chain  of  rapid  oommunlca- 

Ition  from  the  shores  of  the  Pacific  Ocean  to  those  of  the  Atlantic — the  great  barrier  of  the 

iocky  Mountains,  and  the  dreary  wastes  of  Its  "  bad  lannK, '  forming  no  longer  any  Impedl- 

dent  to  the  determination  of  American  enterprise.    The  time  occupied  by  the  mall  route 

feferred  to  is  25  days.  t    *  I' 

4.  Tlie  Arkanstis,  which  rises  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  pursuing  a  south-easterly 

Burse,  forms,  for  some  distance,  the  boundary  between  the  Indian  Territory  and  Texas; 

after  which,  Its  course  lies  principally  In  the  State  of  Arkansas,  till  it  joins  the  Mississippi 

|n  34°  north  In^itude.     Its  length  is  more  than  1300  miles. 

6.  Tlie  Rec     iver,  which  also  rises  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  below  Sante  ¥6,  and,  after  a 
Kiuth-easterly  course  of  more  than  1000  miles,  falls  into  the  Mississippi,  in  latitude  81°  north. 
The  principal  rivers  east  of  the  Alleghonles  are : — 

1.  The  Connecticut,  which  rises  In  the  highlands  separating  the  United  States  from  Can- 
ada, and,  running  southerly,  divides  New  Hampshire  from  Vermont,  and  passing  through 

lassachusctts  and  Connecticut,  falls  into  Long  Island  Sound.  It  is  navigable  for  sloops  for 
lO  miles  to  Hartford,  and,  Viy  means  of  canals  and  other  improvements,  has  been  rendered 
assabic  for  boats  250  miles  further. 

2.  The  Hudson,  which  rises  west  of  lake  Champlnin,  and  pursuing  a  southerly  course  of 
pore  tlian  300  miles,  falls  into  the  Bay  of  New  York,  after  receiving  numerous  affluents. 

I  is  navigable  for  ships  to  Hudson,  130  miles,  and  for  sloops  and  steamboats  to  Troy,  40 

^les  farther.     It  is  connected  with  Lakes  Champlaln,  Erie,  and  Ontario,  by  means  of  canals 

am  Albany,  and  with  the  Delaware  by  a  canal  from  Rondout 

[  3.  The  Delaware,  which  rises  in  New  York,  and  flowing  southerly,  separates  Pennsyl- 

jnia  from  New  York  and  New  Jersey,  and  falls  into  Delaware  Bay,  after  a  course  of  300 
fciles.  It  is  navigable  for  ships  of  the  line  40  miles,  to  Philadelphia,  and  for  sloops  36  miles 
arther,  to  the  head  of  the  tide  at  Trenton  Falls. 

4.  The  Susquehanna,  which  also  rises  in  New  York,  and,  pursuing  a  southerly  zig-zag 
jurse  through  Pennsylvania,  falls  into  the  head  of  Chesapeake  Bay,  near  the  north-east 
fcorner  of  Maryland.  During  the  last  60  miles  the  navigation  is  obstructed  by  an  almost 
bontinued  series  of  rapids. 

6.  The  Potomac,  which  rises  in  the  Alleghnnies,  and  after  forming,  during  its  whole 
bourse,  the  boundary  between  Maryland  and  Virginia,  falls  into  Chesapeake  Bay.  It  is 
navigable  for  ships  of  the  largest  dimensions  to  Washington,  the  federal  capital,  about  200 
nlles  from  the  ocean ;  bet  in  the  upper  part  of  its  course  there  are  numerous  obstacles, 
Qany  of  which,  however,  have  been  overcome  by  canals. 

6.  James  River,  whicli  rises  in  the  mountains,  and  falls  into  the  southern  part  of  Chesa- 
peake Bay. 

7.  The  Savannah,  which  forms  the  dividing  line  between  South  Carolina  and  Georgia, 
^nd  falls  into  the  Atlantic  in  latitude  32°  north.  It  is  navigable  for  large  vessels  to  Savan- 
nah, 17  miles;  and  for  boats  to  Augusta,  130  miles  farther. 

The  principal  rivers  which  rise  south  of  the  Alleghanies,  and  fall  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
Bre ; — 


20 


RIVERS  IN  AMERICA. 


1.  The  Appalaohioola,  which  disohargoi  iUelf  into  Ap&lauhee  Bay,  in  Florida,  It  ii 
formed  by  the  union  of  the  Chattahooohe  and  Flint  rivera,  the  former  of  which  rite*  in  the 
northern  part  of  Ueorf^u,  and  (lowing  «outh,  receives  tlie  Flint  at  the  w)iilli-we»t  extremity 
of  the  State.  During  the  latter  part  of  ita  course,  the  Chattahuuuhe  forms  the  l>oundary 
between  Georgia  and  Alabama. 

2.  The  Mobile,  which  discharges  itself  into  Mobile  Iky.  It  is  fonned  by  two  large  rivers, 
the  Alabama  and  Tnmbigbee,  which  unite  near  latitude  81°  north,  after  having  pursued 
each  a  separate  course  of  many  hundred  miles.  There  is  another  system  of  rivers  flowing 
into  the  Uulf  from  the  highlands  of  northern  Texas,  consisting  of  the  Habine,  Trinity,  Brazos, 
etc.,  whic'ii  need  only  be  mentioned  here,  as  the  geography  of  Texas  will  be  minutely  <.h  - 
scribed  elsewhere. 

The  rivers  flowing  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Paoiflc,  consist  of: — 

1.  The  Columbia,  which  rises  near  latitude  66°  north,  and,  running  south-west,  falls  Into 
the  ocean  in  latitude  40°  15',  oftcr  a  course  of  1600  miles.  Its  principal  tributorles  are 
Clark'H  River,  Lewis'  River,  and  the  Multnomah  or  Willamette,  all  of  which  join  it  on  its 
left  bank.  This  river  was  discovered  in  1702,  and  settlements  were  made  in  the  neighbour- 
hood by  Americans  in  1810.  The  mouth  of  the  river  is  obstructed  l)y  flats,  but  vessels  of 
300  toiiH  can  ascend  to  the  distance  of  126  miles,  and  large  sloops  further. 

2.  The  Sacramento  and  8an  Joaquin,  emptying  into  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco. 

8,  The  Buenaventura,  i-ising  in  the  coast  range  of  the  California  Mountains,  empties  into 
Monterey  Bay. 

4.  The  Colorado,  and  River  Gila  (which  separates  Mexico  from  the  United  States),  flow 
from  the  mountains  near  Santa  F6,  and  would,  if  not  received  by  the  Gulf  of  California, 
empty  into  the  I'ncifie;  they  belong,  however,  to  the  some  system  of  rivers. 

5.  The  St.  Lawrence.  Particulars  regarding  this  river,  wiiich  forms  the  boundary  be- 
tween the  United  States  and  Canada,  will  be  found  in  another  portion  of  this  work. 

OK  TUK    niVKIW   ABOVE   300   MILES,   WE   ANNEX   A   LIST. 


Missouri 2,r)00 

"       [with  Lower  Mississipj)!] 4,8.')0 

Mississippi  I  Upper] 1,1182 

"  [Lower] 1,210 

Arkansas l.sriO 

Del  Norte 1,650 

Ohio  [with  Alleghany] 1,050 

Oregon  or  Columbia 1,400 

Red  River 1,000 

Ottawa 800 

Nebraska  or  Platte 800 

Des  Moines 800 


Mileit. 

St.  Lawrence 750 

*'  [including  Great  Lakes] 2,800 

Tennessee 720 

Susquehanna 6S0 

Kansas , 600 

Yellow  Stone 600 

Connecticut 350 

Delaware 350 

Hudson 820 

Potomac 810 

James 31U 


Showing  a  total  of  26,238  miles  in  all,  and  only  of  th«  rivers  above  300  miles  long  each. 


THE  GREAT  LAKES.     , 

With  the  exception  of  Michigan  and  Champlain,  none  of  the  great  lakes  of  North  Amer- 
ica lie  wholly  within  the  territory  of  the  United  States ;  the  others  are  on  the  northern 
boundary,  where  they  form  a  connected  chain,  extending  through  a  distance  of  more  than 
1200  miles.  The  first  in  the  chain  is  Lake  Superior,  the  largest  body  of  fresh  water  on  the 
globe.  Few  persons  are  really  aware  of  the  magnitude  of  these  great  lakes ;  they  are  truly 
inland  seas,  and  navigation  is  as  dangerous,  and  subjected  to  all  the  vicissitudes  which  are 
connected  with  the  navigation  of  the  Baltic,  the  Black  Sea,  or  the  Mediterranean. 

Lake  Champlain,  lying  between  Vermont  and  New  York,  is  128  miles  long,  and  from  1 
to  16  miles  wide,  and  discharges  its  waters  through  the  Sorel  into  the  St  Lawrence.  It  is 
computed  that  the  lakes  contain  above  14,000  cubic  miles  of  water — a  quantity  more  than 
five-sevenths  of  all  the  fresh  water  on  the  earth.  Tlie  extent  of  country  drained  by  the 
lakes,  from  the  north-western  angle  of  Superior  to  the  St.  Lawrence,  including  alsp  the  area 
of  the  lakes  themselves,  is  estimated  at  835,516  square  miles. 


LAKES — GOVERNMENT  OF   UNITED  8TATE8. 


21 


The  following  Is  a  tnbulnr  statement  of  the  extent  of  these  fresh-wator  som,  with  the  mean 
depth  of  their  waters,  and  tlieir  elevation  a'ove  the  sea  ;— 


Ifamt*.          MMit  ItngtK  Mean  Rrtadlh.         Ar*a.          Mmn  Depth, 

Lake  Superior 400  miles ho  miles 82,000  sq.  m POO  feet. 

"    Micliinan liiio    "      70    "     aii,400  "    1,000    " 

"    Huron ii»0    "      HO    "     20,400  "    1,000    ", 

"    (Ireen  Uuy  . . .   100    "      'i»    "     2,000  "     1,000    " 

"     Krio 240     "       40    "      ll,HOO  "     H4    " 

"    Ontnrio iHO    "      8.^    "      0,800  "     BOO   "   , 

"    8t.  Clair 20    "      U    "     860  "     20    " 


JCttv,  ahovt  S*a, 


fiOfl  feet. 

ftflS  " 

578  " 

fi78  " 

Bflfi  " 

282  " 

670  •• 


North  Amer- 
the  northern 
of  more  than 
water  on  the 
they  are  truly 
3e8  which  are 
ranean. 
g,  and  from  1 
wrence.  It  is 
ity  more  tiian 
rained  by  the 
;  also  the  area 


GOVERl^MENT  OF  UNITED  STATES. 

Tim  government  of  the  United  States  is  a  federal  democratic  Republic.  It  la  based  on 
the  Constitution  of  1787,  and  amendments  thereto. 

The  electors  of  the  most  numerous  branch  of  the  several  State  Legislators  nrt-  qualified 
electors  in  the  States  respectively  for  all  elective  officers  of  the  general  government* 

Ail  legislative  powers  are  vested  in  Congress,  which  consists  of  a  Senate  and  liouso  of 
RuprcBentativca. 

The  "  House  of  Representatives"  (occupying  the  position  of  "  House  of  Commons"  of 
Britain)  is  composed  of  members  chosen,  every  second  year,  by  the  people  of  the  several 
States,  and  In  number  in  accordance  with  the  population  of  each,  and  in  order  to  ascertain 
the  number  each  State  is  entitled  to,  a  census  is  taken  every  ten  years,  excluding  from  the 
enumeration  for  this  object  two-thirds  of  the  slaves,  and  all  Indians  not  tnxod.  linch  State 
is  entitled  to  at  least  one  representative.  Vacancies  are  filled  by  intermediate  elections. 
The  House  chooses  Its  speaker  and  other  officers.  No  person  under  26  years  of  age,  who 
lias  been  less  than  seven  years  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  who  is  not  a  resident  of 
the  State  electing  him,  is  qualiPed  for  representative. 

The  Constitution  provided  for  a  specific  number  of  representatives  from  each  State  to 
compose  the  House  until  the  ascertainment  of  the  population  under  the  census  of  1700 ;  but 
since  then  legislation  has  decennially  fixed  the  number  to  be  elected.  From  the  3d  of 
March,  1793,  the  apportionment  was  one  representative  to  every  33,000  of  the  representa- 
tive population ;  after  1808,  one  to  every  38,000  also;  after  1813,  one  to  every  86,000; 
after  1823,  one  to  every  40,000;  after  1833,  one  to  every  47,000;  after  1843,  one  to  every 
70,680;  ond  after  3d  of  March,  1863,  233  representatives  to  be  divided  p-o  rata  to  the  sev- 
eral States. 

In  addition  to  these  representatives  from  States,  the  House  admits  a  delegate  from  eacli 
organized  territory,  who  h"'  the  right  to  debate  on  subjects  in  which  his  territory  is  inter- 
ested, but  cannot  vote.     California  has  two  members  by  a  special  act 

The  "  Senate"  (or  Upper  House)  consists  of  two  members  from  each  State,  elected  by  the 
Legislotures  thereof  respectively  for  six  years.  One-third  the  whole  body  is  renewed  bien- 
nially, and  if  vacancies  happen,  by  resignation  or  otherwise,  during  the  recess  of  the  Legis- 
lature of  any  State,  the  executive  of  such  State  makes  a  temporary  appointment  until  the 
next  meeting  of  the  Legislature,  which  fills  such  vacancy.  Senators  must  be  at  least  thirty 
years  old,  must  have  been  citizens  of  the  United  States  for  nine  years,  and  be  residents  of 
the  State  by  which  cnoscn.  Each  senator  has  one  vote.  The  Vice-President  of  the  United 
States  is  ex  officio  President  of  the  Senate,  but  a  president  pro  tempore  \i  elected  by  and 
from  among  the  senators,  who,  in  the  absence  of  the  president,  acts  in  his  stead. 

The  Constitutional  government  went  into  operation  on  the  4th  of  March,  1789,  but  a 
quorum  of  the  first  Congress,  which  met  at  the  city  of  New  York,  was  not  formed  until  the 
6th  of  April,  nor  was  the  first  President  of  the  United  States  inaugurated  before  the  80th 
of  April. 

Besides  Its  ordinary  legislative  capaeitj',  the  Senate  is  vested  with  certain  judicial  func- 
tions, and  its  members  constitute  a  High  Court  of  Impeuchmeut  No  person  con  be  con- 
victed by  this  court  unless  on  the  finding  of  a  majority  of  senators,  nor  does  judgment  ex- 


\ 


22 


PRESIDENTS  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES. 


tend  further  than  to  removal  from  office  and  diBqualification.     Representatives  have  the 
sole  power  of  impeachment. 

The  Executive  Power  is  vested  in  a  President,  who  is  elected  by  an  Electoral  College, 
chosen  by  popular  vote,  or  by  the  Legislature  of  the  State,  the  number  of  electors  being 
equal  to  the  number  of  senotors  and  representatives  from  the  States  to  Congress.  His  term 
of  office  is  four  years,  but  he  is  eligible  for  re-election  indefinitely.  Tlie  electors  forming 
the  college,  are  themselves  chosen  in  the  manner  prescribed  by  the  laws  of  the  several 
States.  A  majority  of  the  aggregate  number  of  votes  given,  is  necessary  lo  the  election  of 
President  and  Vice-president,  and  if  none  of  the  candidates  has  such  a  majority,  then  tho 
election  of  President  is  determined  by  tho  House  of  Representatives,  and  that  of  the  Vice- 
President  by  the  Senate,  from  among  the  three  candidates  having  the  highest  number  of 
electoral  votes,  and  in  doing  so,  the  vote  is  taken  by  States,  the  representatives  of  each 
State  having  only  one  vote,  which  must,  of  course,  be  determined  by  a  majority  of  their 
number.  No  person  can  be  President  or  Vice-President  who  is  not  a  native-born  citizen, 
of  the  age  of  thirty-five  years,  and  who  has  been  a  resident  of  the  United  States  for  fourteen 
years.  The  President  is  commar  .er-in-chief  of  the  army  and  navy,  and  of  the  militia  when 
in  the  service  of  the  Union.  ""Yith  the  concurrence  of  two-thirds  of  the  Senate,  he  has  the 
jwwer  to  make  treaties,  appoint  civil  and  militory  officers,  levy  war,  conclude  peace,  and 
do  all  that  rightly  belongs  to  the  Executive  Power.  He  has  a  veto  on  all  laws  passed  by 
Congress,  but  so  qualified,  that  notwithstanding  his  disapproval,  any  bill  becomes  a  law 
on  its  being  afterward  approved  of  by  two-thirds  of  both  Houses  of  Congress.  The  Presi- 
dent has  a  salary  of  $25,000  per  annum,  and  "  the  White  House"  at  Washingion  for  a  resi- 
dence, during  his  official  term.  The  Vice-President  is  ex  officio  President  of  the  Senate ; 
and  in  case  of  the  death,  resignation,  or  other  disability  of  the  President,  the  powers  and 
duties  of  that  office  devolve  upon  him  for  the  remainder  of  the  term  for  which  the  Presi- 
dent had  been  elected.  In  case  of  the  disability  of  the  Vice-President,  the  President  of  the 
Senate  ftro  tempore  takes  his  place. 

The  present  President  is  the  Hon.  James  Buchanan.  .;  ,'    '  ^  •:•     ;    , 

Annexed  is  a  list  of  Presidents  from  the  adoption  o'  the  Constitution  in  1789,  to  the  pres- 
ent "  reign"  of  the  Hon.  James  Buchanan,  now  Presidf  at  of  the  United  States : — 

PKESIDENTS   OF   THE   UNITED    STATES. 


A'ames. 


When  Born.    I    Inaugurated. 


Continuance  \ 
in  office      j 


Died. 


Native  of 


George  Wivsliington. 

J<ihn  Adams 

Thomas  Jofforsoii . . . 

James  Madison 

James  Monroe 

John  Qiiincy  Adams, 
Andrew  Jackson . . . . 
Martin  Van  Buren.. 
William  H.  Harrison 


Fen.  22,  173'i. 
Oct.  11),  17:{5. 
Ap.-il  2,  1743 
March  10,  1751. j 
April  2,  17r)'J..i 
July  11,  17i;7.. 
March  If),  1767^ 
Decern.  5,1782 
Feb.  y,  1773... 


John  Tyler March  20, 1790 


James  K.  Polk. 
Zacharv  Taylor. 


Nov.  2, 1795... 
'Nov.  24,  1790.. 


Millard  Fillmore. . . .  May  7,  1800. . . 


Franklin  Pierce. . 
James  liuchanan . 


.INov.  23,  1804.. 
.iAprU  23,  17J2.I 


April  3,   17s9 

March  4,  1797. 

"      4,  1801 

4,  1809, 

4,  1817 

"       4,  182.5 

"       4,  1829 

"     4,  1837 

"       4,  1841 

I    Succeeded 

<  to  the  office 

I  of  President 

March  4,  1845 

4,  1S4'J 

I   Succeeded 

J  to  the  oflico 

I  of  President 

March  4,  1853 

4,  1857 


8  years  , 
4      "     , 

:8     "    . 

18      "     , 
,;8       "      , 

:4    "    , 


Dec.  14,  1799. 

.!■       4,  18i>().. 

Jul,  4,  1827.. 
,  June  28, 183(5. 
,  July  4,  1831 . . 

Feb.  23,  1848.. 

June  8,  1845.. 


jl  month....  April  4, 1841. 

3  years  and  ) 
,11  mouths  f 


4  years 

1  yr.4  mos. . 

2  years  and  ) 
18  months.  ) 

,4  years 

{At  present.. 


Virginia. 

Mass. 

Virginia. 


Mass. 

S.  Carolina. 
New  ">'ork. 
Virginia. 


June  15, 1849.  N.  Carolina. 
July  9,  1850..  Virginia. 


New  York. 

New  Ilamp. 
[Penn.  "^ 


Tlie  administrative  business  of  the  nation  is  conducted  by  several  officers,  with  the  title 
of  secretaries,  etc.,  who  form  what  is  termed  the  "Cabinet."  These  are  the  Secret^iry  of 
State,  the  Secretary  of  War,  the  SecreUiry  of  tlie  Navy,  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  the 
Poatmuster-General,  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  and  tlie  Attorney-General — the  last  being 


es  have  the 


9,  to  the  pres- 


THE  HON.  JAMES  BUCHANAN, 

PiiESIDEN'i'  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Having  given  ft  portrnit  of  tlie  grcntflft  amongst  the  departed  of  America's  public  men, 
we  subjoin  wliut  is  considered  to  be  an  excelleut  likeness  of  tlie  greatest  man  in  political 
standing  at  the  present  time,  wo  mean  the  Hon.  ilames  Buchanan,  who  now  fills  the  presi- 
dential chair  of  the  United  Stiites,  and  who  previously  held  the  position  of  umbassauor  to 
Great  Britain,  during  the  General  Pierce  administration,  up  to  1856. 

Mr.  Bueluman  is  about  66  years  of  age,  and,  although  his  head  is  of  snowy  whiteness,  he 
seems  to  bear  his  oge  rmmrkaMy  well.  He  has  never  been  married.  His  vital  tempera- 
ment is  predominant,  and  all  the  elements  of  hcaltli  and  longevity  are  very  apparent.  He 
is  not  a  man  of  intensity  and  enthusiasm,  like  Jackson  and  Clay,  but  is  cool,  self-possessed, 
careful,  non-committal  and  prudent,  like  Van  Buren;  more  disposed  to  go  with  circum- 
stances than  to  step  forth  and  Ciutrol  and  mould  them  on  the  basis  of  his  own  will. 

He  was  born  in  the  county  of  Frai;klin,  IVniisylvaniu,  of  comparatively  humble,  but 
honest  and  industrious  parents.  Although  he  ohtained  a  classical  and  academical  educa- 
tion, ho  may  be  called  tlie  architect  of  his  own  fortune.  Ho  studied  for  the  profession  of 
the  law  in  Lancaster  r  unty,  Pennsylvania,  whidi  has  ever  remained  as  his  home,  and 
whore  he  rose  to  u  liigli  ))i)sition  in  the  legal  profession. 

He  remained  as  a  meml)er  of  Congress  for  10  years,  from  1820  to  1831 ;  afterwards  he 
filled,  witii  great  ability,  the  post  of  ambassador  at  the  Court  of  Russia,  and  was  instru- 
mental in  securing  for  his  country  the  commerce  of  the  Russian  ports  in  the  Baltic  and 
Black  Seas,  After  his  return  from  Russia  he  was  elected  to  the  Senate,  to  which  he  was 
twice  re-elected,  ami,  in  1845,  filled  the  first  seat,  as  Secretary  of  State,  in  the  Cabinet  of 
the  Polk  administration.  After  returning  from  being  ambassador  ut  Great  Britain,  he  w«j 
elected  President  of  the  United  States  on  the  4th  of  March,  1857. 


y  .'■  '* 


■'Vf  ^  * 


>    OU^Wv     -^ii  .    » 


M 


UNITED  STAITES  GOVERNMENT  DEPARTMENTS. 


28 


the  official  law  authority  for  advisement  in  administrative  aifaira.    Each  of  these  presides 
over  a  separate  dapartment 

The  "  Department  of  State"  was  created  by  an  Act  of  Congress  of  the  16th  of  September, 
1V89;  by  a  previous  Act  of  the  27th  of  July,  1789,  it  was  denominated  the  Department  of 
Foreign  Aifairs.  It  embraced,  until  the  establishment  of  the  Department  of  the  Interior  in 
1849,  what  in  some  other  governments  are  styled  the  Department  of  Foreign  Affairs  and 
Home  Department ;  but  the  duties  now  being  divided,  it  confines  its  operations  almost  en- 
tirely to  foreign  matters,  and  hence  its  original  title  might,  with  propriety  and  convenience, 
be  restored. 

The  Secretary  of  State  conducts  all  treaties  between  the  United  States  and  foreign  pow- 
era,  and  corresponds  officially  with  the  public  ministers  of  the  government  at  foreign  courts, 
and  with  ministers  of  foreign  powers,  resident  in  the  United  States.  He  is  intrusted  with 
the  publication  of  all  treaties  with  foreign  powers,  preserves  the  originals  of  all  treaties  and 
of  the  public  correspondence  growing  out  of  international  intercourse ;  grants  passports  tu 
American  citizens  visiting  foreign  States,  etc.  He  has  charge  of  the  Great  Seal  of  the 
United  States,  but  cannot  affix  it  to  any  commission  until  signed  by  the  President,  nor  to 
any  instrument  without  authority  of  the  President.  Salary  of  Secretary  of  State,  $6,000 
per  annum  (£1200  stg.) 

This  department  has  subject  to  it  the  Diplomatic  Bureau,  and  the  Consular  Bureau.  The 
United  States  are  represented  by  Ministers  Plenipotentiary  at  the  Courts  of  Great  Britain, 
France,  Russia,  Prussia,  Spain,  Mexico,  Central  America,  Brazil,  and  Chili ;  by  Commission- 
ers at  the  Court  of  Pekin  (China),  and  at  the  Sandwich  Islands ;  by  a  Minister  Resident  at 
the  Sublime  Porte,  and  to  the  Swiss  Confederation,  and  at  other  courts  by  Charges  des  Af- 
faires ;  and  United  States'  Consuls  are  stationed  at  all  the  important  commercial  ports  in 
the  world.  Foreign  Ministers  accredited  to  the  Government  of  the  United  States,  arc  En- 
voys Extraordinary  and  Ministers  Plenipotentiary  from  Great  Britain,  Russia,  the  Argen- 
tine Republic,  France,  Spain,  Chili,  New  Grenada,  Brazil,  Mexico,  and  Peru ;  Ministers 
Resident  from  Portugal,  Prussia,  and  Belgium ;  and  Charges  des  Affaires  from  Denmark, 
Austria,  Holland,  Sweden,  Naples,  Sardinia,  Venezuela,  and  Nicaragua.  Foreign  Consuls 
from  all  commercial  nations  reside  in  the  several  collection  districts  of  the  Union. 

The  "  Department  of  the  Interior"  was  established  by  an  Act  of  Congress  of  the  30th 
of  March,  1849.  The  Secretary  of  the  Interior  is  intrusted  with  the  supervision  and 
management  of  all  matters  connected  with  the  public  domain,  Indian  affairs,  pen- 
sions, patents,  public  buildings,  the  census,  the  penitentiary  of  the  District  of  Columbia, 
the  expenditures  of  the  Federal  Judiciary,  etc.  Each  of  those  interests  is  managed  in  a 
separate  bureau  or  office,  the  immediate  head  of  which  is  styled  Commissioner,  Superin- 
tendent, or  Warden,  as  tiie  case  may  be.  Salary  of  Secretary  of  Interior,  $6000  per  annum 
(£1200  stg.) 

The  "  Department  of  the  Treasury"  was  created  by  an  Act  of  Congress  of  the  2d  of  Sep- 
tember, 1789.  Tlie  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  superintends  all  the  fiscal  concerns  of  the  gov- 
ernment, and  upon  his  own  resiwnsibility  recommends  to  Congress  measures  for  improving 
the  condition  of  the  revenue.  All  pi.blic  accounts  are  finally  settled  at  this  department; 
and,  for  this  purpose,  it  is  divided  into  the  office  of  the  Secretary,  who  has  the  general 
Buperiutendance,  the  offices  of  the  two  Controllers,  the  offices  of  the  six  Auditors,  the 
office  of  the  Commissioner  of  Customs,  the  Treasurer's  office,  the  Registrar's  office,  the  Soli- 
citor's office,  and  the  office  of  the  Coast  Survey.  Assistant  Treaturers'  offices  are  also  es- 
tablished at  Boston,  New  York,  Philadelphia,  Charleston,  New  Orleans,  and  St,  Louis.  Sal- 
ary of  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  $6000  per  annum  (£1200  stg.) 

The  "  Department  of  War"  wos  created  by  an  Act  of  Congress  of  the  7th  of  August,  1789, 
and,  at  first,  embraced  not  only  military,  but  also  navul  affairs.  Tlie  Secretary  of  War 
superintends  every  branch  of  military  otTairs,  and  has  under  his  immediate  direction  the 
Adjutant-General's  office,  the  Quartermaster-General's  Bureau,  the  Paymaster's  Bureau,  the 
Subsistence  Bureau,  the  Medical  Bureau,  the  Engineer  Bureau,  the  Topographical  Bureau, 
the  Ordnance  Bureau,  etc.,  and  the  department  has  the  superintendence  of  the  erection  of 


^€^ 


I 


24 


UNITED  STATES  GOVERNMENT  DEPARTMENTS. 


il 


fortifications,  of  making  public  surveys,  and  other  important  services.  Salary  of  Secretary 
of  War,  $6000  per  annum  (£1200  stg.)  • .: 

The  "  Department  of  the  Navy"  was  created  by  on  Act  of  Congress  of  the  30th  of  April, 
1798.  The  Stcretary  of  the  Navy  issues  all  orders  to  the  naval  forces,  and  superintends  na- 
val affairs  generally.  Attached  to  the  Department  arc — a  Bureau  of  Docks  and  Navy 
Yards,  a  Bureau  of  Ordnance  and  Hydrography,  a  Bureau  of  Construction,  Equipment,  and 
Repairs,  a  Bureau  of  I'rovisions  and  Clothing,  a  Bureau  of  lledical  and  Surgical  Instru- 
ments, etc. ;  and  the  National  Observatory  at  Washington  is  under  the  control  of  the  Navy 
Department.  The  ministerial  duties  of  these  several  Bureau.x  were  formerly  exercised  by 
a  Board  of  Navy  Commissioners.  (Salary  of  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  $6000  per  annum 
(£1200  stg.) 

The  "  Department  of  the  Post-Office"  was  established  under  the  authority  of  the  Old  Con- 
gress. The  Postmaster- Oeneral  has  the  chief  direction  of  all  postal  arrangements  with  for- 
eign states,  as  well  as  within  the  federal  limit".  The  general  business  is  managed  by  three 
Assistant  Postmasters-General,  who  preside  respectively  over  the  Contract  office,  the  Ap- 
pointment office,  ond  the  Inspection,  etc.,  offices.  Salary  of  Postmaster-General,  $6000  per 
annum  (£1200  stg.) 

The  "  Attorneys-General,"  who  are  considered  as  forming  a  part  of  the  Cabinet,  and  who 
are  the  constitutional  advisers  and  defendants  of  the  government,  are  generally  men  of  the 
greatest  acquirements  in  their  profession.  Salaries  of  Attorneys-General,  $4000  per  annum 
(£800  stg.) 

The  judicial  powers  of  the  United  States  are  vested  in  a  Supreme  Court,  and  in  such  other 
inferior  courts  as  Congress  may,  from  time  to  time,  establish.  The  present  judicial  estab- 
lishment consists  of  a  Supreme  Court,  Circuit  Courts,  and  District  Courts.  ; 

The  "Supreme  Court,"  the  highest  judiciol  tribunal  of  the  Union,  is  composed  of  a  Chief- 
Justice  and  eight  Associate  Justices,  the  Attorney-General,  a  Reporter,  and  Clerk.  Tiiis 
court  is  held  in  Washington,  and  has  one  sesfion  annually,  commencing  on  the  first  Monday 
in  December.  Salary  of  Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  $5,000  per  annum  (£1,000 
stg.) 

The  appointment  of  all  judges  of  the  United  States  is  made  by  the  President,  by  and  with 
the  advice  of  the  Senate  ;  and  the  judges  hold  their  several  offices  during  good  behaviour, 
and  can  be  removed  only  on  impeachment.  Their  compensation  is  fixed  by  law,  ond  can- 
not be  diminished  during  their  period  of  office. 

The  foregoing  account  of  the  United  States,  for  the  most  part,  is  from  "  Coltoii's  Gazetteer 
of  America." 


mi 


NEW  YOEK. 


''■-■f 


In  our  description  of  the  great  city  of  the 
western  world,  we  shall  avoid,  as  far  as  possi- 
ble, all  statistical  matter,  regarding  which  am- 
ple information  may  be  had  in  works  exclusively 


devoted  to  such  details.  "We  prefer  giving  a 
brief  account  of  the  citv  from  the  earliest  to  the 
present  time,  and,  with  the  views  given  of  its 
magnificent  streets  and  buildings,  we  hope  to 


in  such  other 
(licial  estab- 


w's  Gazetteer 


\ 


convey  to  our  readers  at  a  distance,  an  idea  of 
its  importance  as  the  most  populous  city  on  the 
whole  continent  of  America.  As  may  be  known 
by  many,  New  York  was  discovered  "in  160ii,  by 


an  Englishman  named  Henry  Hudson,  at  that 
time  in  the  service  of  the  Dutch— and  in  1618, 
the  settlement  of  the  Island  was  commenced, 
under  the  title  of  New  Amsterdam.    In  1021,  a 


26 


CITY  OF  NEW  YORK — LOCALITIES — BUSINESS,   ETC. 


Dutch  West  India  company  commenced  opera- 
tions upon  it,  and  in  1826,  purchased  the  whole 
island  from  the  Indians  (the  Manhattans)  for 
the  paltry  sum  of  |25,  (£5  stg.)  the  exports 
alone  that  year  amounting  to  ;j!l900.  It  was 
thus  held  till  1664,  when  it  was  taken  by  the 
English.  Charles  the  2d,  then  king,  changed 
its  name  to  that  of  New  York,  in  nonour  of 
James  the  2d,  who  then  bore  the  title  of  Duke 
of  York  and  Albany.  In  1686,  James  the  2d,  then 
king,  abolished  the  represcutative  system,  and, 
as  alibrding  one  of  the  numerous  proofs  of  his 
kingly  bigotry,  took  it  into  his  head  to  pro- 
hibit the  use  of  the  printing-press. 

It  was  retaken  from  the  English  by  the  Dutch 
in  1673,  retaken  again  in  1674  by  the  English, 
and  held  by  them  till  the  Revolutionary  period 
of  1776-1783,  when  it  was  finally  evacuated  by 
the  British  army,  thus  ending  British  rule  on 
the  25th  November,  1783.  In  1812-13,  another 
war  broke  out  between  Great  Britain  and  Amer- 
ica, but  not  leading  to  New  York  chancing 
hands  once  more.  Notwithstanding,  therefore, 
wars,  fevers,  fires,  great  commerciS  disasters, 
cholera,  etc.,  etc.,  the  city  has  gone  on  progres- 
sively, from  a  population  of  23,614  in  1786,  to 
upwards  of  600,OUO  in  1859. 

New  York  is  situated  upon  what  is  called 
Manhattan  Island — a  strip  of  land  13j  miles 
long,  by  one  mile  and  three-fifths  average 
width.  Greatest  breadth,  at  83d  street,  is  two 
miles  and  one-third.  In  all,  about  22  square 
miles,  or  14,000  acres.  It  rises  gradually  above 
the  level  of  the  water  around  the  sides,  whilst 
the  greater  part  of  it  is  level,  or  been  rendered 
so.  It  is  very  compactly  built  upon  for  about 
5  miles,  in  straight  lines  from  the  point  at  the 
Battery  end  of  it.    The  streets,  for  the  most 

Sart,  are  laid  out  in  a  convenient  and  easily  un- 
erstood  plan.  The  streets  commencing  at 
Houston  street,  (one  mile  from  the  City  Hall,) 
are  classed  into  14  regular  "avenues,"  as  they 
are  called,  which  are  crossed  at  right  angles  by 
156  streets,  numerically  desiguated.  Some  of 
the  streeta  are  crooked  and  narrow,  but  gene- 
rally speaking,  they  are  wide  and  spacious- 
ranging  fi'om  60  to  120  feet  wide.  The  greatest 
fault  a  stranger  is  likely  to  find  with  the  streets 
is  the  filthy  state  the  most  of  them  are  in — as 
if  there  were  neither  scavengers  nor  paviours 
in  the  cit_j'. 

New  \  ork  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the 
Harlem  River — which  separates  Manhattan  Is- 
land from  the  mam  land ;  on  the  east  bv  the 
East  River,  which  separates  it  from  Long  Island ; 
on  the  south  by  the  harbour,  and  on  the  west 
by  the  North,  or  Hudson  River,  which  sepa- 
rates it  from  New  Jersey. 

The  width  of  the  East  River  is  from  one-third 
to  half  u  mile,  and  that  of  the  North  River  from 
1  to  1^  miles. 

Navigation  is  open  throughout  all  the  year. 
There  can  be  no  doubt  but  that  the  harbour  of 
New  York  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  in  the 
world — presenting  one  of  the  finest  spectacles 
on  a  fine  day — wiui  its  piers  crowded  with  ships 
of  all  nations — the  numbers  of  clean-looking 
steamers  passing  up  and  down,  and  the  beauty 
of  the  scenery  on  the  opposite  shores,  and  on 
every  side. 

The  defences  are  placed  at  the  Narrows — on 
Long  Island  side,  and  on  Staten  Island— and  in 
the  East  Kiver  at  Throg's  Neck  ;  whilst  within 
the  harbour  are  batteries  on  liedloe's  and  Ellis 
Islands,  Governor's  Island,  Castle  William,  and 
South  Battery— commanding  every  point  of  en- 
trance.   We  may  safely  say,  that  nearly  every 


branch  of  manufactures  is  carried  on  in  New 
York,  excepting  in  the  great  items  of  cotton 
and  wool— whilst  its  commerce  extends  to  ev- 
ery corner  of  the  American  continent,  as  well 
as  all  over  the  world,  wherever  the  natural 

Eroducts  of  the  earth,  or  manufactures,  are  to 
e  bought,  sold,  or  exchanged.  The  public 
buildings  are  very  numerous.  We  annex  a  list 
elsewhere,  together  with  engravings  of  a  few  of 
the  principal  ones,  together  with  a  list  of  such 
places  of  mterest  and  amusement  as  the  stran- 
ger will  be  pleased  in  visiting. 

The  streets  where  the  private  residences  are, 
are  elegant  in  the  extreme.  We  allude  more 
particularly  to  such  as  4th  and  5th  Avenues, 
and  Union  and  Madison  Squares,  where  the 
most  stately  mansions  will  be  found,  finished 
off  in  first-rate  style,  mostly  built  of  a  brown- 
coloured  stone.  In  summer,  with  the  rows  of 
trees  along  each  side  of  the  streets,  their  hne 
appearance  will  at  once  attract  the  admiration 
of  the  stranger. 

The  principal  street  for  bankers,  insurance 
offices,  etc.,  is  Wall  street — the  Lombard  street 
of  America. 

For  wholesale  dry  goods  stores — Pearl,  Wil- 
liam, Broad,  Pine,  Cedar,  Liberty  streets.  Col- 
lege Place,  and  Vesey  street. 

For  wholesale  grocers,  and  commission  and 
shipping  merchants — Water  and  Front  streets. 

i  or  heavy  dry  goods  and  variety  stores.  Grand 
and  Catharine  streets. 

For  hardware — Beekman,  Flatt,  John  and 
Pearl  streets. 

For  booksellers  and  publishers,  binderies, 
etc. — Nassau  and  William  Streets. 

For  Jewellers — Maiden  lane,  Courtland  street, 
and  Broadway. 

For  boot  and  shoe  materials.  Ferry,  Jacob, 
and  Gold  streets. 

Whilst  Broadway,  like  Cheapside  in  London, 
contains  an  omiiinm  gatherum  of  all  sorts — 
from  the  selling  of  a  cup  of  coffee  in  a  restaurant, 
to  a  ship  load  of  "  Yanlcee  notions." 

The  wharves  extending  all  round  New  York 
nearly — the  vessels  placed  with  their  bows 
all  pointing  towards  the  city,  and  so  situated 
very  conveniently  for  loading  and  unloading, 
and  when  ready  for  sea,  have  only  to  drop  into 
the  stream  and  are  carried  down  and  out  to  sea, 
the  magnificent  river  and  bay  aflTording  no  ob- 
structions in  the  shape  of  bars,  etc. 

The  stranger,  however,  who  has  been  accus- 
tomed to  look  at  the  shipping  in  the  stupendous 
docks  of  London  and  Liverpool,  will  at  once 
discover  the  poor  accommodation  New  York 
affords  in  comparison  with  the  facilities  afforded 
for  the  harbouring  or  dockage  of  vessels  in 
Great  Britain.  Notwithstanding  this,  however, 
the  immense  shipping  business  of  the  port  of 
New  York  is  carried  on  somehow — the  ingenuity 
of  the  Americans  finding  ways  and  means  to 
clear  their  vessels  with  promptitude  and  ease. 

Broadway  is  the  great  main  artery  of  the 
city,  through  which  people,  omnibuses,  wag- 
ons, and  carriages,  rush  in  one  incessont 
stream,  surging  backward  and  forword,  from 
the  earliest  liour  in  the  morning,  to  the  latest 
hour  at  night. 

A  walk  along  Broadway  will  disclose  pictures 
of  society— men  and  things,  in  all  conceivable 
variations  and  degrees.  There,  the  slouching 
"loafer"  will  be  seen,  close  to  the  "Broadway 
swell"— the  successful  miner,  iust  arrived  from 
the  Calif'ornian  diggings,  alongside  of  the 
wealthiest  and  most  liandsomely  dressed  lady 
in  New  York,  who  is  out  for  her  walk  on  that 


ikT'iinr  i 


NEW  YORK — BROADWAY  AND  CITY  HALL. 


27 


sidences  are, 
allude  more 
th  Avenues, 
I,  where  the 
iind,  tiuisbed 
of  a  brown- 
the  rows  of 
ts,  their  hne 
e  admiration 

:a,  insurance 
uibard  street 


imission  and 
?ront  streets, 
stores,  Grand 

(,  John   and 

'8,  binderies, 

irtland  street, 


I  a  restaurant, 


been  accus- 
e  stupendous 
will  at  once 
1  New  York 
itiea  afforded 
of  vessels  in 
lis,  however, 
f  the  port  of 
the  ingenuity 
nd  means  to 
dc  and  ease. 
,rtery  of  the 
ibuses,  wag- 
le  incessant 
irward,  from 

to  the  latest 


great  "vanity  fair"— the  newly -arrived  emi- 
grantv  from  Great  Britain,  as  he  goes  gaping 
along  at  what  he  sees,  whilst  he  is  almost 


stupefied  with  the  bustle  and  confusion  around 
him.  It  is  entirely  different  from  any  one  of  the 
great  thoroughfares  of  London,  whilst  it  com- 


BROADWAY,  NEW  YORK. 


bines  the  features  of  all — the  bustle  and  throng 
of  Cheapsido,  in  its  incessant  strcom  of  omni- 
buses and  voliicles  of  all  sorts — of  Regent  street, 
witli  its  fasliionable  promenade  anahori  ton  of 
society— of  Oxford  street  and  Ilolborn,  with 
middle-class  stores,  as  well  as  elegant  ware- 
houses, including  the  exclusively  wholesale 
stores  of  a  St.  Paul's  cliurch-yard,  as  well. 
"The  other  chief  artery  of  the  city  is  that  of 
the  Uowery — partaking  "very  much  of  Holborn, 
with  a  mixture  of  the  Whitcchapel  of  London — 
where  a  large  amount  of  retail  business  is 
transacted. 

"The  City  Hall  op  New  York— from  its  central 
position,  and  classic  marble  frontage— is  one  of 
the  finest  and  most  prominent  buildings  in  the 


city.  The  front  and  two  ends  ore  of  white 
marble,  and  the  back,  which  is  never  shone 
upon  by  the  sun,  of  brown  sandstone.  The 
City  Hall  contains  a  gallery  of  historical  art, 
involuoble  to  the  lover  of  Knickerbocker  times. 
In  the  Governor's  Room,  enjoyed  by  the  public 
only  on  reception  days,  are  tlie  portraits  of  all 
the  governors  of  the  State,  from  the  time  of 
Lewis,  and  of  the  mayors  of  the  city,  with 
several  of  the  presidents,  painted  by  artists  of 
national  reputation.  There  may  be  seen  Henry 
Hudson,  Columbus,  and  hosts  of  other  worthies, 
while  the  archives  of  the  city  contain  a  vast 
amount  of  information  of  great  interest  to  the 
historian.  Besides  the  rooms  of  the  aldermen 
and  common  council,  there  was  in  former  times 
a  noble  banqueting  boll  foi'the  city  magnates." 


m 


i ! 


28 


THE  PARK  AND  CITY  HALL,  NEW  YORK. 


H'S'S** 


THE  PARK  AND  CITY  HALL,  NEW  YORK. 


Adjacent  to  the  City  Hull  is  the  old  Debtor's 
Prison,  now  the  Hall  of  Records,  the  old  Alms 
House,  entirely  appropriated  to  governmentol 
use. 

In  the  Park  arc  held  public  meetings,  and  in 
front  of  the  City  Hall  ore  planted  cannon,  which 
are  fired  by  the  respective  political  parties,  on 
the  achievement  of  any  party  victory,  as  well 
OS  on  other  general  public  rejoicings.  The  Park 
forms  o  great  resort  for  the  citizens,  and  in  the 
hot  months  of  summer,  forms,  hy  its  trees,  a 
delightful  shady  retreat. 

Last  year,  the  City  Hall  took  lire,  and  a  large 
portion  of  the  upper  part  of  it  was  destroyed. 
It  is  now  being  re-built,  however. 

The  New  York  University,  situated  between 
Washington  Place  and  Waverly  Place,  fronts 
Washington  Square  towards  the  west,  forming 
a  noble  ornament  to  the  city,  being  built  of 
Westchester  marble,  and  exhibits  a  specimen 
of  the  English  collegiate  style  of  architecture. 

The  building  is  180  feet  long,  and  100  wide. 
It  was  founded  in  1831. 

"  In  front,  this  oblong  is  divided  into  five  parts 
— a  centrol  building,  with  wings  flanked  by 
towers,  one  rising  on  each  of  the  four  corner's 
of  the  edifice.    This  central  building  or  chapel 


is  superior  to  the  rest  in  breadth,  height,  and 
character,  and  is  somewhat  similar  to  that  of 
King's  College,  Cambridge,  England— a  master- 
piece of  pointed  architecture,  and  a  model  for 
succeeding  ages.  It  is  55  feet  broad,  and  85 
feet  deep,  including  the  octangular  turrets,  one 
of  which  rises  at  each  of  the  four  corners.  The 
two  ends  are  gabled,  and  are,  as  well  as  the 
sides,  crowned  with  an  embattled  parapet.  The 
chapel  receives  its  principal  light  from  o  win- 
dow in  the  western  end.  This  window  is  24 
feet  wide,  and  50  high.  From  the  central 
building,  or  chopel,  wings  project  right  and 
left,  the  windows  of  whicn  have  square  beads, 
with  two  Lights,  a  plain  transom,  and  the  upper 
division  trefoiled.  The  principal  entrance  is 
under  the  great  western  window.  The  doors 
are  of  oak,  richly  panelled,  and  filled  with 
tracery  of  open  work,  closely  studded  with 
bronze. 

"  The  institution  has  a  chancellor  and  eleven 
professors.  It  has  in  its  collegiate  department 
150  students,  and  a  valuable  library  and  philo- 
sophical apparatus.  Connected  with  it  is  an 
extensive  grammar  school,  and  a  flourishing 
medical  department.  The  whole  number  of 
students  is  about  700.  Commencement,  third 
Monday  in  July.  (See  next  page  for  engraving.) 


NEW  YORK   UNIVERSITY. 


29 


m 


^' 


\ 


UNIVERSITY,  NEW  YORK. 


,  height,  and 
ir  to  that  of 
d — a  inaster- 

a  model  for 
-oad,  and  85 

turrets,  one 
jrncrs.    The 

well  as  tho 
larapet.  The 
,  from  a  win- 
rindow  is  24 

the  central 
;t  right  and 
iquare  heads, 
,nd  the  upper 

entrance  is 

The  doors 

1   filled   with 

tudded  with 

r  and  eleven 
e  department 
y  and  i)hilo- 
vith  it  is  an 
flourishing 
!  number  of 
cement,  third 
r  engraving.) 


"The  chapel  is  probably  the  most  beautiful 
room  of  the  kind  in  America.    It  is  open  to  the 

Eublic,  on  Sundays,  for  religious  worship.  The 
ibrary  and  rooms  of  the  New  York  Historical 
Society  are  in  the  building.  The  building  is 
accessible  to  the  visitor  at  all  times." 

"The  Tombs  occupy  the  space  between 
Centre,  Elm,  Leonard  and  Franklin  streets, 
the  site  of  an  old  filthy  pond,  which  had 
its  outlet  through  Canal  street.  The  Halls  of 
Justice  is  a  mucn-admired  specimen  of  modern- 
ized Egyptian  architecture.  It  is  built  of  light 
granite  from  Hallowell,  Maine.  It  is  253  feet 
long,  and  200  wide,  and  occupies  the  four  sides 
of  a  hollow  square,  with  a  large  centre  building 
within  the  area.  The  front  is  approached  by 
eight  steps,  leading  to  a  portico  oi  tour  massive 
Egyptian  columns.  The  windows,  which  extend 
to  the  height  of  two  stories,  have  massive  iron 
grated  frames,  surmounted  with  lornices,  orna- 
mented with  a  winged  globe  and  serpents.  The 
two  fronts  on  Leonard  and  Franklin  streets 
have  each  two  entrances,  with  two  massive 
columns  each.  The  gloomy  aspect  of  4his  build- 
ing has  won  for  it  the  general  name  of  "  The 
Tombs."  It  is  occupied  by  the  Court  of  Ses- 
sions, a  police  court,  and  some  other  court- 
rooms, besides  a  prison  for  male  and  female 


offenders  awaiting  trial.  The  open  court  within 
the  walls  is  used  as  a  place  of  execution  for 
State  criminals. 

Persons  can  gain  .admittance  on  application 
for  a  written  permit,  at  the  keepers  room, 
between  10,  a.  m.  and  3,  p.  m." 

In  the  fore-ground  of  the  view  will  be  seen 
one  of  the  "  City  Railroad  Cars,"  noticed  else- 
where. 

Custom  House. — The  lower  engraving  on  the 
following  page,  represents  the  Custom  House 
of  New  York,  situated  at  the  corner  of  Nas- 
sau and  Wall  streets. 

"The  Custom  House  has  the  form  and  solidity 
of  a  Greek  temple,  and  is  as  enduring  as  the 
pyramids.  The  edifice,  of  white  marble,  is  200 
feet  long,  by  90  in  width,  and  80  feet  high. 
Some  of  the  blocks  weigh  30  tons.  The  two 
fronts  have  8  Doric  columns,  nearly  6  feet  in 
diameter;  the  sides,  16  heavy  pilasters.  A 
flight  of  18  steps  from  Wall  street,  brings  the 
visitor  to  the  main  entrance.  The  Rotunda  is 
60  feet  in  diameter,  and  the  dome,  under  which 
the  four  deputy  collectors  have  desks,  is  sup- 
ported in  part  by  16  Corinthian  pillars.  In  the 
little  room  of  the  treasurer,  near  at  hand,  is  re- 
ceived two-thirds  of  the  revenue  of  the  country. 

The  Custom  House  was  erected  between  the 


i  niniif 

III 


iM 


Ui':: 


HALLS  OF  JUSTICE,  OB  THE  TOMBS,  NEW  YORK. 


CUSTOM-HOUSE,  WALL  STRKET,  NEW  YORK. 


MERCHA>rT8'   EXCHANGE. 


81 


l.y*»"" 


MERCHANTS'  EXCHANGE,  WALL  STREET,  NEW  YORK. 


^'■^ 

rV-x  ■^ 

m 

h' ' /^ 

isfc    ^ 

^    ■■? 

r:^ 

*P 

years  1834-1841,  and  cost,  including  the  lot, 

ifi,i'.tr),ooo." 

The  amount  of  accommodation  provided  for 
the  tninsnctions  of  the  Custom  House,  appears 
to  be  totiilly  inadequate  to  the  immense  amount 
of  business  furnished  by  the  port. 

Merchaxts'  Exchange. — The  above  engrav- 
ing represents  one  of  the  most  beautiful  and 
costly  buildings  in  America,  and  surpassing  any 
other  in  the  city  in  size  and  solidity  of  construc- 
tion. "It  occupies  a  whole  souare  of  ground, 
and  has  a  front  of  200  feet  on  Wall  street,  with 
an  average  depth  of  160  feet ;  is  5  stories  high, 
inchiding  the  basement,  and  tire-proof  through- 
out, the  iToors  and  roof  being  entirely  of  masonrv 
aud  metal.  The  principal  material  is  brick-faced, 
with  massive  blocks  of  granite,  chiefly  from  the 


inexhaustible  quarries  of  Quincy,  Massachu- 
setts. The  most  remarkable  features  of  this 
huge  building  are  its  graceful  portico,  present- 
ing to  the  eye  a  facade  of  18  Ionic  columns,  each 
nearly  40  feet  in  height,  and  upwards  of  4  feet 
in  diameter,  the  shafts  of  whicn  are  each  a  sin- 
gle stone  (wrought  in  the  most  perfect  manner, 
at  a  cost  of  $3000,)  and  the  Rotunda,  or  Ex- 
change Room,  which  is  100  feet  in  diameter, 
with  a  double  dome  of  brick,  surmounted  by  a 
vertical  sky-light,  with  movable  sashel,  which 
allows  thorough  and  complete  ventilation. 
The  dome  is  supported  partly  by  8  massive 
Corinthian  columns  of  Italian  marble,  weigh- 
ing 41  tons  each,  in  very  large  sections,  inaported 
expressly  for  the  purpose."  The  floor  is  nagged 
with  the  same  materiol,  and  altogether  the  room 
is  one  of  the  finest  in  America. 


M 


NEW  YORK  FREE   ACADEMY. 


"The  Free  Acadbmy  is  on  LexinKtnn  avenue, 
corner  of  Twenty-third  street,  unn  mny  eiisilv 
be  reuclied  by  takinf^  a  Broadway  and  "Fourth 
avenue  omniBus,  or  tlie  Harlem  rail-cars,  oppo- 
site the  Astor  House.  The  building  is  80  feet 
wide,  by  125  feet  deep,  and  is  intended  to 
accoinmbdate  1,000  pupils.  It  is  in  the  style 
of  the  town-halls  or  tne  Netherlands,  and"  is 
well  adapted  for  its  purpose,  besides  being  a 
conspicuous  ornumeut  to  the  upper  part  of  the 
city. 


The  cost  of  the  ground  was  ?37,ftl0,  of  the 
building,  l>75,000,  while  the  various  appliances 
of  apparatus  and  furniture  have  cost  |126,S67. 
The  only  requisites  for  admission  are  a  knowl- 
edge of  the  branches  taught  in  the  public 
schools;  it  being  also  required  that  the  appli- 
cant should  have  been  a  pupil  in  one  of  tiiese 
schools  for  at  least  one  year. 

It  may  be  added  that  the  graduates  of  the  col- 
leges can  pass  the  final  examination  at  the  Free 
Academy. 


■  .ysii.^  •;■*••    "  j- 


CORNER  OP  FIFTH  AVENUE  AND  FIFTEENTH  STREET,  NEW  YORK. 


rflrj!^3^5ns=!Sg:4 


H37,810,  of  the 
3US  appliances 
5  cost  126,867. 
n  are  a  knowl- 
in  the  public 
that  the  appli- 
n  one  of  tliese 

ates  of  the  col- 
ion  at  the  Free 


PETEK  COOPER  INSTITUTE,  NEW  YORK, 


i  'ff 


0W 


NEW  YORK   HOSPITAL. 


■    ifi-i-  'T 


laii: 


I.Hi"     '^':nS 


-^  'iwr-:- 


'^*./ .  11/    '  -jg^— 


,:  ..-IS'    ■ 


NEW  YORK  HOSPITAL,  BUOAUWAY. 


On  the  prccedina;  page  we  ^ive  m  .  ilhistra- 
fion  of  a  private  residence  in  one  of  the  princi- 

i)ai  streets  in  New  York,  viz.,  the  Fifth  avenue, 
n  this  street  may  be  seen  some  of  the  larj^est 
and  handsomest  ot'  the  private  residences  ot  the 
New  Yoric  merchants. 

In  summer,  when  the  trees  which  line  each 
side  of  the  avenue  are  in  full  biooni,  the  street 
then  has  all  the  appearance  of  a  beautiful  grove. 

The  green  blinds,  outside  of  the  windows, 
when  closed,  which  they  generally  are,  detract 
very  much  from  the  elegant  appearance  of  the 
houses.  The  custom  of  Keeping;  the  blinds  so 
much  closed,  ia  very  common  in  New  York,  and 
often,  we  think,  unnecessary,  when  there  arc  no 
rays  of  the  sun  to  occasion  such  an  infringe- 
ment, in  that  respect,  on  one  of  the  greatest 
Ik^rg  of  liealth. 


The  Cooper  IssTiTfTE. — This  institution  de- 
sen'es  a  place  among  our  illustrations  of  public 
buildings  of  the  city,  not  only  on  account  of  the 
magnihcencr  of  the  editice,  as  a  building,  but 
•8  8  r-eraento  of  'i  most  princely  net  on  the  part 
of  ••  New  York  'nercliant — Mr.  Peter  Cooper — 
who,  out  of  his  wealth,  has  built  this  house 
with  tb"  view  of  founding  an  institution  to  bo 
called  "The  Union,"  for  the  moral,  social,  and 
physical  improvement  of  the  youth,  not  only 


belonging  to  the  City,  or  State,  but  of  any  part 
of  the  world.  The  sum  donated  to  such  a  noble 
p\iri)ose,  amounts  to  ?300,(.m:m)  (£()0,000  stg). 

"Tlie  building  is  in  Astor  Place,  opposite  the 
new  Bible  House.  The  edifice  is  six  stories 
high,  occupying  a  space  equal  in  extent  to  eight 
full  lots,  each  25  feet  by  100,  or  20,000  S(iuai'o 
feet.  In  the  basement  is  a  commodious  lecture- 
room,  1."!")  feet  long,  and  in  the  upper  story  an 
observatory.  The  Union  provides  free  courses 
of  lectures*  a  free  library,  rooms  for  debntiiii; 
and  other  societies,  and  an  office  for  the  benefit 
of  persons  seeking  literary  employment,  "vherr 
their  names  and  wishes  may  be  registereti,  anil 
application  for  their  services  received. 

'  The  School  of  Design,  for  females,  linvi' 
rcoins  in  this  building,  amp  y  supplied  with 
the  materials  for  instruction." 

Mr.  Cooper  is  a  mo  nnfacturer  of  Isinglass,  by 
trade — one  of  the  most  noted  men  in  the  city 
for  public  spirit  and  benevolence,  and  a  leadiiii: 
member  of  the  Swedenborgian  denomination. 

'  The    New   Yohk   Hospital  is   one  ol    tho 
principal  benevolent  institutions  of  New  York. 
which     the     stranger,    as     he     walks     aloii^ 
Broadway,   cannot    fail    to    notice,    standhiL' ! 
back  f;'oni  oil'  the  strcan  of  the  great  thorough- 


LA  FAKGE   HOUSE,   BROADWAY. 


85 


I 


;*' 


but  of  any  part 

to  such  a  iiobk' 
(iO.OOO  atg). 

ce,  opjiosite  llip 
is  SIX  stories 
extent  to  ciglit 
!20,000  sqiiiire 

loilious  lecture- 
upper  story  an 
h'i  free  courses 

IS  for  debntinn 
lor  tlie  benetit 

lovineiit,  'vhore 
rcj^istered,  unit 

L-eivod. 
females,   Imve 
supplied  with 

of  Isinglass,  liy 
ncn  in  t'le  city 

',  and  a  leadiuL' 
ilo;ioininiition. 


is  one  ol  ilu' 
s  of  New  York, 
walks  ttloint 
otice,  standini! 
j;reat  tUorougli-  i 


LA  FARGE  HOUSE,  BROADWAY. 


fiire,  and  in  summer  beautifully  shaded  by  the 
Hues  in  front  of  it. 

'*  This  institution,  located  in  Broadway,  between 
Duane  and  Worth  streets,  was  founded  in  1771, 
by  the  Earl  of  Dunmore,  at  that  time  governor 
of  the  colony.  The  institution  has  an  annual 
revenue,  from  various  sources,  of  about  $80,000, 
which  is  expended  in  the  support  of  the  estab- 
lishment, riu  hospital  buildings,  to  which 
larae  and  costlv  additions  have  recently  been 
made,  are  fitted  up  in  excellent  style  tor  the 
accommodation  of  patients,  who  can  have  the 
best  of  medical  attendance,  and  the  convenience 
(if  nursing  and  medicine,  for  iji:i  a  week.  Re- 
spectable persons,  without  funiiL^..,  will  find 
this  a  very  desirable  asylum  during  sickness. 
I'aticnts  cu »  have  single  rooms  if  they  desire 
them.  In  cases  of  sudden  accidents,  patients 
arc  received  here,  and  their  wants  inimediatuly 
attended  to.  Medical  students  arc  permitted  to 
the  rounds  with  the  attending  jurgoons  fur  the 


annual  fee  of  J8.  Annual  lectures  are  given  by 
all  the  attending  physiciar.::  und  surgeons. 
The  buildings  will  accommodate  3.50  patients. 
Application  for  admission  must  be  made  at 
tlie  ofHco  within  the  Hospital.  Thorj  are  ten 
attending  und  consulting  physicians  and  sur- 
geons." 


La  Faroe  Holsb. — One  of  the  mamm  h- 
sized  'lotels  of  New  York.  R  has  a  magnificent 
white  marble  frontage  of  200  feet  on  Broadway, 
and  stands  out  in  strong  relief  with  all  tlie 
buildings  in  the  vicinity.  It  is  fiUed  up  for 
fully  400  guests,  in  a  comfortable  and  gorgeous 
manner,  and  is  convenientl/  situated  for  busi- 
ness, as  well  as  pleasure,  being  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  Astor  Library,  and  the  Reading  Room 
of  the  Mercantile  Library  Association,  which 
are  free  to  strangers.  The  La  Fargo  House  is 
kept  by  Mr.  Wheeler,  on  tUe  American  plan. 


86 


TRINITY   CHURCH,    BROADWAY. 


I  lU  '' 


"  Situated  on  Broadway,  fronting  Wall 
street,   with  its  portals    invitingly   open 
every  day  in    the   year,  stands    TriniU- 
Church,  a  beautiful  temple  of  worship.    It 
is   the  third  editico  of  the  kina  erected 
upon  the  spot,  the  first  having  been  de- 
stroyed in  the  great  fire  of  ITTO.    The 
entire  length  of  the  building  is  losO  feet,  of 
which  45  are  due  to  the  ch.'.noel.    Width 
of  nave,  54  feet ;  of  chancel,  38  feet.  Height 
to  eaves,  50  feet,  and  to  ridge,  DO  feet,  with 
a  fine  open  roof.     The  inside  walls  of  the 
church  are  of  Caen  stone,  brought  from 
Normandy  in  France — a  material  of  an 
agreeable  colour,  and  easily  worked,  being 
soft  enough  to  be  cut  with  a  saw  or  knife. 
The  windows  are  of  richly  stained  glass ; 
♦he  ceilings  pointed  blue,  and  the  roof  tini- 
btr<4  covered  with  polychi'omatic  decora- 
tions.   The  floors  are'  tiled  throughout, 
with  tasteful  ornamental 
patterns  in  "hancel.  Tlio 
Duilding  will  seat  about 
8iK),  its  cost  hating  been      ., 
t-'00,UOO.    The  architect 
of  this  snlendid  church 
is  5Ir.   Upjohn,  a  cele- 
brated Scotch  architect. 
"The  lofty  spire  of  the 
church  is  the  Pompey's 
Pillar  of  New  York — the 
most    prominent  object 
that  first  arrests  the  at- 
tention of  the  stranger, 
as  ho  aijpniuches  the  city 
from  tilt'  Atlantic.    The 
▼iew  from 
the  top  of 
the    s'-"o 
is  wit,./iit 
doubt  the 
finest      to 
be  had  in 
the  city." 


TRINITY  ClIUKCU,  BROADWAY,  NEW  YORK 


i^.^-- 


CHURCH  OF  ALL  SOULS,   NEW   YORK. 


This     ■..;>!  ''(■ei  ■>  building,  recently  erected,  is  remarkable 
architecture— being  built  in  the  style  of 
lian  churches  of  the  middle  ages — of  brick, 
ano  L.  -.  i.-coloured  stone,  alternately. 

Adjoining  the  church  is  the  parsonage,  situated  on  Twen- 
fietii  street.  Included  in  the  design  for  this  church,  is  the 
magnificent  spire,  or  campanile,  300  feet  high,  the  foundation 
only  of  it  being  at  present  built. 

The  church,  inside,  is  fitted  up  elegantly  and  most 
comfortably,  in  small  and  large  pews,  to  suit  the 
families  of  members.    The  peculiar  hue  of  the  paint 
on  the  walls,  the  magnificently  stained  glass  win- 
dows, partially  obscured  bv  a  huge  arch,  lacing  the 
equally  grand-looking,  and  powerful  organ  in 
the  gallery  opposite,  the  light  streaming  down 
from  the  cupola,  behind  the  pulpit — the  well- 
planned  position  the  congregation  occupy  for 
seeing  and  hearing— the  rich  and  gay  di'esses 
of  the  vast  crowd  of  hearers— form  Stogether  a 
coup  <r  (EU  seldom  to  be  met  with. 

This  handsome  edifice  belongs  to  one  of  the 
Unitarian  congregations  of  New  York,  over 
wliich  the  Rev.  Dr.  Bellows  is  pastor. 

It  has  cost  already  |170,000,  including 
the  parsonage.  Th3  campanile  is  esti- 
mated to  cost  140,000 ;  so  that  when 
it  is  completed,  the  wliole  edifice  will 
have  cost  the  large  sum  of  $210,000, 
(£42,000  slg.). 

The  arcir'^ct  is  Mr.  Jacob  Wrey 
Jhiui 

It  t?    '    ■  I  lie  Fourth  Avenue, 

near  -i  l.iioii  tiquare — one  of  the 
most  beautiful  localities  in  the  city. 
The  curs  which  start  from  opposite 
the  Astor  House,  pass  the  entrance 
to  the  church. 


37 


'i  ■':  \\ 
(I  'I 


I'' 

Vt 


V   »  -    ^  -■-)* 


THE  CHURCH  OF  ALL  SOULS-NEW  YORK. 


»!li 


PUBLIC   INSTITUTIONS. 


The  Mbrcantilb  ^ibr'.rt. — One  of  the  fin- 
est and  must  useful  institutions  in  New  York,  is 
the  library  and  rcadinj^  room  of  the  Mercantile 
Library  Association,  situated  at  Clinton  ilall, 
Astor  Place,  a  little  way  out  of  Broadway  (west 
end).  The  reading  room  is  a  mogniticent  apart- 
ment, equal  to  the  reading  rooms  of  the  clubs 
in  London  and  elsewhere.  It  is  attended  by  a 
j'oung  ludj'  waitress.  There  is  a  branch  office 
in  the  city,  for  the  convenience  of  parties  resid- 
ing in  Brooklyn  ond  places  adjacent — where  or- 
ders for  books  are  received  and  delivered.  From 
a  report  we  quo.e  : — 

"  The  Library  now  contains  80,000  volumes,  is  rich 
In  every  |)opular  and  scientific  department,  and  Is 
catalogued  to  the  end  of  the  year  1866.  Nearly  75,000 
volumes  were  delivered  to  members  in  1850.  Alore 
than  20,000  of  these  were  distributed  through  the 
branch  olHce,  at  No.  10  Nassau  street.  The  reading 
rooms  are  the  most  extensive  in  the  United  States,  and 
contain  nearly  800  magazines  and  newspapei-s  selected 
from  all  parts  of  the  world,  full  flies  of  all  the  princi- 
pal newspapers  from  their  commencement,  an<l  a  large 
number  of  books  of  reference.  There  are,  beside, 
classes  In  various  branches,  and  lectures  In  the  win- 
ter, all  for  $2  a  year." 

Its  members  number  upwards  of  4,5(' 
In  the  vicinity  is  situated  the  well-knu    r 

Astor  Library — named  after  Mr.  Jacob  A  ■ 
tor,  one  of  the  most  successful  and  wealthy 
merchants  of  New  York,  who  has  beciueathed 
this  splendid  legacy  as  a/Vw  library,  for  t'le  use 
of  the  citizens  of  the  city,  where  he  amassed  a 
large  fortune,  although  h"e  entered  the  city — as 
it  is  said — a  poor  boy. 

We  find  from  a  recent  report  of  the  librarian, 
that  the  fund  invested  for  carrying  on  the  insti- 
tution yields  about  $13,000  a'  year,  of  which 
J7,000  goes  for  expenses,  leaving  |0,000  for 
books.  More  than  20,000  volumes  have  been 
added  since  18.54,  including  some  exceedingly 
rare  and  valuable  books. 

During  the  day,  it  is  frequented  by  many 
whose  time  and  opportunities  permit  visiting 
it.  As  tt  free  library,  however,  we  confess  we 
felt  disappointed  ot  finding  that  it  is  shut  one 
hour  after  sunset— the  only  time  when  so 
many  citizens  have  it  in  their  power  to  fre- 
quent such  an  institution,  and,  of  course,  to  thou- 
{vands  it  must  prove  of  no  use  whatever. 

It  is  most  comfortably,  and  even  gorgeously 
fitted  up,  and  for  all  who  can  attend  auriug  the 
day,  it  must  prove  a  great  boon. 

Post-office,  Nassau  Street,  between  Cedar 
AND  Liberty  Stkeets. — The  whole  business 
correspondence  of  this  immense  city,  and 
through  which  passes  the  entire  foreign  corres- 
pondence of  the  United  Statea  and  Canada-  is 
conducted  in  this  miserable  shanty-looking 
building,  which  appears  to  us  to  be  a  disgrace 
to  a  country  village— far  less  a  city  like  Now 
York.  It  has  been,  successively,  a  Dutch  church, 
a  riding-school,  a  ]}rison,  and  an  hospital.  It  is 
worthy  of  a  visit,  if  only  to  see  such  a  glaring 
instance  of  neglect,  connected  with  so  import- 
ant a  matter  as  a  proper  establishment  tit  for 
conducting  the  postal  business  of  this  great 
city,  and  which  ought  to  be  an  honour  to  the 
city  instead  of  one  of  its  monuments  of  neglect, 
or  stupidity — we  know  not  which. 

The  New  Arsenal. — Noticed  elsewhere. 

High  Bridoe.— Harlem,  1400  feet  long  (see 
engraving). 


Castle  Gtarden  Emigration  Depot. — At  the 
Battery,  east  end  of  Broadway.  (See  notice  of 
it  elsewhere.) 

Naval  Dky  Dock. — Navy  Yard,  Brooklyn, 
said  to  be  the  largest  in  the  world — built  in  ten 
years,  at  ii  cost  of  12,150,000.  Docks  the  larg- 
est ship  in  4  hours  20  m. 

Amongst  the  finest  churches  in  the  city,  we 
may  mention — 

All  Soul's  Church. — 4th  Avenue— Unitarian. 
(See  engraving  and  notice  elsewhere.) 

Trinity  Church. — Broadway,  fronting  Wall 
Street — Episcopal.  The  nearest  opprouch  to  a 
cathedral  in  New  York,  about  200  feet  long  by 
SO  wide,  in  the  florid  Gothic  style,  with  a  very 
beautiful  tower  and  spire,  284  feet  high,  con- 
taining a  visitor's  "  view-point"  of  250  feet  in 
height.     (See  engraving.) 

St.  Paul's  Chapel. — Broadway,  between  Ful 
ton  and  Vesey  streets — Episcopal. 

Grace  Cuubcu.— Broadway,  above  Tenth  st. 
— PJpiscopal. 

'3t.  Patrick's  Cathedral. — Corner  of  Prince 
.d  Mott— Roman  Catholic.    156  feet  by  80,  ac- 
.jmmodating  2000  persons — Byzantine  style. 

Fourth  Universalist  Church — Broadway, 
above  Spring.  Remarkable  for  the  exquisite 
Gothic  tracery  of  its  carved  wood-work,  espe- 
cially on  the  pulpit  and  canopy. 

The  Great  Synagogue. — Greene  street,  near 
Houston— Hebrew. 


BENEVOLENT   INSTITUTIONS. 

New  York  Hospital. — Broadway.  (See  en- 
graving.) 

Blind  Asylum. — 9th  avenue,  near  33d  street. 
A  massive  Gothic  structure,  covering  one  entire 
block.  About  100  pupils  are  educated  and  taught 
appropriate  trades. 

Deaf  and  Dumb  Institution. — 4th  avenue 
and  50th  street,  on  Washington  Heights,  cov- 
ering 37  acres.  About  250  mutes  educated  and 
taught  trades. 

Orphan  Asylum.- 
200  inmates. 


-Bloomingdale,  near  80th  st. 


EDUCATIONAL   INSTITUTIONS. 

New  York  University. — Washington  Sq. 
A  nol>le  marble  building,  with  a  beautiful  cha- 
pel— mediaival  Gothic.  (See  engraving.) 

Columbia  College. — Park  Place,  near  Broad- 
way. A  president,  10  professors,  and  150  stu- 
dents. 

Free  Academy. — Corner  Lexington  avenue 
and  23d  street.    (See  engraving.) 

Union  Theological  Seminary. — University 
Place,  near  Washington  Square.  Six  profes- 
sors- loo  students. 

Bible  House. — An  immense  building,  occu- 
pying one  entire  triangular  block,  near  the  junc- 
tion of  8d  and  4th  avenues,  with  a  frontage  of 
700  feet. 


PUBLIC  INSTITUTIONS — BUILDINGS — MARKETS. 


in  the  city,  we 


,  between  Fu! 


3ove  Tenth  st. 


ne  street,  near 


le,  near  80th  st. 


3.    Six  profes- 


GkXBRAL  TnEOLOOICAL    SuMINARr.— 20th  St., 

comer  9th  avenue— Episcopal. 

University  Medic,  l  School. — 14th  street, 
near  Sd  avenue.  Bxteu.iive  and  well-arranged 
apparatus. 

College  or  Pht8ici.\ns  and  Surgeon's. — 4th 
iivctiue,  corner  23d  street— Medical  Museum. 

New  York  Medical  College. — East  13th 
street.  Five  months'  course.  Pathological 
Museum,  and  Laboratory  for  the  practical 
study  of  Analytical  Chemistry. 

SCIENTIFIC   AND    LITEBART   INSTITUTIONS. 

Amekicax  Institute.— 349  Broadway.  For 
the  general  advancement  and  application  of  sci- 
ence. Admission  free.  Holds  an  Annual  Fair 
at  Crystal  Palace,  and  a  Cattle  Show. 

Mechanics'  Institute.— 20  4th  avenue.  Gives 
popular  scientific  lectures.  Mechanical  Mu- 
seum and  reading-room — schools  attached. 

Cooper  "  Union." — Astor  Place,  opposite 
Bible  House.  Built  by  Peter  Cooper,  Esq. 
Free  lectures,  library,  observatory,  debating 
rooms,  and  literary  employment  office.  (See 
engraving.) 

New  York  Society  Library. — University 
Place,  near  12th  street — 36,000  volumes — vis- 
itors admitted. 

Lyceum  of  Natural  History. — 14th  street, 
near  4th  avenue.  Appropriate  library  and 
cabinet. 

New  York  Law  Institute. — City  Hall.  Very 
complete  collection  of  4500  volumes. 

New  York  Historical  Society. — University 
Building — 20,000  volumes,  cabinet  of  coins,  etc. 

Apprentices'  Library. — Mechanics'  Hall, 
Broadway,  near  Grand  street — 40,000  volumes. 


FINE    ART    INSTITUTIONS. 

National  Academy  op  Design. — 58  East  13th 
street.  Spring  exhibition  of  the  works  of  liv- 
ing artists  only.    Much  resorted  to. 

DussELDORP  Gallery.— 548  Broadway.  Good 
collection  of  the  Flemish  and  German  schools. 

Bryan  Gallery. — Corner  Broadway  and  13th 
street.  Some  fair  originals  and  excellent  copies. 

PUBLIC    BUILDINGS. 

City  Hall  and  Park.— (See  engraving.) 

Custom  House. — Corner  Wall  and  Nassau. 
An  exquisitely  pure  Doric  building  of  white 
marble,  modelled  from  the  Parthenon.  (See 
engraving.)    Admission  free. 

Merchants'  Exchange. — Wall  street.  Ele- 
gant Ionic  exterior.    (See  engraving.) 

Halls  op  Justice. — Centre  Street — popular- 
ly known  as  the  "  Ibmbn."    (See  engraving.) 

RAILROAD  STATIONS  IN  NEW  YORK, 

Hudson  River  Railroad. — Depots :  comer 
Warren  street  and  College  Place  j  Canal  street, 


near  Washington;  West  street,  near  Christo- 
pher; Thirty-First  street,  between  Tenth  and 
Eleventh  avenues. 

The  time  is  marked  for  Thirty-First  street 
depot — difference  from  others,  26  to  30  mfuutes. 

Long  Island  Railroad. — Depot :  foot  of  At- 
lantic street,  Brooklyn. 

New  Jersey  Railroad.- 
landt  street. 


-Depot :  foot  of  Court- 


New  York  and   Erie    Railroad. — Depot : 
West  street,  foot  of  Duane  street. 

New  Jersey  Central  and  Steamboat  Linb. — 
Office— 69  Wall  street. 


•PUBLIC  BUILDINGS. 

PosT-opFiCE,  (Nassau  street.)— Proceed  to  146 
Broadway,  and  east  through  Liberty  street. 

Custom  House,  (Nassau,  corner  Wall  street.) 
— Proceed  to  86  Broadway,  and  east  in  Wall 
street.    (See  engraving.) 

Assay  Oppice,  (Wall  street.) — Proceed  as 
above  for  Custom  House. 

Merchants'  E.xchanoe,  (Wall,  corner  William 
street.)— Proceed  as  above.    (See  engraving.) 

City  Hall,  (in  the  Park.) — Proceed  in  Broad- 
way to  260,  and  east  in  the  Park.  (See  engrav- 
ing.) 

Board  op  Education  Rooms  (Grand,  corner 
Elm  street). — Proceed  to  458  Broadway,  and  east 
in  Grand  street. 

Free  Acacemy,  (23d  street  and  Lexington 
avenue.) — Take  a  3d  or  4th  avenue  car  to  23d 
street.  The  Academy  is  located  between  those 
avenues.    [See  engraving.] 


PUBLIC   MARKETS. 

Fulton,  (South  and  Fulton  streets.) — Proceed 
in  Broadway  to  No.  208,  and  east  in  Fulton  street 
to  the  river. 

Catharine,  (South  and  Catharine  streets.) — 
Proceed  in  Broadway  to  No.  222,  and  east  in 
Park  Row,  Chatham  "street,  and  East  Broadway 
to  No.  15,  and  southeast  in  Catharine  street  to 
the  river. 

Washington,  (,Fulton  and  West  streets.)— 
Proceed  in  Broad-.,'ay  to  No.  207,  and  west  in 
Fulton  street  to  the  river. 

Centre,  (Grand  and  Centre  streets.) — Proceed 
to  No.  458  Broadway,  and  east  in  Grand  street 
to  No.  162. 

Essex,  (Grand  and  Essex  streets.) — Proceed 
in  Broadway  to  No.  458,  and  east  in  Grand  street 
to  No.  334. 

Tompkins,  (Bowery  and  6th  street.) — Proceed 
to  698  Broadway,  east  in  4th  street  to  No.  394, 
and  north  in  Bowery  to  No.  395. 

Jbfperson,  (6th  and  Greenwich  avenues.)— 
Proceed  to  No.  769  Broadway,  and  west  in  0th 
street  to  No.  1. 

Spring  Street,  (West  and  Spring  streets.)— 
Proceed  to  527  Broodway,  and  west  in  Spring 
street  to  the  river. 


^ 


w 


i  'KM  I! 


■■ 


40 


PLEASANT  DRIVES — LINES  OF  TRAVEL. 


HocsTox  Street,  (Pitt  and  Houston  streets.) 
—Proceed  in  Brondwny  to  No.  608,  and  east  in 
Houston  street  to  174. 


PUBLIC   PARKS. 

Battery,  (Foot  of  Broadway.) — Proceed  to 
No.  1  Broadway,  and  cross  Battery  Place. 

Park,  (corner  Chambers  street  and  Broad- 
way.)- Proceed  to  271  Broadway. 

Wasoington,  (Fourth  and  Wooster  streets.) 
— Proceed  to  O'JS  Broadway,  and  west  to  Wooster 
street. 

Union,  (14th  street.)— Proceed  in  Broadway 
to  No.  802. 

Madisox,  (23d  street.)— Proceed  in  Broadway 
to  No.  1148. 

Tompkins,  (Avenue  A.) — Proceed  in  Broad- 
way to  No.  754,  and  east  in  Eighth  street. 

Central,  (."ituh  street.)— Proceed  in  Broad- 
way to  its  junction  witli  8th  avenue — or  take  a 
2d,"  S'},  cr  i."ii  uvcuiie  cur  to  86th  street,  end 
procded  west. 


PLEASANT   DRIVES. 

To  High  BuinnE,  viaBloomingdale. — Proceed 
n  jrth  in  Broadway,  through  Bloomingdale  road, 
iixto  the  Nuith  avenue. 

To  High  Bridoe,  via  McComb's  Dam. — Pro- 
ceed nortli  in  Broadway  to  No.  948,  and  north 
in  Fifth  avenue  to  Uariein  River ;  after  crossing 
the  river,  proceed  west. 

To  Fort  Washinoton.  —  Proceed  north  in 
Broadway,  through  Bloomingdale,  Manhattan- 
ville  andCarniansville,  along  the  King's  Bridge 
rond  to  n.ith  street,  and  west  to  the  river. 

To  Jamaica,  via  Cvpress  Hills'  Cemetery. — 
Proceed  to  No.  458  "Broadway,  east  in  Grand 
street  to  the  river,  cross  Division  avenue  ferr^  , 
pass  througli  South  7th  and  South  ilth  streets 
and  Broadway,  oast  into  Johnson  street,  which 
leads  to  the  plank  road. 

To  Fn'sniNO,  via  Green  Point  and  Newtown. 
— Proceed  in  Broadway  to  No.  784,  and  east  in 
Tenth  street  to  the  river ;  cross  the  ferry,  and 
proceed  east  along  the  plank  road 

To  Patersov,  via  Hoboken.  —  Proceed  to 
either'  No.  227,  417,  or  769  Broadway,  and  west 
th;ougli  Barclay,  Canal,  or  Ninth  and  Christo- 
phei  streets  to  the  river,  and  cross  the  ferry — 
taking  tlie  plank  road  to  the  west. 


OBJECTS   OF   INTEREST, 

HiOH  BninoE,  (^ovcr  Harlem  River.)— Drive 
out  Broadway  and  Bloomingdale  road,  and  into 
the  nth  aveniio  beyond  Bloomingdale  -or  take  a 
car  to  Harlem,  from  4tli  avenue  and  27th  street, 
and  tlicn  take  stages  west  from  Harlem.  (See 
engraving.) 

DisTHiBi^TiNo  Reservoir,  (5th  avenue  and 
42d  street.)— Take  a  Broadway  and  42d  street, 
or  a  5th  avenue  stage,  or  a  6tli  avemie  car  from 
Broodway  and  Vesey  or  Canal  street,  to  42d 
street. 


Receivinq  Reservoir,  (86th  street.)- Take  a 
-2d,  3d  or  4th  avenue  car  to  86th  street,  and  pro- 
ceed west. 

Greenwood  Cemetery,  (South  Brooklyn.)— 
Proceed  to  208  Broadway,  and  east  in  Fulton 
street  to  the  East  River ;  cross  the  ferry,  and 
take  the  Court  street  cars,  which  go  to  the 
Cemetery  gate. 

HoBOKBN  AND  Elysian  Fields. — Procccd  to 
either  227,  417,  or  769  Broadway,  and  west 
through  Barclay,  Canal,  or  Ninth  ond  Christo- 
pher streets  to  the  river,  and  cross  the  ferry. 


HOW  TO   LEAVE  NEW   YORK. 

For  PniLADELPniA,  via  New  Jersey  Railroad 
Depot  at  Jersey  City.— Proceed  to  171  Broad- 
way, thence  to  the  foot  of  Courtlandt  street,  and 
cross  the  ferry. 

For  PniLADELPniA,  via  Camden  and  Amboy 
Railroad. — From  Pier  No.  1  North  River.  Pro"- 
ceed  to  No.  1  Broadway,  and  west  in  Battery 
Place  to  the  river. 

For  Boston,  via  Stonington  and  Providence. 
— From  Pier  No.  2  North  River.  Proceed  to 
No.  1  Broadway,  and  west  through  Battery 
Place  to  the  river. 

For  Boston,  via  Fall  River  and  Newport.— 
From  Pier  No.  3  North  River.  Proceed  to  No. 
1  Broadway,  and  west  through  Battery  Place  to 
the  river. 

For  Boston,  via  Norwich  and  Worcester.- 
From  foot  of  Courtlandt  street.  Proceed  to  No. 
171  Broadway,  and  thence  through  Courtlandt 
street  to  the  river. 

For  Boston,  via  New  Haven  Railroad. — Depot 
27th  street  and  4th  avenue.  Take  a  4th  avenue 
car,  which  starts  from  the  Astor  House,  or  a 
Broadway  and  4th  avenue  stage,  north  to  27th 
street. 

For  Albany,  via  Hudson  River  Railroad.— 
Depot,  Warren  street  and  College  Place.  Pro- 
ceed to  260  Broadway,  and  west  in  Warren 
street  to  College  Place. 

For  Albany,  via  Harlem  Railroad. — Depot 
27th  street,  corner  4th  avenue.  Take  a  4tli 
avenue  car,  which  starts  from  the  Astor  House, 
or  a  Broadway  and  4th  avenue  stage,  north  to 
27th  street. 

For  Albany,  via  People's  Line  Steamboats.— 
From  foot  of  Courtlandt  street.  Proceed  in 
Broadway  to  No.  171,  and  west  in  Courtlandt 
street  to  the  river. 

For  Albany,  via  Merchants'  Line  Steam- 
boats.— From  foot  of  Robinson  street.  Proceed 
to  No.  2.)7  Broadway,  and  through  Park  Place 
west  to  the  river. 

For  Bitfalo  or  Di'nkirk,  vi.i  New  York  and 
Erie  lliiilroad.— Depot,  foot  of  Duane  street. 
Proceed  in  Broadway  to  No.  303,  and  west  in 
Duane  street  to  the  river. 

For  New  Haven,  by  steamboat.— From  Peck 
Slip.  Proceed  to  2ii8  Broadway,  and  cast  in 
Fulton  street  to  the  river;  thence  northeast! 
two  blocks. 


psey  Railroad 
0  171  Broad- 
idt  street,  and 


1  Providence. 

Proceed  to 

)ugh  Battery 

d  Newport.— 
roceed  to  No.; 
ttery  Place  to 

Worcester.— 
'roceed  to  No. 
;h  Courtlundt 


Steamboats.— 
;.  Proceed  in 
in  CourthuuU 


Now  York  and  j 
Uiiane  street. 
3,  and  west  in 


HIGH  BRIDGE,  HARLEM. 


41 


THE  HIGH  BRIDGE,  CROTON  AQUEDUCT. 


Ilifiii  Bridor. — Connected  with  the  water  sup- 
ply of  New  York,  we  give  the  above  engraving 
of  the  Aqueduct,  over  which  the  water  is  brought 
in  pipes  into  the  city  to  the  great  reservoir  at  Siith 
St.,  from  Croton  River  nearly  40  miles  off.  By 
this  means,  New  York  is  supplied  by  an  abun- 
dant, and  never-failing  stream  of  the  best  water 
which  can  be  desiredT  It  is  brought  to  a  re- 
ceiving reservoir,  on  York  Hill,  about  5  miles 
from  the  City  Ilall.  The  quantity  capable  of 
being  supplied  and  distributed,  is  00  miU'wns  of 
yalbna  in  one,  day. 

The  Bridge,  represented  above,  crosses  the 
Harlem  Valley  and  River,  and  is  1450  feet  long. 
There  are  8  arches,  with  a  span  of  80  feet  each, 
springing  from  i)iers  '20  feet  wide,  at  the  spring 
line,  which  is  GO  feet  above  the  surface  of  the 
river,  at  high  water.  There  are  several  other 
arclies,  springing  from  the  ground,  of  50  feet 
each. 

The  whole  works,  in  connection  with  bring- 
ing tiie  water  bv  this  means  to  the  city,  has 
cost  upwards  of  igl5,000,000  (£2,400,00u  s'tg.). 


On  the  next  page  will  be  found  illustrations 
of  one  of  the  banking  establishments  of  the 
city,  as  well  as  of  the  celebrated  billiard-table 
rooms  of  M.  Phelan,  the  largest  establishment 
of  tlifi  kind,  we  believe,  in  the  United  States, 
where  thirty  magnificent  tables  are  fitted  up 
for  play,  all  tlie  manufacture  of  Messrs.  O'Con- 
nor &  Collinder,  of  New  York,  the  largest  bil- 
Ilord-tuble  makers  iu  the  couotry. 


BROOKLYN. 

Across  the  East  River  is  the  suburban  citv 
of  Brooklyn,  where  thousands  of  the  New  York 
merchants,  and  others,  reside.  The  ferry-boats 
cross  every  three  or  four  minutes.  From  Brook- 
lyn "  Heights,"  some  of  the  finest  views  of  New 
Vork  and  neighbourhood  are  obtained.  Brook- 
lyn is  governed  by  a  mayor,  and  a  board  of  18 
aldermen — publishes  daily  nev^spapers,  and  has 
about  it  all  tne  characteristics  of  a  city,  although 
it  forms,  in  reality,  only  a  suburb  oif  the  great 
"  Gotham,"  with  which  it  is  so  closely  allied. 
The  population  is  about  08,000. 

Strangers  will  find  the  Rev.  H.  W.  Beecher's 
church  (named  Plymouth  Church)  in  Orange 
street,  between  Hicks  and  Henry  streets.  Take 
the  ferry  foot  of  Fulton  street. 

Brooklyn  has  nearly  80  churches  in  it,  of  all 
denominations,  and  tneuce  has  been  styled  the 
"City  of  Churches." 


GuEENWoon  Cemetery,  the  largest  public 
burial  ground  in  the  world,  is  situated  on 
Gowanus  Heights,  about  24  miles  from  South 
Ferry. 

Tlie  various  avenues  in  the  ground  extend 
for  about  15  miles— and,  with  its  hills  and  dolls, 
forms  a  scene  of  great  beauty,  whilst  the  mag- 
nificent monuments,  and  the  eminent  individ- 
uals buried  there,  render  it  a  place  peculiarly 
interesting. 


,  1 

\ ; 


1 


■.■rmi 


TE7j  bank  of  the  republic,  BROADWAY. 


»ii  m 


M.   PHELAN'S  BILLIARD-TABLE   BOOMS,  BROADWAY. 


JOSEPH  OnXOTT'S 

STEEL  PE]^S. 

A  LARGB  STOCK  OF  THKSB 

FOFULAE   F31T8 

Constantty  on,  hand, 
FOR   SALE    TO   THE    TRADE, 

At  the  Manufacturer' »  Warehouse, 

91  John  Street,  New  York. 

HENRY   OWEN,  AGENT. 


A.   W.    FABER'S 

LEAD-PENCILS, 

Sold  at  Retail  by  all  Stationers, 

AT   WHOLESALE   ONLY   BY 

EBERHARD    FABER, 

SOLE  AGENT, 
133  William  Street,  N.  T. 


131    NASSAU    STREET,    NEW    YORK. 


Renl  Estttto,  City  nnd  Country  (the  srowinpr  West  included),  IxniRht,  sold,  ond  oxehanRcd.  Ilnnscs,  Stom,  and 
other  property  in  tlio  City  and  vic'inity  of  New  York,  Lot  and  the  Rents  collected  ;  or  I.onsod  for  a  term  of  years,  and 
the  Rents  guiiranteed,  when  sufTlcient  inducements  are  offered.  Landed,  Personal,  and  other  Estates  taken  in  custody, 
as  Agent  or  Attorney.  Money  invested  in  Stocks,  or  loaned  on  good  City  Donds  and  MortenKes.  Interest,  Dividends, 
and  other  incomes  collected.    Prompt  returns  in  all  cases.— Reference  satisfactory. — Commissions  moderate. 

N.B.— Fifteen  years'  experience  in  the  above  line  of  business,  in  the  City  of  New  York,  will,  it  is  liopcd,  justify  an 
early  application  us  above,  by  parties  who  may  have  any  need  of  such  ussistunce  or  service. 

COMMISSIONER    OF    DEEDS. 

Mannfaotnrer  of  Brau  and  Iron  Wire  Cloth,  Sieves,  Biddies,  Coal  and  Sand  Screens,  Bird  Cages, 

Nursery  Fenders,  Fire  Guards,  Wire  Window  Shades,  Garden  Wire  WorW,  and  Wire  Work  of 

every  description  made  to  order. 

41   FULTOX  STREET,  COR!VBR  OF   PEARL,  NEW  YORK, 


J.  J.   REHBACH'S 

CELEBRATED 

LEAD-PENCILS, 

AT  ALL  THE  LEADING  STATIONERS. 

IMPORTED   BY 

WILLY  WALLACE, 
131    WiUiam    Street,    N.  T. 


17    CEDAR    S'  ' 

Ni;W  VOHK. 


PAPER    WAREHOUSE 


MAHUFACTURtRS   OF 
ROPt,CORDACt,TWINlS*  THRtADS 


THADDEUS  DAVIDS  &  CO., 

MmHtifaelur*r»  of 

WRITING    INKS, 

LIMPID  FLUID,   SEALING    WAX, 
WAFERS,   MUCILAGE,   &c. 

127  and  129  William  Street,  N.  T. 

(Washington  Stores,  Between  John  &  Fulton  sts.) 
Mannfaotory    eitablished    182S. 

Our  STEEL  BLACK  INK  wai  tntni  by  the  Mechnnlrs'  Insti- 
tute in  1SH6  with  twu  oUier  well-huown  Inks,  to  show  th«tr  I'oniitar- 
attve  qualities  for  pprinanence.  The  result  shows  our  Ink  to  Ik* 
legible,  while  the  others  are  faded.  Dr.  Clillsou'a  teat,  matte  In 
18;n,  en|fnive«l  fat'-slmlles  of  which  can  be  seen  at  our  otflce,  proves 
conclusively  that  our  Ulack  Ink  Is  better  adapted  for  State  and 
Coi  nty  Refortli*,  and  for  all  purposes  where  It  Is  iinportaot  that  the 
writ.nK  should  be  legible  tifty  years  hence,  than  any  other  \-\  now 
before  the  public, 

THADDEUS  DAVIDS.  BEN'JAMIX   POMEttCT. 


Extracting  Teeth  by  Electricity 

WITHOUT     PAIN. 

DR.  9.  B.  SMITH'S  Crjstal  Battery  Magnetic 
Machine  Is  now  being  extensively  used  hy  the 
Dental  profession  for  the  above  purpose.  For  Medi- 
cal purposes,  this  instrument  Is  unrivullcd.  It  gives 
out  both  a  DIUECT  as  well  as  a  To-and-Kro  Current, 
which  no  other  Magnetic  Machine  does.  It  Is  only 
the  Direct  Current  that  can  prevent  pain  ;  a  To-and 
Fro  Current  cannot  possibly  do  it,  as  I  have  demon- 
strated in  a  printed  circular,  which  I  send  by  mail  to 
any  who  desln  it.  The  Zincs  never  require  cleaning. 
Expense  of  running  It  four  cents  a  month.  Price 
fl'i.  Bent  by  express  to  all  parts  promptly.  Address 
Dr.  S.  B.  SMITH,  822  Canal  St.,  near  Church  st.,  N.Y. 


^ 


i 


WILDER'S  PATENT  SALAMANDER  SAFES, 

Secured  with  the  best  Patent  Powder  &  Burglar-Proof  Locks. 

B.  O.  WiLDRR  A  Co.,  Buerits  for  the  Patentee  and  MnnuAicturerf,  Depot  lid  HroBilway,  corner  of  Dey 
ffreet,  New  Ynrk,  and  111?  South  Water  Street,  Clilcago,  IlllnoU.  Manufuclory,  Third  Avenue,  corner  of 
lUth  Street,  lironklyn. 

NoTicK. —  Tlti»  celebrated  Fire  Proof  Sii/e  U  no  htuger  mniie  and  sold  hy  Silas  O.  Iltrring,  his 

liceitces  /laeliiff  expired. 

W.  J.  SHARP'S 

IMPHOVEn 


Billiard  Tables, 


llolinan's  Patont  licflcviblc  Cushions. 

S  XJ  I>  B  n  I  O  K,      TO 

maiiiifactor)'— 148   Fulton   Strrot,   New  Yoi-k 


I'dtiiittd,  Mdf/V/i,  ISM. 

-A.  osr  Y    asr  o -w^     i  nsr    tr  s  b 


]lall».  Cues,  TrhninlngH,  iSlC,  constantly  on  hand. 


THOMAS  H.  BATE, 

Manufacturer  of 


****Vfctt   j-juMC  llOl»ll  *  *^ 


ITSEDLSS, 

Fish  Hooks  dc  Fishing  Tackle, 

7   WARREN    STREET, 

(First  Store  from  Broadway,) 
NEW   YORK. 


CLERK,  GREEN    6c    BAKER, 

(Successors  to  J.  &  T.  Warrln,) 
48  Maiden   Lane,  New  York, 

Manufacturers  and  Importers  of 

J.  WARRIN'S  CELEBRATED 

NEEDLES, 

DRTLLED  EYED  AXD  COMMON^  XEEDLES, 

Bael's  Patent  Spinning  Bait, 
FISH  HOOKS,  FISH.IN6  TACKLE,  &C., 

Razors,  Scissors,  Steel  Pens,  Pearl  Buttons,  &c. 
Andrtw  CUrk.    Wm.  F.  CfcrA.l  J.  F.  Green.  Wm.  Baker. 

H OF F M  A N  Ik    F E  B slir 
SHOW    CASES, 

Slade  in  every  style.  No.  44  Chatham  Street,  City 
Hall,  New  York. 


WIH.  II.  GRIFFITH, 

raiLUAmiO)  TAIBILIS 

MANUFACTURER, 
140  Fulton  Street,  New  York. 

Where  he  offers  for  sale  Mnrlde  and  Slate  Ileil  Tables, 
20  per  cent,  less  tliim  can  he  houKht  el.«enhere  ;  with 
hU  correct  and  reliable  Cuinblnutlon  Cushions,  now 
preferred  to  all  others. 

m,   HOI. i7a c  11  El«r, 

10  NORTH  WILLIAM  ST.,  N.  Y., 

MANlKACTtBKn  OK  ALL  KINns  OF 

In  Melal,  Brass,  Rosewood,  Muhogany,  Black  VVulniil 
ami  .SiYirr. 

Kroi>s  oonstniitly  on  hand  n  Innto  assortment  (if  the  nbdvo 
named  articles.  Country  Merclmnts  are  particularly 
sohritcd  to  call  ami  exanniio  iiis  Ktix;k. 

Orders  prnmptly  eiceuled,  at  short  notice. 


American  &  Foreign  Patent  Agency« 

THOMAS  D.  STETSON, 


AGENT    FOR 


Procuring  Patents, 

Ko.  .'■i  TRYOX  ROW,  NEW  YORK. 
A  Circular,  with  InfornrBtlon,  sent  free  by  mail. 


P.  H.   DECKER, 

Dealer  In  all  kinds  of  j 

NORTH    RIYER    BLUE 

AND   BROBON    STONE. 
Yard — Bridge  and  Plymouth  Streets, 

(Near  the  Kerry,) 
BROOKLYN.  'r.         *" 


GLOBE   HOTEL, 

Cor.  TTT'illiam  and  Frankfort  Streets, 

NEW    Y  .'  ?  K  . 

Comfortable  single  rooms  may  be  had  at  this  estab- 
lishment (which  is  situated  In  the  busiest  part  of  the 
city,  and  close  to  all  the  railroad  termini,  ferries, 
omnibus  routes,  and  places  of  amusement),  at  '25  cts. 
to  H7  cts.  per  day,  or  at  still  lower  charges  l)y  the 
week.    An  excellent  Restaurant  In  conneiHon. 


HOTELS  IX  THE  UNITED  STATES  AND  CANADA. 


Tlie  follotpififf  form  a  few  of  the  moat  rcuprclnhle  homen  in  their  re»ptetive  localiiie».  Whtrt 
the  tivmu  per  day  nrc  not  iiirntiimed,  the;/  are  f/eiieralti/  J2  to  §'i.50  per  day,  and  all  con- 
ducted upon  the  American  plan — excepting  where  stated  otherwine. 

AIBANY— DEI.A VAN  HOUSE,  Drondrny.  * 

BALTIMOBE—IIAKNUM'S  CITY  HOTKL,  Monument  Squane. 
BOSTON— 'l'"K  AV  "KICAN  IIOUSK,  42  lliiuovcr  Mrtet. 
Tin;  ADAMS  HOL'SK,«TnVn.Hlilngton»lri'(;t. 
BUFFALO,  N-  Y.— the  CliAUENUON  llOTEr,  is  "  .irsl-clnM  house,  In  one  of  the  flneit  8ltu»tlon§  In  tb« 
I'lly,  nnd  cun  be  coiiflilenlly  rccomnicniU-il  to  all  who  wUh  a  repectublo  and  comfortable  flnV- 
rliisa  house.    Terms,  |'2.Sl)  prr  (hky.    t^ituiited  In  Miiln  street. 
THE  WESTEIIN  HOTEL,  Tcrruce,  is  a  respectable  $1  per  day  house,  situated  In  an  airy  part  of 

the  clly. 
THE  LOVEJOY  HOUSE,  Terrace,  Is  a  |1  per  day  house.    Situated  close  to  the  Western. 
THE  McINTYKE  HOUSE,  corner  of  E.Ychunge  and  Beak  streets,  and  not  far  from  the  Erie  Rail- 
road .Station.    $1  per  day. 
THE  UENNET  TEMl'EUANCE  HOTEL,  Main  street.  Is  an  exclusively  Temperance  House.    A 
comrurtablu  and  economical  house,  kept  by  Mr.  N.  0.  Thorp,    Conveniently  situated.    |1  per 
day. 

I  CHJCAOC—AMEUICAN  HOTEL,  Lake  street.  ' 

BKUiO'S  HOUSE,  Uandolph  street. 
TUEMONT  HOUSE,  Lake  street. 
BAKKEIl  HOUSE,  80  llnndolph  street,  $1.50  per  day. 
ENGLISH  HOTEL,  201  Kcnzio  street. 
I  CIBCINNATI.— THE  MADISON  HOUt^E,  Main  street.    A  comfortable,  well-conducted,  and  much-frequente>l 

house.    Very  convenient  for  either  steamers  or  rail.    $2  |)er  day. 
[CLEVELAND,  0-— THE  AMEHICAN  HOTEL,  Superior  street.    One  of  tlie  largest  llrst-clttsa  houses  In  the 
city  ;  situated  In  a  central  part  for  business.    $'2.50  per  day. 
THE  ANOIEIl  HOUSE,  corner  of  Bank  and  Water  streets.    A  large,  flrat-clnss  house  ;  situated 

In  a  more  retired,  yet  convenient  situation.    $'2.50  per  day. 
THE  JOHNSTON  HOUSE,  Superior  street,  U  a  smaller  house  than  either  of  the  foregoing,  but 

doing  an  excellent  biijilness,  and  comfortable.    $I.CO  per  day. 
THE  fOM.MEUCIAL  HOTEL,  Seneca  street,  for  a  cheaper  house  still.    $1.00  per  day. 
I  DETROIT.— HIDDLE  HOUSE,  Jefferson  Avenue.  -- 

WESTEIIN  HOTEL,  ITS  and  1S2  Woodbrldge  street,  at  Michigan  Central  Railroad  depot. 
I KAIAMAZOO,  Michigan.— nUIJDICK  HOUSR    Acker  &  Son,  proprietors. 
I  MILWAUKEE.— NKWHALL  HOUSE,  $2  per  day. 

AMEUICAN  HOUSE. 
jMONTilEAl.— DON  A(i  ANA'S  HOTEL,  Notre  Pame  street. 

I  NEW  YOEK.— THE  UUEVOOUT  HOUSE,  Fifth  avenue,  corner  of  Eighth  street.  Is  a  llrst-class  house,  fitted 
up  for  lllO  guests.    The  situation  Is  In  the  "Belgravla"  of  New  York,  very  comfortable  and 
quiet,  and  well  adapted  for  families  wlio  prefer  the  European  plan,  upon  which  It  Is  conducted, 
exclusively.    Largely  i)atrt)iil7.e(l  by  Engllsli  families.    Has  a  magniflcent  "  coffee  room,"  where 
all  me.'ils  are  Hcived. 
THE  CLAltENDON  HOTEL,  Union  Square,  has  long  been  known  as  a  first-class  house.  In  a 
pleasant,  airy  situation.     Parties  can  choose  between  the  American  and  European  plans,  and 
be  accnnimoilaled  comfortably.  In  elegant  apartments.     Suites  of  rooms  are  to  be  had  nil 
together.     No  less  than  8;)  lintli  rooms  in  this  house.     Tariff,  $2.5(),  or  IIM.  (stg.),  per  day. 
European  tariiraccordliiv;  to  accommodation.     Long  frequented  by  English  visitors. 
LAt'AK(iK  HOUSE,  Itroadnay,  opposite  to  Bond  street.    One  of  the  most  magnlticent  white 
inaible  fronted  hotels  in  New  York,  elegantly  furnished  and  filled  up,  and  conveniently  situ- 
ated for  those  on  pleasure  or  business.    Only  a  few  yards  from  the  Astor  Library  and  the  Mer- 
cantile Association  Lil)rary,  to  which  strangers  are  admitted  free. 
FULTON  HOTEL,  144  Fulton  Street.    On  the  European  plan.     Uooms,  from  $2  to  $3  {8».  to  12«. 

Jtg.)  per  week. 
DKV  SI'UEEl'  HOUSE,  54,  50,  and  6S  Dey  Street.    On  the  European  plan. 
GLOItE  HOTEL.— Conierof  Noiih  William  and  Frankfort  streets.  25  to  60  cents  (1».  to  2».  stg.) 
per  iii;ilit.     On  the  European  jilan. 
INIAQABA  'ALLS,  (American  side).— INTEHNATIONAL  HOTEL,  Ira  Osborne  and  Co.,  proprietor!. 
MONTEAOI.E  HOTEL,  near  Suspension  Bridge. 
CLIFTON  HOUSE,  (Canaila  side). 
GKE.Vr  WESTEIIN  HOTEL,  at  Suspension  Bridge. 
lAWA,  C.  W.— CAMPBELL'S  HOTEL,  Sparks  street. 
PHILADELPHIA.— THE  OIIIAKD  HOUSE,  Chestnut  street. 
PEAIEIE  DU  CHIEN.—MONDELL  HOUSE.    Accommodation  for  250  guesto. 
aUEBEC  — UUSSELL'S  HOTEL,  Palace  street,  Upper  Town. 
BARATOGA  springs.— UNION  HALL  HOTEL,  opposite  Congress  Spring. 
BT.  CATHERINE'S,  C  W.— THE  STEPIl^^'«£ON  HOUSE. 
BT.  LOUIS,  Mo.— BAKNUM'8  HCi'EL,  corner  of  Second  and  Walnut  streeU. 
r,  PAUL,  Xiirn.— THE  FULLEK  HOUSE,  8.  Long,  supurluteiident. 


w 


■m 


^ 


J.    SEXTON, 

Jl:R€HITE€T, 

Xo.  121  Nassau  Street, 

NEW  YORK. 

RICTI^  UPJOIIN  "Ife'lcO, 
AR€HITK€T8, 

Trinity  Building,  No.  HI  Broadway, 

Xh'W    YORK. 

RICIIAlin   rPJOIIN.  llltll.Ulli    M.    UPJOHN. 

D  R  7  J  OH  N    S  C  O  T  T, 
IG  Bond   Kfrrot,  !V.  1'., 

Elect rO'Maisiiellc   IMiysician, 

Cancei-i  and  I'ilc*  penimin'iilly  cured  witlidut  tlif 
kiilfir.  All  foniplalnis  nf  Hem  I,  llioiisl,  and  Spine; 
iiNi)  Illieuinatlo  and  oilier  clu.inlc  dlneases  treated 
with  perfect  sneees'.H,  lleitt  i^f  reference  in  almost 
every  State  in  the  Union. 


Tin:  VITAL  WANT  SIPIMJKI). 

Kvery  ninllier  tier  own  1Mly^i(■|an.  Tlinnsands  of 
children  are  lieiiiK saved  l»y  tin'  tlin"ly  and  sncce-nfnl 
usi'  nt  Harden 'a  Famiiy  Medicine*,  th«  most 
pic, nam  and  eltloient.  I'm  np  In  cases  of  W  ilnltlen, 
Willi  dlreclinn.H  l>  r  treatlnu  over  !!(lil  enniplalnis,  for 
|5.     (  Irculars  on  application.     Adihesn 

H.  BAEDEN,  M.  D..  Park  B'lildings, 

.\'i>.  fl  Ileekmnii  Stn-ef,  S'ew  1  •>/■/■. 


T.    SI^AIOHT, 

Manufacturer  of 

PATBITT    PADLOOZB, 

For  Itaili'dail  Switilii'.i,  Mert'tiuiidisc  Cur.M, 
Ston'.H,  Ci'iMclciii's,  Iron  f<»ti'M,  Ac. 

No.  Ill  and  113   Railroad  Avenue, 

IVKWAItK,  IV.  J.  _^ 

mmk  WA\  mm'l  iKiARliGiiTEiis 

MAI>l':an<l  put  up  in  every  ntyle,  iinil  wnrranltrl 
to  keep  good  iji  every  climate.  Oernnin  varie- 
gated Waterproof  Matche.H,  fully  e(|nal  to  the  liii. 
porleil.  Square  anil  round  splint  Matchen  put  up  in 
roun<l  wood  and  paper  lioxex,  and  i><|Uare  paiilehoani 
lioxe.H.  ANo,  Kainily  MatclieH,  perfunieil  and  no  xiil- 
pliur  or  other  oll'ennlve  anil  unhealthy  odorH.  Wilk 
'j'jiperH  In  round  wooil  hoxes.  Clftar  liiRhlaand  I'rnlrle 
.Matche.i,  lnextln)(ulKlialile  Malelies.  Made  and  ticdil 
liy  Charle.i  I'artridKe,  l'J5  Mai<len  dune,  ai:iu  ut  the 
Factory,  I'is.'ITlh  Street,  New  York. 

f  *    A  'V  V^  T  T  Y^  9  ^ 

MEDICATED  PAPER! 

CONVINCKI)  that  HilOM  Ih  n  disnatie  conerally  nr.nn- 
Icut.  and  m  all  cnsim  nriijiiiiilrd  or  iiiiiiraimlrd  by  llio 
uso  of  ordinnrv  white,  colored,  or  phnti'd  paiinr  ni  tlic 
water  closet,  Mr.  .1,  (".  (UVETTY,  of  New  York,  sot  to 
work  and  disroverecJ  a  prm^eKx  of  naikini;  a  pnrn  Mninllu 
paper  (I'roni  new  linln  lieuiiK,  nod  medicntinK  it  in  a  slyln 
to  rnrf  I'iloK  whom  the  diKeaxo  exist x,  and  privrnt  it  in  tho 
vouuucst  and  lli<^  lienllhie.st  i<;T!uai  without  detriment  tii 
ilic  L'i'nerai  hi^alth.  Ileiildcs  its  medicinal  vulnn.  (!av. 
l-rrrv's  Mi-;dii!atki)  Vn-en  for  the  water  cIorcI  liim  valnc 
as  a  htiuutilul  article  of  comfort,  luxury  ami  convenience. 
It  is  sold  throunhont  the  United  States  hy  druirirists,  fancy 
ffoods  dealers^  and  others,  and  eaa  he  purchased  ia  lartre  or 
small  ipiantities.  at  the  itraud  depot,  11  Ann  Street,  Now 
YorkCitv.  Hewauk  ok  imitations.  'I'iie  Eemnne  Inn 
(Jayetty's  name  w.iter-marked  in  each  sheet,  and  Ins 
anloirraph  is  upon  (^acti  luhel. 


GEO.  A.  BUCKINGHAM  &  CO., 

Civil  Engineers,  Surveyors  and  Contractors, 

ri:ori!iKT()i!.s  or  i'atent  I'dij  tiik 

RUSS    AND    EXCELSIOR    IRON    PAVEMENTS, 

Belgian  and  other   Pavements  laid  to  order,  Roads  Con- 
structed, Plank'd,  or  Macadamized. 

OFFICE,  25  INSURANCE  BUILDINGS,  51  WALL  ST.,  N.  Y. 

IDXIFF',      a-OPlIDOlSr      <Sz>     OO.'S 

SHERRY    WINES. 

The  above  Wines,  liavlnR  tlie  largest  sale  and  best  reputation  of  any  In  England,  (the  iiropristors,  Me9.srs. 
Pud",  (inrdon  .t  Co.,  heinu  one  of  the  largest  shippers  to  the  United  Kingdom, i  the  undersigned  would  freely 
recommend  them  to  the  Trade,  I'roprietors  of  Hotels  and  Connoisseurs,  as  being  the  best  and  purest  Sherry 
Wines  ollered  In  this  countrv.  and,  having  constantly  on  hand  all  the  dllferent  grades  usually  shipped  to  this 
market,  are  confident  that  i  ben  a  trial  has  lieen  given  them,  they  will  lie  preferred  to  any  others. 

The  ceUbr.ited  "Queen  Victoria"  Sherry  Is  particularly  recommended  to  Connoisseurs  and  Clubs,  ns 
lielng  a  mo.^t  delicious  and  superb  article.  Urders  taken  for  any  uf  the  dilTerent  classes  of  the  above  Sher- 
ries, delivered  on  board  vessels  at  Cudiz,  or  In  tills  market,  by 

CIALWCV,  CASADO  &  TELLER,  Agents  &  Importers, 

104  P«!arl   Street,  New   Tovk. 

JSAMUEL    J.     AUSTIN, 
j  ^OOKBIIVDGR 

I  AND 

BLANK      BOOK     MANUFACTURER, 
74  Fulton  Street,  New  York. 

Music,  Maga- 


C.   G.  WESTL.AKE, 

BLANK   BOOK  MANUFACTURER, 

AND 

PAPER    RULER, 

74   FXJLTON"    STREET, 

Two  Doors  from  Gold  St.,  NEW    YORK. 


nooks  Itnled  and  Bound  to  order, 
fines,  &c.,  hound  with  neatness  and  dispatch. 


^ur  lllitstratfb  Jfamilg  lonrnals. 

FowLKB  AND  Wki.1.8,  008  Broodway,  New  York,  publish  tho  following  Populor  and 
Scieiititic  Journals,  whicli  afford  on  oxcolloat  opportunity  for  bringing  before  the  public 
ull  subjects  of  gonoralinterest.  \-,  vr-'      *       _  ,',"1 


'    Life  Illustr  A.TKr> :  ! 

A    F'lRSTCLAss     ^Pictorial    "Weekly    I^ews- 

PAPER,  devoted  to  News,  Litekatuke,  Science,  and  the  Ama ;  to  Enteutain- 
MKNT,  Improvement,  and  Proobebs.  Designed  to  encourage  a  spirit  of  Hope,  Manli- 
ness, Self-Reuancb,  and  Activity  among  tho  peoj)le ;  to  point  out  the  means  of 
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<^^  FROM  -^ 

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AND   THENCE  BY   CONNECTING  BAILBOADS  TO    L..'^. 


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AND  ALL  OTHER  POINTS   IN  THE  GREAT  WEST. 


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by  all  the  passenger  lines  running  westward  from  Boston  and  New 
York.  The  rates  of  fare  are  always  as  low,  the  time  as  short,  ani 
accommodations  at  least  equal  to  any  other  route. 

This  company  also  maintains  an  Emigrant  Accommodation  Line,  by 
I  which  parties  emigrating  westward  enjoy  a  cheap  and  comfortable 
'  mode  of  conveyance. 

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Eailroad  are  at  all  times  as  favorable  as  are  charged  by  other  railroad 
companies,  and  for  speed  and  safety  this  line  is  not  excelled  by  any  in 
the  United  States. 


i 


Ij^IFTY-THIRD  VOLDMK,  beginning  with  the  January  Number,  1889.  Locis  Gayi.ord  Clark  and  Dr. 
Jamks  0.  NoYEs,  Editors.  Arrangements  have  been  made  with  the  following  popular  authors  for  con- 
tributions to  the  succeeding  Toliime  of  the  Knickerbocker,  comprising,  we  believe,  a  greater  amount  and 
variety  of  talent  that  have  ever  been  enlisted  for  any  magazine  In  the  country. 


Flt«  Greene  HiiUeck, 
Donald  U.  Mitchell, 
Park  Benjamin, 
Rev.  F.  W.  Shelton, 
Dr.  J.  W.  Palmer, 


Gullan  C.  Verplanck, 
H.  T.  Tuckcrman, 
George  W.  Curtis, 
John  G.  Saxe, 
Alfred  B.  Street, 


Prof  Edward  North, 
Manton  M.  Marble, 
Fitz  James  O'Brien, 
T.  B.  Aldrich, 
James  W.  Morris, 


E.  h.  Godkin, 
John  Phoenix, 
A.  Wilder, 
Mrs.  E.  Key  Blunt, 
Dr.  J.  W.  Francis, 

Miss  Caroline  Cheesebro. 
"  The  oldest  and  best  established  of  American  Magazines."    "  The  Blackwood  of  America." 
Every  Number  of  the  Fifty-third  Volume  will  have  a  steel  plate  engraving.    Terms : — Single  Copies,  One 
Year,  $3.00;  Two  Copies,  $5.00;  Three  Copies,  $6.00;  Single  Numbers,  2S  cents. 
An  extra  copy  sent  to  any  one  who  will  make  up  a  club  of  ten  subscribers,  at  $2.00  each. 

JOHN  A.  OBAY,  Publisher,  16  &  18  Jacob  Street,  N.  T. 

,'  1  •;,  ,;        IMPORTER  AND  MANUFACTURER  OF  '  ...  r  , 

life  aiii  ^^ffltorsteir  Jfringts,  §mp,  Corbs,  Cassels ; 

AND    LADIES'    DRESS    TRIMMINGS. 
401  BRoanfw^ar-^  cor.  or  VrMtLER^ 

NEW    YORK. '__ 

J.     R.     HA-MILTONT"" 

ARCHITECT, 

(416  BROADWAY,  oor.  of  CANAL  STREET, 

I^e-y^  York. ^-^-'--      '- 

W I  Ii  L I A  M     h7~R  A  N  LETT, 

Editor  of  Builder's  Register,  and  author  of  "  The  Architect"  and  "  City  Architect." 

l^o.   SH  JOHM    STREET,  IVEW   YORK. 

The  subscribers  are  prepared  to  execute  all  kinds 
of  Drawing  and  Kngravlng  on  Wood  promptly,  and 
In  every  style  of  the  art,  upon  the  most  reasonable 
terms.  All  kinds  of  Book  Illustrutiotis,  Magazine 
Covers,  Views  of  Buildings,  Machinery,  Land- 
scapes, Ac,  Portraits,  Societies'  Seals,  Druggists' 
Lal)el8,  Newspaper  Heads,  Bill  Heads,  Check  and 
Knvelope  Plates,  Tntjiicco  and  other  Stamps,  Illus- 
trations for  Printing  in  Colors,  4c.,  Ac,  drawn  and 
engraved  in  the  best  manner, 

N.  ORB  &  CO.,  62  John  Street,  New  York. 


JAMES    CONNER    &    SONS, 

29,   31   &  33   BEEKMAN    STREET, 
NEW     YORK. 


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mani;kaotuueu8  ok  TnE> 


IMPROVED    PJ1T31TT     IIBLODBON, 

87     riTLTON*     SXREET,     ISTISMV     "STORK;, 


BUFFALO    AND    CHICAGO. 


NEW    YORK    BUSINESS    DIRECTORY. 


;le  Copies,  One 


Architects. 

J.  Skxton,  121  NasRdii  st. 

J.  H.  Hamilton,  :j(i  Wiill  st. 

lliciiAni)  Ui'jonx  &  Co.,  Ill  Broadway. 

W.  11.  Kanlktt,  i>2  Jolni  st. 

GiiouoE  J.  PENCHAim,  "JSU  Broudwaj'. 

Attorney  and  Counsellor  at  Law. 

C.  llAi.NDiiiDnE  S    .Ti!,  ii()2  Bfoudwaj',  corner 

Warren  st. 
Edward  J.  Asderso.v,  2S9  Brond»'';;y,  room 

ly. 

Abkam  T.  Dettexhaepfer,  23'.!  Broadway. 

Bank  Note  Reporter. 

J.  T.  Hodges,  I'ub'ishor,  271  Broadway. 

Billiard  Tables. 

M.  I'liELA.N,  7^0  and  783  Broadway. 
O'Connor  &  Collkxder,  53  Ann  st. 
W.  II.  Griffith,  140  Fulton  st. 
W.  J.  Sharp,  148  Fulton  st. 

Bookbinders. 

G.  Westlake,  70  Fulton  st. 
S.  J.  Austin,  74  Fulton  st. 

Building  Stone. 

P.  U.  Decker,  Bridge  and  Plymouth  sts., 
Brooklyn. 

Burr  Millstones. 

Roger  I-ils  &  Co.,  4  Broadway. 
Morris  &  Cumings,  02  Kobinson  st. 

Candle  Manufacturers. 

Colgate  &  Co.,  4  Dutch  st. 
Allan  Hay  &  Co.,  44  Broad  st. 
J.  C.  Hlll  &  Son,  los  Clill"  st. 

Civil  Engineers  and  Contractors. 

George  A.  Buckingham  &  Co.,  Insurance 
Building,  51  Wall  st. 

Cutlery  Manufacturers. 

Meriden  Cutlekv  Co.,  45  Beekman  st. 
John  Sellars  &  Son,  Franklin  sq. 
W.  Sanderson  &  Sonj,  7  Gold  st. 

Cutlery,  (Importers.) 

BiiUFF,  Brother  &  Seaver,  44  Warren  st. 
Crookes  &  Clark,  5  Gold  st. 
C.  S.  Little  &  Co.,  Broadway. 
Smith  &,  Payne,  bj  &  87  John  st. 

Daguerreotype  &  Photographic  llat?riala. 

ScoviLi,  Manufacturing  Co.,  30  Park  Row, 
4  Be -knian  st.,  and  143  Nassau  st,,  niauu- 
facturers. 

DriiKs,  H'lialeiiale. 

A.  B.  &  D.  Sands  &  Co.,  141  William  st. 

Fire  Works  and  Fancy  Ooods. 

George  Parsons,  successor  of  Osuau  Jolly 
&  Co.,  late  of  ISO  William  st.,  cor.  Spruce, 
Importer  of  Fancy  (ioods  and  Toys,  asrcnt 
of  J.-W.  HadfieI.d's  (irst  ])reniiu!u  Fire 
Works,  24  John  st.,  between  Broadway 
and  Nassau  sts. 
Fringe  and  Tassel  Manufacturer. 

William  Heylin,  401  Broadway. 

Furniture. 

Elton  Demino  &  Co.,  179  Canal  st. 
Phelps  &  King.uan,  120  Chathuiu  st. 
Warren  Ward,  277  Canal  st. 


Glass  Manufacturers.  ^ 

Bay  State  Glass  Co.,  191  Pearl  st. 
II.  J.  Bak'^r  &  Brother,  142  Water  st. 
J.  W.  C0U..1ES  &  Co.,  32  Dey  st. 

Heaters  and  Ranges. 

Tompkins  &  Sthatton,  proprietors  of  the 
yEtna  and  Rural  Heaters,  and  Vesuvian 
Range,  7  Front  St.,  Brooklyn. 

Hotels, 

Brevoort  House,  corner  of  8th  st.  and  5th 
Avenue. 

Clarendon  Hotel,  Union  Square,  corner  of 
18th  St. 

Fulton  Hotel,  Fulton  st. 

Globe  Hotel,  cor.  William  and  Frankfort  sts. 

Lafarge  House,  Broadway,  opposite  Bond  st 

Dey  Street  Hotel,  B.  K.  Sharijetts,  pro- 
prietor, C.  V.  Clickener,  manager,  54,  50, 
and  58  Dey  st. 

Insurance  (Life)  Company. 

British  Commercial  Life  Insurance  Com- 
pany, George  M.  Kxevitt,  05  Wall  st. 

Iron  Works,  (Arvhitcrhirnl.) 

Jackson  &  Throgmortos,  55  &  05  Goerck  st. 

Iron  Founders. 

Allaire  Works,  400  Cherry  st. 
BoARDMAN,  Holbrook  &  Co.,  foot  of  Sth  st. 
J.  L.  MoTT,  Iron  Works,  'J04  Water  st. 
WoRRAL  &  Co.,  20  Elm  st. 

Lead  Pencils. 

A.  W.  Fauer's.  Eberiiard  Faber,  sole 
agent,  133  William  st. 

J.  J.  Rebach's.  Willy  Wallacus,  181  Wil- 
liam st. 

Leather  Dealers. 

HoYT,  Brothers,  28  Spruce  st. 
K.  Evans  &  Sox,  1  Jacob  st. 
I).  Moffat  &,  Co.,  5  Jacob  st. 

Loolcing  Glasses. 

Williams,  Stevens,  Williams  &  Co.,  353 
Broadvvnv. 

B.  W.  Merriam,  130  Chatham  st. 

D.  1).  EcAN  &  Son,  438  Canal  st. 

Machinists. 

Duncan,  West  A  Sharp,  51  Beekman  st. 
Hoe  k  V,a.,  31  Gold,  and  Broome,  corner  of 

Sherid'  st, 
Rogers's  Works,  44  Exchange  place. 
II,  ife  J.  McCoLLUM,  40  Eldridge  st. 

Manufacturing  Jewellers. 

Matthews  k  Holbrook,  173  Broadway. 

.VlarMc  Workers. 

E.  Price  k  Sox,  20  Maiden  lane. 
See  &  Mapes,  ."<"<0  Hudson  st. 

Matches,  Tapers,  &c. 

Charles  Pahtridge,  125  Maiden  Lane. 

3Iclo(icon  Manufacturers. 

George  A.  Pkince  &  Co.,  Manufacturers  of 
the  Improved  Patent  Melodeons,  87  Ful- 
ton st,.  New  York,  and  at  Buil'alo  and 
Chicago. 


NEW  YORK  BUSINESS  DIRECTORY. 


Mercantile  Agency. 

B.  Douglass  &  Co.,  iil-i  nnd  316  Broadway. 

Needles,  Fish  Hooks,  &c> 

Thomas  II.  IJatk,  7  Warren  st. 

C'laiik,  Urbkn  ii  Uakuu,  4S  Maiden  Lane. 

Oil  Mannrnctiirprf). 

J.  Macv  &  Sons,  ISO  Front  st. 
Metallic  Oil  Co.,  81  Beaver  st. 

Paper  Dealers— ( Wlioh'sah). 

(Jyims  W.  FiKLi)  &  (;o.,  11  ClitTst.  ,_.  _ 

WiLLARi),  Hakvky  &  Co.,  84  Jluiden  Lane,  "^ow  Cases 


Saw  Mannfaotiirers. 

I        R.  IIoi:  k  Co.,  L'ii  (iold  st. ;  work.s  at  .Slicrifi; 
liroonu',  and  ('oliiinbia  .sts. 
Macmnciikv  &  Bitow.v,  la  Railroad  Avenue, 
I  Xowark,  N.  J. 

Sccclsiiien. 

J.  M.  TnoiixBLRX  &  Co.,  15  John  st. 

Sewing  Machines. 

AtwatiM-'s  lii'st  preniiiim  «;2.")  Family  Sewing 
Maeliiiie,  \V.  1).  Atwatkh,  403  Broadwav. 


and  17  Cedar  st. 
L.  T.  Valkxtixi;,  commission  paper  ware- 

lionsp,  4'>  Bt'okiiiaii  st. 
Bi'LKLKV,  BiioTiiiiu  k  Co.,  .").")  BeckniHii  st. 
Camphkij,,  Hall  &  Co.,  110  Nassau  si. 
CowDix,  LocKWoou  &.  Co.,  17  Boekniaii  st. 

I'aprr  ilinilnzfi. 

CiiiiisTV,  CoxsTAXT  &  Co.,  48  Murray  st. 
Sasilkls,  Coxodox  &  Co.,  olo  Broadway. 

Patent  Agent. 

Thomas   I).  Stetson,  American  and  Euro- 
pean, h  Tryon  Row, 

Patent  ]>Iedicincs,  &c< 

Thomas  IIollowav,  so  Maiden  Lane, 
(tayi'tty's  Medicated  Paper  41  .Vnn  st. 
Barilen's  Family  .Medicines,  ti  IJcekman  st. 

Patent  Padlocks. 

T.  Si.AicHT,  Maiuifacturer,  111  and  110  Rail- 
road Avemu',  Newark,  N.  ,J. 


Patent  Teeth  Extractins;  3Iachinc. 

By  Klecliieity.     I)i'.  S.  B.  Smith,  :j-l-i  Canal  3  one  Yard. 


j         Schmidt  Buothkhs,  5  North  William  st. 

M.  IIoi.i.AciiEii,  111  Norlli  William  st. 
I         Iloi'KMAX  &  Fkksii,  .14  Chatham  st. 

W.M.  BiiixxKii,  I'^'i  Bowery. 

Silver  Plate  and  Brass  Finisher. 

S.  R.  CuooKiii!,  isi  Atlantic  st.,  Brooklyn. 

Skirt  !>Iainirnc'orv. 

DoiCLAs  A  SlIKIi^vo(^D,  34.3  Broadway. 
J.  P.  MouAx  A  Co.,  Canal  st. 

.""leel  ^Inniiracliirers. 

Wm.  Jessop  <fe  Soxs,  01  John  st. 
Satlob  &  Co.,  00  John  st. 

Steamships  and  Sailing  Vessels. 

RoiiKiiT  CitAKi,  17  Broadway,  aijent  for 
New  York  and  (ilasirow  Steaihcis. 

Maim.eu,  l.oiii)  i  QiEitKAf,  Ids  Wall  St., 
packets  fi)r  Australia,  Savannah,  Charles- 
ton, Wilmington,  and  Baltimore. 

Steel  Pens. 

JosKi'H  (JiLLOTT,  of  Birmingham,  H.  Ownx, 
agent,  01  John  st. 


St.,  inventor  and  proprietor. 

Printers. 

BiLLix  k  BROTHEn,  20  North  William  st. 

Printing  Machinery,  &c. 

R.  IloE  it  Co.,  'JO  Gold  St. 

Publislit-n  nnd  lionksi'ller'. 

Bailliiciie  BitoTiiKiis,  410  Broadway. 
FovLEit  k  Wells,  ;;o->  Broadway. 

Railroad  Agents. 

Daums  Clakk,  agent  for  New  York  Central 
II.  R.,  17;)  Broadway. 

Railroad  (Mtlres 

Bai,tim:).'e  k  Ohio,  220  Broadway. 
Camiiex  k  .Vmiiov,  7  Battery  place. 
(iuEAT  Wksteiix  OF  (,V\XAi)A,  17;!  Broadwav. 
HiDsox  RivEii,  lis  Wai  len  st. 
New  York  ('KXTitAi.,  101  k  2o7  Broadway. 
New  York  k  Fitii:,  17")  Broadway. 
I'exxsvi.vaxia  Ckxtral,  2  .\stor  House. 
Watertowx  k  Rome,  107  Broadway. 

Real  Estate  Agents. 

K.  11.  Biiowx,  121  Nassau  st. 

J.  C.  Maver,  ^  Wall  St. 

B.  M.  Fowler  k  Sox,  ll.'i4  Broadway. 

J.  S.  Baker,  :!.">  Wall  st. 

\V   \i.  Sevmoi'r,  10  Nassau  st. 

Saddlpry— ( VVAo'rm.'c  ) 

T.  Smith  k  ('o.,  ."it  Beekman  st. 
MoRiiisox,  llriii)  k  Co.,  '.)■>  Clianiber  st. 

Safes    Firo  and  Burglar  Proof. 

B.  G.  WiLUER  k  Co.,  101  Broadway. 


1'.  II.  Decker,  Briddle  and  Plymouth  sts., 
Brooklyn. 

Tclosni  h  «flle;'s. 

Amkricax  Teleoraph  Co.,  10  Wall  st. 
Natioxal  Tei.kiirapii  Co.,  21  Wall  st. 

Type  Founders. 

I         James  Coxxer  k  Soxs,  20,  .31,  and  0.3  Beok- 
inaii  st. 

U.  S.  Navy  Contractor  for  Clothing. 

Isaac  C.  Noe,  112  Clicrry  st.     House,  JU 
i  7tli  Avenue. 

Wlillf  Lead  ManuriotureiN 

Ati.vxtic  White  I,i;ad  Co.,  2^7  Pearl  st. 
j         Natioxal  White  I,i:\I)  Co.,  22i)  Pearl  st. 

Wines.   ) 

Dri-f,   Ooiiiios-    it    I  M  V    .'^lieny    Wine.— 
Agents  and  Iiiipni  uts,  Galwev,  Casauo 
i  k  Teller,  104  Pearl  st. 

Wire  Works,  &c.  '< 

JoHx  W.  llowAiii),  41  Fulton  st. 

Wood  Engravers. 

N.  Our  iV  Co.,  .".2  John  st. 

Wati:iis  it  TiLTox,  oo  Fulton  st. 

W.  liniiERTs,  J'.il  licckniaii  st. 

J.  S.  I'attersox,  Tribune  Buildings,  Spruce 

street. 

Writing  Inks. 

TtiADDEi  s   Davids   it   Co.,   manufu'  uirers, 

127  and  I2'.i  William  st. 
Tnlnei,  Ititre,  niid  ('iirda;!* 

WiLi.Aiin,  Harvey  k  Co.,  81  Maiden  lane, 

and  17  Centre  st. 


NEW  YORK  STREETS — CORPORATION  AND  POLICE. 


48 


iind  03  Beek- 


NEW  YORK  STREETS  AND  CORPORATION. 

One  of  the  worst  tilings  connected  with  New  York,  whicii  strikes  a  stranger  at  once  on 
Ilia  coming  either  from  Great  Britain,  or  such  a  city  as  Philadelphia  or  Boston,  is 
ll)e  abominably  disgraceful  state  which  the  public  streets  are  in,  for  the  most  part.  It 
matters  not  whether  it  is  fine  a  day  or  foul  day,  there  the  gutters  reek  with  stagnant  water 
and  filth  to  such  an  extent,  that  we  are  only  surprised  that  the  mortality  is  not  greater 
than  it  is  in  New  York,  although,  who  can  doubt  but  that  that  has  something  to  do  with 
the  great  mortality  which  takes  place  among  young  children,  compelled  as  they  are,  to  in- 
iinle  the  poisonous  miasma  from  stagnant  dirty  water,  etc.,  before  the  doors.  Again, 
ill  the  paving  of  the  streets,  they  are  equally  bad.  With  the  exception  of  such  as  Broad- 
wnj',  there  is  scarcely  a  street  in  New  York,  but  in  driving  along  which  you  have  to  be 
very  .careful,  or  either  the  springs  of  your  machine  will  snap,  or  you  will  be  pitched  out, 
owing  to  the  ruts,  holes,  and  stones  laying  about.  The  condition  of  the  public  streets  of 
New  York — as  regards  scavengcring  and  paving — are  at  present,  and  we  believe  long  have 
been,  a  standing  memorial  of  an  effete,  or  disgracefully  disregnrdless  corporation.  Ask  any 
one,  high  or  low,  rich  or  poor,  as  to  why  it  is  so,  and  you  will  get  the  one  universal  answer 
— "  We  are  swindled  out  of  the  money  which  ought  to  keep  the  streets  in  better  order. 
Instead  of  paying  to  do  that,  it  finds  its  way  into  the  pockets  of  a  corrupt  corporation." 
We  could  scarcely  believe  such  to  be  possible,  but  "  what  every  body  says  must  be  true." 
We  are  so  far  glad,  however,  to  be  borne  out  in  these  remarks  by  a  quotation  which  we 
make  from  the  New  York  Daily  Herald,  the  editor  of  which  paper  (20th  September,  1858) 
appears  to  be  indignant,  when,  in  referring  to  the  enormous  taxation  of  the  city,  he  says: — 

"  In  return  for  the  vast  expenditure  of  $10,000,000,  the  citizen  gets  comparatively  little 
advantage ;  over  3,000,000  of  it  goes  into  the  pockets  of  ft  set  of  thieving  ofiicials,  small 
politicians,  rowdies,  and  fighting  men ;  filthy  streets,  with  the  germ  of  pestilence  in  every 
gutter;  schools  so  inadequate  to  the  population,  that  10,000  children  are  refused  admittance 
in  one  week ;  a  police  department  so  grossly  mismanaged  that  life  is  continually  in  danger, 
and  property  almost  wholly  unprotected ;  a  city  government  more  abominably  corrupt  and 
inefficient  than  any  other  on  the  face  of  the  globe — these  are  the  benefits  which  the  citi- 
zens of  New  York  get  for  all  the  money  that  is  squandered  and  plundered  every  year. 
And  such  comments  will  remain  true  of  the  condition  of  this  city  until  its  government  is 
taken  out  of  the  hands  of  dishonest  politicians." 

And  again,  talking  of  the  taxpayers,  says : — 

"They  are  the  sufferers  from  all  our  corporation  corruptions — they  are  the  parties  who 
are  fleeced  by  the  robbers  and  jobbers  of  all  the  rotten  cliques  and  parties  in  the  field ;  and 
tlie  wrongs  of  the  taxpayers  can  only  be  righted  by  themselves.  They  can  clean  out  our 
treasury  suckers  if  they  will,  and  a  half  dozen  men  may  put  the  ball  in  motion.  Will  no- 
body take  the  hint,  and  move  in  this  important  matter  of  reducing  the  fees  and  perquisites 
of  our  corporation  sharks  and  jobbers  to  the  extent  of  $'2,000,000  or  $3,000,000  a  year  ?  Can 
any  man  enumerate  the  loafers  and  vagabonds  now  subsisted  out  of  the  pockets  of  the  tax- 
payers, but  who  would  be  driven  to  honest  labour,  or  driven  out  of  the  city,  if  our  corpo- 
ration expenses  were  cut  down  to  the  extent  of  some  $2,000,000  or  $3,000,000  a  year  ? 


POLICE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

From  what  we  have  seen  and  heard  of  this  body,  their  efficiency  or  discipline  is  very 
questionable,  when  compared  with  the  well-regulated  system  of  any  of  the  British  cities. 

The  policeman  of  New  York  is  apparently  a  very  gentlemanly  man,  and  will  be  found 
i  now  and  then  at  corners  of  streets,  etc.,  dressed  up  with  blue  frock  coat,  and  white  pants, 
vvilh  blue  cloth  cap  (in  summer). 
If  you  ask  him  ft  question,  regarding  your  way  to  any  particular  point,  perhaps 


44 


POLICE  OP  NEW  YORK — DINING  SALOONS. 


he  will  withdraw  the  cigar  from  hi»  mouth,  and  give  you  a  quiet,  civil  answer;  or 
he  will  answer  you  with  the  cigar  stuck  in  the  corner  of  his  mouth,  as  he  stands  enjoyinf; 
his  "  weed,"  and  it  may  be,  he  answers  not  over  civilly,  and  rather  carelessly.  It  is,  how- 
ever, in  the  catching  of  pickpockets,  for  example,  where  we  have  seen  him  shine,  to  posi- 
tive disadvantage — when  in  having  some  "  rowdy"  pointed  out  to  him  to  secure,  he  woul.l 
(cigar  in  mouth)  give  chase,  and  possibly  run  after  his  game  for  probably  100  yards — when, 
either  fancying  it  too  much  trouble,  or  from  some  other  cause,  he  would  give  up  the  chaB«, 
and  be  laughed  at  by  the  by-standers,  as  well  as  by  the  scoundrel  he  was  in  pursuit  of. 
We  need  not  say  what  the  effect  of  such  an  exhibition  must  be,  upon  the  more  vicious 
members  of  society,  when  they  see  such  laxity  in  apprehensions.  Compare  this  with  the 
determined  vigilance,  courage,  and  perseverance  of  a  London  policeman,  who,  in  such  cir- 
cumstances, would  chase  his  man  from  Hammersmith  to  Bow,  rather  than  be  defeated, 
once  he  had  started  in  pursuit  The  case  we  have  mentioned,  as  regards  New  York  police- 
men, is  only  what  we  have  borne  witness  to,  (in  what  is  termed  the  "  mayor's  squad,'')  and 
is  a  sample,  from  what  we  hear,  of  the  efficiency  of  the  protectors  of  the  public  safety  and 
peace — who  are  elected  to  their  situations,  it  is  affirmed,  more  to  serve  private  or  political 
Interest,  than  with  an  eye  to  the  efficiency  of  the  p\iblio  service. 

The  inefficiency  of  the  police  of  New  York  cannot  be  better  illustrated  than  by  reference 
to  the  fact  of  murders,  robberies,  burglaries,  assaults,  etc.,  taking  place,  daily  and  nightly, 
without  the  offenders  being  brought  to  justice — together  with  the  fact,  that  almost  the 
whole  of  the  large  stores  and  factories  are  obliged  to  have  private  watchmen,  during  the 
night,  to  protect  their  property. 

Notwithstanding  all  the  wealth,  intelligence,  and  experience  which  exists  in  New  York, 
we  are  surprised  that  such  a  want  of  protection  to  person  and  property  exists,  in  the  sys- 
tem, at  preserit,  which  assimilates  to  that  in  existence  in  London  100  years  ogo. 


IM 


DINING  SALOONS,  ETC. 

,  No  city  is  better  off  than  New  York  for  the  conveniences  it  affords  for  men  of  business 
and  the  thousands  of  assistants  of  all  kinds,  as  well  as  strangers,  getting  a  good,  comfort- 
able, and  economical  dinner.  Much  as  Manchester  may  boast  of  its  "  Merchant's,"  in  Ma^ 
ket  street;  London,  of  its  "Gresham,"  in  Aldermanbury ;  Glasgow,  of  its  "McLeary's"  or 
"  Pippett's ;"  or  Liverpool,  of  its  "  Anderson's"  or  the  "  Crooked  Billet,"  the  stranger,  when 
he  becomes  acquainted  where  to  go,  in  New  York,  can  dine  better  there,  for  less  money, 
than  in  any  of  the  cities  referred  to.  The  dining  saloons  are  conducted  on  the  same  style  I 
as  those  in  Manchester,  where  the  system  of  tickets  are  given  by  the  waiter,  stating  the 
amount  you  have  to  pay  as  you  retire.  There  are  printed  bills  of  fare,  and  an  immense 
variety  of  eatables  and  edibles  are  there  mentioned,  with  the  price  stated  opposite  each, 
For  example,  you  cau  have  a  plate  of  sonp,  roast  mutton,  potatoes,  bread,  butter,  pickles, 
and  pudding  for  29  cents,  or  Is.  i^d. — information,  perhaps,  worth  knowing  by  tiie  stranger  I 
who  has  not  much  money  to  spend. 

Strangers,  on  arriving  in  New  York,  will  do  well  to  bear  in  mind,  that  it  matters  not  I 
how  finely  furnished  or  expensive-looking  the  restaurant  or  dining  saloon  may  be — such  are 
as  economical  as  the  meanest  places  of  the  same  sort.     Emismnts,  arriving  in  New  York, 
make  a  great  mistake  in  that  respect,  by  going  to  second  and  third-rate  dining  rooms — at  I 
the  request  -.i  "nterested  parties — near  the  wharves,  which  are  the  most  e.\i)ensive  and 
most  unsatisfactory  of  any.     They  should  go  to  a  firstrclass  restaurant,  or  to  a  hotel  on  tli« 
European  plan,  and  by  going  into  the  coffee  room,  they  can  have  what  they  want,  of  the  I 
verj-  best  description,  and  at  the  most  moderate  charges. 

The  fittings  of  some  of  these  dining  stiloons  exceeds  any  thing  of  the  kind  we  e>  er  put  I 
in  Great  Britain,  and  what  with  plate-glass  all  round  the  walls,  rich  and  expensive  drapery, 
carving  and  gilding,  with  marble  tables,  all  in  a  style  of  palatial  magnificence  nowhere  I 
excelled,  and  yet,  as    ve  have  said,  the  charges  at  such,  are  as  low  ns  at  many  vtry  iu 
ferior  places  of  the  same  kind. 


STORES — STREET  RAILROADS. 


45 


WHOLESALE  AND  RETAIL  STORES. 

TrtK  retail  stores,  in  extent  and  character,  range  from  the  roughest  and  most  primitivtt 
'■  shanty"  to  the  most  gorgeous  marble  palace  situated  in  Broadway, 

The  wholesale  stores,  in  general,  occupy  only  floors  (called  "  flats,"  in  Scotland).  In  one 
block  of  building,  from  30  to  40  feet  wide  and  200  feet  long,  there  will  be  found  8  or 
4  wholesale  storekeepers.  There  are  scarcely  any  colossal  establishmen* s,  such  as  Moi-rison, 
Dillon  &  Co.'s,  Cook,  Sons  <fe  Co.'s,  Leaf,  Coles  &  Co.'s,  of  London ;  S.  <S  J.  Watts',  H.  Bon- 
nerman  &  Sons',  I.  &  N.  Phillips  &  Co.'s,  or  Potters  &  Norris,  in  Manchester ;  or  J.  (&  W. 
Compbells,  Stewart  <fe  McDonald's,  or  Arthur  A  Fraser's,  in  Glasgow.  There  may  be  said 
to  be  really  no  monster  dry  goods  stores  in  New  York,  which  can  take  rank  with  any 
of  the  foregoing  houses,  excepting  A.  T.  Stewart  <fe  Co.'s,  on  Broadway— certainly  the 
largest  concern  of  the  kind  in  America.  It  is  both  wholesale  and  retail.  There  are 
smaller  establishments,  more  splendid  in  architectural  design,  and  with  more  elaborately 
carved  marble  fronts,  but  not  one  of  them  can  compare,  as  regards  extent,  or  amount  of 
business  turned  over,  with  Messrs.  Stewart's  house.  As  regards  the  interior  magnificence 
of  its  retail  departments,  it  can  vie  with  any  in  London  or  Paris. 

THE  STREET  CARS,  OR  RAILROADS. 

As  may  be  well  known,  some  of  the  principal  streets  in  New  York,  are  laid  with  a  double 
line  of  rails,  over  which  are  run  railroad  cars,  each  drawn  by  two  horses.  The  car  is  a  low- 
set  railway  carriage,  with  an  entrance  ond  a  platform  at  each  end.  At  one  end  stands  the 
driver,  with  a  brake  at  his  side,  which  he  uses  with  one  hand,  and  pulls  the  reins  with  the 
other,  when  he  wishes  to  allow  a  passenger  to  get  off  or  on.  If  you  are  in  the  car,  you 
have  merely  to  pull  the  straj),  on  the  roof  of  the  car,  and  it  rings  a  bell,  on  hearing  which 
tlie  driver  pulls  up.  Tliere  is  a  conductor  who  takes  the  fares,  and  it  is  astonishing  with 
what  eagle-eyed  sharpness  he  detects  a  freali  passenger,  who  may  have  jumped  on  whilst 
the  ear  was  in  motion,  and  mixed  amongst  a  crowd,  most  probably. 

Tliese  cars  are  seated  for  about  24,  but  on  the  platform,  there  is  standing  room  for  10  or 
12  at  each  end,  so  that  in  the  morning  and  evenings  they  will  be  seen  bowling  along  with 
a  load  of,  sometimes,  as  many  as  from  40  to  50  people,  the  centre  of  the  car  inside  being 
lined  with  passengers  standing.  They  are  very  wide  and  roomy,  well  cushioned,  and  easy 
to  ride  in.  They  run  the  full  distance  from  point  to  point,  which  is  about  5  miles,  for  6 
cents,  (or  2it/.  stg.,)  going  at  the  rate  of  fidly  (j  miles  per  hour.  Notwithstanding  that  the 
ordinary  street  omnibuses  run  on  tlie  same  lines,  and  that  they,  as  well  as  carts  ond  vehicles 
of  all  sorts,  cross  and  re-corss  the  rails,  there  is  never  any  accident  with  them.  Attached 
to  the  horses  are  small  bells,  which  warn  all  of  tlieir  approach,  and  with  the  powerful  drag 
in  the  hands  of  the  driver,  a  collision  can  be  promptly  prevented. 

There  are  several  conii>anies  interested  Iti  these  cars.  Each  one  has  a  separate  route, 
and  keeps  to  its  own,  running  back  and  forwards,  day  after  day,  every  day  in  the  week. 
The  men  who  are  conductors  and  drivers  are  employed  15  to  16  hours  per  day,  and  are 
required  to  keep  their  time  to  a  minute,  in  arriving  and  departing  from  each  terminus, 
wliieh  they  do  every  2  minutes.  Tiic  horses  are  employed  only  about  B  hours  per  duj-, 
running  in  that  time  18  to  20  miles  per  day.  On  the  ringing  of  the  bell,  they  are  so  train- 
ed, that  they  understand  to  pull  uj)  and  start,  as  the  case  may  be. 

One  line  of  these  cars  belongs  chiefly  to  one  of  the  most  celebrated  men  in  New  York, 
an  American  by  birth,  named  George  Law,  the  son  of  a  Scotchman,  who  is  said  to  be  one 
of  the  most  successful  speculators  in  the  United  States,  and  a  man  who  has  always  work- 
ed, like  many  of  his  countrymen,  more  with  his  head,  than  his  hands.  To  see  the  stables 
lielonging  to  him,  where  the  horses  belonging  to  his  line  are  housed,  is  one  of  the  sights 
of  New  York.  There  nearly  800  horses  are  to  be  seen,  all  well  cared  for  and  made 
comfortable.  The  feed  for  them  is  laid  in,  on  the  best  terms,  and  machinery  assists  in 
cutting  and  bruising  it  to  render  it  as  profitable  as  possible. 


46 


NEW  YORK:   STREET  RAILROADS. 


We  fancy  that  Wilson,  of  the  "  Favourite"  line  of  buasea  in  London ;  Greenwood  <fe  Tur- 
ner's, of  Manchester,  witlj  their  3  horse  obreast  Scotcli  buss ;  or  Andrew  Menzies,  of  Glas- 
gow, can  scarcely  boast  of  doing  this  particular  branch  of  city  trade,  on  so  extensive  u 
scale,  as  that  now  described,  far  less  conveying  passengers  6  miles  for  'i^rf. 

We  understand  that  each  car  makes  16  journeys  per  day,  and  corries  on  on  average,  oboiit 
30  passengers  each  trip.  There  are  about  70  own  on  one  line,  giving  something  like  tlie 
following  result: — ^Total  number  of  cars,  70.  Running  equal  to  6,320  miles,  and  carrying 
83,600  passengers  per  day.  Income  at  6  cents  each,  $1,680,  or  £330,  stg.,  in  one  day,  or 
$11,760  per  week,  or  in  one  yeor  $611,520,  (£122,640,)  on  one  lino  of  streets  ulone  !  Tlie 
line  of  George  Law's,  it  is  said,  pays  at  least  12  per  cent  dividend,  besides  bonuses. 

A  new  deseriptiou  of  one  horse  roilroad  cor  was  started  in  New  York  lost  August,  and 
a  most  comfortable  car  it  is.  Connected  with  it,  there  is  no  conductor.  Tlie  driver  pulU 
up — you  enter — put  the  amount  of  your  fiire  down  a  slip  near  the  roof,  oiid  it  drops  into 
a  glass  case.  When  the  driver,  who  sees  through  the  glass  that  the  amount  is  correct,  he 
touches  a  spring,  and  the  coin  falls  down  into  a  locked  drawer  underneath ;  the  money 
never  being  touched  by  the  driver,  ond  beyond  his  reach.  If  you  have  no  change,  tlie 
driver  will  give  you  full  change,  through  a  hole  in  the  top  of  the  omnibus.  On  enteriiii; 
the  ear  you  deposit  the  proper  amount  of  fare  as  stated.  The  door  is  opened  and  shut  by 
a  strap  in  the  bonds  of  the  driver,  attached  to  the  door. 

In  the  city  omnibuses,  (called  stages)  the  only  attendant  is  the  driver,  who  attends  to , 
its  management  in  the  same  manner  as  abovf  described. 


'  ii'l 

1: 


>j 


>/ 


t'. 


,<■ 


CITY  OF  WASHINGTON. 


CITY  OF  WASHINGTON. 


47 


ivho  attends  to , 


"  Washington,  the  Copital  of  the  United  States,  is  beautifully  and  conveniently  situated  on 
tlie  north  bank  of  the  River  Potomac,  District  of  Columbia.  The  city  is  nearly  surrounded 
by  a  fine  amphitheatre  of  hills  of  moderate  elevation,  covered  with  trees  and  slirubbery, 
and  commanding  from  many  points  picturesque  scenery,  and  extensive  views  of  the  "  River 
of  Swans,"  which,  descending  from  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  and  winding  its  way  for 
nearly  400  miles  through  a  fertile  and  most  attractive  country,  expands  into  Chesapeake 
Bay.    The  environs  of  the  city  abound  in  elegant  villas  and  country  seats. 

"Lat.  88°  66'  48"  north,  ana  long.  77°  1'  80"  west  from  Greenwich.  It  is  the  first  meri- 
dian of  American  geographers. 

"The  site  has  a  gently  undulating  surface.  The  city  extends  N,  W.  and  S.  E.  about 
H  miles,  and  E,  to  8.  about  2|-  miles.  The  public  buildings  occupy  the  most  elevated 
nituations.  The  streets  run  N.  and  8.,  and  E.  and  W.,  crossing  each  other  nt  right  angles, 
with  the  exception  of  16,  which  point  to  the  States,  of  which  they  severally  bear  the 
names.  The  Capitol  commands  the  streets  called  Maryland,  Delaware,  and  Pennsylvania 
avenues  ;  the  President's  House,  Pennsylvania,  Vermont,  New  York,  and  Connecticut 
avenues,  and  all  these  different  intersections  form  1170  squares,  Pennsylvania  avenue, 
which  stretches  in  a  direct  line  from  Georgetown  to  the  Eastern  Branch,  passing  the  Presi- 
dent's House  to  the  Capitol,  is  4  miles  in  length,  and  160  feet  wide  between  those  edifices, 
and  beyond  them  130  feet.  The  streets  are  from  70  to  100  feet  wide.  The  v.nole  area  of 
(he  cuy  is  about  8016  acres,  and  its  periphery  about  14  miles. 

"Tiie  city  was  founded,  and  the  corner-stone  of  the  Capitol  was  laid,  with  masonic  honours, 
on  the  18th  Sept.,  1793,  and  the  city  was  first  occupied  as  the  seat  of  government  in  1800. 

"Tiie  public  buildings  of  Washington  are  the  Capitol,  the  Executive  Mansion,  the  State 
Offices,  Treasury  Buildings,  War  Offices,  Navy  Offices,  Offices  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Inte- 
rior, Patent  Oliice,  Post-office,  Office  of  the  Attorney-general,  National  Observatory,  the 
Arsenal,  Navy  Yard,  Smithsonian  Institute,  National  Medicol  College,  Columbian  College, 
Coast  Survey  Office,  City  Hall,  Notional  Institute,  numerous  churches,  the  hotels,  and  mony 
(ithers  devoted  to  a  variety  of  useful,  literary,  and  benevolent  purposes. 

"  Public  SguAHES  and  Parks. — We  condense  the  following  from  Miss  Lynch's  description 
of  Washington :  "  The  open  waste  lying  between  the  Capitol,  the  President's  House,  and  the 
Potomac,  is  about  to  be  converted  into  a  national  park,  upon  a  plan  proposed  by  the 
lamented  A.  J.  Downing.  The  area  contains  about  150  acres,  and  the  principal  entrance 
is  to  be  through  a  superb  marble  gateway,  in  the  form  of  a  triumphal  arch,  which  is  to 
stand  at  the  western  side  of  Pennsylvania  avenue.  From  this  gateway  a  series  of  carriage 
drives,  forty  feet  wide,  crossing  the  canal  by  a  suspension  bridge,  will  lead  in  gracefully 
curved  lines  beneath  lofty  shade-trees,  forming  a  carriage  drive  between  5  or  6  miles  in 
circuit.  The  grounds  will  include  the  Smithsonian  Institute  and  Washington's  monument 
The  parks  round  the  President's  House  and  the  Copitol  have  already  been  mentioned. 
Lafayette  Park,  on  the  north  side  of  Pennsylvania  avenue,  in  front  of  the  executive  mansion, 
is  laid  out  and  planted  with  shrubbery,  etc.,  and  contains,  as  we  have  elsewhere  stated,  a 
bronze  equestrian  statue  of  President  Jackson.  To  avoid  the  unpleasant  angularity,  caused 
by  the  peculiar  intersection  of  the  streets,  open  spaces  are  to  be  left  at  these  points,  which 
are  to  be  laid  out  and  planted  with  trees,  etc.  There  are  extensive  grounds  ai-ound  the 
City  Hall,  called  Judiciary  Square. ' 

"Objects  of  Interest  in  the  Vicinity. — Fifteen  miles  south  of  Woshington,  on  the  Poto- 
ninc,  is  Mount  Vernon,  once  the  home,  and  now  the  tomb  of  Washington.  Thirteen  miles 
above  Georgetown  are  the  Great  Falls  of  the  Potomac,  thought  by  many  to  equal,  in  wild- 
ness  dud  picturesque  interest,  any  in  the  country.  The  Little  Falls,  which  descend  15  feet 
perpendicularly,  are  only  3  miles  above  Georgetown.  The  latter  was  a  favourite  fishing 
resort  of  Daniel  Webster.  Measures  are  being  taken  to  supply  Washington  with  water 
flora  one  of  these  falls. 


48 


THE  CAPITOL  OF   iHE   UNITED  STATES. 


I  i. 


1*1, 


CITY  OF   WASHINGTON. 


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noinely  loid  out,  rtml  planted  with  trecH  and  shrubbery,  presentlug,  during  the  (pring  and 
Bunimer,  ft  scene  of  ex(jui8ite  benuty.  The  extensionB  will  eoinprehend  two  wings,  288  by 
140  foet,  which  «ro  to  be  surrounded  on  three  sides  by  colonnades,  ond  to  conimunicate  on 
the  fourth  by  corridors  44  feet  long,  ond  60  wide,  with  the  main  building.  The  whole  will 
be  761  feet  long,  and  cover  an  area  of  3^  acres.  The  grounds  around  the  Capitol  embrace 
froni  23  to  30  acres,  forming  an  oblong  on  three  sides,  and  a  semicircle  on  the  west. 

'•The  ruErtiDENT'a  Mansion  has  a  front  of  170  feet  by  80  feet  deep,  is  2  stories  high,  and 
liiillt  of  freestone,  pointed  white,  hence,  we  presume,  it  is  named  the  "  White  IIouso,"  The 
north  front  has  a  portico  ornamented  with  4  Ionic  columns  facing  Pennsylvania  ovenue, 
imd  3  at  the  sides;  under  this,  carriages  drive  to  deposit  their  visitors.  The  Potomac 
fioiit  lifts  ft  circular  colonnade  of  (5  Ionic  coli,  ins.  In  the  some  enclosure  with  the  Exe- 
cutive Mansion  are  the  edifices  opproprhited  to  the  State,  Treasury,  Wor,  ond  Navy  De- 
piutimnt:*.  The  State  and  Treasury  buildings  are  directly  east  of  the  President's  House, 
mid  those  of  War  and  Navy  west  of  it.  i..rj  i.  ii.n  ^;  j.: . ' '." 

"The  State  Dei-ahtment  is  a  plain,  biiok  structure,  160  feet  long,  66  wide,  i(tid  2  stories 
liisili,  ill  wiiieh  are  emploj'ed  19  clerks,  2  messengers,  ond  6  watchmen.  Tiie  department 
coiitftiiis  a  lori<o  librory  of  books,  maps,  charts,  etc.,  and  in  the  copyright  bureau  are  de- 
posited from  10,000  to  12,000  volumes  of  works  copyrighted  in  the  United  States.  Imme- 
diately south  of  the  State  Deportment  is 

"The  TuEAsmiY  Dei'artmkst,  occupying  an  imposing  edifice  of  stone,  340  feet  long,  ond 
170  wide,  and,  wlien  completed,  will  be  457  in  length.  The  east  front  (on  the  north  bend 
of  I'onnsylvanirt  avenue,  caused  by  the  interruption  from  the  pork  around  the  President's 
House)  has  a  coltmnode  of  Ionic  columns,  800  feet  long,  and,  when  the  north  and  south 
wings  lire  added,  will  number  42  columns.  The  north  and  south  ends  of  the  building  will 
also  Imve  projecting  porticos.  This  edifice  has  about  160  oportments,  in  which  ore  em- 
ployed, besides  the  secretary  and  his  assistant,  3  ouditors,  2  treasurers,  1  register,  1  com- 
iiiissioiicr  of  customs,  about  300  clerks,  and  perhaps  30  other  empjoyees.     The  building  of 

"  The  Wah  Department  is  precisely  similar  to  that  of  the  State,  and  is  the  headquarters 
of  tho  army  officers.     In  it  are  employed,  besides  officers,  92  clerks,  and  other  employees, 

"The  Xavy  Department,  in  the  rear  of  the  War,  employs  more  than  40  clerks,  besides 
messengers,  etc,     Tho  Indian  Burcnu  is  also  in  this  buiUling. 

"The  Pension  Okkice  is  o  very  Inrge  but  plain  structure,  immediately  west  of  the  Navy 
Depn.traent  About  halfway  between  the  Capitol  and  President's  House,  north  from  Penn- 
sylvania avenue,  fronting  E  street,  is  the  structure  occupied  by 

"The  General  Post-ofkice,  one  of  the  finest  edifices  in  Waslungton.  It  is  of  white  mar- 
ble, 204  feet  long,  and  102  deep,  contains  over  80  i-ooms,  and  employs,  besides  the  postmas- 
ter-general, his  3  assistants,  more  than  60  clerks,  and  the  sixth  auditor,  with  over  100 
clerks.  Occupying  the  square  between  8th,  9th,  ond  F  and  G  streets,  is  the  building  of 
I  the  Department  of  the  Interior,  or  Home  Department,  generally  called  (from  one  of  its 
bureaus)  the  Patent  Office.    (See  Engraving.) 

"South  from  Pennsylvonia  avenue,  west  of  the  Capitol,  and  south-east  from  the  Presi- 
dent's House,  on  a  gently  rising  ground,  in  the  midst  of  the  new  park  now  being  laid  out, 
I  stands 

"The  Smithsonian  Institute,  one  of  the  noblest  institutions  ond  finest  structures  in  Wosh- 
I  i'lgton.  The  edifice  is  450  feet  long  by  140  wide,  is  built  of  red  sandstone,  in  the  Roman- 
esque or  Norman  style,  embellished  by  9  towers  of  from  76  to  150  feet  in  height,  and  when 
viewed  from  Capitol  Hill,  has  on  im]X)8ing  effect.  In  the  building  will  be  provided  a  lec- 
Iture  rwm,  sufficiently  cnpocious  to  seat  from  1200  to  2000  persons,  a  museum  for  objects  of 
I  natural  history,  200  feet  long,  one  of  the  best  supplied  laboratories  in  the  United  States, 
la  gallery,  for  pointings  and  stotuarj-,  120  feet  long,  ond  o  room  capable  of  containing  a  lib- 
li'iiryof  100,000  volumes,  and  actually  numbering  21,701,  in  1853;  of  which  4539  were 
Icopyright  works.  This  institution  was  endowed  by  James  Smithson,  Esq.,  an  Englishmon, 
jwho  left  to  the  United  States  |!515,ir.9,  (according  to  the  words  of  the  will,)  "  to  found  at 
IWashiiigton  on  establishment  for  the  increase  and  diffusion  of  knowledge  among  men." 


60 


WASHINGTON  AND   MOUNT   VERNON. 


SmlthBon  died  in  1R'20,  and  in  1840  wns  cummenccd  tho  structiirn  which  hat  b<>cn  biiiit  by 
the  interest  nccumiilatcd  up  to  timt  time,  viz.,  ;|^242,129.  Tho  fund  yield*  an  annual  in- 
come uf  more  than  |i:<(i,OOU.  Tho  will  makes  no  rostriotion  as  to  the  kind  of  knowletl^u  to 
1)0  promulgated.  Wurka  on  ethnology  and  antiquities  have  already  been  published  by  the 
institution. 

"Tub  National  OusERVATOBY,  one  of  tho  institutions  most  creditoblo  to  tho  government, 
occupies  a  cuinmnnding  site  on  tho  banks  of  tho  I'otomac,  south-west  fmm  tho  I'resident'n 
House.  Tho  Observotory  is  under  the  direction  of  Lieutenant  Miiury,  of  the  Navy.  Re- 
sides the  astronomical  observations  constantly  made  here,  chronometers,  for  the  use  of  the 
navy,  are  thoroughly  tested,  researches  made  as  to  tides,  currents,  etc.,  and  longitudes  de- 
termined with  greater  accurocy  by  tho  aid  of  the  electric  telegraph. 
"TiiK  AiwKNAL,  on  (Jreenleafs  Point,  at  tlie  junction  of  tho  Eastern  Branch  with  the  Poto- 
mac, is  out:  of  the  principal  arsenals  of  construction  in  the  United  States. 
"About  1;^  miles  north-east  from  the  arsenal,  and  the  same  distance  south-east  of  the  oap- 
itol,  on  tlie  East  Branch,  is 

"Tub  Navy  Yaud,  which  covers  about  20  acres,  enclosed  by  a  woll.  This  is  one  of  the 
most  extensive  yards  in  tho  Union,  and  employs  more  than  400  hands  in  tho  manufacture 
of  anchors,  chain-cables,  steam-engines,  and  boilers,  pyrotechnics,  in  brass  and  iron  foun- 
dries, etc.,  etc, 

"The  National  Cemetery,  or  Congressional  Burying-ground,  is  situated  obout  1  mile  east 
of  the  onpitol,  on  an  elevation  commanding  fine  views  of  the  surrounding  country,  t  \\e\\ 
is  beautified  with  trees  and  shrubbery,  llere  have  been  deposited,  for  a  short  time  at 
least,  the  remains  of  some  of  the  most  distinguished  men  in  the  nation,  and  here  ore  erected 
cenotaphs  to  all  members  of  Congress  dying  while  in  office. 

"The  buildings  of  the  Coast  Survey  do  not,  in  themselves,  deserve  any  notice,  but  the 
operations  carried  on  here,  under  the  superintendence  of  Professor  A.  D.  Bache,  a  name 
well  known  to  science,  are  of  the  most  important  nature. 

"The  resident  population  of  the  city  is  about  65,000,  but  much  more  when  Congress  is  sit- 
ting, by  a  large  influx  of  strangers  and  others  connected  with  the  national  affairs." 

FROM  THE  BAST  TO  WASHINGTON  AND  MOUNT  VERNON. 

Passengers  destined  for  the  tomb  of  the  immortal  hero  of  Independence — "Washington- 
take  the  cars  at  the  Camden  Station  at  Baltimore,  and  proceed  direct  to  Washington  Cit}'. 
Next,  proceed  in  u  steamer  boimd  for  Mount  Vernon,  passing  on  the  way  the  Washington 
Navy  Yard  :  in  about  an  hour  and  a  half  reaching  the  wharf  of  Mount  Vernon.  From 
there  any  one  will  point  out  the  road  to  the  tomb,  which  is  close  at  hand. 

Mount  Vernon,  once  the  home,  V)ut  now  the  tomb,  of  Washington,  is  15  miles  south  from 
the  City  of  Wasliington,  on  the  River  Potomac. 

The  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  has  a  branch  from  the  city  to  BaUimore,  and  connect- 
ing with  all  points  north  and  east, 


\ 


PATENT  OFFICE,   WASHINGTON. 


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52. 


PHILAPELPHIA.    ..    nrk 


CITY  OF  PniLADELPHIA. 


-■a-  t 


The  city  of  Philndolphia  ranks  second  in  importance  ns  a  city,  in  the  United  States.  But 
as  a  mining  and  manufacturing  centre,  probably  holds  the  first  position. 

It  is  situated  on  a  peninsula  something  like  what  New  York  is,  but  between  the  Dela- 
ware and  Schuylkill  Rivers.  The  former  extending  its  course  of  100  miles,  to  the  sea,  and 
all  the  way  affords  depth  of  water  suflBcient  to  float  the  largest  ships  at  its  wharves ;  the 
Schuylkill,  on  the  other  hand,  affording  excellent  water  communication  with  the  mining 
regions  of  Pennsylvania. 

The  population  of  the  city  by  the  last  census,  was  423,000,  being  an  increase  of  83,055 
over  that  of  1850 — showing  a  population  of  261,471  greater  than  that  of  Boston,  and  of 
206,904  loss  than  that  of  New  York.  In  the  latter  estimate,  however,  it  ought  to  be  borne 
in  mind,  that  the  population  of  New  York  is  much  more  of  a  migratory  and  unsettled — 
therefore,  unproductive  character,  than  that  of  probably  any  city  in  the  States — but  par- 
ticulorly  so  in  comparison  with  the  character  of  the  population  of  Philadelphia,  which  is 
of  a  much  more  permanent  and  productive  character.  The  number  of  Irish  alone  in  Now 
York,  engaged  in  domestic  eranlo3'ment — consequently,  unproductive  labour — is  175,875. 
Since  the  last  census  was  taken,  the  population  of  Philodelpliia  has  increased  to  nearly 
600,000. 

Approaching  Philadelphia  fi'o.n  New  York,  you  arrive  most  probably  per  rail  from  Am- 
boy,  at  CumdiMi  station.  From  there  you  cross  the  River  Delaware  in  the  ferry  steamer 
which  lands  you  at  Walnut  Street  Wharf.  Approaching  the  city  from  the  west  or  north 
you  arrive  at  the  8<^ntion  on  the  western  side  of  the  Schuylkill  River,  where  the  locomotive 
will  leave  the  train.  Your  carriage  will  be  drawn  by  six  or  seven  mules  for  about  1^  niili's 
into  the  centre  of  the  city,  at  which  you  will  find  the  carrioges  of  the  principal  liotels 
waiting,  as  well  as  cabs,  and  i)lcnty  of  coloured  porters. 

The  stranger,  on  visiting  Philadelphia,  cannot  but  be  struck  with  the  vast  dimensions  of 
the  city — its  immense  manufacturing  productive  powers — ita  spacious  streets,  laid  out  with 
!lie  mathematical  precision  of  the  foot-rule — its  public  and  private  palatial  buildings — its 
vast  wholesale  and  niagnifieent  retail  stores — its  gaily  dressed  ladies — all  combining  to  up- 
set our  previous  conceptions  of  a  "  Quaker  city" — not  presenting  in  its  external  character, 
almost  any  thing  akin  to  the  quiet  staidness  of  the  worthy  representatives  of  its  founder. 
Quaker  William  Penn. 

Friends  in  the  east  would  have  us  to  believe  that  Philadelphia  was  a  city,  nowhere — that 
as  niueh  business  was  done  in  New  York  in  one  day,  as  was  done  in  Philadelphia  in  one 
j'ear — that  tiie  people  of  Philadelphia  were  asleep — behind  the  age — and,  as  Londoners 
would  say,  (when  they  tjilk  of  such  cities  as  Manchester,  Liverpool,  and  Glasgow)  a  place 
"  in  the  country" — conveying  the  idea  of  some  suburban  town. 

Our  visit  to  Philadelphia,  then,  was  an  agreeable  surprise  in  every  respect. 

We  visited  some  of  the  streets  where  the  stores  are  located,  and  found  in  them,  every 
one  busier  than  another — nailing  up  boxes,  hauling  them  out  on  trucks,  and  into  wagon* 
at  the  doors.  Dry  goods  salesmen  we  foimd  neck  deep  in  mazes  of  prints  and  calicoes, 
displaying  them  to  western  customers,  ond  these  marking  their  purchases ;  hardware  men 
quoting  the  lowest  for  some  of  Sheffield's  best  productions;  grocers  and  their  customer?, 
buried  behind  huge  piles  of  boxes  of  tea,  whilst  tasting  their  sjmiples;  publishing  houses 
eranmiod  full  of  book^  of  all  sorts  and  sizes,  from  "  Jack  the  Giant  Killer"  to  Lijipen- 
eott's  j>onderou9  "  Gazetteer," — with  their  floors  janmied  full  of  cases  being  packed  to  send 
off  to  enlighten  the  natives  is  well  as  foreigners,  in  all  quarters  of  this  mighty  continent. 
Young  men  would  be  seen  labelling  immense  cases  of  goods  for  the  chief  cities  in  tiit" 
west  and  soutli,  and  even  east,  as  far  as  Boston  ;  carters  loading  and  unloading  every  con- 
ceivable kiiiil  of  package,  all  bet<)kening  an  amount  of  business,  despatch,  and  bustle,  which 
made  us  begin  to  consider  whetlier  we  were  in  New  York  or  Philadelphia. 

Entering  some  of  the  innnense  factories  in  iron  work,  the  large  letterpress  printing  es- 


PHILADELPHIA. 


58 


I  states.   But 


tablishmeutB,  both  book  and  newspaj-xir — seeing  them  throwing  off  their  dailies  by  their 
tens  of  thousands,  as  fast  and  as  clicap  as  human  skill  can  accomplish — the  immense  bind- 
I'rit's,  and  many  other  large  and  busy  hives  of  industry — we  found  the  same  magnitude  of 
operations  going  on,  all  clearly  letting  us  know  that  we  were  in  one  of  the  largest  mana- 
fucturing  cities  in  this  country — questioning  if  it  was  not  likely  some  day  to  rival  its  more 
populous  neiglibour — New  York — in  manufacturing  enterprise.  If  the  stranger  should 
happen  to  visit  Philadelphia  about  the  time  we  did,  (August)  or,  in  fact,  at  any  time  du- 
ring the  summer  months,  he  will  find  the  scene  we  have  endeavoured  to  portray. 

Wiiere  there  are  so  many  spacious  streets  in  the  city,  filled  with  elegant  stores  of  all 
kinds,  it  is  difficult  to  mention  any  one  in  particular ;  but  Chestnut  street  appears  to  be  the 
principal  main  street,  and  forms  the  "  Broadway"  of  the  city — in  which  some  retail  stores 
are  situated,  which,  for  size  and  elegance,  are  not,  we  believe,  excelled  by  any  city  in  the 
world.  The  streets  generally  are  clean  and  in  good  order,  and  in  that  respect  forms  a 
pleasing  contrast  to  tliose  cesspools  of  filth  which  characterize  tlie  streets  of  the  "  Empire 
Citj'."  The  houses  in  many  of  the  streets  in  the  cUy  are  neat,  compact,  brick  houses,  re- 
sembling very  much  those  to  be  seen  in  the  neighbourhood  of  London  and  Manchester — but 
instead  of  being  built  in  rows  all  joined  together,  many  in  Philadelphia  are  detaclied  along 
witli  a  piece  of  ground,  and  all  particularly  clean  and  tidy  in  appearance. 

Tiie  suburbs  of  Philadelphia  are  studded  with  neat  cottoges,  villas  and  stately  mansions, 
beautifully  situated,  surrounded  by  pleasure-grounds,  and  inhabited,  for  the  most  part,  by 
tlie  manufacturers,  mercliants,  and  commercial  classes  who  are  engaged  in  business  in  the  city. 

From  "  Lippencott's  Gazeteer"  we  quote  the  following  information. 

"Tliere  is  but  one  park  (Independence  Square,  in  the  rear  of  tlie  State  House)  or  public 
square  in  the  dense  part  of  the  city  (besides  the  five  'Qumerated  in  the  general  plan)  of 
much  importance.  In  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Fairmount  water-works  (tiiemselves  form- 
ing a  tine  promenade,  witli  an  extensive  view  from  the  .basin)  is  Lemon  Hill,  formerly 
Pratt's  Garden,  and  once  the  residence  of  Robert  Morris,  of  Revolutionary  fame.  These 
iirouiuls  are  very  extensive,  covered  with  fine  old  trees,  possess  great  variety  of  surface,  and 
descend  on  the  west  and  south-west  by  steep  banks  to  tlie  Schuylkill  River.  The  squares 
witliin  the  city  cover  each  an  extent  of  from  5  to  7  acres,  are  enclosed  by  tasteful  iron  rail- 
ings, are  beautifully  laid  out,  and  jlanted  witli  a  great  variety  of  trees.  Squirrels,  pea- 
fowls, and  deer  are  domesticated  in  tliem.  Five  of  these  squares  are  named  Washington, 
Hitteuliouse,  Penn,  Logan,  and  Franklin.  The  latter  has  a  fine  fountain  and  basin,  with 
40  jets  of  water." 

In  public  buildings,  the  city  can  boast  of  some  unsurpassed  in  elegance  and  in  histdrical 
interest.  • 

Indhpknoknce  IIai.l,  Cliestnut  street,  should  be  visited  by  every  stranger.  In  that  vener- 
nble  edifice  was  held  tlie  Convention  whicli  framed  tlic  Declaration  of  Independence,  and 
also  tlie  Constitution  of  the  United  States — the  veritable  desk  and  chair  of  Wasliington 
iind  I'ninklin  standing  as  they  did  on  those  moinorable  days;  the  old  bell,  witli  its  procla- 
mation of  lilierty  upon  it, — "  Proehiim  liberty  tlirougliout  this  land,  to  nil  the  inlinbitaiits 
thereof,"  and  the  steps  from  which  tlie  Declaration  was  signed,  on  the  4th  of  July,  1770,  from 
wliieli  AVashington  delivered  his  "  Farewell  Address,"  on  his  retirement  fnmi  public  life. 
Fi'oin  tlie  top  of  tiie  steeple,  a  most  inagnirtoent  view  of  the  city  is  obtained,  giving  a 
stranger  the  most  adequate  conception  of  tlie  inngnrtudo  and  importance  of  the  city. 

GiiiAnit  CoLT.EOE, — Philadelphia  possesses  in  (iinird  College,  situated  about  2  miles  north- 
west from  the  State  House,  the  finest  specimen  of  Cirocian  architecture  in  the  United  States, 
if  not  of  modern  times.  It  is  in  the  Corinthian  ptyle  of  architecture.  The  entire  cost  of 
bmldings,  wall,  and  ombellishnients  of  the  grounds  was  f  1,9S3,821.78,  or  $00,000  loss  than 
was  donated  by  Stephen  (iirard  for  the  erection  and  endowment  of  the  institution.  Mr. 
Girai'd,  who  made  this  mngnifieent  bequest,  was  a  native  cf  France,  who  came  poor  and 
friendless  to  Philadelphia  in  boyhood,  and  by  industry  and  good  management  accumulated 
8  fortune  of  several  millions,  the  greater  portion  of  which  he  left  to  the  city  for  the  erection 
and  endowment  of  Oirard  College  for  Orphans,  and  for  improving  the  city  in  various  ways. 


64 


PHILADELPHIA. 


The  Custom  House,  on  Chestnut  street,  is  a  magnificent  marb')'  building,  in  imitation  of 
the  Parthenon  of  Athens,  and  a  splendid  sample  of  the  Doric  style  of  architecture. 

The  Merchants'  Exchange,  fronting  "Walnut,  Dock,  and  Third  streets,  is  also  u  marble 
building,  of  fine  proportions,  with  a  semi-circular  j)ortieo  of  Corinthian  columns. 

The  United  States  Mint,  in  Chestnut  street,  is  a  handsome  edifice  of  brick  faced  with 
marble,  in  imitation  of  a  Grecian  temple  of  the  Ionic  order. 

Our  space  prevents  us  from  noticing  more  of  the  many  other  magnificent  buildings  in 
tiie  city. 

Philadelphia  appears  to  be  well  supplied  with  churches — there  being  upwards  of  230  iu 
the  city — embracing  all  denominations.  The  city  long  preserved  great  simplicity  in  her 
church  orchltecture;  but  of  lote  a  gradual  change  has  taken  place  in  the  style  of  the  relig- 
ious as  well  as  of  the  privote  edifices  of  the  city.  Recently,  a  number  of  costly  and  highly 
ornamented  churches  have  been,  and  are  now  being,  erected. 

Cemeteries. — The  environs  of  Philadelphia  abound  in  places  of  sepulture,  among  which, 
for  beauty  of  position,  are  the  two  principal  cemeteries  of  North  and  South  Laurel  Hill, 
dituatcd  on  the  Schuylkill  river,  4  miles  north-west  from  the  State  House. 

Water  Works. — Fairtnount  Water  Works,  situated  in  the  district  of  Spring  Garden,  ou 
the  Schuylkill  River,  about  2  miles  north-west  of  the  State  House,  were,  previous  to  the 
erection  of  the  Croton  Works  iu  New  York,  the  envy  of  the  other  cities  of  the  Union — Phil- 
adelphia having  been  for  a  long  time  the  only  city  in  tlie  United  States  supplied  with  water 
in  this  way — and  are  still  justly  the  pride  and  boast  of  Philadelphia,  not  more  for  their 
utility  than  for  the  picturesque  attractions  of  the  place.  It  would,  perhaps,  be  diflScult  to 
point  out  anywhere  a  spot  concentrating  in  the  same  space  so  many  elements  of  the  beauti- 
ful and  picturesque. 

Libraries,  Colleges,  Schools,  and  Literary  Institutes. — Philadelphia  had  long  the  hon- 
our of  possessing  the  largest  library  in  the  United  States.  But  now  the  Philadelphia 
Librory,  to  which  we  allude,  is  surpassed  in  this  respect  by  the  library  of  Harvard  College, 
and  the  Astor  Library  in  New  York.  It  occupies  a  plain  brick  edifice  iu  Fifth  street  belo^? 
Chestnut,  and  was  founded,  through  the  influence  of  Dr.  Franklin,  (whose  statue  adorns  a 
niche  in  front,)  in  1731.  The  Philadelphia  and  Lognnian  Libraries  are  in  the  same  building, 
and  owned  by,  and  loaned  to,  the  same  stockholders.  They  have,  united,  about  70,000 
volumes.  The  income  of  the  library  is  f  0,300.  Strangers  are  allowed  the  use  of  books 
while  in  the  building,  but  they  are  not  to  be  taken  out  except  by  stockholders,  or  on  deposit 
of  their  value. 

Among  a  host  of  other  libraries,  may  be  mentioned  the  Athenaeum  Library  and  Reading 
Room,  occupying  a  beautiful  building  of  ligiit  sandstone,  in  the  Italian  style,  on  Sixth  street, 
opposite  Washington  square.  It  has  about  12,000  volumes  on  its  shelves,  and  is  extensively 
supplied  with  maps,  charts,  and  periodicals. 

The  Mercantile  Library,  situated  in  Fifth  street,  opposite  Independence  square,  was  es- 
tablished in  1821,  for  the  benefit  of  merchants'  clerks  and  other  young  men. 

The  Apprentices'  Library  has  over  14,000  volumes;  loaned  in  1862  to  037  boys  and  670 
girls. 

The  Friends  have  an  extensive  library  in  Arch  street  above  Third,  and  one  in  Race  below 
Fifth. 

The  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  IcJcated  on  Bond  street,  near  Chestnut,  has  the  largest 
museum  of  natural  history  in  America.  Professor  Agassiz  pronounced  this  institution  the 
best  out  of  Europe  in  its  collections  of  subjects  of  natural  history. 

The  Franklin  Institute,  for  the  promotion  of  manufactures  and  the  useful  arts,  occupies  a 
largo  building  with  a  marble  front,  in  Seventh  street,  above  Chestnut.  It  holds  an  annual 
exhibition  of  American  mouufoctures. 

The  Pennsylvania  Academy  of  Fine  Arts,  located  in  Chestnut  street,  is  the  oldest  institu- 
tion of  tile  kind  in  the  United  Stiites,  and  was  established  in  1807. 

The  Art  Union,  an  association  for  the  promotion  of  art,  has  rooms  open  to  the  public, 
where  are  exhibited  annually  about  1,000  paintings. 


PHILADELPHIA. 


M 


In  medical  science,  Philadelphia  Btands  first  of  the  cities  of  America,  and  her  medical 
schools  are  attended  by  students  from  not  only  every  portion  of  the  Union,  but  even  from 
Canada,  Mexico,  and  South  America.  There  is  a  homoeopathic  hospital,  at  which  the  stu- 
dents attend  clinical  lectures.  The  Female  Medical  College  of  Pennsylvania,  founded  in 
1849,  has  had  a  very  prosperous  commencement — 52  students  attended  the  class  of  1851-2. 

Public  Schools. — The  number  of  buildings  occupied  for  schools — many  of  which  are  fine 
structures,  and  b-ilt  with  especial  reference  to  complete  adaptation  for  places  of  instruction 
—is  180,  of  which  73  belong  to  the  comptrollers,  and  107  are  rented. 

Philadelphia  abounds  also  in  private  schools  of  o  high  character. 

History. — Philadelphia  wos  planned  and  settled  by  William  Penn  and  a  colony  of  English 
Friends,  or  Quakers,  in  1682,  after  a  regular  purchase  from  the  Indians,  ratified  by  treaty 
in  due  form  under  an  elm-tree  in  the  present  district  of  Kensington.  The  name  of  Phila- 
delphia (brotherly  love)  was  given  by  Penn,  both  in  reference  to  the  ancient  city  of  that 
name  in  Asia  Minor,  and  from  its  embodying  principles  he  had  so  much  at  heart. 

Philadelphia  supports  from  12  to  15  daily  newspapers — one  of  which,  we  believe,  has  the 
largest  circulation  of  any  newspaper  in  tlie  United  States. 

If  further  evidence  is  wanting  to  give  evidence  of  the  commercial  importance  of  this 
city,  we  append  a  list  of  the  railroads  centriug  in  Philadelphia,  showing  also  the  cost  of 
these : — 

RAILROADS   CENTRING   IN   PHILADELPniA. 


Miles  Cost. 

Reading 93 $19,004,180 

Baltimore 98 7,979,466 

Columbia 80 5,277,278 

Media 13 600,000 

Morristown 17 4,791,548 

Germantown 7 1,719,812 

North  Pennsylvania 64 5,106,342 

Rochester 33 $1,348,812 


Miles.  Cost. 

Camden  and  Amboy 63 $5,950,592 

Philadelphia  and  Trenton  .30 1,000,000 

West  Jersey 0 200,000 

Campden  and  Atlantic  . .  .60 1,738,171 


Total 567 $53,716,201 

Stg.  £10,743,200  4». 


Wliilst  New  York  constructed  only  34  miles  of  road  during  1856,  Philadelphia  shows  an 
increase  in  1856,  of  426  miles,  and  in  1857,  fully  500  miles.  The  cost  of  carriage  of  a  bar- 
rel of  flour  from  Elmira  to  Philadelphia  is  50  cts.,  whilst  it  is  69  cts.  from  Elraira  to  New 
York,  showing  a  large  margin  in  favour  of  Philadelphia  as  a  port  for  the  disposal  of  that 
article  from  the  lake  ports,  which  are  the  chief  feeders  of  such  as  New  York  and  .other 
cities  on  the  seaboard.  The  canal  navigation  in  connection  with  Philadelphia  amounts  to 
330  miles,  in  different  directions,  and  was  formed  at  a  cost  of  $24,000,000.  (£6,000,000.) 

Everj'  year,  but  particularly  of  late,  have  the  capitalists  of  the  city  '.  oen  widening  the 
facilities  afforded  by  its  natural  position,  so  as  to  secure  a  much  greater  amount  of  traffic 
witli  the  lake  cities  than  ever  it  has  enjoyed,  and  there  appears  great  probability,  from  the 
new  routes  opened  and  connections  formed  with  the  west,  that  they  will  succeed  in  accom- 
plisliing  their  object* 

Tlie  banking  capital  of  Philadelphia  is  $12,000,000 — a  comparatively  small  amount  when 
compared  with  the  city  of  New  York,  with  its  capital  of  $56,000,000.  So  long  as  Phila- 
delphia is  thus  hampered  with  such  small  means  for  carrying  on — far  less  enlarging — a 
trade,  for  wliich  she  forma  naturally  so  favourable  a  nucleus,  together  with  her  rate  of  in- 
terest being  one  per  cent,  lower  than  New  York — by  which  means  large  amounts  of  money 
tiiul  their  way  thither  instead  of  to  Philadelphia — it  seems  reasonable  to  suppose,  that  the 
(Juukcr  City  never  will  attain  that  commercial  position  for  wealth,  commerce,  and  every 
thing  that  conduces  to  the  greatness  or  prosperity  of  a  large  city,  till  she  adopts  a  different 
line  of  commercial  policy,  and  enlarges  the  sphere  of  her  banking  institutions.  Judging 
from  the  diarncter  of  her  manufacturers  and  merchants,  we  shall  be  surprised  if  such  an 
alteration  is  not  effected  before  long. 

To  Pliiladelpliia  belongs  the  credit  of  making  the  first  move  for  the  abolition  of  the  absurd 
and  hypocritical  working  usury  la>vs.  In  the  State  of  Pennsylvania,  parties  can  borrow 
and  lend  money  u])on  any  terms  or  rate  of  interest  agreed  upon  between  borrower  and 
lender,  and  certainly  the  only  rational  plan. 


:1 

:4 

i 

,'  'i' 

56 


,/v     BOSTON. 


CITY  OF  BOSTON. 


'.(  J'';  U 


The  city  of  Boston  is  the  third  in  commerciul  importance  amongst  tlto  leading  cities  of 
the  United  States. 

It  consists,  properly  speaking,  of  three  divisions — viz. ;  Boston  IVoper,  East  Boston,  and 
South  Boston. 

"  The  streets  of  Boston  were  originally  laid  out  upon  no  systematic  plan,  and  being  ne- 
eoinniodttted  to  the  uneveqness  of  tlie  surface,  many  of  them  are  crooked  and  narrow  ;  hiit 
these  defects  have  of  late  been  remedied  to  a  considerable  extent,  so  that  now  the  princi- 
pal thoroughfares  are  convenient  and  spacious.  Washington  and  Tremont  streets  are  the 
fashionable  promenades.  Although  Boston  Proper  i»  circumscribed  in  its  limits,  it  contains 
one  of  the  finest  public  parks — the  Common — that  is  to  be  found  in  any  city  of  America, 
Known  to  the  earliest  settlers  by  the  name  of  "  Tower  Fields,"  and  occupied  afterwards  n» 
a  town  cow-[)asture,  Boston  Common  has  since  been  set  apart,  ornamented,  and  carefully 
ju'eservod  for  the  common  benefit  of  the  citizens  in  all  coming  time.  Nearly  50  acres  arc 
included  within  its  boundaries,  embracing  ahiiost  every  variety  of  surface,  from  the  level 
plat  to  the  gentle  slope  and  abrupt  ascent.  Towering  elms,  some  of  which  are  a  hundred 
years  old,  enclose  the  borders,  while  within,  graded  walks,  beautifully  shaded,  intersett 
each  other  in  every  direction.  Near  the  centre  is  a  small  pond,  where  a  fountain  of  Cocliit- 
uate  sends  up  its  crystal  stream,  wliirling  and  s|)arkling,  GO  or  70  feet  into  the  air.  The  en- 
tire grounds  are  surrounded  by  a  costlj- iron  fence,  1977  yards  in  length.  The  northern 
portion  of  the  Connnon,  occupying  the  sontliern  declivity  of  Hoiieon  Hill,  affords  a  fine 
view  of  Charles  Kiver,  and  the  country  in  that  direction.  The  space  towards  the  wc«t, 
between  the  Common  and  Charles  River,  is  occupied  by  a  botanic  garden,  covering  abont 
25  acres.  Other  public  grounds  have  been  li.id  out  in  the  newer  portions  of  the  city,  some 
of  which  are  beaulifuUy  ornamented,  and  Ir  '-e  fountains  in  the  centre. 
"Boston  harbour  opens  to  the  sea  between  two  points  nearly  4  miles  distant  from  enoli 
other — Point  Alderton  on  Nantasket,  and  1  oint  Shirley  in  Chelsea.  It  is  sheltered  freni 
the  ocean  by  the  peninsulas  of  wliich  these  two  points  are  the  extremities,  and  a  lari;e 
number  of  islands,  betw"-.  which  are  three  entrances.  The  main  passage,  which  is  about 
8  miles  S.  K  from  the  navy  yord,  ond  so  narrow  as  scarcely  to  admit  two  vessels  to  piiss 
abreast,  lies  between  Castle  and  Governor's  islands,  and  is  defended  by  Fort  Independence 
and  Fort  Warren.  A  passage  north  of  Governor's  Island  is  also  protected  by  Fort  War- 
ren. A  new  fortress,  of  great  size  and  strength,  now  nearly  completed,  on  George's 
Island,  guards  the  entrance  to  the  outward  or  lower  harbour.  The  entire  surfaee 
included  within  Point  Alderton  and  Point  Sliirley  is  estimated  at  75  square  miles,  about 
half  of  which  affords  good  anchorage  ground  for  vessels  of  the  largest  class.  It  is  easy  ef 
access,  free  from  sand-bars,  and  sehlom  obstructed  with  ice.  The  whole  is  thickly  studded 
with  islands,  and  is  the  reservoir  of  several  small  streams,  among  which  ore  the  ilystic, 
Chorles,  Neponset,  and  tiie  Manaiiquot  Rivers. 

"Among  tiie  public  buildings,  the  Stjite  House,  from  its  position,  is  the  most  conspicuous. 
It  stands  on  the  summit  of  Beacon  Hill,  fronting  the  Common.  The  view  which  is  atfonled 
from  the  cupola  is  unsurjjassed  by  any  thing  in  tiie  United  States,  if  not  in  the  worhl.  On 
the  nortli  towers  Bunker  Hill  monument,  marking  the  place  where  the  first  great  battle  of 
the  Revolutiim  was  fought.  On  the  entrance-floor  stands  a  fine  statue  of  Washington,  hy 
Chantrcy.  The  representatives'  hall  is  in  the  centre  on  the  principal  floor,  the  senate- 
chamber  in  the  east,  and  tlie  governor's  and  council  chamber  in  the  west  wing.  The  old 
State  House  is  still  standing  at  the  upper  end  of  State  street,  on  the  site  occ\ipii!d  as  the 
seat  of  government  in  Massachusetts  140  years.  Faneuil  Hall,  the  "  Cradle  of  Liberty," 
AS  it  is  called,  is  an  oliject  of  much  interest,  as  being  the  place  wlierc  the  orators  in  tiio 
days  of  Hancock  and  Adams  roused  the  people  to  resistance  against  British  oppression. 
Faneuil  Hall  Market,  immediately  east  of  Faneuil  Hall,  on  Dock  street,  was  at  the  time 
of  its  erection  the  linudsomcst  market  house  in  the  United  States.     It  is  upwards  of  M 


•CITY  OF  BOSTON. 


57 


feet  long,  50  feet  wide,  and  two  stories  high,  with  a  dome.  The  second  story,  called 
Ciuincy  Hall,  is  so  constructed  that  it  can  be  occupied  as  severol  apartments,  or  thrown 
into  one,  as  occasion  may  require.  The  building  was  erected  in  1826,  at  a  cost  of  about 
$150,000.  There  are  several  other  markets  in  the  city,  besides  those  at  East  Boston  and 
South  Boston.  The  Custom  House  is  near  the  head  of  Long  Wharf,  fronting  both  on  Com- 
merce street  and  on  the  harbour.  It  is  built  of  granite,  in  the  form  of  a  cross,  ond  sur- 
mounted by  a  dome,  the  top  of  which  is  90  feet  from  the  ground.  The  foundation  rests 
ujion  3000  piles.  Its  length  is  140  feet;  width,  including  the  projections  of  the  cross,  96 
fceti  Each  front  has  a  portico  of  six  Doric  columns — each  a  single  stone,  costing  about 
$5,000.  The  entire  cost  of  the  building  was  upwards  of  $1,000,000.  The  Merchants'  Ex- 
clmnge  is  a  magnificent  fire-proof  building,  situated  on  Ihe  south  side  of  State  street.  It 
has  76  feet  front,  and  extends  back  250  feet  to  Lindall  street,  covering  13,000  feet  of  ground. 
Tiic  front  is  composed  of  Quincy  granite,  with  four  pilasters,  each  a  single  stone  45  feet 
high,  and  weighing  about  55  tons.  The  roof  is  of  wrought-iron,  covered  with  galvanized 
sheet-iron.  The  great  central  hall,  80  feet  by  58,  is  occupied  as  the  Merchants'  Exchange 
and  reading-room.  In  the  bosement  is  the  city  post-office.  The  building  was  finished  in 
18-12,  and  cost,  exclusive  of  the  ground,  !|1'75,000,  The  City  Hall,  a  granite  building,  con- 
sisting of  an  oct-agon  centre  with  wings,  is  located  on  a  plat  of  ground  between  Court 
square  and  School  street.  The  Court  House,  also  of  granite,  is  in  Court  square  between 
tlie  City  Hall  and  Court  street.  It  contains  the  rooms  of  the  city,  county,  and  United 
States  courts.  Tlie  City  Prison,  consisting  of  a  centre  building  in  the  form  of  an  octagon, 
with  four  wings  extending  in  opposite  directions,  is  near  the  foot  of  Cambridge  street. 
Mnsoiiic  Temple,  in  which  the  Freemasons  have  a  lodge,  is  on  Tremont  street,  fronting  the 
Common.  The  new  Tremont  Temple,  erected  on  the  site  of  the  one  burnt  in  1852,  is  on 
Tremont  street,  opposite  the  Tremont  House.  The  Boston  Music  Hall,  completed  in  1852, 
fronts  both  on  Winter  street  and  on  Bumstead  Place.  The  length  of  the  central  hall  is  130 
feet ;  width,  80  feet ;  height,  65  feet. 

"  In  Boston  there  are  nearly  a  hundred  churches  of  the  various  denominations.  ^ 

"The  wharves  and  warehouses  of  Boston  are  on  a  scale  of  magnitude  and  grandeur  sur- 
passed by  no  other  city  of  equal  population.  Tiie  north  and  east  sides  of  Old  Boston  are 
lined  with  wharves  and  docks,  which,  taken  together,  make  up  an  aggregate  length  of  over 
5  miles. 

"  Institutions. — Boston  contains  a  great  number  of  literary,  scientific,  and  educational  in- 
stitutions, among  which  may  be  mentioned  the  Boston  Athentcum,  incorporated  in  1807, 
situated  on  Beacon  street.  The  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  organized  in  1790,  pos- 
sesses a  library  of  7000  bound  volumes,  and  about  460  volumes  of  manuscripts,  together 
with  an  extensive  collection  of  pamphlets,  maps,  charts,  coins,  and  other  relics.  The  Bos- 
ton Library  Society,  founded  in  1792,  have  o  hall  in  the  Tontine  buildings,  and  a  library 
of  over  12,000  volumes.  The  American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences  has  a  library  of 
8000  volumes.  Excepting  the  American  Philosophical  Society  at  Philadelphia,  this  is  the 
oldest  organization  of  the  kind  in  the  United  States,  having  been  founded  in  1780.  The 
Mercantile  Library  Association,  instituted  in  1820,  has  a  collection  of  upwards  of  13,600 
volumes.  The  first  Mechanics'  Apprentices'  Library  Association  ever  organized  was  estab- 
lished in  Boston  in  1820.  Tiie  oriu;in  of  tills  class  of  institutions  is  traced  to  Dr.  Franklin. 
Efforts  are  now  being  made  to  establish  a  Free  City  Library,  towards  wliieh  the  contribvi- 
tions  have  been  very  liberal.  The  Lowell  Insiitute  was  established  by  John  Lowell,  jun., 
who  bequeathed  to  it  a  legacy  of  ^250,(100.  The  bequest  provides  for  regular  courses  of 
free  lectures,  to  be  given  upon  natural  and  revealed  religion,  physics  and  chemistry  in  their 
iipiilication  to  the  arts,  and  niunerotis  other  important  subjects.  There  are  also  many  other 
siiniliir  societies,  such  as  the  New  England  Historical  and  Genealogical  Society,  the  Boston 
Society  of  Natural  History,  the  American  Oriental  Society,  tiie  American  Statistical  As- 
sociation, the  Boston  Lyceum,  the  Handel  and  Haydn  Society,  the  Musical  Educational 
Society,  and  the  Boston  Academy  of  Music. 
"  Closely  identified  with  the  history  of  Boston  is  her  system  of  public  instruction.     Ever 


58 


CITY  OF  BOSTON. 


oherislieJ  with  nmtcrnal  care,  her  schools  have  long  been  ornaments  to  the  city,  and  the 
pride  of  New  England.  As  early  as  1635,  the  town  records  bear  evidence  to  the  estab- 
lishtnent  of  a  "  free  school,"  and  from  that  hour  to  the  present,  no  interest  hos  received 
more  earnest  attention  than  the  subject  of  education.  The  system  comprises  four  grades — 
primary,  grammar,  high,  and  Latin  schools.  There  are  about  190  primary,  and  21  gram- 
mar schools.  The  high  and  Latin  schools  are  exclusively  for  boys.  The  school  committee 
consists  of  the  mayor  of  the  city,  the  president  of  the  common  council,  and  24  other  per- 
sons chosen  for  the  purpose. 

"The  benevolent  institutions  of  Boston  are  numerous  and  well  endowed.  The  Massachu- 
setts General  Ilospital  occupies  a  plot  of  four  acres  of  ground  in  the  western  part  of  the 
city,  on  the  right  bank  of  Charles  River.  The  building  is  constructed  of  Chelmsford  gran- 
ite, 274  feet  long,  and  64  wide.  Thirty  thousand  dollars  have  been  contributed  since  1843 
for  the  support  of  this  institution,  by  a  single  individual,  the  lion,  William  Appleton  of 
Boston.  The  McLean  Asylum  received  its  name  from  John  McLean,  Esq.,  of  Boston,  a  lib- 
eral benefactor  of  the  Central  Ilospital.  The  Perkins  Institution  and  Massachusetts  Asy- 
lum for  the  Blind  occupies  the  fine  building  formerly  known  as  the  Mount  Washington 
house,  in  South  Boston.  In  addition  to  other  contributions,  it  receives  $9000  annually  from 
the  State.  The  average  number  of  pupils  is  about  100.  There  are  also  located  in  South 
Boston,  the  Boston  Lunatic  Hospital  and  the  Houses  of  Industry  and  Reformation.  In  the 
western  portion  of  the  city  is  the  Boston  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary,  ond  in  the  southern  part 
the  New  England  Female  Medical  College. 

"There  are  issued  in  Boston  about  100  periodical  publications,  treating  of  almost  every 
subject,  whether  of  news,  art,  literature,  or  science.  Of  these,  more  than  twelve  are  dai- 
lies. Among  the  others,  are  comprised  several  of  the  most  distinguished  literary  and  sci- 
entific journals  in  the  United  States. 

"Commerce,  Finance,  etc. — In  commercial  importance,  Boston  is  among  the  first  cities  of 
America.  Her  foreign  commerce  has  always  been  great,  and  e.vtends  to  almost  every  na- 
tion on  the  globe.  Her  coast  trade  is  always  immense.  Along  the  wiiarves,  in  every  di 
rection,  and  at  all  times,  may  be  seen  forests  of  masts,  and  vessels  from  all  parts  of  the 
world. 

"There  were,  in  December,  1852,  30  banks  in  Boston,  with  an  aggregate  capital  of 
3*24,060,000.  Several  other  banks  have  since  gone  into  operation.  There  were,  also,  18 
insurance  coinimnies. 

"The  want  of  river  advantages  is  supplied  to  Boston  by  railroads,  of  which  seven  great 
lines  terminate  in  this  city.  There  are  lines  of  railway,  recently  eom|)leted,  opening  com- 
munication with  the  St.  Lawrence  River  at  Ogdensburg  in  New  York,  and  La  Piiiirie  in 
Canada,  and  another  through  Maine,  to  Montreal. 

"Tlie  peninsula  on  which  Boston  is  situated  furnishes  large  quantities  of  excellent  water. 

"The  first  blood  shed  in  defence  of  American  liberty  was  shed  in  Boston,  and  throughout 
the  entire  war  no  peoj)le  contributed  more  largely  towards  its  support.  Boston  continued 
a  town  until  its  population  had  increased  to  nearly  45,000.  In  1855,  the  population  was 
162,629." 


,'*' 


BALTIMORE.  59 


CITY  OF  BALTIMORE. 

Baltimore,  the  "  Monumental  City"  of  the  United  States,  ranks  amongst  the  most  im- 
portant commorcial  cities  in  the  Union, 

"  The  city  is  admirably  situated  both  for  foreign  and  internal  commerce.    The  bay  around 
wliich  it  is  built,  aflfords  a  secure  and  spacious  harbour,  and  it  has  communication  by  rnil- 
wny  not  only  with  Philadelphia  and  Washington,  but  with  Winchester,  Annapolis,  Cum- 
berland, Frederick  City,  York,  Lancaster,  and  Harrisburg.     The  limits  of  the  city  comprise 
about  10,000  acres  of  land,  extending  about  four  miles  and  a  half  from  east  to  west,  and 
three  and     bnlf  from  north  to  south.     It  consisted  originally  of  more  than  fifty  elevations 
or  Iiills,  separated  by  abrupt  valleys,  or  ravines,  and,  in  a  few  instances,  by  formidable 
niorshes,  while,  nearly  in  the  centre,  it  is  divided  by  a  rapid  stream  of  water  known  as 
"  Jones's  Falls."    This  stream  has  several  times  oveiflowed  its  banks,  causing  loss  of  life,  as 
well  as  occasioning  a  great  damage  to  property.    The  city  authorities  have  in  consequence 
been  at  great  pains  to  remove  all  obstructions  from  its  bed,  and  have  taken  care  that  the 
numerous  bridges  by  which  the  stream  is  crossed,  should  be  constructed  with  a  single  arch, 
and  of  such  a  height  as  to  remove  all  further  danger  from  this  source.     The  city  east  of 
Jones's  Falls  is  divided  into  two  parts — Fell's  Point  and  the  Old  Town.    The  Point  is  the 
most  easterly  portion  of  Baltimore,  and  has  the  advantage  of  greater  depth  of  water  at  the 
wliftrves  than  the  upper  harbour  contains.     It  is  the  resort  of  seamen  and  immigrants,  and 
tlio  place  where  the  greater  part  of  the  shipbuilding  and  manufactures  of  the  city  are  car- 
ried on.     Old  Town  lies  north  and  west  of  this,  ami  is  principally  inhabited  by  mechanics 
and  labourers.    The  portion  west  of  "  the  Falls"  is  likewise  divided  into  two  parts,  the  City 
Proper  and  Spring  Garden  section.    The  former  is  the  centre  of  trade,  and  contains  moat 
of  tlie  residences  of  the  more  walthy  citizens.    Spring  Garden  section  is  the  extreme 
south-western  quarter,  and  is  inhabited  chiefly  by  mechanics  and  labourers.     From  the 
number  and  prominence  of  its  monuments,  Baltimore  has  been  denominated  the  Monu- 
mental city.    Tlie  most  remarkable  of  these  is  the  Washington  Monument,  which  stands  on 
an  eminence  at  the  intersection  of  Charles  and  Monument  streets,  about  150  feet  above  high 
water  mark.    Its  base,  20  feet  high  and  50  feet  square,  supports  a  Doric  column  167  feet  in 
height,  surmounted  by  a  statue  of  Washington  13  feet  higi).     Ti»e  shaft,  20  feet  square  at 
the  base  and  14  at  the  top,  is  ascended  by  means  of  a  winding  stairway  witliin.    The  wliole 
is  composed  of  white  marble,  and  cost  lj!200,000.     Its  summit  coUimands  a  beautiful  and 
varied  prospect. 

"  Battle  Monument,  at  the  corner  of  Calvert  and  Fayette  streets  was  erected  in  1815,  to 
the  memory  of  those  who  fell  while  defending  the  city  from  the  attack  of  the  British,  Sep- 
tember 12,  1814. 

"The  Armistead  Monument,  a  beautiful  spocimen  of  sculp' ure,  near  tlie  city  fountain,  was 
erected  to  the  memory  of  Colonel  George  Armistead,  the  conuuander  of  Fort  Mcllenry, 
wlieii  bombarded  by  a  British  fleet,  in  September,  1814. 

"  Among  tiie  public  edifices  of  Baltimore,  may  be  named  the  City  Hall,  oi:  Holiday  street, 
occupied  by  the  city  council  and  public  offices.  The  Court  House,  a  commodious  edifice  at 
the  corner  of  Washington  and  Lexington  streets,  contains  the  rooms  of  tlie  city  and  county 
courts.  The  State  Penitentiary,  at  the  corner  of  Madison  and  Forrest  streets,  consists  of 
three  separate  buildings  besides  the  workshops.  A  short  distance  from  the  Penitentiary 
stands  tlie  County  Prison,  a  handsome  building,  surmounted  ii\  n  cupola,  and  ornamented 
with  a  tower  at  each  end  in  the  form  of  an  octagon.  The  Exeliange,  in  Gay  strett,  near 
Water,  is  a  spacious  structure,  225  feet  in  front,  141  in  depth,  am)  three  stories  liigh  above 
the  basement.  The  south  wing,  fronting  on  Lombard  street,  and  entered  from  Water  street, 
is  occu|)iod  as  a  Custom  House.  Among  the  first  objects  that  strike  the  attention  of  one 
approaching  the  city,  are  the  shot  towers,  one  of  wliich — the  Merchants'  Shot  Tower,  is  the 
higliest  in  the  world,  having  on  elevation  of  250  feet.  The  most  imposing  cliurch  edifice 
in  Baltimore  is  the  Roman  Catholic  cathedral,  on  Mulberry  street,  between  Charles  and 


Bei 


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1 


Wm.  GRANGE  A:  CO., 

Shipping  &  Commission  MerchantSi 

3  Exchange  Place^  Baltimore. 

Superior  Rye  WhUky,  French  and  Domestio 
Brandies,  Gins,  Wines,  Cider  and  White  Wine  Vine- 
gar, Cigars,  Bone  Dust,  superb  Phosphate  of  Lime, 
0UU.-10,  &e.,  constantly  on  hand  at  lowest  prices. 

JAiflES  H.  BOsEeY, 

COMMISSION  MERCHANT, 
124  &  126  North  St.,  Baltimore, 

Solicits  consignments  of  all  kinds  of  Country  Produce, 

rTpROM  &~co., 

COMMISSION  MERCHANTS, 
08  South  Gay  St.,  Baltimore. 

ADAM  BNIVELT.  8.   W.  COOKB. 

SNIYEL.Y  A  COOKE, 

COMMISSION    MERCHANTS, 

fi  Ctommeroe  Street,  Baltimore. 

P.  SAUERWEIN  &  SON, 

Floor  and  deneral  Oommission  Mercbants, 

101  Vorth  Howard  St.,  Baltimore. 


BROTHERS    BONiNQER, 

OFFER  FOR  ?ALE  FOREIGN  EXCHANGES  ON 
all  the  Principal  Cities  of  Germany,  on  Paris, 
and  on  Amsterdam,  22  GERMAN  STREET,  upstairs. 

PHELIP  GOVER  &  CCKi 

CORNER  or 
Baltimore  ft  Harriaon  Sti.,  Baltimore. 

GEO.   U.  RU88UM,  TBOS.   U.   KEMP,  JR. 

KUSSUM    &    KEMP, 
ATTORNEYS  AT    LAW, 

DENTON,   MARYLAND, 

Will  practice  In  Ca.ollne,  Talbot,  and  Queen  Anne 
Counties,  and  will  give  special  and  prompt  attention 
to  the  Collection  of  Claims. 

REFERENCES. 

Baltimore. 


FREELANO,  OUASE  ft  Co., 
Wbitelt  £ros.  AStome, 
Mitchell,  Sears  &  Co., 
Ddvall  ft  loLKUAirr, 
J.  C.  Sellman  ft  Son. 


DowELL  ft  Cochran, 
FiCKET  ft  Son, 
Hurst  ft  Co., 
T.  T.  Martin  ft  Bro., 

£.  M,  )  OSLEY. 


HOWARD    FIRE    INSURANCE    GOMPANT, 

OF    BALTIMORE,    MARYLAND, 

Make  Insurance  of  every  Description  of  Prop- 
erty within  the  limits  of  tne  City. 

OFFICE— SOUTHEAST  COE.  HOWAKD  &  CLAY  STS, 
^jrnREWT  MlEESEf   President. 


DIRECTORS: 


James  M.  Pouder, 
Charles  W.  George, 
Samuel  R.  Smith, 


William  Ortwlne, 
Aaron  Fenton, 
George  P.  Thomas, 


Charles  Hoffinau, 
H.  J.  Werdebaugh, 
Augustus  Shrlver, 


Matthias  Benzlnger, 
Wm.  G.  Power, 
Elisha  H.  Perkins. 


GEORGE  HARLAN  WILLIAMS,  Secretary. 


CHARLES    D.    DEFORD    &    CO., 

Tobaooo  Commission  Merohants, 

And  Importers  of  Havana  Cigars  pnd  Leaf  Tobacco, 
37  South  Gay  Street,  Baltimore. 

JOSHUA   l¥AEKERi 

COMMISSION  MERCHANT, 

110  North  Howard  Street,  Baltimore. 
Dealer  In  Flour,  Feed,  Hay,  &c. 

BROWN    BROTHERS    &    CO., 
152  Baltimore  St.,  Baltimore, 

ISSUE  CREDITS  FOR  COMMERCIAL  AND 

TRAVELLING  PURPOSES, 

JtatlabU  Ih  tuty  Part  of  th«  World, 


WM.  W.  LAWRASON. 


CBAS.   r.  SMITH, 


LAWRASON  &  SMITH, 

STOCK  AND  BILL  BROKERS,  No.  8  FRANKLIN 
Buildings,  North  Street,  Baltimore. 

J.  B.  M'OINN.  J.   B.  p.   BOULDEN' 

mcGIlWN   &    BOrEDEN, 

STOCK  AND  BILL  BROKERS,  No.  6  FRANKLIN 
Buildings,  North  Street,  Baltimore. 


NOAH    WALKER    &    CO., 

CLOTHIERS,  WASHINGTON  BUILDINGS,  BAL- 
tlmore  Street,  between  Light  ft  Calvert  Streets, 
Baltimore,  Maryland. 

ARMSTSONG,  GATOR  &  CO., 

237  BALTIMORE   ST., 
BALTIMORE,    MARYLAND. 

RIBBONS, 
BONNET    MATERIALS, 

PLUMES,    RUCHES, 
STRAW   BONNETS,  &c., 

Comprising  a  complete  stock  of  MILLINERY 
GOODS.  A  very  large  stock  of  New  Goods  now  on 
exhibition. 


F.  W.    BRIINE    &    SONS, 

ARYLAND  STEAM  SUGAR  REFINING  COM- 
ItX  pany,  O'DonncU's  Wharf,  Baltimore,  Manufac- 
ture all  kinds  of  Refined  Sugar  and  Syrup. 


M^ 


i.(-'. 


4W 


Wll.   B.  BLARBT. 


WM.  0.   BOBOLIT,  JR. 


WM.    B.    BLANET    &   CO., 
Commission  IMIercliants, 

BALTIMORE. 

REFERENCES : 

Messrs.  M.  Field,  P'owler  <k  Co.,  Boston. 
Messrs.  Win.  Gtilager  &  Bro.,  Philadel. 
B.  II.  Field,  Escl,  New  York. 
Messrs.  W.  F.  Vredenburgh  <t  Co.,  New 

OrlennH. 
Messrs.  Knnkin  A  Martin,  Wilmington,  N.C. 
Messrs.  Penu  &,  Mitchell,  Baltimore. 


J.   rRAilK   WMKATLKT.  D.    L.  MORKIHON. 

WHEATLEY  &  MOBBISON, 

a-£isrsxi>^Zj 

Commission  Merchants, 

60   COMMERCE    8TKEET, 

BALTIMORE,    HD. 

Mtftr  to 

Ohauncey  Brooki,  Esq.,  President  of  the  B.  A  0.  R.  R. 

Co.,  unci  MVstern  Unnk,  llnltlmore. 
Dantel  Miller  A  Cu.,  Dry  Unoda  Merclmnt,  Ilaltlmoro. 
John  Coatt'8,  Ksq.,  Lumber  Mercliinit,  Baltimore. 
Godfrey   Konntz,   Ksq.,  Caihter    of   Central    Bank, 

Frederick  City  Md. 
A.  11.  Ilerr,  E«q.,  Harper's  Ferry,  Virginia. 
UoD.  Edward  Ball,  ZaneavUle,  Uhlo. 

Consignmenti  Solicited. 


>'owiitf««  1T04.     Chmrltr  J'trptltml,     OHtee,  JVio.  tO  /fouth  titrttt. 

THE  BALTIMORE  EQUITABLE  SOCIETY  will  Iniure  Houses  and  Furniture  from  Loss  or  Damage  by 
Fire,  at  very  cheap  rates,  on  the  Mutual  or  Beneficial  plan,  and  grant  Carpenters'  Risks,  on  pleasing 
terms.  Owners  of  property  insured  in  the  Eqi'ltable  Office,  (on  the  mutual  principle)  have  no  further  ro- 
sponsibility  than  the  amount  of  their  deposits,  ind  on  the  explnitlon  of  policies,  they  are  entitled  to  receive 
a  cash  dividend  of  twenty-eli<ht  per  cent.  Tae  public  are  respectfully  invited  to  call  at  the  omce.  No.  19 
South  Street,  where  the  principles  on  which  the  Company  Insure  will  be  fully  explained. 

DIRECTORS, 


Thos.  Kelso, 
Wm.  Kennedy, 
Henry  Rieman, 

FRANCIS  A, 


James  Prazler, 
Chas.  R.  Carroll, 
Austin  Jenkins, 
CROOK,  Treamrtr. 


BenJ.  Deford, 
Samuel  KIrby, 
Michael  Warner, 


Daniel  Dall, 
Robert  A.  Dobbin, 
Daniel  Warfleld. 


HUGH  B.  JOKE.",  Secretary. 


M.    ROBERTS, 

PRODUCE    AND    COMMISSION    MERCHANT, 
No.  63  CALVERT  STREET, 

(One  door  from  Pratt  itreet,) 

BALTIMORE. 

An  experience  of  20  years,  as  City  and  County 
Merchant,  offers  to  country  Dealers  and  Farmers  un- 
surpassed advantages  In  the  supply  of  their  wants. 


THURSTON    A    FRYE, 

COMMISSION  MERCHANTS,  FOR  THE  8ALK 
of  Straw  Ooods,  Wool  and  Kur  Hats,  Hat  Trim- 
mings, Artificial  Flowers,  ic,  li  "  h  Charles  Street, 
Baltimore. 


OGRISH  &  FRl^IVCH, 

CtOMML-^SION  MERCHANTS  and  Dealers  in  Mack- 
J     erel.  Codfish,  Herring,  Ac,  22  Commerce  Street, 
Baltimore. 


BALTIMORE  STOVE  HOUSE. 

BIBEi     «Sr.     CO., 
AT     THE     OliD    ISTAMK>,    30    LICJHT    STREET, 

BALTIMOBjG,   MARYLAND. 

T\rE  are  now  prepared  t  •  present  greater  attractions  and  inducements  to 
*'       purchasers  than  this  establishment  ever  oul.''ed  before,  basing  the  as- 
sertion upon  the  following  facts : 

1st.  The  variety,  beauty  and  excellence  of  our  patterns 
2d.  The  unsurpassed  smoothness  of  our  castings. 
3d.  The  thorough  manner  in  which  our  Stoves  are  mounted. 
4th.  The  quality  of  metal  used  in  their  construction. 
5th.  Our  ability  to  supply  old  castings,  to  repair  any  stove  ever  made  in  this 
establishment. 

6th.  Our  determination  to  recommehd  nothing  but  what  has  been  tested 
and  found  good. 

7th.  The  cheapness  of  our  goods  as  compared  with  their  quality. 

We  name  in  part  our  various  excellent  and  handsome  patterns  : 

Re-Improved  Old  Dominion,  Gas  Cooicing  A  Heating:  Stoves, 

Hatiiaway's  and  otlier  Cook  Stoves. 

Also,  a  Large  Assortment  of  Agricultural  Boilers, 

Scott's  liittle  Giant  Corn  &  Cob  mills,  A  liVilUams's  <' Patent" 

Carriage  Check  Springs. 


ii,' 


hi 


BALTIMORE. 


61 


Cathwlrol  streeta.  It  ia  a  nwBaive  granite  structure,  190  feet  long,  177  brood,  ninl  127  from 
the  f^Touiid  to  tho  top  of  the  cross  surmounting  tlie  dome.  The  Unitarian  Church,  at  the 
corner  of  Franklin  and  C'harlcs  strccUi,  ia  much  admired  for  its  architecture.  It  is  108  feet 
loll"  mid  78  wide,  with  a  dome  66  feet  in  diameter,  supported  by  4  arcliea,  enoii  83  feet 
spun.  It  i»  80  feet  from  the  ground  to  the  summit  of  tiie  cupola.  St.  Paul's,  an  Episcopal 
church  on  the  corner  t.  Smotogu  and  Charles  streets,  the  First  Presbyterian  Church,  corner 
of  Nortli  and  Fayette  streets,  tlie  l''ii'st  Paptifl  Ciiurcli,  nt  tlie  corner  of  Loinbanl  and  Siiarp 
streets,  Olid  tiie  Geniinn  lleformed  Cluircli,  in  Second,  l)etween  Gny  and  Belvidcre  streets, 
arc  all  distinguished  eitlu  r  for  elegance  or  their  style  of  architecture.  At  tiie  last  census, 
Baltimore  contained  D9  churches  of  tlie  variou;*  denominations. 

"Institutions. — The  educational,  literory,  and  benevolent  institutions  of  Raltimore  are  nu- 
nionius.  The  Medical  School  of  tlie  University  of  Maryland  was  founded  in  1807.  Wash- 
iiii,'ton  Medical  College  was  founded  in  1827,  and  has  '25  students  and  six  professors.  The 
University  of  Maryland,  founded  in  1812,  is  situated  on  Loniliord  street,  between  Green 
and  Paca  streets :  connected  witli  it  is  tiie  Baltimore  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary,  where  stu- 
dents liave  an  opportunity  of  attending  lectiiies  and  witnessing  operotioiis.  Tlie  Maryland 
Institute  occupies  a  suite  of  rooms  in  the  Atlienroum,  nt  the  corner  of  Lexington  ond  St 
Piiul  streets.  Its  oiiject  is,  tho  diffusion  of  useful  knowledge  and  the  promotion  of  the  me- 
cliiinie  arts.  It  possesses  an  extensive  chemical  laboratory,  and  a  very  complete  pliilosoph- 
ical  opparatus.  The  building  is  n  noble  brick  edifice,  112  feet  by  50,  ond  06  in  licight.  It 
was  completed  in  1848,  at  a  cost  of  over  $28,000.  The  vorious  opart  lueiits,  besides  tliose 
ui  proprialod  to  the  use  of  the  Institute,  are  occupied  l>y  tlie  Mercontile  A-^sociation,  who 
have  a  well-selected  library  of  8000  volumes,  ond  on  amjile  supply  of  the  choicest 
magazines  and  papers  of  the  day  ;  the  Baltimore  Library  Ccnipan}-,  possessing  a  valuable 
lila-ary  of  14,000  volumes;  and  the  American  Historical  Society,  whose  library  numbers 
iil'oiit,  15,000  volumes,  consisting,  for  tlie  most  part,  of  atatistieal  ond  historieiil  works.  Tlie 
City  I.ilirary,  designed  for  the  use  of  tlie  stockholders,  the  Apprentices'  Library,  and  the 
Exchange  Reoding-room,  are  all  important  institutions.  The  Exchange  Reading-room  is 
siippoi'ted  by  siilisoription.  Strangers  and  masters  of  vessels,  however,  liave  oeeess  to  the 
pi riiidicals  ond  newspapers,  free  of  expense.  The  Baltimore  Hospital,  in  the  iioith-westeru 
suburb  of  the  city,  consists  of  a  centre  building,  four  stories  high,  flanked  with  wings  tliat 
cniincet  witli  two  otlier  buildings,  which  form  the  ends  of  tlie  vast  pile.  The  entire  struc- 
ture cost  $150,000.  It  occupies  a  commanding  elevation,  overlooking  the  city,  the  bay, 
and  a  wide  extent  of  country.  The  interior  arrangements  arc  upon  the  most  approved 
plan.  The  Almshouse  is  on  the  Franklin  road,  about  2  miles  \.  W.  from  the  city :  the 
building,  consisting  of  a  centre  and  two  wings,  has  !!75  feet  front,  and  is  surrounded  with 
spacious  grounds.  The  Baltimore  Monual  Labour  School  for  Indigent  Boys  has  connected 
witli  it  a  tract  of  land,  on  whicli,  between  the  hours  of  study,  the  pupils  ore  occupied  in 
labour,  thui<  combining  useful  employment  with  healthful  exercise.  The  Baltimore  Associa- 
tion for  Improving  the  Condition  of  tlie  Poor  is  under  the  direction  of  those  whose  duty  it 
ia  to  visit  and  inquire  into  the  circumstances  and  character  of  the  persons  relieved,  with  a 
view  to  discourage  indiscriminate  and  injudicious  almsgiving.  Tlie  other  prominent  ben- 
evolent institutions  are,  the  City  Di-pensary,  corner  of  Holiday  street  and  Orange  alley, 
tlie  Eastern  Dispensary,  corner  of  ^Market  street  and  Hartford  Run  avenue,  two  Orphan 
Asylums,  and  tlie  Indigent  Sick  Society,  composed  of  ladies,  who  visit  the  poor  and  minis- 
ter to  their  comforts  in  sickness. 

"Enui'ATioN. — The  system  of  public  inslructiiMi  in  Baltimore  has,  within  a  few  years  past, 
been  much  improved,  and  is  now  rapidly  increasing  in  public  favour. 

"Commerce,  Finances,  etc. — In  commercial  importance,  Baltimore  ranks  among  the  first 
cities  in  the  United  States.  Its  position  is  such  as  to  render  it  a  great  centre  of  trade.  Sit- 
uated near  the  head  of  Chesapeake  Bay,  it  enjoys  superior  advantages  for  foreign  commerce, 
while  tlie  numerous  lines  of  railway,  that  here  have  their  termination,  invite  to  it  the  ag- 
ricultural and  mineral  wealth  of  a  vast  interior.  The  recent  completion  of  the  Baltimore 
and  Ohio  railroad  to  Wheeling,  is  a  most  important  event,  and  destined  to  exert  an  immense 


62 


BALTIMORE. 


influence  on  the  conomerolnl  activity  of  tiii»  nn-nt  omporium.  In  the  eloquent  langnnge  of 
ono  of  her  citizens,  "  We  hnvo  reached  the  threshold  and  eteppinjc-stono  of  our  true  com- 
luorcial  greatnesM,  and  there  \f  nothing  now  that  can  turn  us  hack.  The  wide  and  far  Wc!<t 
has  opened  lior  ample  anim  to  receive  us,  and  bids  us  Ood-speed  in  our  efforts  to  secure  the 
prize  which  nature  has  bo  long  and  so  patiently  lield  out  to  us."  There  were,  January  3d, 
1808,  12  banks  in  Baltimore,  with  an  aggregate  capitAl  of  $7,201,416,  and  a  circulation  of 
#2,074,587  ;  2  other  banks  luive  since  been  chartered;  1  health  and  10  fire  and  marine  in- 
surance companies,  besides  many  insurance  agencies. 

"  Baltimore  enjoj-s  superior  advantages  for  manufactures.  Jones's  Falls  and  Patapsco 
lliver  afford  immense  water-power,  which  is  extensively  employed  for  flouringmills,  of 
which  there  are  over  60  within  20  miles  of  the  city.  Numerous  cotton  and  other  manu- 
factories are  also  in  operation. 

"  This  city  has  an  abundant  supply  of  pure  water,  both  from  Springs  and  from  Jones's  FalK 
These  springs,  or  fountains,  are  in  different  parts  of  the  city,  and  enclosed  with  circular  iron 
railings.  Over  them  are  small  open  temples,  consisting  of  a  dome  supported  liy  pillars. 
The  water  from  Jones's  Falls  is  brought  Viy  means  of  an  aqueduct,  about  half  a  mile  long, 
to  a  reservoir  in  Calvert  street,  and  from  thence  is  conducted  through  distributing  pipes  to 
the  various  parts  of  the  city.  The  more  elevated  portions,  however,  are  suppliod  from  a 
reservoir  replenished  by  forcing-pumps  on  an  eminence  in  Charles  street,  near  Washington 
Monument*  On  Federal  llill  is  an  observatory,  which  serves,  in  conneotion  with  another 
at  Bodkin  Point,  to  announce  the  approach  of  vessels.  In  this  way,  a  marine  telegraph  is 
established,  by  which  information  is  conveyed  in  a  few  minutes  from  the  mouth  of  ti  >  Pa- 
tapsco to  an  observatory  in  the  Exchange. 

"  About  25  newspapers  are  issued  in  Baltimore,  of  which  6  or  7  are  dailies.  Population, 
about  200,000." 


4 


ih 


NEW  ORLEANS. 


e8 


I.I 


NEW  ORLEANS,   (THE  CRESCENT  CITY.) 


The  city  of  Now  Orleang  forms  tho  groat  commercial  cnpitnl  of  the  southern  ntnteB,  and 
uccupics  tho  position  of  tho  greatest  cotton  market  in  the  world. 

"Tho  city  is  built  around  a  Lend  in  tho  river,  from  wliicli  circumstance  it  has  been  de- 
nominated tho  '  Crescent  City.'  Tlio  wite  inclines  gently  from  tho  margin  of  tlio  Mississippi 
towards  the  marshy  ground  in  tho  rear,  and  is  from  2  to  0  foot  below  tiio  level  of  tlio  river 
(it  tlic  usual  spring  freshets.  To  prevent  inundations,  an  embankment  or  levoe,  about  16 
fi'ct  wide  and  0  feet  high  lias  been  raised,  extending  120  miles  above  tho  city,  and  to  Port 
IMiKiueniino,  43  miles  below  it  This  forms  a  delightful  promenade.  In  consequence  of  tho 
clmiige  in  the  course  of  tlie  river  opposite  New  Orleans,  lai-go  quantities  of  alluvium,  swept 
from  tho  north  and  held  in  suspension  by  tho  current,  ore  hero  deposited.  New  formations 
from  this  cause,  in  front  of  that  portion  of  the  quay  most  used  for  the  purposes  of  com- 
merce, have  been  so  rapid  that  it  has  been  necessary,  within  a  few  years,  to  build  piled 
whnrvos  jutting  out  from  60  to  100  feet  into  tho  Mississippi.  Tlie  loveo  here  has  also  been 
gradually  widened,  so  tliat  an  additional  block  of  worchousea  has  been  erected  between 
the  city  and  tiie  river  during  the  past  year. 

"  Here  may  be  seen  what  New  Orleans  was  before  the  appllcotion  of  steam  to  novigation. 
Hundreds  of  long,  narrow,  black,  dirty-looking,  crocadile-like  rafts  lie  sluggishly,  without 
moorings,  upon  tlie  soft  batturo,  and  pour  out  their  contents  upon  tho  quay — a  heterogeneous 
compound  of  the  products  of  the  Upper  Mississippi  and  its  tributaries.  There  are  rafts,  or 
flat-boots,  OS  they  ore  technically  called,  each  frequently  carrying  cargoes  valued  at  from 
$3,000  to  $15,000.  Twenty  years  ogo,  and  these  were  the  only  craft  on  the  river  1  nor 
hiis  their  number  been  decreased  since  the  introduction  of  the  steamboot.  Not  less  charac- 
teristic of  New  Orleans  is  the  landing  of  the  lotter  closs  of  croft.  The  quay  is  hero  nil  oc- 
tion,  and  the  very  water  is  covered  with  life.  Huge  vessels  float  upon  its  bosom,  which 
acknowledge  none  of  tho  powers  of  oir,  and  woit  no  tide.  One  is  weighed  down  to  the  guards 
with  cotton,  a  freight  of  3,000  bales — $180,000 1  Twenty  more  lie  side  by  side  laden  with  the 
same  commodity.  Uuge  piles,  bale  upon  bole,  story  above  story,  cover  the  levee.  Pork 
without  end,  as  if  the  Ohio  had  emptied  its  lop  at  the  door  of  New  Orleans ;  and  flour  by 
the  thousand  borrels  rolled  out  upon  the  quay  and  heoped  up— a  large  area  is  covered  with 
these  two  products  of  the  up-country,  ond  still  oppeors  seemingly  undiminished,  although 
tlie  seller,  the  buyer,  and  drayman  aro  busy  in  the  midst  of  it.  Here  is  a  boat  freighted 
with  lead  from  Galena,  and  another  brings  furs  and  peltry  from  the  head  waters  of  the 
Missouri,  3,000  miles  to  the  north-west  I  The  Illinois,  the  Ohio,  the  Missouri,  the  Arkansas, 
and  Red  River,  all  ore  tributories  to  this  commercial  depot,  and  send  down  to  its  wharves 
merchantable  materiol  of  the  annual  volue  of  $100,000,000,  more  or  less.  Nearly  20,000 
miles  of  inland  navigation  is  tributary  to  this  city.  The  quay  appropriated  to  the  foreign 
and  coostwise  shipping  presents  another  and  a  different  scene.  Uere  the  cotton  bale, 
tobacco  hdgghead,  pork  and  flour  barrel,  and  the  whisky  cosk,  yield  to  bales  of  foreign  ond 
domestic  manufactures,  pipes  of  wine,  and  crates  of  wares.  The  shipping  stretches  owoy 
ns  far  as  the  eye  con  reoch,  two  miles  or  more  in  extent,  three  tiers  deep,  with  their  heads 
to  the  current  curving  with  the  river — a  beautiful  crescent.  Tlie  English,  the  French,  the 
Spanish,  the  Dane,  the  Russion,  the  Swede,  the  Hollander,  etc.,  are  here  commingled,  and 
compete  for  the  commerce  of  the  teeming  West.  The  old  city  proper,  originally  laid  out  by 
the  French,  is  in  the  form  of  a  parallelogram,  1320  yards  long  and  700  yards  wide.  Above 
this  ore  what  were  formerly  the  faubourgs  of  St.  Mary,  Annunciation,  and  La  r'ourse ;  be- 
low, Marigny,  Dounois,  ond  Declouet ;  and  in  the  rear,  Trfime  and  St  John's.  Lofoyette, 
till  recently  under  a  separote  government,  is  immediotely  above  the  city.  In  1836,  New 
Orleans  wo"  livided  into  three  municipalities  by  act  of  the  assembly,  eocli  with  distinct 
municipal  -^'..wers.  Agaiti  in  April,  1862,  these  and  Lafayette,  with  the  faubourgs  and 
other  dependencies,  extending  from  6  to  7  miles  along  the  river,  and  about  5  miles  bock  to 
Loke  Pontchartrain,  were  consolidoted  under  one  charter,  the  city  assuming  the  debtsi 


.n't 


.f;^:r,..,:,(j  v^:::r. 


;''"S\: 


i 
i 


THK  FRENCH  CATHEDRAL,  NEW  ORLEANS. 


65 


THE    F1U:XCII   CATHEDRAL,   .sEW    OUEEANS. 


Tlic  streets  of  New  Orleans  nre  of  convenient  brendtli,  well  paved,  fnicl  usually  intevseet 
oncli  other  nt  vii^lit  nnirlo!*.  rmiiil  street,  (of  wiiich  we  ii;ive  nn  illustration,)  is  the  l)roailost 
street  in  tlio  eity,  liciiitf  over  100  fi^et  in  width,  with  a  c;rass  plot  in  the  eentrc  iihout 
25  feet  wide,  oxtemliiujt  tlirouij;Iiout  its  entire  leni^tli.  Most  of  the  liuildini^s  are  con- 
slriii't<<l  of  brick,  and  nre  generally  low,  exee]it  in  the  liusiness  portion,  where  they 
sir"  u-ii!illy  T)  or  C  stories  liiiih.  Many  of  the  dwelling-s  in  tiio  suhurlis,  jiarticu- 
lirly  in  Lafayette,  nre  siirronnil(!d  with  spaeions  yards,  Leautifnlly  decorated  with 
ilii' orange,  lemon,  magnolia,  and  other  ornamental  tr- '•;.,  Abasement  about  tl  feet  high 
eiinsiiinles  iho  oidy  cellar,  as  iiiine  are  »uuk  below  tlic  surfaeo  on  account  of  the  niai'shy 
character  of  the  ground.  In  dilVerent  sections  of  the  city  nre  several  public  sipnires, 
iiiMong  wiiich  may  Ik;  mentiiwicil  .iaekson  S(Hiare,  fornu'rly  I'lace  d' Amies,  occupying  the 
'■••ntrc  of  the  river  front  of  the  old  town  plot,  now  tlie  First  District.  It  is  ()rnamente<l 
with  shell  walks,  shrubbery,  statuettes,  etc.,  niid  is  nnich  frequented  for  recreation.  La- 
fayette S(piure,  in  tlic  Second  Distrii't,  is  finely  laid  out,  and  adorned  with  a  profusion  of 
shad(!  trees.     Congo  Square,  in  tlie  rear  of  the  city,  is  also  a  handsome  enclosure. 

"  Prni.ic  15i;iL»iNCi», — The  United  Slates  Custom  House,  now  in  process  of  erection  nt  New 
Orleans,  whi'ii  completed,  will  be  the  larirest  building  in  the  Utiited  States,  with  the  excep- 
tiim  of  tlic  C'lpitol  nt  Washington,  covering  nn  area  of  H7,i!)!i!  supertieial  t'cet.  Tiie  mate- 
rial is  from  the  Quiney  ipnirriea  of  Mnssnchusetts.  The  United  Stntes  Brnneh  Mint  in  New 
Orleans,  is  nt  the  eoriwr  of  Ksplanade  nnd  New  Levee  streets,  near  the  river.  The  Mimi 
I'iiml  Hail,  nt  the  curncr  of  St.  t'harh'S  and  llevia  streets,  opposite  Lafayette  Scpnire,  is  a 
heantiful  marble  editice  in  the  Grecian  stylo  of  nrohiteeture.  It  is  principally  occupied 
with  |iiili1i<' (ilViei's,  anions' wiiich  an^  several  of  the  city  government.  The  Odd  Fellows' 
lialj,  erected  in  1S5L  on  Camp  street,  t)pposile  Lafayette  Stjuare,  nnd  tlie  Merchants'  Lx- 


i 


J.. I 

I! 


66 


NEW  ORLEANS. 


change,  on  Royal  street,  near  Canal,  ore  both  extensive  buildings,  chiefly  devoted  to  public 
use.     The  latter  contains  the  City  Post-office  and  Merchants'  Reading  Room. 

"  Many  of  the  eliurches  are  large  and  costly  stiuctures.  Tlie  Church  of  St.  Louis,  opposite 
Jackson  Square,  is  a  splendid  edifice,  adorned  with  a  lofty  tower  on  either  side  of  the  main 
entrance.  The  building  was  erected  in  1860,  on  the  site  of  the  old  church,  which  was 
pulled  down.  (See  engraving.)  It  was  originally  founded  in  1792,  by  Don  Audr6,  on  the 
condition  that  masses  be  offered  every  Saturday  evening  for  the  repose  of  his  soul,  and  the 
tolling  of  the  bell  at  sunset  on  that  day  still  proclaims  the  observance  of  the  custom.  On 
the  right  and  left  of  this  edifice  are  two  handsome  buildings  in  the  Tuscan  and  Doric 
orders,  devoted  to  various  purposes  of  the  city  government.  Tlie  Jewish  Synagogue, 
formerly  the  Canal  Street  Episcopal  Church,  is  ornamented  in  front  with  a  handsome  colon- 
nade. The  Presbyterian  Church,  opposite  Lafayette  Square,  the  new  Episcopal  church, 
on  Canal  street,  and  St.  Patrick's  Church,  on  Camp  street,  ore  elegant  edifices,  each 
adorned  witli  a  graceful  ppire.  The  latter  is  a  conspicuous  object  to  one  approaching  tlie 
city  from  the  river.  Of  the  38  churches  in  the  city,  in  1853,  12  ore  Roman  Catholic,  7 
Episcopal,  6  Presbyterian,  5  Methodist,  3  Lutheran,  2  Baptist,  and  3  Jewish  synagogues. 

"  The  hotels  of  Kow  Orleans  are  conducted  upon  a  scale  of  magnitude  scarcely  equalled 
in  any  city  of  the  Union.  Tlie  city  contains  4  or  5  theatres,  the  principal  of  which  are  the 
St  Charles,  the  Orleans,  or  French  Tlieatre,  and  the  Amenean.  At  the  Orleans  Theatre  the 
dramatic  representations  are  in  French.  Among  the  most  remarkable  bank  edifices  may  be 
mentioned  the  City  Bank,  on  Toulouse  street ;  Canal  Bank,  on  Magazine  street ;  and  the 
Bank  of  Louisiana.  Several  of  the  market -houses  are  deserving  of  notice.  St.  Mary's 
Market,  in  the  Second  District,  is  480  feet  long,  and  42  feet  wide.  The  Meat  Market,  on 
the  Levee,  and  Washington  Market,  in  the  Third  District,  are  also  extensive  buildings. 
The  cotton  presses  of  New  Orleans,  about  20  in  number,  are  objects  of  much  interest,  each 
of  which  usually  occupies  an  entire  block.  The  centre  building  of  the  New  ()rleans  cot- 
ton press  is  three  stories  high,  and  surmounted  by  a  dome,  the  summit  of  which  commands 
a  fine  view  of  the  city.  Not  less  than  150,000  bales  of  cotton,  on  an  average,  are  annually 
pressed  at  this  establishment. 

"  IssTiTiTioss. — The  benevolent  institutions  of  New  Orleans  are  among  the  most  extensive 
and  best  conducted  in  the  United  States.  The  literary  and  educational  institutions,  many 
of  which  have  been  recently  established,  are  for  the  most  part  in  a  highly  prosperous 
condition. 

"  The  number  of  school-houses  in  the  city  (as  appears  from  the  maj-or's  message)  is  40,  at- 
tended by  1(1,88(5  pupils.  The  increase  in  the  number  of  pupils  for  the  last  12  months  1ms 
been  2094,  equal  to  23.9  per  cent.  Number  of  teachers,  216.  C>f  the  80  school-houses,  17 
belong  to  the  city,  and  28  are  rented.  The  amount  appropriated  for  school  purposes  tlit> 
past  year  was  $188,020. 

"  About  20  newspapers  are  published  in  the  city,  9  or  10  of  which  are  dailies.  Several  are 
printed  in  the  French  language. 

"  CoMMEiicE. — New  Orleans  possessses  unrivalled  natural  advantages  for  internal  trade. 
The  Mississippi  River  and  its  tributaries  afford  not  less  than  15,(ioo  miles  of  navigable  wa- 
ters, communicating  with  a  vast  extent  of  country,  illimitable  in  its  resources,  exhaustless 
in  fertility,  and  embracing  nearly  every  variety  of  climate.  Every  description  of  craft  is 
employed  in  transporting  the  rich  [iroducts  of  the  upper  regions  of  the  "  Father  of  Waters"" 
to  this  great  southern  emjxirium.  At  one  portion  of  its  levee  may  be  seen  hundreds  of 
flat-boats  grounded  on  the  "  batture,"  and  filled,  some  with  fat  cattle,  horses,  mules,  hogs, 
and  sheep ;  others  with  hay,  corn,  potatoes,  butter,  cheem-,  apples,  and  cider.  The  quay 
here  is  piled  with  lumber,  pork,  flour,  and  every  variety  of  agricultural  produce,  as  if  the 
(ireat  Valley  had  emptied  its  treasures  at  the  door  of  New  Orleans. 

"The  total  value  of  Americf.  \  produce  exported  from  New  Orleans  during  the  year,  ac- 
cording to  the  custom-house  records,  was  $06,344,569,  of  which  amount,  $48,076,197  was 
to  foreign  couutiies,  and  $28,268,327  coastwise.  The  value  of  foreign  merchandise  ex- 
ported during  the  same  period,  was  |44,780,  making  a  sum  total  of  $76,389,349. 


CEMETERY,   NEW  ORLEANS. 


67 


ed  to  public     H      __-^ 


AVE.NLi;-  JN  THE  CEMETERY,   NEW  ORLEANS, 

WITH  8EPDLCHKI»t  ABOVE  GROUND. 


"  Any  description  of  New  Orleans  would  be  incomplete  witliout  some  notice  of  its  ceme- 
teries, many  of  which  are  unique  in  plan  and  method  of  interment.  '  Each  is  enclosed 
with  a  brick  wall  of  arciied  cavities,  (or  ovens,  as  they  are  here  called,)  made  just  large 
enough  to  admit  a  single  coflfin,  and  raised  tier  upon  tier,  to  a  height  of  about  twelve  feet, 
with  a  thickness  of  ten.  Tlie  whole  inclosure  is  divided  into  plats,  with  gravelled  paths, 
intersecting  each  other  at  right  angles,  and  is  densely  covered  with  tombs  built  wholly 
nbove  ground,  and  from  one  to  three  stories  high.  Tliis  method  of  sepulfuro  is  adopted 
from  necessity,  and  burial  under  ground  is  never  attempted,  excepting  in  tlio  "  Potter's 
Field,"  where  the  stranger  without  friends  and  the  poor  without  money  find  un  uncertain 
rest ;  tlie  water  with  which  the  soil  is  always  saturated,  often  forcing  the  coffin  and  its  con- 
tents out  of  its  narrow  and  shallow  cell,  to  rot  with  no  other  covering  than  the  arch  of 
heaven.' 

Above  we  give  an  illustrnltnii  uf  niie  nf  the  aveniics  tii  Itie  Cemeti'ry,  engraved  froth  n 
pliotograpli  taken  then'  last  year,  tiiiowing  Itic  F('|iiili'hri'S  above  ground. 

"Algiers,  a  flourishing  village,  or  rather  subiii'ii  of  New  Orleans,  is  silunled  opposite  to 
the  city,  with  whicli  it  is  connected  by  a  ferry.  It  has  severol  ship  yards  and  mauufacttir 
iug  establishments. 

"  Gas  was  first  employed  to  light  the  city  in  1834  ;  and  during  the  same  year,  water  was 
introduced  from  the  Mississijipi.  It  is  raised  from  the  river  by  steam  to  on  elevated  res- 
ervoir, whence  five  or  six  millions  of  gallons  are  daily  distributed  to  various  parts  of  the 
city. 

"  From  itb  low  situation  and  warm  cliniate,  New  Orleans  is  subject  to  anna;ii  visitations 


r    I 


IL 


68 


NEW   ORLEANS. 


of  the  yellow  fever,  wJiich  liave  had  the  effect  of  greatly  retarding  the  growll.  and  pros- 
perity of  the  place.  Statistical  tables  show  that  of  those  who  are  born  and  reared  in  tlie 
city,  as  largo  a  proportion  live  to  old  ago  as  of  the  inhabitants  of  other  placi  j  ihat  are 
generally  deemed  healthy.  But  the  yellow  fever  is  particularly  fatal  to  the  unaccliinateJ, 
and  especially  so  to  those  who  have  been  from  infancy  accustomed  to  a  northern  climate. 
This  circumstance  operates  as  a  formidable  check  on  the  influx  of  strangers,  to  which  our 
great  commercial  cities  owe  so  large  a  proportion  of  their  population  and  activity.  Du- 
ring the  winter  and  spring,  New  Orleans  may  be  regarded  as  a  healthful  residence  for  nil, 
whether  natives  or  strangers ;  and  hopes  were  entertained  that  with  the  improvements  in 
the  sanitary  regulations,  there  would  be  a  gradual  ond  steady  advance  in  the  liealth  of  the 
city  during  the  warm  months ;  but  the  past  year  has  disoppointed  those  hopes,  the  epi- 
demic having  appeared  in  a  form  as  malignant  as  it  is  in  general.  Its  introduction,  how- 
ever, it  is  said  can  be  traced  to  an  infected  vessel  from  South  America,  where  a  fever  of  an 
unusually  fatal  character  has  prevailed. 

"  Perhaps  no  city  of  the  Union  is  so  diversified  in  its  population.  Tlie  sunny  isles  of  the 
Antilles,  Me.xico,  Central  America  and  South  America,  Fronce,  and  Spain,  and  the  other 
States  of  Eurojie,  and  the  sister  Stotes  northward,  have  each  representatives  among  the  in- 
habitants. The  colored  races,  however,  preponderate,  ond  slave  or  free  make  up  one-half 
ht  least  Of  the  white  races,  the  American,  French,  and  Spanish  constitute  the  larger  por- 
tion, and  in  these  classes  are  found  what  may  be  denominated  the  aristocracy.  The  Irisli 
here,  as  in  other  quarters,  though  forming  a  large  class,  are  but  "  the  hewers  of  wood  and 
drawers  of  wntei-" — the  laborers  and  levee-men,  respeetablo  only  oi.  olection  day,  and 
among  themselves.  The  English  and  Scotch  are  few  in  proportion,  and  an  chiefly  con- 
nected with  the  foreign  commerce,  as  merchants  or  factors,  seldom  remaining  longer  in  tiie 
city  than  is  necessary  for  the  transaction  of  tiieir  particular  business;  or  remaining  only 
during  the  healthy  months  of  spring  and  winter.  This  admixture  of  races  is  in  some  degree 
embarrassing;  so  many  languages,  various  customs  and  manners,  and  in  habits  so  ditferent, 
no  thorough  amalgamation  can  take  place ;  and  it  is  even  necessary  to  support  newspapers 
•and  periodicals  of  ditferent  languages,  each  of  which,  in  its  opinions  and  ideas,  is  at  variance 
with  tlie  other. 

"  New  Orleans  is  famous  in  history  as  the  place  designated  to  become  the  seat  of  the  nmn- 
archy  intended  to  have  been  established  by  tiie  treoson  of  Aaron  Burr.  During  the  nioniji 
of  January,  1804,  the  citizens  were  in  a  state  of  continual  alarm  :  volunteer  companies  and 
oilier  trooj)s  constantly  i)atrollcd  tlie  streets,  ready  to  suppress  the  tir»t  attempt  at  insur- 
rection. That  year  it  was  made  a  port  of  entry,  and  the  next  (1805)  New  Orleans  was  in- 
corporated as  a  city.     The  population  is  estimated  at  175,000. 

"  Distance  from  New  Orleans  to  the  mouth  of  the  Jlississipjii,  100  miles.  Southwest  from 
New  York,  1(503  miles.  Southwest  from  Wasiiington,  1437  miles.  Southwest  by  west  from 
Charleston,  779  miles.  South  southwest  from  Pittsburg,  2(125  miles.  South  by  west  from 
Cliicago,  1028  miles.  Soutli  from  St.  Louis,  1200  miles.  South  by  east  from  St.  Antliony's 
Falls,  Minnesota,  2000  miles." 


'5- 


;1.:  •■;.;;/•'.-    '• 


i^i  11%,! 


t' 


70 


WHEELING,  VIRGINIA. 


WHEEFJNG,  VIRGINIA, 


li 


The  view  given  above  represents  one  of  the  numerous  busy  and  enterprising  towns  situ- 
a'f.l  in  the  h.art  of  a  beautiful  country. 

Wheeling  forms  an  important  juiiotion  for  several  railways  diverging  to  and  from  it  in 
iiU  ilirecti.ms.  Tlie  chief  objict  of  attraction  about  the  town  is  the  magnificent  Suspension 
nri.lii.— tlie  largest  of  the  kind  in  tlie  United  States,  and  one  of  the  largest  in  the  world, 
.rected  at  a  cost  of  *210,0CK) :  length  of  span,  I'HO  feet ;  luight  above  low- water  mark, 
',i7  feet ;  height  of  towers  on  Wheelijig  side,  153  feet :  supported  by  12  wire  cables  laid  in 
pairs— 3  pairs,  1  each  side  of  tlie  flooring,  each  of  which  is  4  inches  in  diameter— composed 
of  550  strands  of  1380  feet  long.  It  has  a  carriage-way  of  17  feet  broad,  with  a  sidewalk 
of  iii  feet  on  each  side.     (See  engraving  on  preceding  page.) 

viirious  branches  of  manufacture  are  carried  on— such  as  glass,  stones,  nails,  all  kinds  of 
iron  manufactures,  some  woollen  and  cotton  goods,  witli  one  silk  mill. 

The  hills  in  the  immediate  vicinity  contain  inexhaustible  supplies  of  coal,  which  supply 
fuel  at  a  small  cost  to  the  various  manufacturing  establishments  in  Wheeling. 

The  city  is  approached  by  the  Ohio  lliver  from  Tittsburg  and  Cincinnati,  whilst  rail- 
way communication  is  to  be  had  from  all  points  to  it— from  the  west  as  well  as  aeaboanl 

fdiMiiiiig  as  it  dues,  one  of  the  leading  junctions. 

Wheeling  is  one  of  th«  termini  of  the  15iiltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad,  380  miles  Ion?, 
and  linislu'd  in  1853.  Distant  from  Wheeling,  'Xi  miles;  Cincinnati,  3ti5  miles;  and  35(1 
miles  iiortli-west  of  Uichmond,  Va. 

Besides  the  cunty  building,  there  are  some  15  churches,  several  academies,  2  banks  aii.l 
several  newspapers.  Population,  in  185(t,  11,391.  Location— capital  of  Ohio  County,  Va. : 
l.it.  40'  7'  X;  Ion.  8u'  42'  W.  It  is  situateil  on  a  high  bank  of  the  River  Ohio,  along 
wliich  it  strctclii'S  for  about  2  mil.'s. 


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72 


PITTSBURG,   PENNSYLVANIA. 


CITY  OF  PITTSBURa 


I  Id 


The  traveller  acquainted  with  the  neighbourhood  of  the  "  Black  Country,"  between 
Birmingham  and  Walsall  and  Dudley,  in  Staffordshire,  (England,)  will,  on  his  visit  to  the 
City  of  Pittsburg,  at  once  discover  the  striking  resemblance,  in  many  respects,  to  the  dis- 
tricts alluded  to.  Tl)ere  are  the  same  red  brick  houses  and  workshops,  the  same  smoko, 
the  same  uneven  streets — from  the  heavy  weights  drawn  over  them — and  at  night,  the  glare 
of  the  iron  furnaces  at  work.  Tiie  picture  is,  in  many  respects,  complete,  even  to  the  poor 
soil  of  the  hilly  country  around  each — ^a  peculiarity  observoble  in  all  surfaces  where  un- 
derneath is  rich  in  minerals. 

On  the  stronger's  first  visit  to  Pittsburg,  therefore,  ofter  visiting  either  the  cities  on  the 
seaboard,  or,  perhaps,  the  "Queen  City  of  the  West,"  "  the  Forebt  City,"  or  the  "City  of 
the  Lakes,"  Avhei'e  not  a  vestige  of  smoke  scarcely  is  to  be  seen — he  may  be  disappointed 
at  the  first  sight  of  Pittsburg. 

Viewed  from  the  hill  opposite  Pittsburg  Proper — exactly  opposite  the  Monongahela 
House — the  city  is  seen  to  greatest  advantage — witli  its  5  bridges  (and  new  one  building) 
stretching  across  the  Alleghany  and  Monongahela — which  together  at  this  point  form  tlie 
Ohio — whilst  it  can  be  seen  wending  its  way  down  the  beautiful  valley  which  bears  its 
name.  Either  from  Alleghany  City,  or  the  point  mentioned,  an  excellent  view  is  obtained 
— being  far  higher  than  the  city  on  the  Pittsburg  side  of  tho  river.  Tiie  houses  in  Pitts- 
burgand  Alleghany  City  are  built  close  up  to  the  very  tops  of  the  hill-sides,  ond  presenting 
something  of  the  appearance  which  tlie  old  town  of  Edinburgh  does  when  viewed  from 
off  either  the  Calton  Hill  or  Arthur's  Seat  there. 

Three  of  the  most  impi)rtant  suburbs  are,  Alleghany  City,  Birmingham,  and  Manchester. 
To  quote  from  a  notice  of  this  city,  tlie  writer  says: — 

"  The  site  of  the  city  is  a  natural  amphitheatre,  being  environed  on  all  sides  by  beauti- 
ful hills,  rising  from  400  to  500  feet  above  the  level  of  the  Oliio,  and  filled  with  coal,  iron, 
and  limestone,  the  working  of  wliich  into  articles  of  utility  constitutes  the  chief  occupa- 
tion of  the  inhabitants.  These  hills  are  not,  except  in  a  few  instances,  precipitous,  anJ 
from  their  slopes  and  peaks,  afford  a  series  of  rich  and  varied  landscapes. 

"  Pittsburg  and  its  suburbs  contain  about  90  churches,  of  which  upwards  of  50  are  in 
the  city  proper.     Many  of  these  are  choice  specimens  of  areliitectural  beauty. 

"  The  manufactures  of  Pittsburg  are  immense,  and  capable  of  being  extended  almost  in- 
definitely. Indeed  tliere  is  no  known  limits  to  the  elements  necessary  to  their  augmentii- 
tion.  Wood,  coal,  ores,  and  agricultural  resources,  all  abound  in  the  utmost  profusion  ami 
at  the  greatest  possible  convenience. 

"  Tlie  annual  produce  consists  of  bar,  rod,  hoop,  boiler,  and  sheet  iron,  sheet  steel,  bar 
steel,  nails,  spikes,  rods,  shafts,  anchors,  and  axles.  All  the  works  for  these  are  operatiil 
by  steam  power." 

Tuere  are  also  in  IMttsburg,  large  foundries,  manufactories  of  glassware,  white  lead  fac- 
tories, large  cotton  factories,  copper-rolling  mill,  copper-smelting  establishment,  vial  fur- 
naces, manufactories  of  locks,  coffee  mills,  scales,  etc.,  and  several  for  the  production  of 
various  articles  of  steel  manufacture,  such  as  springs,  saws,  axes,  anvils,  and  vices;  and 
others  for  makinsr  gun-barrels  and  agricultural  utensils. 

Gas,  manufactured  from  bituminous  coal,  is  furnislied  at  a  comparatively  trifling  cost, 
for  lighting  the  city.  The  Alleghany  Cemetery,  on  the  Alleghany  River,  2  miles  above 
Pittsburg,  is  one  of  the  inort  beautiful  places  of  the  kind  in  the  world.  It  comprises  110 
jM'res,  tastefully  adorned,  and  enclnsed  by  a  Avail  of  stone  masonry. 

As  may  !>*•  well  known,  Kttsburg  was  named  in  honour  of  the  celebrated  British  prime 
minister,  Wiiiam  Pitt.     It  was  founded  in  1765. 

The  subursMin  districts  of  Birriiingham  together  with  Alleghany  City,  form  tho  largo 
mad  rapidly-increasing  city  of  Pittsburg.  In  1863,  the  population  of  city  and  suburbt 
was  110,2*1,  although  it  must  be  considerably  increased  since  then. 


ij 


Manchester. 


of  50  are  in 


It"! 


ST.   LOUIS,    MISSOURI. 

f      ■  ....  » 

CITY  OF  ST.  LOUIS. 


73 


&r,  Louis  occupies  the  first  place  amongst  the  western  cities  situated  on  the  Mississippi — 
the  great  "  Father  of  Waters" — and  from  its  central  position,  the  inexhaustible  supply  of 
mineral  wealth  within  easy  distance,  the  important  railroad  connections  already  opened  up 
to  the  east,  and  the  last  greatest  transportation  triumph  acliieved  only  last  October — viz. : 
opening  of  the  great  Pacific  mail  route  from  St.  Louis  to  San  Francisco,  tlius  joining  the 
Mississippi  with  the  Pacific  Ocean  by  overland  journey — will  all  contribute  to  advance  the 
interests  and  commercial  importance  of  St.  Louis  to  an  incalculable  extent. 

"The  site  of  St.  Louis  rises  from  the  river  by  two  plateaux  of  limestone  formation,  the  first 
20  and  the  other  60  feet  above  the  floods  of  tiie  Mississippi.  The  ascent  to  the  first  platr 
eau,  or  bottom,  as  it  may  be  termed,  is  somewhat  abrupt ;  the  second  rises  more  gradu- 
ally, and  spreads  out  into  an  extensive  plain,  affording  fine  views  of  the  city  and  river.  St. 
Louis  extends,  in  all,  nearly  7  miles  by  the  curve  of  the  Mississip])!,  and  about  3  miles  back  ; 
the  thickly-settled  portion,  however,  is  only  2  or  2-J  miles  in  length,  following  the  river, 
and  about  1^  miles  in  breadth.  The  city  is  well  laid  out,  the  streets  being,  for  the  most 
part,  60  feet  wide,  and,  with  but  few  esceptions,  intersect  each  other  at  right  angles.  Front 
street,  extending  along  the  levee,  is  upwards  of  100  feet  wide,  and  built  up  on  the  side  fac- 
ing the  river  with  a  range  of  massive  stone  warehouses,  which  make  an  imposing  appear- 
ance as  the  city  is  approached  by  water.  Front,  Main,  and  Second  streets,  parallel  to  each 
other  and  to  the  river,  are  the  seat  of  the  principal  wholesale  business.  The  latter  is  occu- 
pied with  heavy  grocery,  iron,  receiving  and  shipping  houses.  Fourth  street,  the  fashion- 
able promenade,  contains  the  finest  retail  stores.  The  streets  parallel  to  Front  and  Main 
streets  are  designated  Second  street.  Third,  Fourth,  Fifth,  and  so  on ;  and  those  on  the  right 
and  left  of  Market  street,  extending  at  right  angles  with  the  river,  are  mostly  named  from 
various  forest  trees,  similar  to  the  streets  of  Philadelphia.  Large  expenditures  have  been 
made  from  time  to  time  in  grading  and  otherwise  improving  the  streets  and  alleys  of  St  Louis. 

"St.  Louis  is  handsomely  built,  especially  the  new  portion  of  the  city  :  the  principal  ma- 
terial is  brick,  though  limestone  is  employed  to  some  extent. 

"  It  may  be  doubted  whether  any  city  of  the  Union  has  improved  more  rapidly  than  this 
in  the  style  of  its  public  buildings. 

"Institutions. — Among  the  benevolent  institutions  may  be  mentioned  the  City  Hospital, 
the  Marine  Hospital,  3  miles  below  St.  Louis,  the  Sisters'  Hospital,  the  Home  for  the  Friend- 
less, and  the  Orphan  Asylums.  The  Home  for  the  Friendless,  designed  for  the  benefit  of 
aged  indigent  females,  and  opened  October  4th,  1853,  is  situated  on  the  Carondelet  road, 
about  4  miles  from  the  court  house.  The  edifice,  formerly  "  Swiss  College,"  consists  of  a 
stone  centre,  75  feet  in  length,  and  two  frame  wings,  eacli  from  30  to  40  feet  in  length — the 
whole  two  stories  high,  The  premises  comprise  about  8  acres  of  ground,  variously  diversi- 
fied with  walks  and  shade-trees.  About  $40,000  have  been  raised  for  the  support  of  the 
institution.  Tlie  City  Hospital  has  long  been  distinguished  for  the  excellent  accommoda- 
tions which  it  affords  to  the  sick,  but  of  late  has  been  found  inadequate  to  the  wants  of  the 
rapidly-increasing  population.  A  new  edifice,  intended  as  a  House  of  Refuge,  has  been 
completed.  The  building  formerly  occupied  as  the  "  Smallpox  Hospital,"  situated  on  land 
in  the  St.  Louis  Common,  known  as  the  Old  County  Farm,  has  been  fitted  up  for  the  recep- 
tion of  a  juvenile  reform  school. 

"The  literary  and  educational  institutions  of  St.  Louis,  have,  considering  their  recent  ori- 
gin, attained  a  high  degree  of  excellence.  , 

"St  Louis  has  about  25  publication  offices,  issuing  newspapers  and  other  periodicals. 
Seven  or  eight  newspapers  are  published  daily,  tri-weekly,  and  weekly.  Four  or  five  are 
printed  in  the  German  language.  The  press  is  generally  characterized  by  ability,  and  sev- 
eral of  its  issues  have  a  wide  circulation. 

"The  water- works,  which  in  1529  were  of  very  inconsiderable  importance,  now  embrace 
35|  miles  of  pipe. 


'I 


'  t,' 


:«' 


!;f! 


M ! 


f      ll!' 


74 


ST.   LOUIS,    MISSOURI. 


"The  Levee,  which,  twenty  years  ago,  w(\g  a  mere  mud  bank,  with  transverse  ways  to  the 
water's  edge,  has  since  undergone  very  important  changes.  Great  t-.vpenditures  have  been 
made  in  filling  up  and  otlierwise  im|troving  it  directly  in  front  of  the  city. 

"SniPi'iNo,  CoMMKUoE,  ETC. — Each  stream  wliich  contributes  to  tlie  commerce  of  St,  Louis 
has  its  regular  pacltets,  and,  for  the  most  part,  a  separate  place  of  landing.  The  Missouri, 
tlie  Illinois,  and  tliu  Uj)per  Mississippi  have  as  fine  craft  as  float  on  tiio  Western  waters, 
while  the  down-river,  or  New  Orleans  traders,  are  s<!arcely  excelled  in  size,  equipment, 
speed,  and  construction.  The  St  Louis  boats  also  visit  tlie  Ohio,  the  Wabnsh,  the  Tennes- 
see, and  other  streams.  With  such  an  immense  inland  navigation,  the  commerce  of  the 
port  requires  a  large  number  of  steamers,  and  its  tonnage  in  this  respect  exceeds  that  of 
every  other  western  city. 

"  Tlie  importations  of  dry  goods  for  the  year  were  estimated  at  $7,000,000,  (an  increace 
of  nearly  one  million  over  the  previous  year,)  and  the  sales  at  $8,500,000.  This,  however, 
only  has  reference  to  the  wliolesale  business.  Including  the  retail  trade  of  the  city,  the 
entire  imjiorts  were  estimated  at  f  10,600,000,  and  the  sales  at  $13,000,000.  The  business 
of  the  heaviest  wholesale  houses  amounts  to  from  half  a  million  to  eight  hundred  thousand 
dollars  annually, 

"  The  manufactures  of  St  Louis,  though  in  their  infancy,  are  hardly  less  important  than 
her  commerce.  The  flouring  business  is  carried  on  here  more  extensively  than  in  any  city 
of  the  West  The  manufacture  of  different  kinds  of  chemicals  and  oils  is  extensively  car- 
ried on.  There  are  in  St  Louis  10  establishments  for  the  manufacture  of  tobacco,  several 
of  which  are  on  a  largo  scale.  The  manufacture  of  hemp  into  bule-rope  and  bajjging,  and 
the  distilling  of  whisky,  also  employ  a  large  amount  of  capital.  But  however  important 
these  several  interests  may  be  in  themselves,  they  can  hardly  be  regarded  as  the  most  im- 
portant to  St.  Louis.  Indeed,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  development  of  the  vast  min- 
eral resources  of  the  region  tributary  to  her,  is  destined  to  exert  a  controlling  influence 
upon  the  future  of  this  metropolis.  Her  manufactures  of  iron  already  exceed  those  of  any 
other  city  on  the  Mississippi,  if  not  in  the  west  Numerous  foundries  annually  turn  out 
stoves  and  other  castings  to  a  large  amount  Railing,  machinery,  and  steam-engines  are 
extensively-  manufactured.  Mining  operations  have  already  been  commenced  at  Iron  Moun- 
tain.   (See  Engraving.) 

"The  Bank  of  the  State  of  Missouri  is  the  only  chartered  banking  institution  in  St  Louis 
or  in  Missouri.  It  has  five  branches,  viz. :  one  at  Fayette,  one  at  Jackson,  one  at  Lexing- 
ton, one  at  Palmyra,  and  one  at  Springfield. 

"  The  natural  advantages  which  St  Louis  enjoys,  as  a  commercial  emporium,  are  probably 
not  surpassed  by  those  of  any  inland  port  in  the  world.  Situated  midway  between  two 
oceans,  and  near  the  geographical  centre  of  the  finest  agricultural  region  on  the  globe,  al- 
most at  the  very  focus  towards  which  converge  the  Mississippi,  the  Missouri,  the  Ohio,  and 
the  Illinois  Rivers,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  she  is  destined,  at  no  distant  period,  to  become 
the  great  receiving  and  distributing  depot  of  most  of  the  vast  region  drained  by  these 
streams.  Having  already  reached  an  envia1)le  position  among  her  sister  cities,  she  is  look- 
ing westward,  with  a  system  of  railways  intended  not  only  to  bring  to  lier  markets  the 
agricultural  and  mineral  treasures  of  the  Missouri  basin,  but  eventually  to  extend  beyond 
the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  valley  of  the  Great  Salt  Lake,  and  finally  to  the  golden  shores 
of  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Her  connection  with  the  Atlantic  cities,  through  Cincinnati  and  Chi- 
cago, is  already  secured  beyond  contingency.  The  construction  of  railroads  penetrating 
various  sections  of  her  own  state,  designed  ultimately  to  communicate  with  New  Orleans, 
are  also  about  to  be  undertaken.  Tl^  opening  of  these  various  railways,  and  others  pro- 
posed, will  give  St  Louis  ready  access  to  immense  deposites  of  iron,  coal,  lead,  and  copper 
ores,  within  a  circuit  of  90  miles,  equal  to  the  wants  of  the  whole  Mississippi  valley  for 
centuries  to  come,  and  which  have  not  to  this  time  been  brought  into  use,  simply  because 
of  the  difficulty  and  expense  of  reaching  a  market.  .     . 

"The  population  of  St  Louis  is  upwards  of  100,000." 


CINCINNATI    BUSINESS    DIRECTORY. 


Architect— 

J.  W.  McLavohlin,  corner  of  Walnut  and 
Third  gts.     [See  advertisement.] 

Attorneys  at  Law — 

Waltee  M.  Bateman,  30  West  Fourth  st. 

Adram  Broweb,  Jr.,  Trust  Co.'s  BulKl 
ing,  Third  st. 

Nicholas  Bird,  Manchester  Building, 
corner  of  Third  and  Sycamore  h%a 

CoRWiNE  &  Hayes,  (R.  M.  Corwine  and 
II.  B.  Hayes,)  Selves'  Building,  south 
side  Third  st. 

Joseph  Cox  «k  Wm.  H,  Kerb,  3  Apollo 
Building,  corner  Fifth  and  Walnut  sts. 

A.  R.  DuTTON,  8  East  Third  st. 

Fox  <fc  Fox,  corner  of  Third  and  Syca- 
more Bta, 

John  A.  Jeffers,  3  Trust  Co.'s  Building, 
corner  of  Main  and  Third  sts. 

Johnston  &  Cabboll,  Trust  Co.'s  Build- 
ing. 

Jones  &  Burnet,  Trust  Co.'s  Building. 

Fabker  &  Parker,  Manchester  Building, 
corner  of  Third  and  Sycamore  sts. 

W.  B.  Probosco,  Fourth  st. 

Chakles!  LooMis,  1  Trust  Co.'s  Building. 

Snow  &  Bradstreet,  Trust  Co.'s  Building. 

Thompson  &  Nesmith,  26  West  Third  st. 
[See  advertisement.] 

WoBTHiNQTON  &  Matthews,  \^  Worth- 
ington,  Jas.  T.  Worthingtou,  "tanley 
Mattliews,)  Third  st.  between  Main 
and  Walnut  sts. 

Attorneys  at  Law  &  Notarya  Pablic— 

FfAMEN  Ball,  Jr.,  8  East  Tliird  st. 

MUEL  S,  Carpenter,  23  West  Third  st. 

L^ee  advertisement,] 
Ben.  J.  Horton,  6  Manchester  Building, 

corner  of  Third  and  Sycamore  hIs. 
Wm.  H.  Kelsey,  80  West  Third  at.    [See 

advertisement.] 

Attorneys  and  Counsellors  at  Law— 

Bates  &  Scarborough,  Third  st.,  opposite 
Henrie  House. 

King  &  Thompson,  (Rufus  King,  Samuel 
J.  Thompson,)  Third  St.,  between  Main 
and  Walnut  sts. 

Walter  S.  Straub,  12  Manchester  Build- 
ing, corner  of  Third  and  Sycamore  sts. 

Bedding  Manufacturers- 

Wm.  Morehouse  &  Co.,  corner  of  Fifth 
and  Plum  sts.     [See  advertisement.] 

Bellows  Manufacturer— 

W.  G.  Hyndman,  41  Second  st  [Sae  ad- 
vertisement.] 

Billiard  Table  Manufacturers— 

J.  M.  Brunswick  &  Brother,  8  Sixth  at. 
[See  advertisement.] 


Blacksmiths— 

Charles  Graham  &  BRoruRR,  277  West 
Front  st,     [See  advertisement] 
Booksellers  and  Publishers— 

Anderson,  Gates  &  Wright,  112  Main  st 

[See  advertisement] 
Robert  (Clarke  <fe  Co.,  66  West  Fourth  sL 

[See  advertisement] 

Boot  and  Shoe  Mannfkctarer— 

W.  G.  RooERB,  26  East  Peiirl  st  'C 

Brass  Works— 

Wm.  Powell  &  Co.,  247  and  249  Fifth  bU 

[See  advertisement] 
Miles  Greenwood,  Eagle  Foundry,  894 

Walnut  st    [See  advertisement] 

Car  Wheels— 

John  Nash,  243  and  246  East  Pearl  st. 
[See  advertisement] 
Clothing  and  Dry  Goods— 

Menderson  &  Prohman,  23  Pearl  st 
Amburoh  Brothers,  40  and  48  Pearl  st. 

Commercial  Colleges— 

R.  M.  Bartlett,  corner  of  Third  and 

Walnut  sts.     [See  advertisement] 
John  Gundry,  corner  of  Fifth  and  Wal- 
nut sts.     [See  advertisement] 
Cooper  Ware— 

Peter  N.  Jonte,  484  Race  st     [See  ad- 
vertisement] 
Dry  Goods  Merchants— 

John  W.  Kllis  &  Co.,  ,7  Pearl  st         (.■ 
Jo\Es  Brothers  &  Co.,  19  Pearl  st 
Maynabd  <<■  SwEETSER,  88  &  90  Pearl  st. 

Exchange  OiM«<«~ 

E.  N.  Slocu.v  >7  Maifl  st  [See  adver- 
tisement] 

Express  Company— 

Valentine's,  Third  st     [See  advertise- 
ment J 
Flour  Mill  Manufacturers— 

J.  H.  BuRK  ws  &  Co.,  Second  st,  between 
Elm  and  Plum.     [See  advertisement! 

W.  W.  Hamec.  <fc  Co.,  corner  of  Second 
st  and  Western  Row  [See  adver 
tisement.] 

Foundries  and  Machine  Shops- 

W.  R.  DusLAP  &  Co.,  corner  of  Front  and 
Lawrence  sts.     [See  advertisement] 

T.  A;  R  Green WALD,  190  East  Pearl  st 
[See  advertisement] 

Miles  Greenwood,  Eagle  Foundry,  394 
Walnut  st     [See  advertisement] 

'.A.  Fay  &  Co.,  cor.  of  Front  &  John  sts. 

Gold  Pen  Manufacturer— 

Wm.  Lundy,  15  Apollo  Building,  corner 
of  Fifth  and  Walnut  sts. 


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33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTIR.N.Y.  14580 

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CINCINNATI  BUSINESS  DIRECTORY. 


Grist  Mill  Manalkctnrer*— 

J.  H.  BuKBows  &  Co.,  Second  8t, between 
Elm  and  Plum  Hts.     [See  advt] 

W.  W,  Hameb  &  Co.,  corner  of  Second 
8t.  and  Western  Row.     [See  adver.] 

Grocers  and  Commission  Merchants— 

Clabk  &  Cash,  29  Walnut  st 

Wm.  Glknn  &  Sons,  corner  of  Walnut  and 
Columbia  sts.     [See  advertisement.] 

Tbaber  a  Aubehq,  1  Public  Landing. 

Tweed  &  Sulet,  (Produce  and  Commis- 
sion,) 40  Walnut  st 

West  &  MoDouoall,  23  Walnut  st  [See 
advertisement] 

Hardware  Merchants— 

Hauskr  &  Merna,  192  Main  st 
Latdier,  Colburn  &  LuFTON,  74  Main  st. 
Tyler,   David3ok  &  Co.,  140  and  142 

Main  st 
J.  L.  Wayne  &  Son,  124  Main  st  and  23 

Hammond  st     [Soe  advertisement] 
Joseph  W.  Wayne  &  Co.,  196  Main  st 

[See  advertisement] 

Hotel— 

Madison  House,  Main  st,  between  Co- 
lumbia and  Front  sts.     [See  adver.] 

Jewellery  Establishment— 

DuHME  &  Co.,   corner  oi   Fourth  and 
Walnut  sts.     [See  advertisement] 
Kitchen  Ranges— 

K  B.  Blunt,  224  Main  st    |^See  adver.] 
Van  a  Barbinoer,  197  Main  3t    [See 
advertisement] 

Lithographers— 

Ebbgott  &  Forbrioer,  Carlisle's  Block, 
corner  of  Fourth  and  Walnut  sta.  [See 
advertisement] 

Machinery- 

W.  R.  DuNLAP  <&  Co.,  corner  of  Front  and 

Laurence  sts.     [See  advertisi-ment] 
J.  dc  E.  Greenwald,  190  East  Pearl  st 

[See  advertisement] 
Miles  Greenwood,  Eagle  Foundry,  394 

Walnut  st,  corner  of  Canal  st     [See 

advertisement] 
J.  A.  Fay  &  Co.,  cor.  of  Front  &  John  sts. 
Thomas  Smfth,  216  West  Second  st   [See 

advertisement] 

Oyster  Depot—  .  n . 

A.  S.  Stewart,  166  Vine  st,  above  Post- 
office. 

Photographer— 

R  C.  Hawkins,  106  Fourth  st  [See  od- 
vertiaement.] 

Plongh  Mannfactory— 

Gabreit  &  CoTTMAN,  9  Seventh  st 
Railroad  Companies— 

Little  Miami  Railroad,  Cincinnati  to 

Columbus,  &  East     [See  adver.] 
Ohio  and  Mississippi  Railroad,  Cincin- 
'  Dttti  to  St  Louis,  and  West     [See  ad- 

vertisement]   ■ 


Real  Estate  Broker— 

Samuel  A.  Sargent,  8  Apollo  Buildings. 
[See  advertisement] 

Saw  Mannfactnrers- 

WooDBOuoH  &  MoPabun,  16  Walnut  st 
Works  at  Hamilton,  Ohio.    [See  adv.] 

Scale  Mannfactnrers— 

John  Kistneb,  894  Vine  st  [See  ad- 
vertisement] 

J.  W.  Wbight  a  Co.,  10  West  Second  st 
[See  advertisement] 

Shirt  Warehouse- 

Jame8  Richabdson,  100  West  Fourth  st 
[See  advertisement] 

Show  Cases— 

ScuMiTT  &  Bbothers,  77  West  Third  st 
[See  advertisement] 

Stereotype  Fonn     ies— 

Fbanklin  Fou:  ,168  Vine  st,  F..  Al- 
lison.  Superintendent  [See  adver- 
tisement] 

Hills,  O'Dbiscoll  &  Co.,  141  Main  st 
[See  advertisement] 

Stock  and  Note  Brokers— 

Bradley  &  Kelsey,  80  West  Third  st. 
[See  advertisement] 

Stove  Mannfkctnrers— 

Miles  Gbeenwood,  394  Walnut  st.  Eagle 
Iron  Works.     [See  advertisement] 

E.  B.  Blunt,  224  Main  st  [See  adver- 
tisement] 

Dr.  Mubobave,  Gas  Cooking,  272  Sixth 
st     [See  advertisement] 

Van  &  Babbingeb,  197  Main  st  [See 
advertisement] 

Theatre— 

National  Theatre,  John  Bates,  Proprie- 
tor; Louis  Baker,  Lessee;  Wm.  Rey- 
nolds, Acting  and  Stage  Manager; 
Sycamore  st 

Venetian  Blinds— 

W.  H.  Hessiler,  147  Sycamore  st 
advertisement] 

Watch  Cases— 

Francis  Doll,  Corner  of  Fourth  and 
Walnut  sts.     [See  advertisement] 

Wire  Cloth  Goods— 

a  G.  Burnett  &  Co.,  27  Walnut  st   [See 

advertisement] 
Bromwell  &  Mellish,  181  Walnut  st 

Writing  Fluid— 

James  J.  Butler,  89  Vine  st  comer  of 
Commerce  st     [See  advertisement.] 

J.  C.  Pare  &  Co.,  564  and  666  West 
'i^.rth  st 

Wood  Eugravers— 

Davenport  &  Thompson,  comer  of  Fourth 
and  Walnut  sts.    [Sco  ndverlisenient] 
George  Stillman,  25  West  Fourth  st 


[See 


GENERAL    FURNISHING    EMPORIUM. 
JAMES    RICHARDSON, 

MANUFACTURER   OF 

Shirts,   Stocks    <S&    XJnder    O-arments, 

FOB  LADIES,    GENTLEMEN  &   CHILDREN, 

AND   DEALKS  IN 

LACE,   EMBROIDERIES,   TniMiniNGS,    CORSETS,   AND 

FANCY     ARTICI^ES. 
READY-MADE    LINEN   AND    BABY    LINEN    WAREHOUSE. 

OUmnUNG  AND  WEDDING  ORDERS  EXECUTED  AT  SHORT  NOTICE. 


JAIOES  RICHARDSON,   tOO  ITest  Fourth  §t., 

Oppoatte  the  J>o*f-o0ie(,  ClnetHHaU^  Ohio* 


E.  A.  THOMPSON. 


A.  3Sr  D       O  O  liL  B  O  T  I  O  3SX 

OP 


T.  A.  NESMITH. 

OFFICE 


THOMPSON    &    NESMITH, 
25  West  Third  Street,  Cincmnati,  Ohio. 


J,  R.  Jaffriir  ft  Sona Neu  Ymt 

Piielps,  llli«k  &  Co " 

A.  Joitriieny.  Jr.,ft  Co " 

CIupp,  Kent  it.  Btjckley " 

Cftrvv,  Howard  &  Stinger ** 

Imi;  Biillerfield,  E«q " 

i  .Maion  Bros, " 

Smith  k  Payne " 

K.  S.  Wlnstiin,  Eiq " 

S,  HoiiBinnn  &  Co " 

J.  M.  Beebe  ft  Co Boilm. 

T.  ft  E.  Bat<ilieller  A  Co " 

Cochrane,  Kimball  ft  Dlmlck " 


Rm^ERENCES : 

ChiiM,  McKlnnev  ft  "« Bolton. 

Fierce  Bros,  ft  Flanderk " 

Aaron  Claflin,  Esq " 

IlaywAfd,   Biirchstead   and 

NIebuhr " 

Wellhii,  Coffin  ft  Co PhiladilpUia 

Morris  L.  Hallowell  A  Co " 

Wood.  Bacon  A  Co *' 

John  H.  Brown  A  Co " 

Tllllnghast  ft  Duffleld " 

I>eCour«ey.  Lafourcatie  A  Co. . .  " 

Karnham,  Kirkttam  A  Co " 

Mason  A  Co " 


Faaltt  ft  Co. . ; PliiMrlpHa 

Alex.  Murdock  ft  Co Baltimore 

CushlnfES  A  Bailey *' 

Kinf^,  Corwln  A  Co Cineinnaii 

Gideon  Burton,  Esq " 

E.  O.  Webster  A  Cc " 

Jones  Bros.  A  Co " 

Jno.  SlmpkiosoD  A  Co " 

J.  AJ.  Slevln " 

Shaw,  Biiell  A  Barbour *' 

J.  W.  ElllsftCo " 

Day  ft  Matlack " 


OoUections  made  throughout  the  U.  S.    Drafts  and  maturing  paper  collected  at  Bankers'  rates. 
E.  A.  Y.  is  Notary  Public,  and  Commissioner  for  all  the  principal  Slates. 

CLAIMS      PROVED. — ACKNOWLEDGMENTS     AND      DEPOSITIONS     CAREFULLY     TAKES. 


1¥1?I.  H.  KELSEY, 

%Mm  at  f  ato  i  ioterg  |«blic. 

Master  Commissioner  of  the  Superior  Court. 

COLLECTIONS  ATTENDED  TO  PBOHFTLT. 

OFFICE,  80  WEST  THIRD  STREET, 

Oinoinnatl,  Ohio. 


ClLVn  BBADI.IY. 


W.  H.  KELBKy. 


BBADLET  &  EELSET, 

Stock  and  Note  Brokers  and  General  Agents. 

REAL  ESTATE  BOUGHT  &  SOLD. 

Money  Loaned  and  Collections  Made. 

80  WEST  THIRD  STREET, 

CINCINNATI,   O. 


JOHN   KISTNEB, 

Manufacturer 

or    ALL     KINDS     OF 

SCALES, 

304  Vine  St., 

BET.    CANAL    ft    12TII, 

Cincinnati,  O. 


SAMUEL  S.  CARPENTER, 

ATTOMEY  AT  LAW  I  NOTARY  PUBLIC, 

Also,  COMMISSIONER  for  DEEDS,  DEPO- 
SITIONS, and  AFFIDAVITS  for  every 
STATE  in  the  UNION. 

N.  B. — Commissions  to  take  testimony  executed  with  promi>tness 
and  accuracy. 

Offloe,  23  West  Third  Street,  Cincinnati,  0. 


SAMUEL  A.  SARGENT, 

REAL  ESTATE  &  STOCK  BROKER, 

8  APOLLO  BUILDINGS, 
Corner  of  Fifth  and  Walnut  Streets, 

CINCINNATI,    O. 


TllOa.  W.  WRIGHT. 


JULIUS  TOBSO. 


T.  W.  WRIGHT  &  CO., 

MAM'FAtrrUBERS   OF   ALL   KINDS   OF 

SCALES, 

BEAMS,  TRUCKS  &  HOISTING  WHEELS, 
10  West  Second  Street,  Cincinnati,  0. 


F- iR,  ^  isr  K  L  Y  isr 

TYPE,  STEREOTYPE,  &  ELECTROTYPE  FOUNDRY. 

AND   PRINTBRS'  FXTRNISHINO   WAREHOUSB. 


We  desire  to  infonn  Printers,  Booksellers,  and  others,  that  we  are  now  prepared  to 
furnish  every  thing  used  in,  or  in  any  way  connected  with  printing,  in  any  of  its 
branches :  our  Moulds,  Matrices,  and  Machinery,  are  all  duplicates  of  those  of  L.  John- 
son &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  the  most  extensive  Type  Fouuders  in  America ;  and  we  assure 
the  trade  that  the  quality  and  admixture  of  our  metals  will  at  all  times  1>e  of  the  best 
materials,  and  our  manufacture  of  them  in  the  highest  style  of  the  art.  It  will  be  our 
aim,  under  all  circumstances,  to  compete  with  the  very  best  Foundries  in  the  country, 
both  in  style  and  finish.  Having  recently  made  large  additions  to  our  stock  of  Moulds 
and  Matrices,  we  are  now  prepared  to  furnish,  in  any  quantity,  the  most  approved 
faces  of  Book,  News,  and  Job  Type,  and  fit  out  Printing  Offices  of  any  size  on  the 
shortest  notice.  Our  Composing  Rooms  are  well  stocked  with  the  latest  and  most  ap- 
proved styles  of  Book  and  Job  Type,  of  all  sizes,  and  we  Stereotype  or  Electrotype 
Books,  Music,  Jobs,  Medicine  Labels,  etc.,  etc.,  on  short  notice,  and  at  Eastern  Prices. 
Pattern  and  Brand  Letters  of  various  sizes  and  styles  always  on  hand.  Type  that 
has  been  used  in  Stereotyping  for  sale  at  Reduced  Prices.  Agents  for  Hoe  &  Co., 
Adams,  Gordon,  and  Ruggles'  Presses.  American  and  English  Inks  constantly  on 
hand.    Also,  Printers'  Glue  of  a  superior  quality. 

168  VIHE  STREET,  (bet.  Ponrth  &  Fifth  Sts.)  CINCnnrATI,  0. 

Jl.  JIjMtMSOM'i,   SttptHmttmdtmt, 

D.  HILLS  S  CO.  C.  ».  O'DBIaCOLL. 

STEBEOTTFE   AND    ELECTBOTTFE    FOUNDBT, 

XQ-O.     141     ^a:A.XTiT     STIISSST,     OZXTOISTXT..A.TZ,     OHIO. 

HILLS,  O'DRISCOLL    &    CO., 
STEREOTYPERS   &   ELECTROTYPERS, 

Also,  dealers  In  Type  and  Printing  Materials,  generally.  Leads,  Cases.  Galleys,  Brass  and  Metal  Rules,  Quoins, 
Furniture,  etc.,  always  on  hand.  Stereotyping  of  all  kinds,  Books,  Moslc.  Pamphlets,  and  Jobs  of  every  description 
done  at  short  notice  and  in  the  best  manner.    Electrotyping  of  Cuts,  Jobs,  etc.,  done  c.  short  notice. 


BOBERT  CLARKB. 


B.  D.  BARNET. 


J.  W.  DALB. 


BOBEBT  CLABKE  &  CO.,  Sncoesson  to  H.  W.  Derby  &  Co., 

Law  Pabliihers  ft  Bookaallen,  Stationers,  Importer!  tc  Dealen  in  Theological,  Scientifle,  Sdhool 

and  MifleellaneonB  Books,  Ko.  66  West  Fomth  Street,  Cincinnati,  0. 

The  attention  of  the  legal  profession  and  the  trade  is  invited  to  the  following  valuable  Law  Books,  pub- 
lished by  them : 


Ohio  Reports,  26  vols. 
McLean's  C.  C.  Reports,  6  vols. 
Johnson's  Chancery  Reports,  7  vols,  in  3. 
Swan's  Statutes  op  Ohio,  1  vol. 
Swan's  New  Treatise,  1  vol. 


McDonald's  Treatise,  1  vol. 

Nash's  Pleadino  and  Practice,  1  vol. 

Nash's  Digest  op  Ohio  Reports,  1  vol. 

GWVNNB  ON   ShBRIPPS  A   CoRONGRS,  1  Vo). 

Holcombe's  Equity  Jurisprudence,  1  vol. 
Barto.n's  Suit  in  Equity,  1  vol. 

Their  assortment  of  general  Law  Books  Is  large  and  various,  and  their  facilities  for  procuring  the  publi- 
cations of  other  houses  are  such,  that  they  can  sell  at  the  lowest  Eastern  rates. 

The  Theological  and  Miscellaneous  Departments  will  be  found  supplied,  In  addition  to  recent  English  and 
American  publications,  with  a  choice  stock  of  old,  rare  and  valuable  works,  seldom  met  wKIi  in  this  country. 

Foreign  Books,  old  and  new,  In  Any  language,  imported  with  the  utmost  care  and  dls|>atc.>),  thr-ir  business 
connections  in  London  and  Kdlnburgh  being  such,  as  to  afford  great  facilities  for  the  collection  of  old  rare 
works,  and  sucli  modern  books  as  are  "  out  of  print."    Subscriptions  received  for  foreign  periocicais. 

The  publications  of  the  following  houses  kept  constantly  on  hand : — Harper  A  Bros.,  Derby  A  Jaclraon, 
Robert  Carter  A  Brc,  New  York  ;  G.  Koutledge  &  Co.,  T.  Nelson  &  8on,  11.  Bullli^re,  London  ;  Blackie  & 
Son,  Glasgow  ;  T.  A  T.  Clark,  Edinburgh,  Ac,  Ac.    Trade  supplied  with  Harper's  Magazine  and  Weekly. 


I   lined,  etc. 


CHA1ILK«  OllAHAM. 


ROBBAT  ORAHAU. 


VALENTINE    FREIGHT    EXPRESS    COMPANY. 

CINCINNATI  OFriCE,  No.  i  EAST  THIRD  STREET.  John  S.  Dunlop,  Supt.  E.  H.  Valentino.  Asst.  Supt. 
Ooo,  B.  Cooper  Pres.,  St.  Louis,  Mo.  Time  Contracts  Kivon  for  Shipment  of  Freight  from  New  York,  Boston. 
Philadeiphia  and  Baltimore  to  St.  Loii'o,  Cincinnati,  Chicot,  and  all  points  Went.  Throuih  Roroipts  nveii  to  all 
parts  of  Indiana,  Illinois,  Iowa,  Wisconsin  and  Minnesota,  and  to  all  points  on  the  Missouri  River.  Fur  Contracts  call 

at  our  Office.  B.  i.  HULL,  Agent. 

JHmrk  Oooit  VmltHUmt  Mm.  So.  6  East  Third  street,  Cincinnati,  0. 

WILIilAJtt    MOREHOUSE    &    CO.,       ~" 

S.  E.  cor.  of  Fifth  ft  Flam  St3.,  Cincinnati,  0. 

Superior  Spiral-Sprinn  and  Curled  Hair  MiiltreBses, 
Feather  Beds,  and  all  othnr  articles  in  the  line,  in  store 
and  nindo  to  oTier  at  Short  notice. 

N.  B.— Curtams  and  Carpets  made  up,  Church  Pews 


CHAS.  OBAHAM  &  BBO., 

MACHINE     BLACKSMITHS, 

2T7  West  Front  Street,  Cincinnati,  0. 

ifanufacturers  of  BrMge-BoUn  and  all  kinds  qf 
BUickmnithing. 


E.    C.    HAWKINS, 

PHOTOGRAPHIST, 

106    WEST    FOURTH    STREET, 

CINCINNATI,   OHIO. 


PATENTEE   OF    THE  PATENT   HELIOGRAPHS. 


RIGHTS  FOR  SALE  &  INSTRUCTIONS   GIVEN. 


J.  D.  DAVENPORT, 


J.  THOMSON. 


DAVENPORT  &  THOMSON, 


» 


Successors  to  Mi.   C.  Cirosvettor^ 


N.E.  CORNER  OF  FOURTH  &  WALNUT  STS,    i^^ 

CINCINNATI,   OHIO. 


ALL   ORDERS  EXECUTED  WITH  NEATNESS  AND  DISPATCH. 

ANDERSON,   GATES   &,    WRIGHT,      A 

'  FXJBLISHEI^S, 

WHOLESALE    AND    EETAIL 

BOOZSSLLSES    A  IT  D    S  T  A  T  Z  0  IT  S  B.  S^ 

PRINTERS,    AND    MANUFACTURERS    OP 

:  SUPERIOR    BLANK    BOOKS. 
112  Main  Street,  bet.  Third  and  Fourth,  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 


, 


'V 


W.  O.  HYNIIMAN, 

(SacMMor  to  S.  R.  Harollton),  nianufarlurcr  of  ninrksmlth's  Bel- 
lowi  mid  ImprOTSd  Portable  Forite,  (Pnlenled  November,  1857.) 
Manufiutory,  41  Sfoond  StiMt,  Ixtween  Syuunora  and  Broadway, 
ClAdnnAtU 


PETER   8M  ITH, 

IMPORTER  AND  DEALER  IN 

DAOUEBREOTTPE, 

AMBIIOTYPE  &  MELAINOTYPE  STOCK, 

Sntitl)   anb  American  J^iatea, 

PLATS    GLASS, 

FRAMES,  CHEMICALS  AND  CASES, 
Gerinaa  and  Amerioan  Cameras, 

General  Agent  for  the  supply  of 
Daxnerreotype  and  Ambroivpe  Apiiaratu<t, 

AND  MATERIAL  OF  EVERY  DESCRIPTION. 

No.  36  WEST  FIFTH  STREET, 

Second  Door  East  from  Walnut  Street, 

OnrOINNATI,  o. 


^ 


MUSGBAVK'S  GAS-COORING  APPARATUS. 


PnUnua  J»n^  89  1858. 

Tills  repretent*  five  Stove*  on  an  Extra  Mahoghanv  Stand, 
cAPable  of  beinf;  closeil,  reamnbllng  a  common  Bureau.  Each  Stove 
btfinfr  {nile|>«nr]ent  of  the  other,  a«  many  may  be  used  at  one  time 
Asiirisiied.  This  apparatus  Is  capable  of  cook1nf(  for  a  family  of 
twenty  peisons.  Tne  price  Is  $76,  Including  about  |10  worth  of 
cooking  utenfllls.  The  same  Malioghany  Stand  with  three  Stoves, 
without  cooking  utensils.  Is  fSO.  The  common  Stove  ware  will  do. 
The  WU  may  enable  persons  to  nelert  and  order  what  tbey  wish. 
For  further  information  address  the  pHtentee. 

A  slnfflo  Stove  will  do  every  variety  and  kind  of  cooking,  several 
will  save  time,  two  or  three  Stoves  for  four  or  five  persons.  It  takes 
abwit  the  same  amount  of  s^  to  cook  on  three  or  lour  Stovet  as  one, 
it  belnf(  In  proportion  to  the  anrtount  cooked ;  and  not  so  liable  to 
wastajje,  as  wood  fuel.  Where  gas  Is  $2.50  per  1,000  feet,  it  costs 
about  two  and  one-half  cents  per  day  for  each  person.  A  man  and 
wife  can  cook  for  five  cents  a  day,  and  five  c-ents  a  week  for  Ironing, 

The  Stores  will  work  on  a  common  washstaud,  table,  or  shelf  m 
any  room  or  story. 

Dr.  H.  B.  ]I1V8GRAVE,  andnnati,  O. 

Or  Call  at  No.  272  Sixth  Street. 


BLVNT'S   ORIGINAL 


All  llMi,  ftom  3  feet  t»  20  feet.  Steam  oiid  hot  water  supplied 
witli  any  size  if  required.  MRnufticturetl  by  E.  B.  Blunt,  224  Main 
Street,  Cincinnati,  Ohio.    WarrHiited  to  give  satielaction. 


J.   W.    GARRISON, 


F.    P.    CAHILL. 


NEW 


MADISON  HOUSE, 

GARRISON  &  CAHILL, 

PROPRIETORS. 

3S^-A.IlSr     STIiBBT, 

BETWEEN    COLUMDIA  <fc   FRONT    STREETS, 

C'noinnati,  Ohio. 


PETER  ]V.  JOIVTE 


MAKJrACTCRBB  OF 


Cooper    ^W^are 

OF  ALL  SORTS  AND  SIZES, 

484  EACB  ST.  &  154  POPLAB  ST., 

CINCINNATI,  0. 


Keeps  constuntlf  on  hand  a  variety  of  Wood  and  Iron 
Bound  Kegs,  such  asS,  10  and  20  gallons;  also,  will  All 
all  orders  for  Twig  Work  at  shortest  notice.  All  of  my 
work  is  warranted  to  be  of  the  best  quality. 


UNION    BRASS    WORKS. 

WM.  POWELL  «t  CO.,  Mnnnfiicturcrs  of  Brass  Fau- 
cets. Steam  und  Ga.s  Cocks.  &c..  Nos.  217  &  249  Fifth  St., 
between  Plum  and  Wu.  Row,  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 


Oil  Globes,  Oil  Cups,  CoupUnjra  nnd  riiuiil)er>»  Uriws  Work,  Itept 
oonstanlly  on  hnnd  lit  Knatem  Prices.  Also,  Hniss  Cnslings  nnd 
anti-friction  Metal  made  to  order. 


S.  G.  BURNET  &  CO., 

MANUFACTURER3   OF         '  , 

Sieves,  Riddles, 
'     WOODEN  k  JAPANNED  BIRD  CAGES, 

CHEESE  &  MEAT   SAFES,  &c. 
37   1¥ALNVT    STREET. 

CINCINNATI,   O. 

BVT1.ER'I§ 

MERCANTIIE,  RECORD  &  COPYING 

Excelsior  Fluid  Inks! 

MANUFACTURED   BY 

JAMES  J.   BUTLER, 

AGElVr. 

3©     -VIITE     STUBET, 

COR.    OF   COHUERCE,   CINCINNATI,   0. 

In  Use  by  10,000  Merchants  and  Bankers  of  the 
East,  South  and  West.  For  sale  by  600  leading  Sta- 
tioners and  Merchants  of  the  South  and  West. 


JOSEPH  W.  WAYNE, 

DEALER  IN 

TRUNK-MAKERS'   STC^t, 

SHEKT  ZINO,  TIN   PLATE,  WIRE,  HOOP  I30N,  PUMP 
CHAIN  AND  FIXTURES,   AND 

GENERAL   HABDWARE. 

196  MAIN  ST.,  (UNCnVNATI,  O. 

~~J.  L.  WAYNE  &  SON, 

DEALERS  IN 

Ploih,  Hair  Cloth,  Sofa  Springi, 
LOOEINa-aiiASS    PLATES, 

MANCFACTURBRS  OF 

PLANES  AND  EDGE  TOOLS. 

124  JHaln  &  23  Hammond  Streets, 

CINCINNATI,   OHIO. 


J0«.  WOODBOUOM. 


Mica*L  mVablim. 


BINBTO.  DONN. 


WOODROUGH  &  MTARLIN, 
SAW    MANUFACTURERS, 

Patent  around  Oironlar  Saws, 

(works  AT  HAMILTON,   O.) 

W*arehou8e,  15  Vff^alnuf  Street, 

CINCINNATTI,  O. 


Casting!  of  all  kiacU  made  to  order. 

JOHN  NASH, 

MANUrACTVRER  OF 

CAR      1¥HEE1.S, 

243  A  246  EAST  PEARL  STREET, 

OlNOmNATI,    OHIO. 

WHEELS    WARRANTED. 


THOMAS  8.  SMITH, 

Iron  Perforating  Establishment, 

216  WEST  SECOND  STREET, 

BET.  PLUM  AND  WESTERN  ROW, 

Has  always  on  hand,  and  make»  to  order 

I^^LT  KILlSrs, 

For  all  sort  of  Grain, 

Com  Shaken,  Smnt  Haohlnce,  Soreeni 
and  Window  Onarda. 

MskM  to  ordtr,  uid  hu  tlwayi  on  hand,  all  sUn  of  WroaEht 
Iron  WonluTd,  Burri  and  Riveting  Rings,  wholesale  and  retiiil. 
Tinned  Washers  for  Ihilts  and  Iloee:  Lathe  Chain  Links  of  all  sIks; 
Stove  and  other  small  Nuts;  R.  R.,  S.  B.,  Bridge  and  Baggage 
Checks;  Perforated  Iron  Tree  Boxes,  and  Fancy  Flower  Fencing. 

Cimelnnati,   OMo, 


UAAO  OBBBNWALD. 


I2BA  OBItNWALD- 


I.  &  E.  GREENWALD, 

Foundry  and  Machine  Shop, 

Steam  Engines  ft  Mill  Hachinety. 

No.    190  EAST  PEARL  STREET, 

(Near  Miami  Canal,) 

OINOINNATI,    OHIO. 


JAMES  W.   McLAUGHI  IN, 
ARCHITECT, 

ODD     FEIiliOH^S'      BriLDIN«, 

Comer  of  Walnut  and  Third  Streets, 

CINCINNATI,  OHIO. 
EHRGOTT    &    FORBRIGER,  -v 

PRACTICAL    LITHOGRAPHERS, 

Carlisle's  Block,  S.  W.  cor.  of  4th  &  Walnut  Sts., 

'"'""^        ■  ROOM  No.  2,  THIRD  FLOOR. 

^      '       CINCINNATI,    OHIO. 

Every  kind  of  work  in  their  line,  such  as  Maps,  Bonds,  Drafts,  Notes, 
Checks,  Diplomas,  Landscapes,  Portraits,  Show  Cards,  etc.,  in  Black  and  in 
Colors,  will  be  executed  with  the  greatest  promptness,  and  in  the  very  best 
style. 


LITTLE  MIAMI  &  COLUMBUS  &  XENIA  RAILROAD, 

Exclusively  a  Through  Route. 
THREE     DAILY     TRAINS. 

niriet  ConnteUoHi  mr»  matf««  rtm 

Cl£VEliAND— With  Lake  Shore,  New  York  and  Erie  and  New  York  Central  Railroada,  to  and  from  Baffalo, 
Dunkirk,  Albany,  Boston,  New  York,  etc. 

CRBSTIilNB— With  PeunsyWonla  Railroad  at  Pittsburg,  to  and  trom  Harrlsburg,  Philadelphia,  New  York, 
Boston,  etc. 

STECBEIWILLB— With  Penniylvania  Railroad  at  Pittsburg,  to  and  trom  Harritburg,  Philadelphia,  New  York, 

WklEELING— With  Baltimore  and  Ohio  and  PennsrWania  Railroads  at  Wheeling  and  Pittsburg,  to  and  from 
Baltimore,  Washington  City,  Richmond.  Wilmington,  N.  C,  Philadelphia,  New  York,  Boston,  etc.,  etc. 

Makes  close  connections  at  Xenin  for  nil  points  West  and  Northwest ;  also  nt  Cincinnati  for  all  points  West  and 
Southwest.    To  and  from  Cleveland,  Pittsburg,  and  Wheeling,  without  change  of  Cars. 

Tickets  for  Sale  at  all  the  Principal  Railroad  Offices  in  the  East  and  West. 

J.  D1JRAIVD,  Snpt. 


onroiNirATi  KAOHnnB  wo&Ka 

Manufacture  Stationary  and  Portable 

STEAM   ENGINES, 

OF  ALL  SIZES, 

CYLINDER,  FLUE   AND  TUBULAR    BOILERS, 

All  Klnda  of  Mill  Machinery, 

Portable  Flouring  Mills,  with  Bolts,  Elevators, 

IND  ALL  THB  MACHINBRT  COMPLETB. 

Bum,  Boiling  Cloth.,  Smut  Mill.,  Bran  Duilers,  Klnman  Cele- 
bniled  Flour  Pnoker,  MnUy,  Sa«h,  ami  Circnlnt  Saw  Mill.,  Parker 
Wster-WlicoU,  Knmhnm's  Doulilo-Aollng  Lift  and  Force  Pumps, 
llydraullc  Kami,  Juduin'a  Patent  Governor  Valve. 

Ornamental  CasUIron   FoantainSy 

BSASS  A  IRON  CASTINGS  OBNBBALLT. 

W.  R  DUNLAP  &  CO., 

Oor.  Front  tc  Lawrence  Sti.,  Oinoinnatl,  O. 


Mammoth  Steampower  Billiard  Table  Manufactory 

OF  J.  K  BBUiraWIOK  ft  BSO. 

Mann &ctorv— Situated  on  N.  E.  corner  of  Elm  k  Caniil  Stre«t«, 
Offlco  and  Warehoute— No.  8  Sixth  St.,  bet.  Main  and  Walnnt  Sts. 
Cincinnati,  O.  Best  Combtnatlon  Patent  Ciuhlon  ever  Invented. 
Patent  obUlned  December  8,  1857. 

All  the  modem  Improvements  In  style  and  bt'st  mathemntlont  nc- 
caracy  of  workmanahlp,  untMtunlled  by  any  other  liouse  either  in  tlio 
United  States  or  Europe.  Our  latest  Coniblnalion  Patunl  C'usliions, 
which  are  unequalled  In  elasticity  and  correctness  In  nnsles,  have 
received  the  ^^reatest  attention  of  ell  the  scientific  Bllllanf  Pluyera, 
and  gives  our  Tables  tlie  greatest  perfection  now  in  existence.  Relying 
upon  a  practical  knowlwlge  and  experience  of  many  years  In  litis 
branch  of  builnew,  and  having  applied  all  the  benefidui  inacbineriea 
for  tteam-power,  we  call  especial  attention  of  llotul  or  Saloon  Keup- 
ers.  in  general,  to  furnish  their  rooms  with  our  tirst-olaw  UlUliinl 
Tanlee,  made  of  Rosewood  or  Mahogany,  either  with  Marble,  Slate, 
or  Wooden  Beds,  because  we  are  enabfeil  to  offer  our  gocils  at  re- 
duced prices,  from  30  to  35  per  cent.,  and  as  we  possess  ample 
means,  we  offer  also  the  most  suitable  terms  for  any  number  or 
quality  of  Tables. 

Especial  attention  will  be  given  for  repairing  and  recuslilonlng  old 
Tables  with  our  new  Combination  Patent  Cuulons  of  superior  elus* 
tlclty  and  correctness  In  angles. 

iitmem^,  Tuehe  BiUiard  TahUt  Manufactured  wetklff. 

Agents  fbr  the  above  are  Geo.  W,  iMlllngs,  St.  Lonis,  Mo. ; 
E.  Brunswick,  ISl  Randolph  Street,  Chicago,  III. ;  A.  tV.  Uerriam, 
New  Orlaans,  La, ;  J.  B.  Harper,  LouUvllle,  Ky. 


J.  H.  BURROWS 


J.   H.    BTJREO^W^S' 


PATENT 


A.  KIMBALL. 


AND 


PIiAIVTATIO]\ 


CORN    MILL 


Ml  Orders  should  be  tlddressed  to  J.  H.  BUMlROJW*S  If  Co., 
Second  Street  bet.  Elm,  If  Plum,  ClnclnnaM,   O. 

Proprietors  of  the  Columbia  Foundry,  and  Manufacturers  of  Steam  Engines  and 
Machinery,  for  Grist  and  Saw  Mills,  Distilleries,  Tanneries,  etc.  Also,  French  Bun- 
Mill  Stones,  of  all  sizes ;  Montgomerie's  Double  Grinding  Bark  Mill  and  Corn  Crush- 
ers ;  Haviland  &  Tuttle  s  Saw-Mill  Water-Wueels,  and  Castings  of  every  description. 
Also,  dealers  in  Bolting  Cloths,  Plaster  of  Paris,  etc. 


:lf! 


GUNDRY'S   MERCANTILE    COLLEGE, 

N.  W.  COR.  OF  FIFTH   AND   WALNUT  STREETS, 
Omoiixna.'ti,   Ohio. 

A    THOROUGH  AND  PRACTICAL  KNOWLEDGE  OF 
BOOE-KEEFIXG,  PENMANSHIP,  &o., 


May  be  obtained  during  the  Evening  Winter  Co' 
tion  being  afforded  as  in  the  day  time.     Those  wi 
tion  without  delay. 

The  large  number  of  Students  of  this  Institu* 
Business  Men  and  Accountants  in  this  city,  is  de< 
its  merii«. 

TERmS  FOR  FULL        tURS? 


he  same  facilities  for  instruc- 
attend  should  make  applica- 

cupying  the  first  positions  as 
ufficient  recommendation  of 

BTT  DOIiL.AR8. 

GUNDRY,  Principal. 


COMMERCIAL  COLLEGE, 

Comer  Third  and  Walnut,  Cincinnati,  0. 

O?  One  time  is  as  good  as  another  to  commence. 
O"  For  particulars,  call,  or  address  the  College. 


Entered  Recording  to  Act  of  Connross.  in  the  ycur  law.  Ivy  H.  M.  nAUTT-ETT,  in  the  Clorlt'a  Office  of  the  District 
Court  or  the  United  Stntui  for  the  Sonthcrn  District  of  Ohio.  | 


e 

TO 

n 

a" 
n 

O 


3 

SI 


3 


i  r 


DiHMB  A  Co.,  S.  W.  corner  of  Fourth  and  Walnut  Street,  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  Importers, 
wholesale  and  retail  dealers  in  fine  Watches  and  Jewelry  of  every  description,  Silver  and  Silver 
Plated  Ware. 

Watoh  Tools  and  Katerials  for  the  Trade. 


GOLD   PEN   MANUFAOTURER, 

ROOM  16,  APOLLO  BUILDING, 
Cor.  of  Fifth  and  Walnat  Sts.,  Oinoinnati,  0. 

Mr.  Lumly  wftrnintt  bU  Peiu  to  be  m  ftood,  If  not  tnperior  to  any 
other*  nuMle  Ejut  or  W«.-t.  Clurkt  and  Uook-k«ep«r«  who  have 
uiod,  and  are  »tUl  oilng  hli  Pens,  can  teetity  to  their  auperlority  over 
oil  othen. 

Pani  Rv^red  to  Order. 


W.  H.  HESSELER, 

VENETIAN  BLIND  MANUFACTURER, 
14T  Sycamore  Sireeiy 

BErW£E:4    FOURTH    AND    FIFFH,  WEST   SIDK. 

CINCINNATI,    OHIO. 

Keeps  always  on  hand  and  makes  to  order,  Venetlnn  Blinds  of 
every  dfiorliillon,  at  low  prices  for  rjuh.  Old  Blinds  repainted  and 
trimmed  to  look  equal  to  new. 

SHOW    CASES. 

A  LAKOE  ASSORTMENT  OF 

Silver  Plated,  Oerman  Silver,  Rose- 
wood, Mahogany,  Black  Walnut, 
Satin,  and  Finewood,  at 

SCHMITT    &   BROTHERS, 

T7  WEST  THIBD  ST.,  CIHClllllAXI, 

AND 

5  IV     th  WilHam  Street,  New  York. 


FRANCIS  DOLL, 

Manufacturer  of  Gold  &  Silver  Watoh  Cases,  Orders 
from  all  parts  of  the  country  attended  to  with  prompt- 
ness. Corner  of  4th  and  Walnut  Bts.,  over  Duhme'a 
Jewelry  Store,  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

WH,  GLBNN.    Jia.  M.  OLBNN.    E.  bYHOKD,  JB.   O.  T.  OI.BXM. 

WM.  GLENN  &  SONS, 

Wholesale  Grocers, 

NORTH-EABT  CORNER  OF 

WALNUT  A  COLUMBIA.  STS. 
onTonrNATi,  o. 

lUAO  I.  WBBT.  CHU.  R.  MCDOOOAL. 

WEST  &  MbDOnOAL, 

GROCERS 
AND   COMMISSION  MERCHANTS, 

No.  23  WALNUT  STREET, 

CINCINNATI,  OmO. 

QUEEN   CITY 

BANKING  AND  EXCHANGE  OFFICE, 

DEALS   IN 

UNCURRENT  BANK  NOTiS,  GOLD  &  SILVER. 

91   MAIN  STREET, 
Tnut  kJmmtpmmff  MuUMngy  Ctmetmrnrnttt  O, 

E.  N.  SLOCTTM,  Agent. 


CINCINNATI. 


76 


CINCINNATI,  THE  QUEEN  CITY  OP  THE  WEST. 

AnER  leaving  tlio  seaboard,  no  city  in  tlie  United  States  is  likely  to  surprise  the  stranger 
so  mucli  ns  Cincinnati.  From  nn  lu'oount  of  Dr.  Charles  Maekay's  visit  to  it  lust  year,  we 
expected  to  find  in  it  another  rittsl)urg  (ronnsylvania)  or  Manchester  (Eni^fland)  for 
smoke;  ond  on  proceeding  from  the  "  Forest  City"  (Cleveland)  wo  looked  forword  to  find- 
ing Cincinnati  under  a  cloud,  with  the  anticipation  of  unpleasant  odours  from  Its  famed 
pork-killing  establishments.  On  our  entering  the  city,  by  the  Llttlo  Miami  Valley  railroad, 
tlw  beauty  of  that  line  was  only  excelled  by  the  charming  view  presented  as  the  train  crept 
round  the  curves,  opening  to  view  the  exquisitely  beautiful  scenery  of  the  Ohio,  both  on 
the  Kentucky  and  Ohio  side  of  the  rlvor.  Our  visit  to  Cincinnati,  therefore,  In  July  last, 
was  one  of  unmlngled  pleasurable  disappointment;  with  a  blazing  sun  overhead,  all 
vegetation  In  Its  gayest  attire,  and  not  a  particle  of  smoko  to  be  seen,  excepting  from  a 
solitary  steamer,  perhaps,  getting  ready  for  Its  voyage  to  Louisville  or  the  Mississippi. 

Ascending  to  the  top  of  Mount  Adorns,  to  get  a  view  of  the  city  and  surrounding  country, 
we  looked  in  vain  for  smoke;  so  that  should  the  gifted  author  of  "Voices  from  the 
Crowd"  poy  his  friend  Nicholas  Longworth  another  visit  at  Cincinnati,  and  that  any  time 
during  the  spring  or  summer  montlis,  he  will,  we  think,  leave  It  with  a  different  Impres- 
sion, and  similar  to  what  he  experienced  in  the  cities  visited,  where  the  total  absence  from 
smoke  formed  one  of  the  peculiarities  of  American  city  life. 

As  may  be  well  known,  Cincinnati  is  the  most  populous  city  of  the  Western  States,  and 
the  fifth  In  size  and  importance  throughout  the  union.  It  is  beautifully  situated  in  a  volley 
of  about  13  miles  In  circumference,  with  the  Ohio  River  intorseeting  It  from  the  State  of 
Kentucky,  environed  by  o  range  of  hills,  thus  forming  a  beautiful  basin  with  one  portion 
of  the  city  in  the  centre,  but  the  greater  port  of  it  rising  by  terraces,  on  which  Third  and 
Fourth  streets  form  two  of  the  most  prominent.  For  3  miles,  at  least,  the  city  extends  along- 
side of  the  river,  thOt  j)ortion  being  lined,  for  the  most  part,  with  stores  and  shipping- 
places  of  business,  and  where  from  80  to  40  steamers  may  be  seen  engaged  in  the  river 
trnfiie,  soiling  up  the  river  to  Pittsburg,  460  miles,  ond  down  to  ports  on  the  Mississippi, 
660  miles  distant,  corrying,  for  the  most  port,  goods,  but  thot  only  when  the  state  of  the 
river  permits,  and  business  nfl'ords  sufficient  trolfic.  Both  in  the  city  ond  in  the  vicinity 
some  elegont  privote  residences  ore  to  be  seen,  but  more  porticulorly  in  the  suburbs  of 
such  OS  Mount  Auburn,  where  there  ore  some  beoutlful  country  seats,  with  vineries  in  the 
open  air  ottoched  to  each. 

One  of  the  finest  public  buildings  of  Cincinnoti  is  the  Court  House,  on  immense  block  of 
buildings  built  of  white  marble,  but,  to  o  certoin  extent,  obscured  from  being  seen  to  great 
odvontage,  on  occount  of  the  other  buildings  being  built  in  too  close  proximity  with  It. 

In  churches  Cincinnoti  con  boast  of  hoving  as  fine  somples  as  ore  to  be  found  in  the 
"West. 

Its  literary,  educatlonol,  scientific,  ond  medicol  colleges  and  instit'itions,  ronk  with  any 
thing  In  tlie  United  Stotes;  in  fact,  from  the  public  school  up  to  the  mostodvoneed  literary 
ond  scientific  ossociotion,  Cincinnati  is  excelled,  we  believe,  by  no  other  city. 

The  Mechonics'  Institute,  for  exomple,  occupies  a  prominent  ploce  amongst  the  mony  valu- 
oble  Institutions  with  which  Cincinnati  has  great  cause  to  be  proud  of.  It  is  a  lorge,  squore, 
massive  building,  built  in  the  Elizobethon  style,  on  the  corner  of  Sixth  ond  Vine  streets. 
Its  librory  contains  15,000  volumes,  besides  having,  in  nn  odjoining  department,  on  excel- 
lent selection  of  newspopers  and  periodicals.  It  is  under  the  management  of  the  Centrol 
Board  of  tlie  Trustees  and  Visitors  of  Common  Schools,  two  delegates  from  each  ward  in 
the  city  being  part  of  the  monogement.  Rufus  King,  Esq.,  a  nome  well  known  in  Americo, 
is  president. 

At  present  it  numbers  4323  members.  Average  delivery  of  books  during  the  lost  7 
months,  over  6500  volumes  per  month.  Total  circulation  for  7  months,  36,000  volumes. 
At  the  lost  time  when  the  books  were  called  in  i^e  revision,  only  8  volumes  were  wonting 


76 


mechanics'  institute  and  mercantile  libraby. 


out  of  a  total  circulation  of  87,000  volumes,  a  fact  which  speaks  well  for  both  members 
and  management.  Even  this  small  number  missing  was  made  up  by  the  parties  who  had 
become  security  for  those  who  had  got  out  the  books.  All  young  men  under  age,  and  not 
known,  are  required  to  get  a  guarantee  from  a  known  citizen,  who  becomes  responsible 
for  any  loss  the  institution  may  sustuin,  by  giving  out  books  to  such  party  applying  for 
them. 

The  library  is  made  up  of  the  books  formerly  belonging  to  the  Public  School  Library 
and  Mechanics'  Institution,  now  joined  into  one  library.  From  the  State,  it  now — from  its 
connection  with  the  Public  School  Library — receives  $8000  annually'. 

The  terras  of  admission  to  all  are — free. 

It  may  appear  almost  invidious  to  mention  the  name  of  any  one  donor  to  this  noble  in- 
stitution, but  we  think  that  Mr.  Greenwood's  beneficence  should  e  well  known,  if  for  no 
other  reason,  than  that  others  in  different  parts,  may  imitate  his  example.  Besides  many 
subscriptions  to  the  institution,  and  all  along  taking  an  active  part  in  its  establishment  and 
welfare,  he  was,  we  believe,  the  principal  means  of  preventing  the  institution  from  going 
down.  Amongst  its  difficulties,  it  was  due  Mr.  Greenwood  no  less  a  sum  than  $18,000 
(£.3,600  stg.)  for  material  he  had  supplied  to  the  building,  etc.,  from  his  foundry.  Tliat 
entire  sum  he  mcde  them  a  present  of,  from  which  date,  the  institution  has  spread  its  benefits 
all  around,  and  engraven  the  name  of  Miles  Greenwood  indelibly  in  connection  with  its 
hitiory,  and  thot  of  the  welfore  of  the  working  classes. 

Again,  we  may  notice  another  of  the  reading-rooms  and  libraries  in  the  city,  worthy  of 
all  commendation,  viz. :  the  Young  Men's  Mercantile  Library  and  Reading-room,  in  Walnut 
street  On  one  floor  of  a  building  140  feet  long,  by  100  wide,  there  will  be  found  a  library 
of  19,000  volumes,  in  all  the  departments  of  literature,  occupying  fully  one-half  of  the 
aportment  In  the  other  end  of  it  there  will  be  found  the  best  assortment  of  newspapers, 
magazines,  and  periodicals  we  have  seen  anywhere.  The  natives  of  almost  any  part  of  the 
world  will  there  find  the  paper  of  his  own  neighbourhood.  Of  course  the  Thunderer  of 
Printiiig-House  square  (London)  will  be  found  tliere  on  regular  file.  On  the  opposite  frames — 
the  Scotsman — the  worthy  representative  of  "  Auld  Reekie,"  (Edinburgh,  Scot.,)  and  the 
Dublin  Evening  Post  and  Nation,  of  Ireland,  take  their  stand ;  the  Welshmen  are  repre- 
sented in  tlie  Carnarvon  Herald;  the  Frenchmen,  with  the  Journal  des  Debats,  La  Presse, 
Charivari,  L' Illustration,  and  Galignani ;  the  Germans,  with  Zeitungs  plenty ;  the  Austra- 
lian, with  the  Melbourne  Argus  ;  whilst  t'ne  United  States  is  represented  with  sheets  of  all 
sorts  and  sizes,  from  Maine  to  California,  and  not  forgetting  the  well-printed  sheet  of  the 
Pioneer  and  Democrat,  all  the  way  from  St.  Paul,  Minnesota.  Canada  papers  are  also  found 
in  abundance.  In  going  over  this  room,  and  seeing  such  a  host  of  London  weekly  papers, 
and  monthly  magazines  and  quarterly  reviews  from  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland,  a 
stranger  from  Great  Britain  is  apt  to  fancy  himself  in  some  of  the  Exchange  rending  rooms 
of  Liverpool,  Manchester,  or  Glasgow,  or  the  Waterloo  News  Rooms  in  Edinburgh,  rather 
than  on  the  banks  of  the  Ohio. 

The  quarto  and  imperial  weekly  sheets  are  secured  to  tables  across  the  room,  at  which 
porties  may  sit  and  read,  some  of  the  most  popular  London  weekly  papers  showing  good 
evidence  of  being  well  perused.  The  tattered  and  torn  appearance  which  the  Illustrated 
London  News,  and  that  philosophic,  philanthropic,  and  stinging  little  sinner  Punch  pre- 
sented, showed  that  they  afford  as  great  a  treat  to  the  numerous  readers  there,  as  these 
two  publications  do  in  enriching  the  coffers  of  some  American  publishers,  who  depend  largely 
upon  them  for  their  excellent  illustrations,  as,  no  sooner  do  they  reach  this  side  of  the  At- 
lantic, than  they  are  reproduced  without  the  slightest  acknowledgment  as  to  their  source, 
far  less  in  a  pecuniary  respect. 

The  magazines  are  all  numbered,  and  can  be  taken  and  read  in  any  part  of  the  building. 
After  perusal  they  are  returned  to  their  proper  pigeon-holes  in  the  desk,  where  they  re- 
main open  for  perusal. 

The  library  contains  19,000  volumes.  The  reading-room,  240  different  newspapers,  and 
120  magazines  and  reviews  are  received  as  soon  as  possible  after  publication. 


THIRD  STREET,   CINCINNATI. 


77 


The  terms  of  entry  are  only  $3  (12».  stg.),  with  f  1  entry-money. 

At  present  it  numbers  SOOO  members. 

The  reading-room  is  most  comfortably  fitted  up.  On  the  floor,  for  example,  there  is  a 
magnificent  tapestry  carpet,  and  the  newspapers  mounted  on  elegant  iron  frames  of  chaste 
design.  Altogether,  it  appears  a  model  institution  of  the  kind,  and  we  congratulate  the 
Young  Men's  Mercantile  Library  Association  in  having  such  an  institute. 

We  had  forgot  to  mention,  that  the  library  is  adorned  with  a  beautiful  marble  statue  of 
"  Sabrina,"  and  another  of  *'  Eve  listening  to  the  Voice,"  as  well  as  busts  of  some  of  Amer- 
ica's most  accomplished  public  men. 

In  one  respect,  this  institution  differs  from  any  of  the  kind  we  have  seen  in  Britain,  via., 
that  of  ladies  visiting  the  reading-room,  and  perusing  the  books,  newspapers,  and  periodi- 
cals, with  apparently  great  interest,  besides  forming  a  large  proportion  of  the  visitors  to 
tlie  Young  Men's  Library,  for  books. 


< 
C 


The  finest  wholesale  stores  in  the  city  are  situated  on  Pearl  street,  where  they  arrest  at- 
tention, from  their  solid  stone  built  appearance,  and  general  excellent  design.  The  other 
principal  streets  for  the  wliolesiile  trade,  are,  Walnut  street,  Main  street,  and  Public  land- 
ing, from  which  tens  of  thousands  of  dollars'  wortli  of  goods  change  hands  weekly. 


1] 


78 


NEW  MASONIC  TEMPLE,  CINCINNATI. 


Third  street  forms  also  one  of  the  finest  streets  of  the  city.  At  the  corner  of  Third  and 
Walnut  street,  the  Masonic  Temple  will  stand,  when  completed  (see  our  engraving  of  the 
same),  ^n  Third  street,  are  situated  the  greater  proportion  of  tlie  banking  houses  and 
offices  of  the  exchange  brokers  and  lawyers  in  the  city.  The  buildings  there  also  being 
cliaraoterized  by  that  solid  magnificence,  which  well  cut  and  tastefully  designed  architec- 
ture always  portrays.  Our  view  of  Tliird  street,  as  given  in  the  preceding  page,  repre- 
sents some  of  the  finest  buildings  in  the  street,  the  first  one  on  the  left  hand,  being  the 
premises  built  and  occupied  by  the  celebrated  Ohio  Life  ami  Trust  Company,  a  banking 
institution,  which  failed  in  1867. 


, 1 " i^TT '■  nil  'iiiiiii n]'!TiWiiF" 


Tins  splendid  structure,  an  engraving  of  which  we  present,  is  one  of  the  most  striking 
I)uilding8  yet  erected,  we  believe,  in  the  United  States,  and  will  show  more  strongly,  than  per- 
haps any  other  we  could  have  selected,  the  amazing  rapidity  of  growth  of  the  western  cities 
of  America.  On  the  site  where  tliis  Masonic  temple  rears  its  commanding  form,  among  other 
costly  and  palatial  stone  edifices,  in  the  business  centre  of  the  "  queen  city"  of  the  West, 
men,  still  in  tlie  vigour  of  life,  assure  astonished  strangers  that  they  can  remember  wlien, 
on  the  very  spot  occupied  by  these  palaces,  the  primitive  log-huts  of  the  first  settlers  were 
embedded  in  the  forest ! 

The  Nova  Cesaria  Harmony  Lodge,  No.  2,  under  whose  auspices  this  temple  is  being 
erected,  was  instituted  in  1794,  and  is  the  oldest  lodge  in  Cincinnati.    The  ground  was 


E-i 

O 


H 
» 


GRINDING  &  BOLTING  FLOUR  MILL, 


CORIV     AI%D     FEED     IVIIL.L.S     OF     ALL.     ISIZElS, 

BOTH  UPPER  AND  UNDER  RUNNERS. 

A  complete  Mill  is  furnished  for  $700.  This  comprises  3  foot  French  Burr  Stones, 
Bolting  Chest  6  feet  high  and  20  feet  long,  with  an  improvement  for  adjusting  the  Reel, 
which  is  3  feet  in  diameter  and  20  feet  long,  with  genuine  Dutch  Anker  Boltmg  Cloth  fitted  to 
it ;  two  pairs  of  Cooling  Conveyers ;  two  sets  of  Elevators,  with  gearing,  belting,  &c.,  all 
ready  to  attach  to  power.  The  Mill  is  so  arranged  that  any  portion  of  middlings  or  fine 
flour  can  be  returned  to  the  eye  of  the  Burrs,  and  reground,  or  can  be  rebolted,  without 
any  rehandling. 

We  also  build  smaller  sized  Flour  Mills,  Bolts,  &c.,  all  complete.  A  24  inch  Burr  and 
10  foot  Bolt,  $350  ;  30  inch  Burr  and  Bolt,  16  feet  long,  $550. 

The  $700  Mill  we  guarantee  to  grind  and  bolt  60  barrels  of  flour  per  day,  making  the 
best  extra  flour,  and  a  yield  equal  to  the  best  and  most  costly  Mills  in  use.  They  have 
been  gotten  up  with  a  view  of  meeting  the  wants  of  the  people.  As  to  oconomy  of 
expense,  power,  and  space,  and  in  durability,  simplicity,  efficiency,  they  are  unrivalled. 
They  can  be  set  to  running  in  any  kind  of  building  where  power  is  used,  or  in  Saw 
Mills. 

Our  Corn  and  Feed  Mills  are  also  put  up  in  strong  Iron  Frames,  (cast  solid ).  A 
24  inch  Mill,  ready  to  attach  to  power,  costs  $180;  2^  feet,  $175  ;  8  feet,  $225. 

Smut  Machines,  Flour  Packers,  Com  Shellers, 
W.  W.  HAMER  &  CO., 

SOLE  MANUFACTURERS, 
TV.  E.  cor.  of  Second  iSt.  and  IVestern  Roir, 

CINCINNATI,    OHIO. 


I  nrs  JM,so  rvRJvisH  to  oruxb 

Portable  ic  Stationary  Engrines  &  Boilers  of  all  sizes,  Circular, 
Jflnlcy  and  Sash  Saws  &  mill  Gearing  of  all  kinds. 

CONSTANTLY    ON    HAND    MILL    PICKf^,    HOISTING    SCREWS,    GRAIN   SCALES,    &C.,   &C. 

Ccnuine  Dutch  Anker  Brand  Bolting  Cloth  at  Lowest  Prices,  Leather  &  India  Rubber  Belting. 

N.  B. — Wo  have  3  Mills  constantly  running  at  our  Factory,  grinding  flour,  corn, 
meal  and  feed.  Persons  wishing  to  purchase  can  thus  determine  the  superiority  of  our 
Mills,    Circulars,  giving  particulars,  sent  upon  application  with  postage  stamp. 


tmm 


MILES  GREENWOOD'S  WORKS, 


EAGLE  FOUNDRT,  CINCINNATI. 


1 


•I 


NEW   MASONIC  TEMPLE  AND  FOURTH  STREET,   CINCINNATI.        79 

donated  by  Wm.  McMillan — now  deceased.  As  a  building  designed  expressly  for  Masonic 
uses,  it  is  a  question,  if,  not  only  in  Amei-ica  but  in  Europe,  any  temple  of  the  kind  haa 
heretofore  been  erected  more  complete  and  convenient  in  its  arrangements,  or  richer  in 
graceful  and  symbolic  architecture,  than  the  one  now  under  notice. 

It  is  being  erected  entirely  of  the  beautiful  freestone,  for  which  Cincinnati  is  so  celebrated, 
and  stands  on  the  north-east  corner  of  Third  and  Walnut  streets,  occupying  a  frontage  on 
Third  street  of  200  feet,  and  100  feet  on  Walnut  street.  The  style  is  Byzantine,  exhibiting 
strongly  tho«e  bold  and  massive  features  so  cbaraoteristio  of  many  of  the  best  buildings  of 
northern  Italy.  It  will  be  4  stories  high,  with  a  basement,  and  flanked  by  three  lofty  tow- 
ers ;  the  one  at  the  corner  of  Third  and  Walnut  streets  being  82  feet  square  at  the  base,  and 
186  feet  from  the  base  to  the  vane.  In  the  centre  of  this  tower,  on  the  third  siory,  and  fac- 
ing Tliird  street,  is  a  niche  designed  to  receive  a  life-size  statue  of  W.  McMillan,  the  liberal 
donor  of  the  property.  The  upper  portion  of  the  tower  will  have  a  large  town  clock,  with 
4  illuminated  dials  1  feet  diameter,  which  will  be  visible  on  each  face  of  the  tower  from  a 
great  distance.  The  first  floor,  as  well  as  basement,  will  be  used  for  banking  houses  and 
exchange  brokers,  the  second  floor  for  business  offices,  while  the  third  and  fourth  floors  are 
devoted  exclusively  to  Masons  and  Masonic  meetings.  On  the  third  floor,  which  is  18 
feet  6  inches  high,  are  the  chapter  room,  the  library,  (lit  by  a  projecting  Oriel  window,) 
royal  and  select  council  room,  a  spacious  banquet  room,  an  encampment  asylum,  a  royal 
arch  chapter  room,  and  a  Persian  court,  all  for  the  use  of  the  knights  and  templars.  At 
the  western  portion  of  this  floor,  and  facing  Third  and  Walnut  streets,  a  commodious  suite 
of  rooms  form  the  residence  of  the  janitor,  isolated  from  the  remainder  of  the  building,  but 
in  convenient  juxtaposition.  The  fourth  story,  which  is  22  feet  high,  is  subdivided  into  3 
splendid  lodge  rooms  for  the  entered  apprentices,  fellow-crafts,  and  master-masons  of  N. 
C.  Harmony  Lodge,  No.  2,  and  a  grand  lodge  room  designed  for  use  only  on  extraordinary 
occasions.  This  fine  room  is  70  feet  long,  42  feet  4  inches  wide,  and  28  feet  in  height,  lit 
by  the  large  and  beautiful  rose  window  which  forms  so  conspicuous  a  feature  on  the  Wal- 
nut-street elevation.  The  attitude  of  the  temple  will  be  86  feet  from  the  pavement  to  the 
cornice,  106  feet  to  the  ridge  of  the  roof,  and  112  feet  to  the  cornice  of  the  great  tower. 
The  roof  is  a  Mansard  shape,  terminated  where  visible,  by  a  rich  iron  railin:?,  and  having 
its  surface  relieved  by  seven  picturesque  dormer  windows.  The  entire  cost  is  estimated  at 
$150,000  (£80,000  stg.). 

The  architects  of  this  building — which  reflects  the  highest  credit  upon  their  artistic  taste 
and  skill — are  Messrs.  Hamilton  and  McLaughlin,  whose  cards  will  be  found  elsewhere. 
Mr.  McLaughlin  is  still  a  resident  of  Cincinnati,  but  Mr.  Hamilton  (formerly  of  London)  has 
recently  removed  to  New  York.  The  engraving,  given  in  another  page,  has  been  exe- 
cuted for  this  work,  by  two  young  and  very  promising  wood  engravers  in  Cincinnati, 
Messrs.  Davenport  and  Thompson,  and  we  have  only  to  refer  to  tiiis  specimen  of  their 
work,  to  show  what  they  can  do,  for  them  to  be  entrusted  with  drawings  of  the  most 
intricate  character,  as  the  foregoing  view  was  engraved  from  the  architect's  drawing,  and 
the  manner  in  which  they  have  preserved  every  detail  correctly,  reflects  great  credit  upon 
their  ability  as  first-class  engravers. 

In  our  engraving  of  Fourth  street,  will  be  seen  a  representation  of  some  of  the  finest  blocks 
in  the  city,  and  among  the  many  splendid  stores  with  which  it  abounds,  none  show  to  more 
advantage  than  the  magnificent  jewellery  establishment  of  Messrs.  Duhme  &  Co.,  situated 
in  Carlisle  Block,  corner  of  Fourth  and  Walnut  streets  (the  first  large  block  to  the  left  in 
the  engraving  on  the  next  page.)  This  establishment  rivals.  In  that  particular  depart- 
ment, any  thing  in  New  York,  or  any  where  else,  we  believe,  in  the  United  States,  and 
stands  pre-eminent  as  the  Hunt  A  Roskills  (London)  of  Western  America.  Tlie  visitor  there 
will  be  struck  with  the  large  amount  of  valuable  stock  which  Is  to  be  seen,  consisting  of 
the  manufactures  of  some  of  the  best  makers  in  England,  France,  and  Switzerland. 

In  the  same  block  stands,  also,  one  of  the  finest,  if  not  the  finest,  bookstore  In  the  city, 
viz.,  Messrs.  Robert  Clarke  &  Co.'s  (late  Derby  A  Co).  This  store  is  handsomely  fitted  up, 
and  filled  with  a  large  stock  of  rare  and  valuable  works  In  all  departments  of  literature 


80 


rOURTH  STREET,   CINCINNATI. 


and  Bcicnce.    BesidoB  being  publishera  of  several  works,  Messrs.  Clarke  &  Co.  import  direct 
from  the  publishing  houses  in  England  and  Scotland. 

In  the  same  street  (Fourth  street)  a  little  further  west,  is  now  completing  a  very  magni- 
ficent block,  intended  as  the  opera  house  for  the  queen  city.  When  finished,  it  will  form 
probably,  the  finest  block  in  the  street,  if  not  in  tlie  whole  city.  Its  proportions  and  de- 
sign are  elegant. 


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Still  further  west,  in  Fourth  street,  stands  the  new  post-office,  custom  house,  and  other 
government  offices,  all  in  one  building,  of  a  very  chaste  design  and  classic  character.  Tlie 
only  regret  is,  that  so  fine  a  building  should  have  been  obscured  or  buried  in  oppearnnce, 
alongside  of  tlie  high  towering  stores  l)uilt  close  to  the  westward  of  it.  Only  the  front 
portion  of  the  post-ofllce  will  be  seen  in  the  above  engraving,  with  the  national  flag 
waving  from  the  top  of  it.  On  the  opposite  side  of  Fourth  street  stand  some  very  elegant 
BtoresAlso,  and  a  visit  to  Mr.  Richardson's  outfitting  establishment,  opposite  the  post-offiee, 
will  give  an  idea  of  their  internal  extent  and  magnificence. 

We  should  say  that  Fourth  street  bids  fair  to  be  the  street  of  streets  in  this  beautiful  and 
wonderful  city,  and  that  a  few  years  will  see  it  lined,  from  end  to  end,  with  buildings  of 
the  same  palatial  character. 


NATION.VL  THEATRE    CINCINNATI. 


81 


Amongst  the  many  handsome  buildings  in  the  city,  few  show  a  flue.*  exterior  or  more 
substantial  appearance  than  the  National  Theatre,  on  Sycamore  street,  built  by  Mr.  John 
Bates.  It  presents,  as  will  be  seen  by  our  engraving  of  it,  a  very  hondsome  exterior, 
ornamented  with  some  -very  finely-executed  sculptor  work.  Whilst  the  exterior  shows  to 
such  great  advantage,  the  interior  is  tastefully  decorated  and  fitted  up.  After  the  old 
tlifHtre  was  burned  down,  we  understand  a  company  was  formed  to  build  a  new  one,  but 


as  sometimes  "  too  many  cooks  spoil  the  broth,"  it  was  likely  to  prove  bo  in  this  instance, 
when  Mr.  Bates  stepped  forward,  and  single-handed,  provided  the  citizens  with  as  comfort- 
able and  elegant  a  theatre  as  will  be  found  in  the  Uni'.  dd  States.  The  house  is  built  in  the 
most  substantial  manner,  and  in  that  respect,  as  well  as  regards  ventilation,  is  every  thing 
that  is  possible  to  attain.  It  is  seated  for  8000  people,  and  stands  on  a  lot  100  feet  front 
and  206  feet  deep ;  height  of  house  90  feet.    The  architect  is  Mr.  Hamilton,  who  is  also 


THE  PORK  TRADE — THE  EAGLE  IRON  WORKS. 


Architect  of  the  Masonic  Temple,  a  view  of  which  will  be  found  on  another  page.  The  thea- 
tre was  built  under  the  personal  superintendence  of  Mr.  Bates,  who  watched  its  process  from 
the  digging  of  the  foundation  to  lighting  up  the  gas  on  the  opening  night,  on  4th  July  last. 

Under  the  Icsseeship  of  Mr.  Baker,  the  house,  on  our  visit,  was  certainly  "  drawing"  well 
Every  thing  was  put  on  the  stage  promptly  and  creditably,  making  the  stranger  forget,  al- 
most, that  he  was  witnessing  "  La  Trnviata"  on  the  banks  of  the  Ohio. 

There  is  scarcely  any  branch  of  manufactures  but  what  is  carried  on,  more  or  Iku, 
extensively  in  Cincinnati.  Its  ffreat  trade,  however,  consists  in  the  article  of  pork,  Ho 
much  so,  is  this  the  case,  that  the  city  is  pretty  well  known  as  the  pobkopolib  of  Amer- 
ica. In  the  winter  season  droves  of  pigs  may  be  seen,  being  driven  along  the  streets  on 
their  way  to  the  killing  and  packing-houses,  where  they  are  killed,  plotted,  cut  up,  pickled, 
and  packed,  with  a  rapidity  that  is  scarcely  conceivable.  Along  the  roads,  the  animals 
are  to  be  seen  reaching  the  city  from  neighbouring  villages,  whilst  the  railroad  vans  are 
loaded  with  them  from  all  parts  of  the  west.  To  Cincinnati  the  pork  and  provisiuu 
dealers  iu  Belfa.  (Ireland)  find  their  way  once  a  year,  to  make  purchases  and  oontr«ct« 
for  their  supplies,  and  to  there,  as  well  as  ports  in  England,  immense  shipments  are 
made  during  the  course  of  the  year.  Besides  what  is  killed  in  the  city,  Cincinnati  finds 
a  market  for  a  large  amount  of  pork  and  bacon — in  bulk.  Thus  we  find,  in  one  year,  tiie 
quantity  to  be  over  460,000  hogs,  17,000,000  bbls.  of  pork  in  bulk,  and  11,000  hogsheads  of 
bacon,  as  received  into  the  city.  The  total  amount  of  which  was  estimated  at  $6,600,Ouo, 
or  £1,100,000  sterling.  In  connection  with  the  manufactures  of  the  city,  lard  and  oil  forms 
important  articles.  In  the  articles  shipped  from  the  city,  a  large  proportion  is  ir  -k, 
bacon,  oil,  lard,  whiskey,  wine,  furniture,  and  machinery. 

Amongst  the  large  nianufhcturing  establishments  connected  with  the  city,  the  Eagle 
Foundry  of  Miles  Greenwood,  must  take  the  first  place.  It  is  one  of  the  largest  of  its 
kind  in  the  United  States,  and  an  establishment,  where,  probably,  a  greater  variety  of 
articles  are  manufactured  under  one  roof,  than  can  be  named  in  any  other  city.  There 
will  be  found  articles  varying  in  size  and  weight,  from  800  pieces  in  a  lb.,  to  10  tons 
for  one  piece,  verifying,  almost,  the  popular  saying,  of  every  thing  from  "  a  needle,  to  au 
anchor."  In  the  manufacture  of  one  article  alone — thot  of  stoves — no  less  than  2500  tons 
of  iron  are  used  annually.  Butt  hinges  are  made  in  enormous  quantities,  and  with  a  stock 
on  hand,  apparently,  sufficient  to  hinge  all  the  doors  in  the  States.  Until  the  manufacture 
of  this  article  by  Mr.  Greenwood,  America  was  dependent  upon  Great  Britain  for  them. 
Tliere  is  scarcely  an  article  in  the  iron  or  hardware  trade  but  what  is,  or  can  be  manufac- 
tured at  this  establishment,  extending,  even,  to  music,  and  other  sorts  of  stools;  liat-stauds, 
tables,  etc.,  of  tasteful  design  and  finish,  and  even  articles  of  delicate  manufacture — such  as 
planetariums — are  manufactured,  as  we  noticed.  The  establishment  is  divided  into  several 
departments — each  under  efficient  superintendence — two  of  the  principal  departments  being 
under  the  mana^i^ement  of  Mr.  Folger,  and  Mr.  Yates,  who  are  associated  as  partners  with 
Mr.  Greenwood  in  what  pertains  to  their  own  departments. 

Amongst  the  heavier  description  of  work  turned  out,  are  those  of  basement-fronts  for 
stores,  as  well  as  for  entire  fronts  of  stores  and  houses.  The  beautiful  front  with  Corin- 
thian pillars,  on  Carlisle's  block  in  4th  street,  are  from  Mr.  Greenwood's  establishment,  al- 
though now  that  tlicy  are  painted  and  sanded  over,  it  is  impossible,  almost,  to  tell  the  dif- 
ference between  them  and  the  stone  of  which  the  upper  part  is  built.  Mr,  Greenwood  is 
an  excellent  example  of  the  many  self-made  men  with  which  this  country  abounds,  and  we 
are  only  paying  a  well-earned  tribute,  when  we  say,  that  for  public  spirit,  energy  of 
character,  and  large  heartedness,  we  question  if  the  queen  city  has  his  match.  The  read- 
er is  referred  to  our  notices  of  the  fire-engine  establishment,  and  mechanics'  institution  for  ii 
few  practical  samples  of  Mr.  Greenwood's  character.  At  present,  when  trade  is  dull  every 
where,  there  are  only  about  400  men  employed  at  the  works.  In  ordinary  good  times, 
fully  500  are  employed.  One  of  the  most  gratifying  facts  connected  with  this  eataljlish- 
mcnt  is  that  during  the  long  period  of  26  years,  it  has  never  stood  idle  for  a  single  day— 
although  nearly  the  whole  concern  vaa  burned  down  in  1845. 


WINE  QROWINO  AND  TRADE  OF  OINOINNATI. 


88 


8trangen  In  the  queen  city  will  be  much  gratified  with  «  vltlt  to  this  mammoth  estal^ 
llthment,  where  they  will  be  moat  courteously  recelred,  and  ihown  over  the  premtsca. 

In  the  single  article  of  grist  mills,  large  quantities  are  manufactured,  two  of  the  princi- 
pal houses  engaged  therein,  being  Messrs.  W.  W.  Hamer  &  Co.,  and  J.  H.  Burrows  A  Ga  ' 

At  Is  well  known,  Cincinnati  has  already  earned  a  world-wide  notoriety  for  Its  wines — 
and  judging  from  the  rapid  Increase  In  the  cultivation  of  the  grape,  and  manufacture  of 
wine,  there  Is  every  likelihood  of  Its  becoming  a  rival  even  to  the  trade  In  purk,  in  Its 
Immensity. 

In  connection  with  the  wine  manufacture,  one  of  the  most  notable  things  connected  with 
this  city.  Is  the  establishment  of  Mr.  N.  Longworth,  the  celebrated  wine-grower.  A  visit 
to  his  wine  cellars  will  astonish  the  stranger.  There  will  be  found  upwards  of  800,000 
dozens  of  bottles  of  the  Catawba  wine,  maturing  till  ready  to  be  sent  out.  The  cellars 
consist  of  two  vaults,  90  by  120  feet,  In  two  tiers,  the  lower  one  being  28  feet  below  ground. 
One  cask,  alone  there,  holds  4,^76  gallons  of  wine.  Mr.  Longworth  has  spent  many  years 
and  a  large  amount  of  money,  in  bringing  the  Catawba  grape  to  Us  present  state  of  per- 
feotioo.  In  this  respect  he  miiy  be  considered  the  father  of  the  wine  trade,  there,  as  well  as 
one  of  the  "  City  Fathers."  His  wines  find  their  way  all  over  the  United  States,  to  Eng- 
land, Mexico,  Brazil,  Russia,  etc.  The  "  Sparkling  Catawba"  is  very  like  champagne,  and 
the  uninitiated  In  such  articles  would  scarcely  know  the  difference.  The  wine  made  there 
contains  about  11  to  12  per  cent  of  alcohol. 

As  long  as  Cincinnati  lasts  the  name  of  Nicolas  Longworth  will  be  intimately  associated 
with  it,  and  hundreds  of  the  very  lowest  and  most  degraded  of  the  population  will,  some 
day,  miss  his  extraordinary  benevolence— which  reaches  In  one  form  alone,  In  seasons  of 
distrcsa — the  free  distribution  of  from  800  to  600  loaves  of  breod  every  week  to  the  most 
necessitous  poor.  In  the  distribution  of  his  charity  he  Is  peculiar,  if  not  eccentric.  Many 
stories  are  told  of  him  in  this  respect.  As  one  which  we  have  not  seen  published,  and  to 
give  an  Idea  of  the  man,  we  may  mention,  that  when  lately  called  upon  by  a  deputation 
for  his  subscription  to  assist  the  "  Lord's  poor,"  his  reply  was,  that  he  had  enough  to  do  In 
taking  care  of,  and  looking  after,  the  "  Devil's  poor,"  It  being,  as  we  have  said,  the  most 
degraded  whom  Mr.  Longworth  makes  his  peculiar  choice.  He  not  only  gives  away 
largely  In  bread,  etc.,  but  provides  houses  actually  free  of  rent,  to  many  who  are  not  able 
to  pay  for  them,  and  yet  such  tenants  are  more  trouble  to  him  than  those  who  pay  rent 
He  is,  altogether,  a  self-made  man.  He  commenced  his  career  in  a  very  humble  capacity, 
and  now,  although  said  to  be  the  mlllionare  of  the  city,  has,  apparently,  not  a  particle  of 
pride  about  him.  His  house  Is  a  princely  dwelling,  adorned  with  some  gems  of  art  In 
sculpture  and  painting,  of  great  beauty  and  value.  For  example.  In  his  drawing-room  is 
to  be  seen  the  first  specimen  of  sculpture  ever  executed  by  the  celebrated  Hiram  Powers, 
and  a  gem  it  is. 

The  turn-out  of  wine  in  Mr.  Long  worth's  establishment  is  about  160,000  bottles  per  an- 
num. 

Other  firms  in  the  city  are  now  engaged  in  the  mannfiicture  of  wine.  A  large  German 
population,  now  inhabiting  the  hills  around  the  city,  as  well  as  parties  on  the  Kentucky 
side  of  the  river,  are  engaged  in  the  cultivation  of  the  vine,  and  scarcely  an  inch  of  ground 
is  to  be  seen  on  the  hill-sides  but  what  is  covered  with  vines,  growing. 

The  population  of  Cincinnati  is  about  200,000. 

One  of  the  finest  views  of  Cincinnati  is  to  be  got  from  off  the  top  of  one  of  the  hills  on 
the  Kentucky  side  of  the  river,  especially  any  of  those  a  little  further  west  than  the  city. 


,13 


M 


CLEVELAND,  OHIO. 


CLEVELAND,   OHIO. 

Cliycland,  one  of  the  most  Important  cUiot  of  the  we§t,  ia  ittuated  on  an  elevated 
plateau,  To  feet  above  the  level  of  Lake  Erie,  and  form*  one  of  the  citlee  on  that  lake.  It 
ii  decidedly  one  of  the  most  beautiful  cltlei  In  the  Staten,  and  remarkable  for  Its  fine  pub- 
lic and  private  buildings. 

It  Is  built  upon  a  gravelly  plain,  and  from  it  a  magniflcent  view  of  the  lake  is  wen. 

The  chief  business  streets  are  Superior  street,  Water  street,  Bank  street,  and  River  street 
Tl»e  three  former  are  situated  on  the  higher  part  of  the  )ity,  whilst  River  street  Ig 
between  Cleveland  proper,  and  what  was  formerly  ♦  rmed  '  .l.io  City,  (on  western  side  of 
the  River  Cuyahoga,)  but  which  is  now  incorporated  with  Cleveland. 

Next  to  Cincinnati,  It  is  the  most  important  commercial  town  in  Ohio,  and,  from  its  nat- 
ural position  on  the  lake,  forms  an  important  centre  for  business  to  all  points,  and  from  lu 
manufacturing  and  commercial  enterprise  and  establishments,  it  seems  destined  alwaye  to 
hold  a  high  position  amongst  the  cities  of  the  Uiilon, 

Prom  the  quantity  of  trees  and  shrubbery  growing  Jn  all  parts  of  the  city,  giving  iti 
streets  the  appearance  of  groves  rather  than  any  thing  else,  and  the  garden-plots  around 
the  private  dwellings,  it  has  been  very  appropriately  termed  the  "  Forest  City." 

To  the  stranger,  who  enters  it  for  the  first  time,  he  will  be  forcibly  struck  with  its  re- 
markable beauty,  and  spacious  streets,  averaging  as  they  do,  about  120  feet  wide. 

As  an  entrepot  of  commerce,  it  is  one  of  great  importance.  A  large  direct  trade  with  the 
western  cities  is  kept  np  by  railroad  and  steamers.  The  latter  ply,  during  the  summer  ees- 
son,  up  as  fur  as  Lake  Superior,  touching  at  the  most  northerly  ports  of  that  immense 
mining  region.  From  thence,  iron  and  copper  are  brought  In  great  abundance,  and  at 
Cleveland  these  meet  with  the  coal  of  Ohio  and  Pennsylvania,  and  transported  by  canal 
and  railroad  to  Rttsburg,  Philadelphia,  and  other  cities  on  the  seaboard. 

Two  very  handsome  and  substantial  freestone  buildings  are  in  course  of  erection  at  the 
north  side  of  the  public  square,  one  of  them  the  United  States  Government  buildings,  is  in 
tended  for  custom  house,  post-office,  etc. — erecting  at  a  cost  of  about  $126,000  (£26,0U()), 
60  feet  by  100  feet,  62  feet  elevation  being  three  stories  high.  Builder,  Mr.  W.  J.  Warner. 
Government  architect,  Mr.  A.  B.  Young.  At  another  corner — on  same  side  of  square — is 
erecting  the  County  Court  House,  at  the  expense  of  the  State  of  Ohio.  Builders,  Me«9r«. 
Smith  &  Pannell.  Architect,  Mr.  J.  J.  Husband.  When  finished,  these  will  form  two  of 
the  most  important  and  beautiful  buildings  in  the  city.  Freestone,  of  which  these  two 
public  buildings,  and  many  of  the  private  houses  are  built.  Is  found  in  great  abnndance  at 
Amherst,  I^rain  County,  Ohio,  and  also  at  Independence,  12  miles  from  Cleveland. 

The  chief  street,  for  handsome  mansions  and  villas,  is  named  Euclid  street,  and  contains 
many  equal,  in  magnificence,  to  those  in  the  suburbs  of  London,  Manchester  (Eng,),  or 
Edinburgh  or  Glasgow  (Scot.).  All  of  them  are  surrounded  by  beautifully  laid  out  gar- 
dens, with  the  houses  placed  from  30  to  40  yards  from  the  road-side,  and  altogether  form  a 
continuation  of  private  dwellings,  which,  for  beauty  of  design,  substantiality,  and  elegance, 
are  scarcely  to  be  surpassed. 

As  regards  health,  Cleveland  is  considered  remarkably  favourable.  Situated  as  it  is,  the 
atmosphere,  in  summer,  is  delightfully  cooled  by  the  breezes  from  Lake  Erie,  so  that,  even 
the  hottest  days  of  July  are  tempered  by  refreshing  winds,  experienced  in  few  other, 
excepting  lake,  cities. 

Altogether,  Cleveland  possesses  within  itself  all  the  elements,  not  only  of  progressing 
towards  being  a  much  greater  city,  but  all  the  conveniences,  comforts,  and  luxuries  of  life. 

In  educational  matters,  its  public  schools  are  large  and  airy — (and,  of  course,  all  free)— 
whilst  it  possesses  private  academies  and  high  schools  for  the  higher  branches  of  educa- 
tion. 

Of  colleges,  it  possesses  both  allopathic  and  homoeopathic — whilst  it  has  2  or  3  celebrated 
water-cure  establishments. 


CLEVELAND,   OHIO. 


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CLEVELAND,  OHIO. 


J.  Tait).  There  is  no  mechanics'  institution  in  the  city,  but  this  establishment  answers 
much  the  same  purpose.  Here,  for  $2.00  a  year,  young  men  can  enjoy  the  advantages  of 
a  library  of  5000  volumes,  (and  fast  increasing,)  besides  newspapers,  periodicals,  etc. 

The  public  square  occupies  about  10  acres  of  ground,  fenced  off  for  public  recreation. 
Foot-paths  cross  in  all  directions.  In  the  centre  a  graceful  fountain  plays  all  day,  forming 
a  beautiful  object  On  certain  evenings  of  the  week,  a  very  first-rate  brass  band  plays  on 
a  raised  platform,  gnituitously,  for  several  hours,  during  which  time  (in  the  evening) 
a  large  turn  out  of  the  inhabitants  is  to  be  seen,  some  sitting  on  the  numerous  seats  pro- 
vided, and  some  promenading  ai)out  This  squa,  e,  and  its  appropriate  "  fixings,"  is  one  of 
the  most  attractive  features  of  the  city,  and  reflects  no  small  credit  on  the  inhabitants  who 
secured  it  for  its  present  purpose. 

On  the  west  side  of  the  river,  are  situated  a  most  eflSeient  system  of  water  works.  Two 
immense  stationary  engines  pump  the  water  up  from  the  lake  to  a  large  reservoir,  from 
which  the  city  is  plentifully  supplied. 

On  same  side  of  the  river,  a  very  large  population  is  scattered  over  a  great  surface  of 
ground,  consisting  in  part  of  several  very  neat  cottages.  A  large  proportion  of  the  work- 
ing'"'38ses  live  on  that  side  of  the  river ;  and  a  stranger  cannot  but  be  struck,  in  summer 
time,  with  the  neat  and  comfor<^able  appearance  of  the  dwellings,  the  most  of  them  being 
all  owned  by  the  irhabitants,  and  the  gropes  growing  in  profusion  in  the  open  air,  every 
one  being  living  proofs,  in  reolity,  of  "  sitting  under  his  own  vine,  and  none  daring  to  make 
him  afraid." 

A  large  trade  is  done  in  wool,  bought  by  the  Cleveland  merchants,  and  sent  by  them  to 
all  parts  where  woollen  goods  are  made.  The  wholesale  and  retail  warehouses  (or  stores), 
are,  for  the  mosi  part,  spacious  buildings — running  100  to  200  feet  back ;  and  in  the  retail 
stores — in  every  description  of  trade  almost — goods  of  the  most  superb  and  costly  charac- 
ter, OS  well  as  the  most  useful  and  plain,  are  to  be  seen. 

Property  now  rents  very  high  in  Cleveland,  so  much  so,  that  many  are  of  the  opinion 
that  but  for  the  high  rates  demanded  by  land-owners,  the  city  would  have  made  greater 
progress  than  it  has  done,  and  so  long  as  the  present  high  prices  are  demanded,  it  must 
materially  affect  the  progre'j  of  the  city  in  its  manufacturing  and  commercial  prosperity, 

Omnibus  Line. — An  excellent  line  of  omnibuses  is  established  at  Cleveland,  by  which 
passengers,  arriving  per  rail,  can  be  set  down  at  any  address  in  town,  including  luggage, 
for  25  cents  (1«.  stg.).  Mr.  Stevens,  the  proprietor,  ha.  .pwards  of  60  horses  employed  on 
it,  and,  altogether,  conducts  it  in  a  very  satisfactory  manner.  His  "  busses"  call  at  the 
hotels  for  passengers,  before  the  <"  portur'-  of  the  trains.  The  baggage  is  conveyed  in  a 
8eparc*3  conveyance,  thus  avoiding  all  trouble  and  annoyance  with  it. 

Previous  to  the  arrival  of  the  t»%'  at  Clevelond,  passengers  will  be  waited  upon  by 
the  baggage-agent,  who  passeS  througn  the  cars;  by  giving  him  their  baggage  checks 
and  25  cents,  he,  in  return,  will  give  them  an  omnibus  ticket,  which  will  entitle  them  to 
one  seat  in  the  omnibus,  and  the  conveyance  of  one  or  two  trunks  to  any  part  of  the  city. 

Tliis  iine  of  omnibuses  ply  to  different  parts  of  the  city  as  a  city  line,  on  the  same  plan 
as  the  omnibuses  in  New  York.'  By  purchasing  tickets  at  the  office,  residents  get  con- 
veyed, from  one  point  to  another,  for  about  6^  cents  each  trip. 

Present  population  of  Cleveland  is  estimated  at  about  60,000. 


CLEVELAND    BUSINESS    DIRECTORY. 


Banks  and  Bankers— 

Commercial  Bbanch,  State  Bank  of  Ohio- 

William  A.  Otis,  President;  T.  P.  Handy. 
Cashier ;  E.  L.  Jones,  Assistant  Cashier. 

Hehdman  &  Co.,  11  Water  street.  [See 
advertisement.] 

Markland  &  Co.,  River  street.  [See  ad- 
vertisement.] 

Whitman,  Stanoart  &  Co.,  Superior  street. 

Booksellers— 

Cobb,  J.  C.  A  Co.,  Superior  street. 
Inqham  &  Bragq,  Superior  street.    [See 
advertisement.] 

Boot  and  Shoe  Store— 

Masubt,  Dole  &  Co.,  23  Water  street.  [See 
advertisement.] 

Boiler  Mannfncturer— 

McQabry,  T.  J.,  Centre  street. 

China  and  Glass  Store— 

Tago,  Ensworth  &  Co.,  Importers  of  China, 
Glass  and  Earthenware,  corner  of  Su- 
perior and  Seneca  streets. 

Coffee  and  Spice  Merchants—    '  ' 

Frisby  &  Stephens^  Manufacturers  and 
Wholesale  Dealers  in  Coffee,  Spices,  etc., 
Hewitt's  Steam  Block. 

Commission  Merchnnts- 

Gates,  H.  N.,  River  street.  [See  advertise- 
ment.] 

Roberts  &  Ensworth,  River  street.  [See 
advertisement.] 

Scott,  M.  B.,  River  street.  [See  advertise- 
mmt.] 

Spraoue,  Geobge,  Commission  Merchant 
and  Grocer,  4  and  5  Oviatt's  Exchange. 

Walton,  Thomas  A.,  River  street. 

Clothing  Stores— 

Daviks,  G.  a.  &  Co.,  345  Water  street. 
Is  VACS,  J.  A.,  corner  Superior  and  Union 

streets.    [Sse  advertisement.] 
Robinson,  M'.  S.,  88  Superior  street.    [See 

advertisenie.it.] 
Sonneborn,  J.  &  Co.,  156  Superior  street. 

[See  advertisement.] 

Coal  merchants  — 

Price,  CiiAWFoar)  &  Morris,  Government 
i(icr.    [See  advortis.ement.] 


Dry  Goods  Store— 

Alco^t  &  HoRTON,  21  Water  street, 
ndvertisement.] 

Drug  Establishment— 

Mackenzie,  C.  S.,  iJ4  Superior  street, 
adverti.^cincut.] 

Foundries— 

Oaudn"i,  G.  S. 

West  street. 


[See 


[See 


&  Co.,  Union  Foundry, 


Hardware  Merchant— 

Worthinoton,  Gborok  &  Co.,  corner  Su- 
perior and  Water  streets. 
Dentists  &  Teetu  Manufacturebs — ^M..L.  Wright  &  Co. 


Hotels— 

American,  Superior  street.  [See  advertise- 
ment.] 

Anoibb  Hocsb.    [See  advertisement.] 

Commercial  Hotel,  Seneca  street. 

Johnson  House,  Superior  street.  [See  ad- 
vertisement.]' 

Union  Hotel,  H.  L.  Coon,  corner  of  Water 
and  Johnson  streets. 

Insurance  Agents —  -^ 

Brayton  a  Mason.    [See  advertisement.] 
Cob,  S.  S.,  No.  1  Oviatt's  Exchange,  foot  of 
Cuperior  street. 

Iron  Works— 

Blish,  Gablick  &  Co.,  River  street.  [See 
advertisement.] 

Loan  Office— 

Wagneb,  W.,  No.  3  Water  stieet.  [See  ad- 
vertinement.] 

Machinist  and  Engineer— 

Manning,  Thomas,  West  street. 

Newspaper  Offices— 

Herald  Office,  Bank  street. 
Leadeb  Office,  Superior  street. 
PlaindeaTjEb  Office,  Building  foot  of  Su- 
perior street. 
Review  Office,  Water  street. 

Plnmbing  Establishment— 

BoBN,  C.  p.,  41  Water  street.  [See  adver- 
tisement.] 

Photographers— 

C.  N.  Stimpson,  253  Superior  street. 
W.  C.  North,  Superior  street. 

Saddlers— 

WniTELAW  &  Marshall,  Superior  street. 
[See  advertisement.] 

Sash  and  Door  Mannfactnrers- 

Ransom,  Cobb  &  Co.,  Corner  Columbus  and 
Centre  streets.    [See  advertisement.] 

Stave  Dealer— 

Harbeck,  John  S.  ' 

Stove  Manufacturers— 

WooLsoN,  Hitchcock  &  Cabteb.  [See  ad- 
veiiisement.] 

Stove  Dealer— 

Whitaker,  S.,  No.  33  Water  street.  [See 
advertisement.] 

Vinegar  Manufacturers— 

Roberts  &  Ensworth,  River  street.  [See 
advertisement.] 

Wool  Merchants— 

Goodale  &  Co.,  Nos.  37  and  39  Bank  street. 

[See  advertisement.] 
Sexton,  D.  B.,  No.  43  Bank  street.    [See 

advertisement.] 

Wine  and  Liquor  Dealers— 

Ubackett,  Rkminoton  &  Co.,  No.  52  Water 
street.    [See  advertisement] 


I'l 

||;nl 

'M 

L.    ALCOTT.  B.    W.    HORTON. 

ALCOTT    &.    HORTON, 

WHOLESALE   DBALKRS   IN 

STAPLE   &   FANCY   DRY   GOODS, 

YANKEE   NOTIONS,  Ac. 

21  WATER  STREET,  CLEVELAND,  OHIO. 

Particular  attention  paid  to  Merchant  Tailors' 
OoodB  and  Trimnilngii. 

JOSEPH  MASCRT.       WM.  A.  DOLE.       L.  W.  FROUTT. 

MASVRY,   DOLE   &   CO., 

Wholesale  Dealers  in 

BOOTS,  SHOES  &  BUBBERS, 

28    WATER   STREET. 
CleveUnd,  Ohio. 

BRAYTON  &  MASON, 

CLiEVEIiAND,    OHIO. 

Agents  for  some  of  the  best  New 
Tork  end  New  England 

INSUEANCE   COMPANIES. 

Jlto— 

Agents  for  Black  Star,  and  Black  Bull  Lines, 
Liverpool  Packets,  and  New  Ycrk.  and  Liver- 
pool Screw  Steamship  Company. 

Sight  drafts  on  England,  Ireland,  Scotland 
and  Continental  Europe  sold,  nud  Passage 
Tickets  from  Liverpool  to  Cleveland. 

Also,  General  Agents  for  the  Western  States 
of  responsible  Fire  and  Life  Insurance  Compa- 
nies. 

INGHAM  &  BRAGG; 

PVBLISHERS,  BOOKSELLERS, 

AND 

STATIONERS, 

67  SUPERIOR  STREET,  CLEVELAND,  OHIO. 

Wholesale  Dealers  in  all  kinds  of  School 
Books.  Special  Agents  for  Pelton  s  Outline 
Mans,  and  the  Publications  of  Hickling,  Swan 
&  IJrewer ;  Crosby,  Nichols  &  Co. ;  Little, 
Brown  ic  Co.,  Boston.  D.  Appleton  &  Co. ; 
Methodist  Book  Concern ;  Shelaon,  Blakeman 
&  Co.,  New  York.  H.  Cowperthwait  &  Co. ; 
Sower  &  Barms;  Sunday  School  Union,  Phila. 

Fublbhera  of  Hillard'c  Readera,  Worccsler'a  Die- 
llonaries,  Pay*  4c  Dunton'8  Wrillng  Books, 
and  Parley*!  H  itoriea. 


MARKHAM  &  CO., 

SuccMtors  to  tartness,  nUldbCo., 

B  ^  isr  k:  E  Pt  s , 

CliEYELAIfDt    OHIO. 

PROMPT  AnENTION  GIVEN  TO  COLLECTIONS. 
BtftrenctB  : 

J.  L,  Everttt.  Cubier  Broadwny  Bank,  Now  York ;  T.  P.  Hand  r, 
Esq.,  Casliler  ComU  BrtlUli  Uank,  CItiveland;  Messrs.  rarpanterU 
Verniilye,  Bankers.  New  York  ;  Messrs.  Sandford  h  Co.,  Uankert, 
Buffalo,  N.  Y. ;  Metsn.  Carey,  Howard  A  Sanger,  MerchntiU, 
N.Y. ;  Messrs.  Green  it  Sewell,  Itankurs,  N.  V. ;  Messrs.  tiwynneft 
Day,  Bankers,  N.  Y.;  Messrs.  H.  L.  A  J.  H.  Stevens,  N.  Y.; 
Mt*88rs.  Cook  A  Sargent,  Bankers,  Davenport,  Iowa;  Messrs.  Mar- 
shall and  Usley,  Bankers,  Milwaukee,  Wis.  -,  Messrs.  Hoffman  A 
Gelpcke,  Banken,  Chicago,  111.  \  Messrs,  Philips,  Sampson  A  Co., 
Boston. 

European  Exduuiga  for  lale,  on  London,  Paris,  etc.,  in  sums  of 
jC6  and  upwards. 


J.  HERDMAN  &  CO., 

11  Water  Street,  near  Superior,  Cleveland,  0. 

Dealers  in  Gold  and  Silver  Coin,  Exchange,  Uncurrpnt 
Money  and  Land  Warrants.  Collections  made  and  re- 
mitted for  at  Current  rates  of  Exchange.  Interest  allow- 
ed on  deposits.  Drafts  on  Germany,  France,  Great  Brit- 
ain and  Ireland,  for  IttrRe  or  small  sums.  Passage  cati  be 
secured  by  the  regular  Packet  Ships  and  Steamers  from 
Great  Britain,  France,  and  Germany. 

CLEVELAND  WOOL  DEPOTT^ 
For  Receiving,  Grading,  and  Selling 

■W  O  O  r.. 

Our  grades  are  S,  XX,  X,  1,  2,  8,  4,  and  6.    S,  rep- 
resents finest ;  No.  6,  coarest. 
Liberal  Advances  made  on  Consignments. 

GOOD  ALE  &  CO., 

37  &  39  BANK  STREET,  CLEVELAND,  0' 


c.  p.  BORrV, 

41  Water  Street,  (south  of  Fost^)ffice,) 

CLEVELAND,    OHIO. 

PLUMBING   ESTABLISHMENT, 

Beailer  in  all  kinds  of  Stoves,  and  Manufacturer  of 
all  kinds  of  Tin,  Sheet  Iron,  and  Copper  work. 


WAGNER'S  LOAN  OFFICE, 

(E»taUi»htd\%f>\.) 
3  Watp;  ijtreet,  (corner  Superior,) 

CLEVELAND,    OHIO. 

Money  loaned  on  Watches,  Diamonds,  Jewelry,  etc. 
Also,  on  Keal  Estate.  Watches  and  Jewelry  con- 
stantly on  hand  and  for  sale  at  great  Bargains. 

J.  C.  WAGNER,  Supt.  WM.  WAGNER,  Prap'r^ 


H.  L.  WmTMAN. 


N.  M.  8TANDART. 


C.  W.  8TANUART, 


WHITMAN,    STANDART    &    CO., 

B  ^  IST  K  E  Pt  S , 

AND  DEALERS  IN  FOREIGN  &  DOMESTIC  EXCHANGE, 

No.  7  Superior  Street,  Cleveland,  Ohio,  11.  S.  A. 

We  draw  direct  on  London,  and  can  give  sight  or  time  drafts  for  any  amount  that  may  be  desired,  paja- 
I  ble  at  all  the  principal  points  in  England,  Ireland,  Scotland,  France,  and  Germany. 

RKFER    TO 

Commercial  nm.nrh  nnnk,  MerrhanU*  Branch  Dank,  City  Hank,  and  Hankers,  K«nerally,  Ctaveland ;  Van  Vlerk,  Read  A  Prrx'l 
KiMaai  it  Tnylor,  Hcail  A  LBthrop,  Clarke,  Doitge  A  Co.,  <iro.'er»'  Hank,  Shoe  anr!  Lfatlier  Batik,  U.  A  N.  Dart,  MfColliim,  Hrink  ' 
hoff  an<l  Bri'wslcr,  J«.lin  H.  Drake  A  Co.,  WJiilo,  Morris  A  Co.,  Kirtlnn.l  A  Co.,  New  York;  Urt'xal  A  Co.,  Phllmielpliia ;  H.  A.  FiL'trUr. 
Em].,  ItiiliiuiiiDvlis,  liid. ;  J.  C.  HrockcnhrouKli,  Koq.,  CnstiiiT,  Sm-nrs,  1\>lrro  A  Co.,  Lafayette,  Intl.;  rIttsliurK  Tntst  Co.,  Pttl«liiir.'. 
Pa.;  Clo|)p,  Fuller  A  Un^wne,  Clark,  ChiMiey  A  Co.,  Spenref,  Villa  A  Co.,  O.  Dutton,  Esq.,  Boston;  Marino  Bank,  Geo.  B.  JaMniin. 
B^.,  Providence,  K.  I. :  llolTiiian  A  Uelpcke,  ChicafTo;  Abraham  Bell's  Sons^  New  York:  Itctcliester  Bank,  Koctivster,  N.  Y. ;  Aiitiim 
Exrhanse  Bank.  Auhurn,  N.  Y. ;  Maiiclieitor  A  Bicli,  Dann  A  Bnrtls,  BuflTalo,  N.  Y. ;  J.  U.  Morton  A  ('•>.,  Ceo.  S.  Wrl((li(  A  Co.,  (in- 
clnnatl,0;  Dnrkee  A  Bullock,  St.  Ix>nU,  Mo.;  Wright  A  Bro.,  I,.  B.  OiU  A  Co.,  Cliliwo,  111.;  Alex.  II.  D«y,  C.  A  A.  Ives.  Detroit. 
Mich. ;  City  Bank,  Toledo,  (>. ;  Mlohliran  Ins.  Co.,  Detroit;  Sweeny,  Rlttenkouse,  Fant  A  Co.,  Wa«hlti)(|oii,  1>.  C. ;  John  aiirl  KdwarJ 
Corderoy,  W  Toolt-y  Street,  Lomion,  Kn^land. 


30., 

iCo., 

FIS, 
o. 

ILLECTIONS. 

irkiT.P.Hnnd.f, 
:un.  Carpenter  ti 
d  it  Co.,  Bunken^ 
^nger,  Merchant*, 
Vleurt.  UwynneJk 
Stevens,  N.  Y.; 
ATA',  Messrs.  Mar- 
iessn.  Hoffman  6l 
,  Sampson  Jt  Co., 

t,  et£.,  tn  turns  o( 


Vleck,  Read  A  TIm'l 

art   McColluin,  Brink' 

|ilelpMa;S.  A.  YUv'"- 

ru  Trust  Co.,  PiluLnfi 

Junk,  Geo.  B.  Jiwlnmi. 

■^lu'M.-r,  N.  Y.;  Avil";ra 

S.  Wrlnlil  A  C".,  I  in- 

C.  A  A.  Ives.  IM"'"' 

C.  i  John  and  KdwuJ 


W.  w.  BOlIBTf.  *.  l!IiWO»IH. 

BOBEETS  ft  EHSWOBTH, 

COMMISSION    MERCHANVB, 

AND   MANUFACTURERS   OF   PURE   VINEGAR, 

Cider  Vinegar,  and  Plokles.  Every  variety  of  PIrkles.  In  jan,  bar- 
rels ami  half  barrels,  constantly  on  hand.  Our  facilities  arfl  un- 
equalled by  those  of  any  other  establishment  In  the  Unit«d  States, 
Cspaclty  of  vlnef^  apparatus,  10,000  barrels  per  year. 

No.  176  (Merchants'  Block)  River  Street, 

CLEVELAND,    OHIO. 

RBraRiNcia.— T.  P.  Handv,  Cashier  Com.  British  Bank ;  Mark- 
bam  A  Co.,  Bankers ;  Wm.  Bingham  A  Co.,  Geo  Worthington  A 
Co  -  Gorham  A  Alpin ;  Bradbum  &  Fisher ;  Bishop,  Rosa  A  Co. ; 
Edwards*  Iddlngs;  L.  A.  Pierce,  Oon'l  Ag't  M.  C.  R.R. )  W.  W. 
Chandler,  Gen'l  Fr't  Ag't  C.  A  P.  R.  if. ;  A.  Hills,  Gen'l  Fr't 
Ag't  C.  C.  A  C.  K.  R.;  Husaey  A  McBride;  A.  P.  WInslow, 
American  House:  S.  Mercha.it,  Angler  House;  Geo.  P.  Rots, 
Wcddell  House,  Cleveland,  Ohio ;  Hinckley  A  Vilas,  Com.  Mer- 
chants, Chicago,  Illinois. 

Clbvkland  Mid.  Collkoi,  lt(  July^  1858. 

I  have  made  a  thorough  chemical  examination  of  vinegar,  manu- 
factured by  Messrs.  Roberts  A  Ensworth,  and  find  It  entirely  free 
from  mineral  acids  and  all  deleterious  matters — containing  from  13 
to  is  per  cent,  acetic  add,  being  9  to  10  per  cent,  more  than  Com- 
metvial  Vinegar,  consequently  allowing  of  larga  dilution  with 
water. 

Their  apparatus  planned  and  erected  by  E.  C.  Stephens,  operates 
on  scientinc  prlnclpiea,  and  is  well  adapted  for  obtaming  a  pure  and 


healthy  vinegar. 


J.  L.  CASSELS,  M.  D.,  Prof,  of  Chemistry. 


M.  B.  SCOIT, 

cojajaissioj^  merchjjvt. 

Dealer  in  Produce,  Salt,  Fish  Water  Lime,  etc.  Special 
attention  given  to  Consignments  and  purchase  of  Grain 
Biid  Produce  Renerally,  CLEvaLiNo,  Ohio. 

Fire-Proof  Warehouse  and  Steam  Elevators.  Insur- 
Diice  two-thirds  less  than  any  other  Grain  Warehouse  in 
the  cUy.    Liberal  cash  advances  ou  produce  in  hand. 


XLIBRA  0.  BLIRH. 


BDWABD  C.  OABLICK. 


CLEVELAND  IRON  WORKS. 
BLISH,  GARUCK  &  CO., 

Manufacturers  of  Marine,  Stationery,  and  Portable 
Engines  and  Boilers,  Stoves  and  Hollowware,  Oas  and 
Water  Pipe,  Building  and  General  Castings,  Tin, 
Copper  and  Sheet  Ironware. 

Works— On  Meadow  Street,  opposite  Oas  Works. 

OrFick  AMD  SALsaROOii — Cor.  River  and  Lighthouse 
StreeU.  CI.£VELAND,  OHIO. 


THOMAS  MANNING, 
MACHINIST  &  ENGINEER, 

And  Manufacturer  of  Steam  Engines  and  Machinery  of  every 
description;  alio  Jack  Screws,  BoUa  for  Bridges  and  other  uses, 
Iron  Grating  and  Blacksmith  In  t;  f^nerally. 

Noi.  5  and  6  Hewlu'i  Block,  West  Street, 

CLEVELAND,    OHIO. 

Second-hand  Engines  taken  in  Exchange  for  new  work,  or  sold 
on  commission.    Jobbing  and  Repairing  promptly  attended  to. 

BRACKETT,  REMINGT0N"&  CO., 

(SucctMon  to  BISHOP,  REMINGTON  &  CO.,) 
Importers  and  Wholesale  Dealem  in 

1¥I]VES    Sc    L.IQVORIS. 

C2  Water  Street, 

CLEVKLAND,  0. 


HN.  GATES,  Storage,  Forwarding  and  Commission  Merchant, 
•    second  WarehouM  below  foot  of  SUPERIOR  STREET, 
froDtin^  on  River  and  River  Streets,  Clkviland,  Ohio. 

Dealer  In  Farmers'  Produce  of  all  kinds.  Salt  Ftsh,  Sandusky 
Water  Lime,  White  Lime  in  barrels.  Plaster,  Berea,  Berea,  Jr.,  and 
lodependence  Grindstones,  at  Wholesale  and  Retail. 

WOOLSON,  HITCHCOCK  &  CARTER, 

Manufacturers  of  all  kinds  of 

STOVES. 

OFFICE :    JUNCTION   OF  VINEYARD  AND  OHAM- 
FLAIN    STREETS, 

Cleveland,   Ohio. 

WILLIAM  I.  PRICB.  LEMUEL  CRAWFORD.        DAVID  MORRIS. 

PRICE,  GRAWrORD  &  MORRIS, 

(SuccflMon  to  CRAWFORD,  PRICE  k  CO.,) 
DEALERS    IN 

Briar  Hill,  Mineral  Bidge,  and  Chippewa  Coal, 

By  the  Cargo.    Office :  Government  Pier. 
CLEVELAND,    OHIO. 

D.  B.  SEXTON, 

COMMISSION  MERCHANT, 

For  the  Purchase  and  Sale  of 

WOOL,  HIDES  AND  FELTS. 

Orders  for  the  purchase  of  the  above  articles  solic- 
ited.   Cash  advanced  on  consignments. 

43  BANK   STREET,    CLEVELAND,    OHIO. 

sTwhTtai^r, 

DEALER  IN 

Cook,  Parlor,  &  Plato  Stoves, 

Manufacturer  of  Copper,  Tin,  and  Sheet  Iron  Ware. 

Agent  for  the  sale  of  Cornelius  &  Baker's  Chande- 
liers, I'endants,  Brackets,  etc.,  etc.  Also,  Plain  and 
Ornaincntai  Oas  Fitters. 

33  Water  Street,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 


I  Pearl  Street, 

NEW  YORK. 


S.  Q.  Remington,  H.  Rogers,  William  E.  Adams, 
Cleveland ;  James  Brackett,  New  York. 

EANSOMrCOBB~&rCO., 

MANUFACTURERS   OF 

PLANED  LUMBER,  WINDOW  SASH, 

Blinds,  Doors,  Fence  Pickets,  Lath,  and  PacLing 

Boxes. 

Centre  Block,  comer  Columbus  and  Centre  Stre.?t8. 

Cleveland,  Ohio. 


THOMAS  J.  MoOARBT, 

(Successor  to  H.  C.  MORRIS,) 
Manufacturer  of  all  kinds  of 

STEAM    BOILERS. 

SHEET   IRON  WORK,  &g. 

CLEVELAND,    OHIO. 

Repairing  also  promptly  attended  to. 


C.  S.  MACKENZIE, 

Wboleiale  and  ReUU  Dealer  tn 

DRUGS,    MEDICINES, 

FRENCH,  ENGLISH,  AND  AMERICAN  CHEMICALS, 

Ferfumeiy,  Toilet  Articles,  etc. 
84  SUPEBIOB  STREET,  CLEVELAin),  OHIO. 


CLEVELAND  WHITE  LEAD  WORKS. 

HEWITT'S  BLOCK, 

Or.    GARY    &   CO., 

CLEVELAND,   OHIO. 


QKO.  WHITELAW. 


OIO.  F.  MARSHALL. 


WHITELAW  &  MARSHALL, 
SADDLES,  BRIDLES,    HARNESS,  TRUNKS, 

AND  SADDLERY  HARDWARE, 
20  Superior  Street,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 


H' 


YOUNG  AMERICA 


CLOTHING  HOUSE, 

J.  SOMEBORN  &  CO., 

Wholesale  Dealers  in 

eady-Made  Clothing, 

ETC.,    ETC., 

156  Superior  Street,   Cleveland,  O. 

Miinu/actiurer  and  Wholesale  and  Retail  Dealer  in 

READY-MADE  CLOTHING 
And  Gents'  Furnishing  Goods. 

88    SUPERIOR    STREET, 

CLEVELAND,  OHIO. 

ISAAC  A.  Isaacs; 


Jflanufaeturer  and  Mtealtr  In 

Ready-IVIade   Clothing, 

AND  FURNISHING  GOODS, 

Importer  and  Jobber  of  Cloths,  CauimenB, 

Vestings  &  Tailors'  Trimmings, 

UNION    HALL, 

Cor.  of .  Superior  and  Union  Streets, 

CT.EVELANI),    OHIO. 


GEO.  A.  DAVIS  &  CO., 

MANUFACTURERS  &  JOBBERS  OF  CLOTHINQ, 
84ft  Water  8t,  ft  S2  ft  S4  Superior  St., 

CLEVELAND,  OHIO. 

Eitabllihtd  In  IMT.  ThU  li  one  of  the  Urgeat  ManuCactoring  uid 
Jobbttiff  CluUiing  HouMS  In  Uie  great  Weet,  Its  buelneee  being  largely 
extended  throughout  the  Western  Statea  And  Canada. 

OIO.    X.   DAVIS.  B.  F.  ^FSIlCOTro.  S,  rilXOTIO, 


e^\CAN  Ho^ 


A.  P.  WINSLOW,  Proprietor, 

CLEVELAND,  O. 


ANGIER   HOUSE, 
SILAS     MERCHANT, 

PROPRIETOR, 

CLEVELAND,    O. 


JOHNSON   HOUSE, 
JOHN  R.   STJBBRUG, 

PROPRIETOR, 

CLEVELAND,   OHIO, 

TertiHa,  $1.50  per  day. 

COMMERCIAL    HOUSE, 

24, 26,  &  2S  SENECA  ST.,  SOUTH, 

CLEVELAND,  O. 

LEWIS  FREXCH,  Proprietor. 

Board,  One  Dollar  per  Day. 

The  beat  Stahles  and  Yard  in  the  City. 

FArRBAMS,   BENEDICT  &  CO, 

10   BANK    STREET, 

{Oppogite  Weddell  IToiue,) 

Printers,  Bookbinders, 

AND    STATIONERS, 

AND   PROPRIETORS  OF  THE 

CLEVELAND   DAILY   HERALD. 

Arc  nn-paped,  -with  evtry  facility,  to  do  nil  klnda  of  FrintlDK  «iiJ 
Kiiiillug  uaiid  by  Coianierclal  Men,  Ruilroad  and  liuuianixi  Ceni- 
pniiies,  ilanka,  etc. 

Wu  are  running  mven  nraaeea  by  Sleani,  and  have  a  large  swrt- 
ment  of  Stock  and  Malerlula. 

The  Herald  I.  one  of  the  oldeit  papera  In  Ohio,  and  haa  the  larg- 
eit  clpcuhiCnn  of  any  paper  In  thia  aectlon,  making  It  a  desirable 
nmlluni  for  advi'ptliwra. 

CimlanJ,  Ohio,  Jul),  1B8S. 


IMPROVEMENT   IN  DENTISTRT. 

M.    L.    WRIGHT    &    CO., 

ABE  MANUFACTURINO  j 

Partial  Sets,  Half  Sets,  and  Whole  Sets  of 


Superiority  of  their  Method  of  Prodacing  Artificial  Teeth  over  any  other  known  Method. 

lit.  8lmplicUv>— One  piece  chemically  united  in  all  its  partii,  and  of  the  same  quality  of  material. 

3d.  Solidity.— That  cumpela  nature  to  adapt  herself  to  the  model  of  her  own  impression.  This  adaptation  once 
attained— comfort  and  utility  ever  after. 

3d.  Purity.— The  entire  Plate  and  Teeth  are  impervious  to  the  action  of  any  known  acid :  and  hence,  in  disease 
or  health,  proof  against  the  corrosive  ani'.  offensive  secretions  of  the  mouth,  common  to  Gold  Plate  work,  and  other 
known  methods. 

4tll.  Color.— Bright,  lively,  and  a  good  imitation  of  nature. 

N.  B.— Any  method  of  producing  Sets  of  Artificial  Teeth,  chemically  united  in  one  piece,  that  will  not  pass  the 
ordeal  of  this  digest,  is  a  counterfeit  of  true  Porcelain. 

Patronsce.— Since  April,  18j.i.we  have  inscitcd  Seven  Hundred  Cases.  Of  this  iiumber,  One  Hundred  and 
Sixty^one  persons  who  have  used  gold  plate  sets,  have  laid  them  aside,  and  given  preference  to  the  porcelain. 

IVrms.- According  to  the  nature  of  the  case,  and  given  after  examination. 

Payment.- Upon  receipt  of  the  order,  or  on  delivery.    Persons  having  Qold  Plate  can  apply  their  plate  in  part 

Qiiaranty.— ^tisfaction ;  provided  the  terms  of  payment  and  special  Instructions  have  been  complied  with.— 
Persons  wanting  information,  reference  will  be  given  to  those  in  constant  use  of  our  work. 

TEBIHEOmAlJS  Ain)  befebencbs. 

I  have  observed  with  much  Interest,  for  the  last  two  years,  the  above  method  of  producing  Artificial  Teeth,  and 
believe  the  statements  of  tlAs  Circular  correct.  T.  OARLICK. 

I  have  investigated  with  care,  in  the  last  three  years,  the  above  method  of  making  and  applying  Artificial  Teeth 
in  the  Laboratory  of  Dr.  Wright,  and  also  in  use,  and  can  say,  with  confidence,  that  his  plan  Is  the  best  one,  and  en- 
tirely successful  when  made  under  his  observation.  The  superiority  of  this  kind  of  dental  work  over  gold  or  any 
kind  of  metallic  plato,  cannot  bo  questioned,  and  the  statement  in  Dr.  Wright's  Circular  of  the  number  of  cases  where 
his  work  has  taken  the  place  of  gold  plate,  is  true.  Much  of  this  gold  plate  has  been  furnished  by  the  best  dentists 
in  the  coontrv.  I  am  not  conversant  with  the  success  of  Porcelain  work  in  the  hands  of  others  than  Dr.  Wright, 
m  me  couniry.    i  um  uui,  uoi  ^^  ACKLEY,  late  Professor  of  Surgery,  Cleveland  Medical  College. 

Prof.  H.  CowLES,  Oberlin, 
Prof.  8.  B.  Hunt,  Ed.  Buff. 

Medical  Journal, 
Thos.  Browm,  £d.  of  Ohio 

Farmer, 
Wm.  W.  Richards. 


Dan.  p.  Rhodes, 
Ex-Mayor  Castle, 
E.  T.  Stubtevart, 
Rev.  Mr.  McQiLL,  Cleveland, 
Alex.  Clark,  "Ed.  Visitor," 
Cleveland. 


M.  Jackson, 
H.  L.  Whitman, 

J.  K.  CUHTISS, 

Prof.  Dascomb,  Oberlin, 
Prof.  J.  P.  KIBTLAND, 
Prof.  Oatchell, 


THE  SEMI-WEEKLY   REVIEW, 

AND 

Independent  Journal, 

PUBLISHED  EVEItY  TUESDAY <t  FRIDAY, 

At  15  Water  St.,  Cleveland,  0. 

Cotdavnin^ — 

THE  KEWS,   THK  LATEST    TELEGRAPHIC  REP0RT8, 

THE  MARKET   QUOTATIONS,    AND   OTHER 

INTERESTINQ    MATTER,   AT 

OJVE    nOMiIi^R    BBB    IfBJRt 

And  in  Olnb*   of  25  at  80  Oenta  per  Tear. 

The  Cheajmt  Paper  published  in  the  West. 

Addren  E.  A.  HUVSOR  ft  CO.. 

CLEVELAND,    O. 

STIMFSON'S 

SPHEREOTYPES. 

Ko.  253  SUPERIOR  STREET, 

CLEVELAND, 

It  the  only  place  in  the  city  where  yon  oan 
obtain  these  beautiful  Fioturea. 

From  the  Photographic  and  Fine  Art  Journal. 

"The  Sphereotype,  an  exquisite  style  of  collodlum 
picture  on  glass,  is  gaining  ground  very  rapidly. 
There  is  an  mrial  softness  and  delicacy  about  these 
pictures  that  Is  exceedingly  pleasing  and  beautiful, 
and  must  claim  a  liberal  share  of  public  favour." 

Ambrotypea,  Fapertypei,  and  all  other  Snn 
Ficturei  taken  on  reasonable  terms. 

C.    Mi,    STIIHFSON. 


PLAIN    DEALER, 

Published 

Daily,  Tri-Weekly  &  Weekly. 

THE     MOST     WIDELT-CIRCULATBD     AND     POPULAR 
NEWSPAPER  IN  TEE    (TEST, 

PUBLISHED  AT  CLEVELAND,  O. 

J.  HT.  GRAY,  Editor  Ac  Proper. 

Terms  :— Daily,  $6.00;    Tri-Weekly,  $3.00  > 
Weekly,  $2.00  per  annum. 


^"  The  moat  eatensive  Steam  Job  Printing 
Office  in  the  Northwest  is  attacMd  to  the  Plain 
Dealer  establishment. 

w.  c.  north7 


PHOTOGRAPHER, 


SUPERIOR    ST., 


CLEVELAND,    OHIO. 


'  ■'! 


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j  <|  1 

kl  1 

(l  il 

:IJ 


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// 


-^ 


BUFFALO. 


87 


CITY  OF  BUFFALO. 


This  is  one  of  the  niosi  important  cities  ^vest  of  New  York.  It  is  situated  in  Erie  County, 
State  of  New  York,  at  the  eastern  extremity  of  Lake  Erie,  about  8  miles  from  the  com- 
mencement of  tlie  Niagara  River.    Latitude,  42*  53'  N.,  Longitude,  "78*  66'  W. 

The  site  of  the  city  gradually  rises  from  the  water's  edge,  for  about  2  miles,  till  it  becomes 
about  60  feet  above  the  level  of  the  lake,  thus  affording,  in  the  higher  portion  of  the  town, 
extensive  and  beautiful  views  all  around. 

The  lower  portion  of  the  town  is  occupied  with  merchants'  stores,  manufactories,  etc, 
and  is  intersected  in  different  parts  by  canals.  Possessed  of  a  harbour,  formed  by  Buifalo 
Creek,  as  it  is  called,  vessels  drawing  from  12  to  16  feet  of  water  can  lay  at  anchor  and 
discharge  and  load  cargoes,  which  is  done  with  astonishing  rapidity  by  the  steam  elevators 
in  operation  alongside  of  the  creek. 

The  chief  business  street  is  Main  street,  running  in  a  straight  line  for  about  2  miles,  and 
composed  for  the  most  part  of  spacious  and  lofty  business  stores,  of  every  description. 
Looking  from  the  foot  of  the  street,  upward.  Main  street  presents  one  of  the  finest  com- 
mercial streets  we  have  ever  seen.  It  is  120  feet  wide,  and  there  being  a  gradual  ascent 
all  the  way  up,  it  is  seen  to  great  advantage.  Some  of  the  stores  in  Main  street,  such  as 
De  Witt  C.  Weed  &  Co.'s  hardware  store.  Woodward's  fancy  silk  warehouse,  and  Barnum's 
variety  store,  are  equal  in  point  of  elegance  and  size  to  many  of  those  in  the  Strand  or  Re- 
gent street,  London,  Bold  street,  Liverpool,  (Eng).,  or  Buchanan  street,  Glasgow,  (Scot). 

The  streets  where,  the  private  dwellings  of  the  upper  classes  are  situated,  are  of  a  palatial 
character,  more  particularly  those  of  Delaware  and  Niagara  streets.  Such  streets  as  these 
run  from  1  to  2  miles,  in  a  straight  line,  120  feet  wide,  with  pavement  16  to  20  feet  wide, 
with  trees  alongside,  forming  an  extensive  and  beautiful  view  from  either  end,  whilst  a 
walk  along  such  as  Delaware  street  arrests  the  attention  of  the  stranger  in  the  magnificence 
of  tlie, dwellings  and  grounds  attached,  which  are  almost  all  owned  by  their  occupants. 
Tliere  are  3  public  squares — Niagara,  Franklin,  and  Washington.  At  Niagara  Square,  no 
less  than  eiglit  streets  all  meet,  forming  a  magnificent  "  Eight  Dials,"  each  street  running 
off,  from  this  centre,  having  its  trees  on  each  side,  and  forming  a  fine  vista  in  every 
dirt'otiou. 

Tlie  commerce  of  Buifalo  is  immense,  although  not  so  great  as  it  was  before  the  passenger 
steamboat  traffic,  on  the  lake,  ceused.  At  present,  it  is  the  greatest  grain  ond  flour  entre- 
pot on  the  lake,  through  which  the  productions  of  the  great  west  pass.  Here  the  grain 
from  Detroit,  Chicago,  Milwaukee,  etc.,  arrives  in  vessels  carrying  from  15,000  to  18,000 
bushels  each,  and  is  transhipped,  by  means  of  the  elevators,  into  canal  boats  and  railroad 
cars,  and  sent  to  all  parts  of  the  States,  but  chiefly  to  New  York.  Consequently,  as  a 
grain  market,  Buftalo  stands  as  amongst  the  most  prominent  in  the  States. 

The  natural  position  whi ,',  Buffolo  occupies  must,  of  necessity,  render  it  an  important 
Commercial  city.  About  25  miles  off,  per  rail,  is  Canada.  A  large  Canadian  trade  is  done, 
wliilst  the  railways  from  Buffalo,  in  all  directions,  render  it  a  convenient  centre  for  business 
to  any  particular  section  of  the  country. 

The  manufactures  of  Buffalo  are  important ;  and  some  large  concerns  in  the  manufactur- 
ing of  stoves,  agricultural  implements,  machinery  of  every  description,  besides  foundries, 
tanneries,  etc.,  etc. 

Several  daily  and  weekly  newspapers  are  published,  amongst  which  are  The  Daily  Ex- 
presK,  Daily  Cmirier,  Daily  Republic  aiid  Times,  and  Aducrtiser,  nil  having  job-printing 
otfices  attnclied,  and  turning  out  some  of  the  best  specimens  of  typography  we  have  seen 
in  the  States.  A  large  amount  of  printing  for  the  railway  companies  is-  done  in  the  course 
of  the  year — whilst  the  specimens  of  wood  engraving,  executed  by  such  as  Mr.  Wightman, 
are  eqnnl  to  any  thing  we  have  seen  onywhere. 

Tlie  station  of  the  New  York  Central  Railroad,  at  Buffalo,  contrasts  very  favourably  with 
those  of  New  York  and  other  large  cities — more  resembling  the  spacious  station  at  New 


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CITY  OF  BUFFALO. 


•treet,  Birmingham,  (Eng.,)  than  any  we  have  seen  elsewhere.  Waiting  rooms,  and  every 
convenience,  with  spacious  suites  of  offices,  are  attached. 

The  station  for  the  Falls,  Canada,  etc.,  is  situated  in  the  lower  part  of  the  town,  wliilst 
that  for  New  York,  and  the  Lake  Shore  Road,  to  Cleveland,  Cincinnati,  etc.,  is  situated 
in  Exchange  street,  off  Main  street. 

As  regards  health,  Buffinlo  stands  pre-eminent,  on  account  of  the  general  good  sewerage 
throughout  the  town,  the  breezes  enjoyed  from  off  the  lake,  in  the  heat  of  summer,  gene- 
ral cleanliness  of  the  streets,  and  the  excellent  water  supplied  to  the  town. 

The  public  free  schools  of  Buffalo  have  long  been  distinguished  for  their  excellence  and 
efficiency,  and  from  a  visit  we  jiaid  to  one  of  them,  (No.  8,  under  the  management  of  Mr. 
aiade,)  wo  can  bear  testimony  to  the  very  excellent  arrangements,  and  system,  and  the 
decorum  which  prevailed  throughout — specimens  of  writing,  etc.,  of  girls  and  boys  7  years 
of  age,  we  saw,  and  difficult  questions  in  mental  arithmetic  we  heard  answered,  in  such  a 
manner,  as  showed  the  superiority  of  the  system  pursued,  and  the  adeptness  of  the  scholars, 
very  pleasing  to  a  stranger,  more  particularly  when  so  excellent  an  education  is  oi)en  to 
all,  free  of  charge.  For  the  support  of  public  schools,  of  which  there  are  83,  Buffalo  Bptnda 
$108,000  per  annum;  of  that,  |(26,000  is  drawn  from  the  State;  the  remainder,  from  tftxes 
imposed  for  that  purpose,  There  are  several  other  educational  establishments,  of  a  higher 
onler,  besides  literary  and  benevolent  institutions,  and  excellent  public  libraries. 

The  transportation  trade  of  Buffalo  has  lately  suffered,  in  its  passenger  traffic  to  the 
west,  the  magnificent  line  of  steamers,  which  was  wont  to  run  to  the  ports  on  the  western 
lakes,  being  now  withdrawn.  A  few  emigrants  still  go  with  the  freight  propellers,  but  the 
majority  of  emigrants  and  others,  bound  west,  from  the  seaboard,  go  via  the  Suspension 
Bridge,  or  via  Dunkirk  and  Cleveland. 

The  establishment  of  railways,  therefore,  has  irierfered  materially  with  the  passenger 
traffic  tlirough  Buffalo,  as  formerly  it  was  the  route  .through  which  most  passed  westward. 
The  conveyance  of  grain  and  provisions,  which  forms  so  largo  an  item  in  the  trade  of  Buf- 
falo, from  the  west  to  the  east,  and  south-east  cities  and  towns,  was  also  in  danger,  from 
the  railways  being  likely  to  monopolize  the  trade,  by  carrying  it  from  Chicago  and  Detroit, 
via  Toledo,  Cleveland,  and  the  Lake  Shore  Railroad,  direct  to  New  York  and  the  east. 

The  ingenuity  and  enterprise  of  the  "  Buffi»lo  boys,"  however,  was  at  once  set  to  work  to 
secure  and  maintain  their  city  as  the  chief  entrepot  for  grain,  in  its  passage  from  west  to 
east,  by  establishing  a  line  of  screw  propellers  on  the  stupendous  canal,  which  extends 
from  Buffalo  to  Albany,  getting  that  canal  deepened,  and  carrying  grain  and  provisions  at 
such  low  rates,  as  to  beat  the  railroads  out  of  the  field.  At  the  time  we  write,  the  first 
experiment  has  been  tried  on  the  canal  with  great  success.  In  a  future  edition,  we  shall 
chronicle  the  further  development  of  this  gi-eat  undertaking. 

During  the  year  1858,  from  the  opening  of  the  trade  to  the  15th  of  June,  we  find  the 
imports  of  some  of  the  leading  articles  to  be  as  follows,  which  will  give  some  idea  of  the 
large  trade  done  at  this  port : — 


1857. 

1858. 

1857. 

i»r,?. 

Lake 

opened,  May  13. 

April  5. 

Lake 

opened.  May  13. 

April  a. 

Flour,  bbls. 

118,948 

425,629 

Oats,  bushels. 

218,381 

834,01)3 

Pork,     " 

12,149 

15,760 

Barley,    " 

252 

87,420 

Beef,      " 

16,514 

14,936 

Rye, 

7,805 

21,385 

Ashes,  casks. 

718 

1,524 

Lumber,  feet. 

11,104,591 

9,402,SU 

Whisky.  " 

8,992 

20,401 

Staves,      " 

4,490,436 

8,908,409 

Bacon,  lbs. 

8,468,465 

8,302,360 

Wool,  bales. 

484 

615 

Lord,      " 

213,200 

2,492,100 

Hogs,  number. 

14,453 

43,250 

Wheat,    bushels. 

1,016,6.50 

2,801,274 

Sheep,      " 

4,362 

7,117 

Indian  Corn  " 

761,772 

850,052 

Cattle,      « 

8,256 

8,497 

Reducing  flour  to  its  equivalent  in  wheat,  and  classing  all  kinds  of  grain  in  one,  wo  find 
a  total,  received  to  June  15,  of  6,092,778  bushels  this  season,  against  2,619,000  last — being 
4,073,778  bushels  more  than  the  previous  season.  ■. 

In  the  other  articles,  a  corresponding  increase  will  be  observed. 

From  the  ports  on  Lake  Michigan,  the  receipts  were,  up  to  above  date:  flour,  166,436 
bbls.;  wheat,  2,136,958  bushels;  Indian  corn,  421,700  bushels;  oats,  448,171  bushels;  bar- 
ley, 37,644  bushels. 

From  ports  on  Lake  Erie — flour,  259,193  bbls.;  wheat,  664,316  bushels;  Indian  corn, 
428,352  bushels;  oats,  386,331  bushels;  barley,  19,776  bushels;  rye,  21,385  bushels. 

From  Canada— lumber,  3,816,178  feet;  staves,  59,000. 

The  remainder  were  from  American  ports,  as  well  as  almost  the  whole  of  the  other  arti- 
cles enumerated. 

Population  of  Buffalo  was,  by  last  census,  74,214. 


BUFFALO    BUSINESS    DIRECTORY. 


Agricnltaral  Warehouse— 

Geo.  V.  Nksduah,  20U  Main  at. 


See  adT't. 


Bankers — 

Manciikstbr  a  Rich,  corner  of  Main  and 
Hcneca  streets.    See  advertisement. 

Booksellers  and  Pnblitihera— 

I'liiNNKr  &  Co.,  Main  street. 

Brewer  and  Distiller— 

Hugh  Bovlr,  (Star  Brewery,)  St.  Paul  st. 

Chemist— 

Richard  Jbnkkr,  4.38  Main  street 

City  Steam  Turning  Works— 

Joseph  Suor,  Mechanic  street.    See  adrer. 

Civil  and  Submarine  Engineers— 

Parkinson  &  Smith,  7  Brown's  Buildings. 
See  advertisement. 

Counsellor  at  liaw— 

VV.  fi.  Mkech,  corner  of  Pearl  &  Tuppersts. 

Engraver  on  Wood — 

U.  U.  WioHTMAN,  ir)6  Main  street.  See  ad't. 
We  have  much  pleasure  In  recommending  Mr. 
WIghlman  to  the  notice  of  all  who  require  wood  en- 
graving done.  The  work  which  he  haa  done  for  ua— 
an  seen  In  the  views  of  the  t'lty  of  Toronto— are  aufll- 
cleiit  |)roof,  were  any  wanting,  of  hia  ability  In  hU 
profession;  besides,  we  have  found  him  prompt. 

Gas  Fitters  and  Plumbers— 

Hart,  Ball  &  Hart,  '257  Main  st.    See  ad't. 
Hardiker  Sc  Toy,  corner  Eagle  and  Moin 

streets.    See  advertisement. 
DoLAN  i  Sklpkrt.  corner   of    Pearl  and 

Seneca  streets.    See  advertisement. 

Glasgow  House— 

Ronald  McUouoax,  17  East  Seneca  street. 

Hams,  Slioulders,  Bacon,  Ac- 
Job  Alberoer,  cor.  Terrace  and  Franklin 
streets.    See  advertisement. 

Hair-cutting  Saloon— 

Eugene  W.  Smith,  i  East  Seneca  st.  See  ad't 

Hardware— 

De  Witt  C.  Weed  &  Co,,  222  Main  street. 
See  advertisement.       ■ '.        i  ' 

Hotels— 

Bennet  Temperance  Hotel,  85  Main  street. 

See  advertisement. 
Clarendon  Hotel,  Moin  street.    See  adver. 
Mclntvre  House,  corner  of  Exchange  and 

Beak  streets.    See  advertisement. 
New  England  Hotel,  corner  of  Canal  and 

Michigan  streets.    Robert  Sully. 
Lovcjoy  House,  cor.  of  Pearl  and  Terrace 

streets.    See  advertisement. 
Western  Hotel,  corner  of  Pearl  and  Terrace 

streets.    See  advertisement. 

Insurance  Agents — 

Pickering  &  Otto.    See  advertisement. 
John  A.  Gardner,  Merchant's  Exchange. 
Harvey  Hutchins,  4  West  Genesee  street. 
Davis  W.  Andrus,    1     Harvey's  Building, 
corner  of  Swan  and  Main  streets. 

Iron  Railing  Works— 

George  Jones,  cor.  of  Terrace  &,  Henry  sts. 

Marble,  Slate,  &o.— 

Geo.  0.  Vail  &  Co.,  Wholesale  Dealers  in 
American  and  Italian  Marble  and  Roofing 
Slate,  Washington  Dock,  foot  of  Chicago 
street. 


Mechanics*  Tools,  dec— 

L.  A  I.  J.  White,  82  Ohio  street.  See  ad< 
Tertisement. 

Melodeons— 

O.  A.  Princr  a  Co.,  Manufacturers  of  the 
Improved  Patent  Melodeons,  Buffalo,  New 
York,  and  Chicago. 

Native  Wine  Mannflictnrers— 

Gibbons    &    Hagbr,  57    Exchange  street. 

See  advertisement. 
Turner  Brothers,  at  New  York,  Buffalo, 

and  San  Francisco. 

Newspapers — 

BiiffiiU)  Courier,  192  Washington  street, 
James  H.  Sandford,  Proprietor.  See  ad- 
vertisement. 

Bvffalo  RepuUio  and  Times,  182  Washing- 
ton street,  C.  C.  Bristol,  Editor  and 
Manager.    See  advertisement. 

Bufah  Morninff  Kxpreu,  Main  street,  A.  M. 
Clapp  k  Co.,  Proprietors.    See  adver. 

Land  Agent  &  Intelligence  Office  — 

John  Adams,  25  East  Seneca  street. 

Lard,  OH,  and  Candle  Factory—       :  M' 
H.  V.  MoHEY,  Caroline  street. 

Oil  Manufticturer— 

F.  S.  Pease,  61  Main  street. 

Oysters,  Fruits,  dec- 

W.  Rows,  107  Main  street.  See  adrertise- 
ment. 

Physician— 

Dr.  E.  B.  Mclntyre,  corner  of  Beak  ond  Ex- 
change streets.  Cancers  successfully 
treated.    Cures  warranted. 

Produce  Commission  Merchants— 

Cobb  k  Co.,  (C.  Cobb  k  A.  Cobb,)  20  and 

21  Prime  street. 
Whiting  4  Annin,  (D.  W.  Whiting  k  J.  V. 

W.  Annin,)  9  Central  Wharf. 

Shipping  and  Insurance  Agents— 

Pickering  k  Otto.    See  advertisement. 

Storage,  Produce,  and  Coale— 

Chas.  W.  Evans.    The  Evans'  Ship  Canal- 
See  advertisement. 

Straw  Goods  and  Millinery—. 

W.  H.  Woodward,  287  and  289  Main  street. 
See  advertisement. 

Tea  and  Coffee  Dealers— 

Bradford  k  Chase,  271  Main  street. 

Tin,  Copper,  and  Iron  Ware— 

F.  C.  Hill,  209  Main  street.    See  adver. 

Variety  Store,  Fancy  Goods— 

S.  0.  Barnum,  211  Main  street.  See  odver- 
tisement. 

Wholesale  Grocers— 

John  &  Thomas  Sully,  42  Main  street. 

Wholesale  and  Retail  Grocer — 

Alexander  Sloan,  82  Main  street. 

Wines  and  Liquors— 

Murray  k  Brother,  7  Terrace  street.  See 
advertisement. 

Woolen  and  Clothing  Store— 

Altman  k  Co.,  40  Pearl  street. 


)     M 


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!l 


BARNUM'S  QREAT  VARIETY  STORE, 

211  Main  St,  Buffalo,  N.  Y., 

Ini|Hirti!r  niiil  Dnalar  In  FnrnlKn  anil  Doinniitlo  Fancy 
Omiilii.  KldiinK  Tacklfl.  Tuy>,  llnrim  WiiratiMl,  Nllkii, 
TlirniulH,  NnocllPK,  Mniimhaiim  Plpoa,  Military  and  HRKn- 
llii  Trlninilnco.  Drina  Trlniinlnga,  lluttoiiii,  (%>raetii,  Nkirta, 
I.imlliur  DroMiMK  Caiea,  lio.  Ilaakota,  t'ani,  Indlaii 
OikhU,  Ciinai,  Willow  and  Wixxlen  Warr,  Cutlery,  Pi<r- 
runit>rr,  Hiibbar  and  Uutia  Parrlia  Uouda,  and  Yniikea 
Niitiiiiia.  fcc.  8.  O.  RARNITM. 


WM.     H.    WOODWARD, 

UVtoUtnh  tt  Btlmtl  IttmUr  in 

Straw   Goods,   Arliflcial    Flowers, 

BIBB0V8,  BILX8,  BATDn, 

VELVETS   tt   MILLINERY   GOODS, 

387  &.  280  MAIN    8T.,    BUFFALO. 

Corntr  of  Kmf lt% 

OTlFHAPWARE  "STORE, 

BatabUahed  In  1818. 

DE  WITT  C.  WEED  &  CO., 

tiaa  inain  street,  corner  Swan, 

(At  Iht  Sign  of  the  Mill  S»w,) 
■BXTFFAJIuQy     KT.    TT., 

DKALEns  IN  KVEBY  VARIETY  Or 

AMERICAN,  GERMAN  &  ENGLISH 

HARDWARE. 

DK  WITT  0.   WIED,        OEO.    SEALS,       WM.   1.  AMDERSOII. 

"  Wpfaio  MECHANICS'  mwoil" 

X5- 


V    ''."  OH  10  S"t      . 
CORNER  INDIANA, 


Mannfactnre  Warranted 

OOOFERS',     OAAFENTERS', 

SIIII>-BXTILIDBI*S» 

AND 

JO  I  N  ERS'     TOOLS; 

>f/«o — 

Fl2uiln{;,  Tobaoed,  Shingle,  and 
Machine  Knives, 

WHk  a  pradioal  experience   of  over  32  years. 

LEUN'ARU  WHITE.  I.  JKWETT  WBITB. 


GIBBONS  8l  HAGER, 

MANDrACTURIIIS  Of 

GINGER   WINE,  NATIVE   WINES, 

LEMON  SYRUP,  8A1WAPARILLA  SODA, 

.#/•«   •    tttntrmt  J*tortm*nt   of  H/frupt^ 

57  Bzonanga  St.,  Buffalo,  N.  7. 

Orduri  reaped  fully  auliuUed  and  promptly  attended  to. 
T.  MtlRRAT.  U.    MDRRAT. 

MURRAY    &.    BROTHER, 

Importert  Jb  WKdtsale  Deiiltrn  in 

1¥I]VE»  AMD  I.l<|UORN, 

(Between  Main  Ik  Henri  atx  ) 

Bulfmlo^  J\\  t\ 

Alan,  AventB  for  Tnnier'a  Dlnirer  Wine,  Syrupa,  kc. 
C7*  Ordura  promptly  uttundeil  tu. 


(rORMERLV  ROWE  AND  CO.,) 

Wholesale  &,  Retail  Dealer  in 

OYSTERS, 

FOREIGIV     FRUIT, 

Sardines,   Sauces,  Fiokles, 
HERMETICALLY  SEALED    GOODS, 

&o.,  Ito., 

197  main  St.,  Buffalo,  N.T. 


JOB    ALBERGER, 

Wholesale  <fc  IttUtil  Dealer  in 

HAMS,  SHOULDERS,   BACON, 

Dried  Ilci  i,  T.nrd,  Fork,  Hull',  Tallow  nnd  Grouse;  also, 
all  kindH  ol  Krusli  Moiita, 

Cor.  Terrace  &  Franklin  Sts., 

BUFFALO,  N.  Y, 


BUFFALO  CITY  STEAM  TURNING  WORKS. 
JO!!$EPH    ISUOR, 

Tonier  &  Hanufiusturer  of  all  kinds  of  Mahog- 
any,  Eosswood,  Walnut  and  Cherry 

NEWEL     POSTS, 

]?IECHA1VIC    STREET, 

(A>ar  the  corner  of  Terrace,) 

B-LrFF-A-HiO,  3sr."5r. 

Newel  Posts,  Bannisters,  Tcn-p!n  Balls  nnd  I'lns 
constnntly  on  hand,  or  made  to  order.  Also,  all  kinils 
of  heavy  TunilnR,  Wlndliissos,  Ac,  for  Boat  work. 
All  work  done  in  the  neatest  manner  and  warranted, 

EUGENElvrSMrTn, 

Shaving,  Hair  Gutting, 

AND 

BATHING    ROOMS; 

4  EAST  SENEOA  ST.,  BUFFALO. 


NEW  SEED   AND   AGRICULTURAL  HOUSE 
FIELD,   OABDEN   ft  FLOWER  SEEDS 

Of  choice,  fresh  American  and   Imported  VarieticH,     (.SVc   dutnloguet.) 
A.OrlECI.OXJXjTTJTt.A.X,     Sc     K:0IIT10XTLTTJI*A.L     TOOXiS 

Of  the  latest  and  most  approvc<l  styles.     {Catalogue*  furnithed.) 

Treei,  Plants,  Fertilizers,  Wire-Work,  Agricultural  Boota,  Drain  Tilea,  Ac, 
Every  thing  in  my  line  of  buaineaa.  In  any  qtiantlty. 

25  Packets  of  choice  Flower  Seeds  for  ill. 00,  Ay  mail  post-paid. 
gCOVILL'8  ROTARY  SUR-SOIL  ATTACHMENT  TO  COMMON   PLOUGHS, 

Bf  the  nie  of  which  one-third  ii  added  t>->  the  crop.     The  great  inTentlon  of  the  age. 
fff  (hinlenfrit  ami  Dealers  wiU  do  well  to  favour  m«  with  their  orders.    Liberal  admnc«m«nt» 
made  on  conniiinment*  of  dnmeMk  teedn. 

GEO.  F.  NEEDIIAIVI,  Buflfalo,  IV.  Y.,  990  main  Street. 


ENGRAVING 


G.    D.    WIGHTMAN, 

156  Main  St.,  (Up-stairs,) 
BUFFALO,  N.  Y. 

C'i    e  Book  Illustrations,  Drawing  and 
Enffraving  Portraits,  Landscapes, 
Views  of  Hotels,  Stores,  Steam- 
boats, Machinery,  Societies' 
Seals,   Business  Cards, 

ORNAMENTAL  BILL  HEADS,  CERTIFICATES, 

LARGE    OR   SMALL, 

Show  Bills,  in  Colours,  Engraved  to  order. 

STEREOTYPES   OR   ELECTROTYPES   FURNISHED,    IF    REQUIRED. 

Orders  from  a  Distance  must  be  accompanied  hy  Drawings  or  a  Dagwrreotype  of  the  object  required. 


\   :'r! 


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1 


CLARENDON, 

MAIN     STREET, 

BUFFALO,   N.  Y. 

E.  BICKGORDS,  Proprietor, 


BEIVIVET 

TEMPERANCE  HOUSE, 

85    MAIN    STREET, 

BUFFALO,  mW  TOBK. 

'Hie  Subscriber,  bftvinj?  leased  tlie  above 
house  for  a  term  of  years,  and  newly  fitted 
and  furnished  the  snine,  is  prepared  to  ac- 
commodate all  who  may  favour  him  with  a 
call  on  the  moitt  reasonable  terms. 

This  house  is  conveniently  located,  beini; 
between  the  Eaatorn  and  Western  depots,  and 
convenient  to  the  Steamboat  landing.  Our 
beds  ar<»  of  the  l>eut  quality.  Rocms  airy 
and  Hgiiu    Tern.  .  |1.00  per  day. 

Wr.  B.  THORP,  Proprietor^ 

MoINTYIlE     HOUSE, 

TrriN*,  ft  ptr  nmffy 

Gor.  Exchange  &  Beak  Sts., 

Ten  rods  from  tlie  Gu  ■»t  Union  Railroad  Ddpot, 
BUFFALO,  N.  Y. 

J.  L.  BATES,  '■'.iop'B. 


WESTERN    HOTEL, 
Cor.  Pearl  Street  &  Terrace, 

BUFFALO,    N.   Y. 

D.  B.  HULL,  Prop'r. 
Tertna^  f  l>9ft  P*r  day. 

rOVIEJOY~HOUSE, 

ISAAC  E.  PUTMAN,  Prop'r, 
Cor.  Pearl  &  Terrace  Streets, 

Sear  the  Depot  and  Sttamboat  Landing, 

BUFFALO,  N.  Y. 
Board,    One    Dollar    per    0»v< 

GAS  &  WA'nsk. 

The  Cn<ler»tgntit,  hiirinff  purf/>a«'il  thf  Intertst 
of  T.  S.  UAMl'TOy,  in  the  old  e.^tiil.lithec' 

GAS  FiniNG  AND  PLUMBING  Bl'SINESS, 

ON  TlIK  1  ORNKR  OF 

Pearl  &  Seneca  Streets,  Buffalo, 

Bff  \vn\«  to  osU  the  attention   of   thoir    frirnils  nnd 
|«lrons,  and  the  pulilif  ai'ijorally,  to  thi'ir  splrnilid  nxcor' 
nient  of  tjiis  Kutiiri's.  m  the  liilost  luid  most  <i|>pt<ivi!d 
styles  and  patterns,  which  they  will  sell  at  twenty  per 
cent,  lower  than  any  other  eslablislimont  m  town. 

We  would  also  Unr  leave  to  rail  attention  to  our  supe- 
rior advantajms  for  dome  Plninhins  work,  in  all  its 
br^riclies.  HeLiK  pmctioal  nierhames  ourselves,  and 
c.iiploviiut  tome  ii  the  iKJst  workmen  in  town,  we  will 
warrant  all  work  done  l>y  ns  ONK  YKAR.  We  would 
wnK  mp'MMfully  solirit  a  sliore  of  pnblir  |>atruiuigs. 

AOLAH  ft  SELPEBT, 

{SueceMto,  n  to  T.  S.  Ilampto '.) 


F.    O.    HILL, 

MANUrACTURER  OF 

TIN,  COPPER  &  SHEET  IRON  WARE. 


DEALER  IN 


Stoves,  Hollow  and  Britannia  Ware, 

OISTERN-PUMFS,  «to. 


AOKNT  FOR 


not-Wat«r,  Hot-Air,  k  VentilatiD^  Furnaces, 

Portithle  Furnaee».  Ifetienhura  I/eatert,  I'lmiact 
/iegintei-ti,  Veiittlfitorn,  (\iok'lii(//{<iiigei>,  itc. 
Particular  attention  paid  to  WaruiiiiK  nnd  Venliiutini 
Private  and  Puhlln  Buildliipca.    Halvaiilzed  Gutters,  Cur- 
nicos,  and  all  kinds  uf  Job  work  made  tu  order. 

see    x«£.A.zKr    btxiest, 

OPPOSITE  THE  CHURCHES, 

BuflTalo,  New  York. 


HART,  BALL  &,  HART, 

MANUFACTURERS  OF  PLUMBERS'  GOODS, 

HotAir  ft  Hot-Water  Fornaeu, 
257  Main  Street,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

HAKDIKER  ~&  TOYi 

PLUMBERS,  GAS  &  STEAM  FITTERS, 

Furnaces  built  and  repahed,  Tin,  Copper,  and 
Sluel  Iron  Work.    All  work  warranted, 

CORNER   EAGLE    ANb   MAIN   STREETS, 
Under  St.  Jamea's  Hotel, 
BUFFALO,    N.    Y. 

BANKING  HOUSE 

i 
MANCHESTER  &  RICH, 

Cor.  Main  &  Seneca  Sts., 

BROWN'S  BUILDmaS,  BUFFALO,  N,  T.     | 

StocAi>j  Sondu,  lytu  and  Coiintg  Orden,  Xotfi, 
Laud  }iiirraiit«,and  other  securitien  negotwied. 

Draft*  for  »ale  on  the  priticipal  Cities  of  the 
United  States  and  Europe. 

i)orrvapondrnla. 

London— The  General  Hank  o''  Switierland. 
i^flcfn— The  General  Bank  of  SiritEerland. 
/>H/jKn— Messrs.  David  La  Touche  i  Co.  \ 

£eifa»t—ilr.  Herbert  Dale.  i 


BEN.  D.  PARKINSON. 


I,T.  W.  S.  SMITH. 


PARKINSON  &  SMITH, 
CIVIL  &  SUBMARINE  ENGINEERS, 

No.  7  Brown's  Buildings,  Buffalo,  K.  Y. 

'V^  hold  onrsolvcs  in  rrndiness  at  nil  times  to  itivi'  im- 
nv  .into  attention  to  all  kinds  of  Hallroad  and  ('Hnnl  Kn- 

frineerinit,  nnd  to  thu  removal  of  sunken  vessels  niul  rorks 
ly  the  latest  nnd  niopt  approved  methods. 

CHARLES  W.  EVANS;^ 
Storage,  Produce,  &  Coal  merchant, 

drain  Elet  -tor.  and  VTarehmtSL  ■  on  the 
.  ^an'«  Ship  Canal, 

BIIFFAI.O,  N.  Y. 

Attention  Kiven  to  the  purchase  and  shipment  of  craiii, 
and  to  keepiiu;  differon*  qualities  thereof  separate;  and 
to  the  drrini;  of  wet  or  dainp  Rrain :  also  to  srrcenini;  ami 
rlo&niUK  Kmin. 


PIOEERING    &    OTTO, 

Shipping,  Insurance  &  General  Commission  Agents, 

Brokers  for  the  Purchase  and  Sale  of  Bonds  and  Mortgi^es,  Stocks,  Land  Warrants,  and  Real 
Estate,  in  this  and  in  all  the  Western  States,  Houses  rented,  Money  securely  invested,  Loans, 
and  Foreign  and  Domestic  Exchange  negotiated.    Oold  and  Silver  bought  and  sold. 

Rcnittiinces  made  to  England,  Irelanu,  Scotland,  and  the  Continent  of  Europe. 

Agents  for  the  "  Glasgow  and  New  York  Steamship  Company." 

Collections  made  throughout  the  United  States  and  the  Canadas,  All  busineiis  entrusted  to 
our  care  shall  receive  prompt  attention, 

EDGAR  P.  PICKERING  &  JOHN  OTTO,  Buffalo,  N.  T. 

REFERENCES: 


JASPER  CORNING  fe  SON,  Bankon,  New  York. 
EDWAKD   CORNING  b  CO.,  Importers.  Now  Yurk. 
THOS.  OTIS  LEKOY  it  CO.,  Mercliantg,  New  York. 
ANDREW  J,  RICH,  President  Bank  of  Attica,  B"Tttlo. 


JOHN  S.  GAN80N,  Prei.  New  York  &  Erie  Bk.  Buffalo. 
JOHN  L.  KIMBERLY,  Pres.  Buffalo  City  Bk.,  Buff^alo. 
H.  HOWARD,  Eaq.,  Sec'jr  Buffalo  Savings  Bk.,  Buffalo, 
ROBINSON  L  CO.,  Bankers.  Buffalo. 


THE  BUFFALO  DAIL7  SEFTJBUC  &  TIMES 
PRINTiNG    ESTABLISHMENT 


Invite  the  attention  of  Railroad  Superintendents,  Steamboat  and  Vessel  Owners,  Express 
Companies,  Forwarders,  Bankers,  Lawyers,  Mechanics,  Business  Mer ,  to  the  facilities  offered 
in  the  line  of  Printing,  Ruling,  Uindmg,  and  every  thing  pertaining  to  the  Printing  and  Pub- 
lishing business.    It  tias  one  of  the 


LARGEST  JOB    OFFICES 

In  the  State,  superintended  by  competent  mechanics,  and  is  enabled  to  execute  all  manner  of 

PLAinr,    FAN€¥^    &    ORIVAIIIEIVTAL    PKINTING, 

Railroad  Circul'.rs,  Cards,  Posters,  Coupon  and  Local  Tickets,  Trip  Sheets,  Embellished  and 
Embossed  Show  Bills,  Programmes,  Bills  of  Fare,  and  all  and  every  manner  of  Printing,  in  a 
style  equal  to  any  establishment  in  the  State. 

The  Daily  "  Rbpublio  and  Times,"  is  published  at  the  same  office,  and  delivered  to  mail  sub- 
scribers, at  Six  Dollars  pet  year,  {'2is.  stg.)  payment  in  advance. 

O.  O.  BRISTOL,  Editor  and  Manager, 

Repnblio  Buildings  182  Washington  Street,  Buffalo,  N.  T. 

A.  M.  CLAFF   &  CO,  PUBUSEJiaiS    &   FROFBIETOBS 

OfthefoUotoing leading  Jfi   mpapira in  WetUm I^^ab  York : 

BUFFALO    MORNING    EXPRESS; 

Daily,  at  |6.00  per  annum.    Having  the  largest  circulation  of  any  Daily  West  of  New  York, 
it  offers  the  best  medium  for  advertising  of  any  Paper  in  the  city. 

BUFFALO    TFJ-WEEKLY    EXPRESS; 

$3.00  per  annum.  Gives  all  the  Reading  matter  of  the  Daily,  and  has  a  large  country  circula- 
tion. AU  New  Adv:>'*Uemcnts  pullUhed  in' the  Daily  are  inserted  in  the  Tri-  Weekly  without  charge, 

BTJITA-IiO     -SVEEICIiTr     EZFXiESS, 

$1.00  per  annum.  This  Paper  has  a  very  large  and  increasing  circulation  in  this  and  adjoin- 
ing counties,  and  in  the  Western  States. 

TKE       BXJF-iP^LO       OOUPtlER,, 

JAMES  H.   SANDFORD,  Proprietor, 

Office,  192  Washington  St.,  DuflFalo,  N.  Y. 

The  Daily  Courier,  .     .     $6.00  per  annum,  in  advance. 
The  Tri- Weekly  Courier,  $3.00  " 

The  Weekly  Courier,    .     $1.00  " 

Therf^  is  connected  with  the  Publishing  Office,  an  extensive  BOOK  AND 
JOB  PBINTINO  OFFICE.  All  orders  addressed  to  the  Proprietor 
will  receive  immediate  attention. 

JAMES  H.  SANDFORD,  Buffalo,  N.  T. 


a 


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iv. 


^1 


PORTLAND,    MAINE, 


91 


i 


CITY  OF  PORTLAND,  (MAINK) 

[Dlitant  from  Montreal,  Ki ;  Boston,  107 ;  Quabw,  810 ;  Toronto,  695  milu.] 

During  the  winter  season,  when  the  ice  in  the  St.  Lawrence  prevents  access  to  Quebec 
and  Montreal,  via  that  route,  Portland  then  forms  the  link  in  the  chain  of  communication 
between  Great  Britain  and  Canada  for  steamers  and  sailing  vessels,  as  at  Portland  passen- 
gers and  cargo  are  landed,  and  forwarded,  per  rail,  to  their  destination. 

It  having  been  decided  that  the  Great  Eastern  Steamship  will  sail  between  Portland  and 
England,  we  annex  the  following  particulars  which  may  prove  interesting: — 

Portland — although  not  the  capital — is  the  principal  town  in  the  State  of  Maine — the 
most  easterly  State  in  the  U  Aon,  and  adjoining  the  British  Possessions.  It  is  beautifully 
situated  upon  a  peniusula,  rising  at  the  northern  and  southern  extremities  into  eminences 
about  200  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  surrounded  by  Casco  Bay,  which  forms  a 
natural,  safe,  and  spacious  harbour  for  the  largest  shipping,  completely  land-locked,  except 
at  the  entrance,  which  has  been  "  scooped  out  by  the  hand  of  the  Almighty,"  but  is  only 
defended  by  two  artificial  fortifications,  called  Preble  and  Scammel.  Promenades  160  feet 
in  width,  two  for  walking,  and  another  for  riding,  run  round  the  extremities  of  Mount  Joy 
and  B'*amhall  Hill,  furnishing  splendid  opportunities  for  "  constitutionals"  as  well  as  mag- 
nificent views,  especially  from  the  Observatory  of  the  town,  harbour,  shipping,  islands,  and 
Burroundipg  country — on  the  one  hand,  stretching  right  away  towards  the  blue  peaks  of  the 
White  Mountains  in  the  west,  and  carrying  the  eye  of  the  spectator  right  onwards  into  the 
azure  depths  of  the  blue  sea  of  immensity  in  the  east.  When  we  state  that  24  churches  and 
16  schools,  in  addition  to  numerous  edifices  belon^ng  to  public  associations  and  private 
parties,  have  been  erected  in  the  town,  the  tourist  must  be  prepared  to  anticipate  no  ordin- 
ary amount  of  architectural  decoration,  most  prominent  amongst  which,  is  a  magnificent, 
marble-fronted  hotel  in  course  of  erection ;  the  post-office,  constructed  of  blue  granite,  and 
several  other  elegant  structures.  The  wharfage  is  extensive  and  commodious.  The  Mon- 
treal Ocean  Steamship  Company's  vessels,  ac  well  as  others  bound  in  a  northerly  and  south- 
erly direction,  are  easily  found,  during  the  winter,  at  their  respective  wharves.  The  Grand 
Trunk  Railway  Depot  stands  convenient  for  the  reception  and  transportation  both  of  pas- 
sengers and  freight  to  Upper  and  Lower  Canada,  while  another  line  of  railroad  carries  the 
traffic  southwards  to  Boston  and  New  York.  Wharves  have  already  been  appropriated  to 
the  "Leviathan,"  or,  as  it  has  been  lately  designated,  the  "Great  Eastern,"  which  is  ex- 
pected to  sail  between  some  port  in  England  and  Portland,  and  the  arrival  of  which  will 
undoubtedly  constitute  an  epoch  in  commercial  enterprise.  The  population  of  Portland  has 
nearly  doubled  itself  within  the  last  thirty  years;  consequently,  the  number  of  deaths,  which 
was  only  1  in  10  fifteen  years  ago,  has  increased  to  1  in  44 — a  fact  which  is  generally  at- 
tributed to  the  great  influx  of  foreigners  since  the  establishment  of  the  Grand  Trunk  Rail- 
V  y ;  for  the  site  of  a  town  more  conducive  to  the  health  of  its  inhabitants  could  scarcely 

0  ;'•  H".d  within  the  limits  of  the  American  Continent,  in  evidence  of  which,  we  must  not 
ou  ■'  to  add  that  it  forms  most  suitable  sea-bathing  quarters  (access  to  which  may  be  had  at 
a  reduction  of  fare  by  the  G,  T.  R.)  in  summer,  to  Americans  as  well  as  Canadians,  who  can 
extend  their  trip  with  the  greatest  facility  to  Lake  Champlain,  the  White  Mountains,  etc. 
Population  28,000.    Fare  to  Boston,  $2.60  (10«.  stg.);  to  Montreal,  $6  {24«.  stg.). 


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DETROIT,   MICHIGAN. 


CITY  OP  DETROIT,  (MICHIGAN.)  .  ,      ,  , 

[DIatant  from  Quebw,  1U ;  New  York,  680 ;  Suipeniion  Bridge,  S89 ;  Milwaukee,  939 1  Chicago,  984  milei.] 

"  Detboit,  a  flourishing  city  and  port  of  entry  of  the  State  of  Michigan,  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice of  Wayne  County,  on  Detroit  River,  18  miles  above  the  head  of  Lake  Erie.  It  k 
beautifully  situated  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  river,  which  is  here  about  half  a  mile  wide, 
and  forms  one  of  the  finest  harbours  in  the  United  States.  The  part  of  the  city  contigu- 
ous to  the  river  is  built  on  a  rectangular  plan,  extending  1200  feet  back  from  tne  shore; 
the  space  beyond  this  is  divided  into  triangular  sections  by  a  number  of  avenues,  which 
converge  to  an  open  area  called  the  Grand  Circus.  These  avenues  vary  in  width  from  120 
to  200  feet.  The  principal  buildings  and  public  offices  are  situated  on  Jefferson  and  Wood- 
ward avenues.  The  city  is  adorned  with  several  public  squares,  one  of  which  is  named 
the  Campus  Martins.  Jefferson  avenue,  one  of  the  finest  streets  in  the  city,  is  well  paved, 
witli  brick  and  stone  sidewalks.  Woodward  avenue,  crossing  the  first  at  right  angles, 
is  the  principal  business  street  Congress  street  is  also  distinguished  for  its  fine  appear- 
ance. Among  the  remarkable  edifices  may  be  mentioned  the  old  State  House,  a  commodi- 
ous brick  building,  90  feet  by  60,  with  a  dome  and  steeple  140  feet  high,  which  commands 
an  extensive  view,  embracing  the  city  with  its  environs.  Lake  St.  Clair  and  the  Canadian 
shore;  the  City  Hall,  which  is  a  brick  building  100  feet  by  50,  and  the  Bank  of  Michigan, 
a  substantial  structure  of  stone,  in  the  Grecian  style,  which  cost  about  ^0,000.  Detroit 
has  a  well-organized  system  of  public  schools.  It  contains  23  churches,  4  bonks,  a  muse- 
um, theatre,  and  two  orphan  asylums.  The  railroad  company  have  a  large  brick  freight 
house,  about  600  feet  long  by  100  feet  wide.  Ten  or  eleven  newspapers  are  published  in 
Detroit,  three  of  them  daily,  and  the  others  tri-weekly,  or  weekly.  The  city  is  lighted 
with  gas,  and  also  supplied  with  wat«r  of  the  purest  quality  from  Detroit  River. 

"  Detroit  is  admirably  situated  for  commerce,  and  its  importance  is  greatly  enhanced  by 
its  intimate  and  extensive  relations  with  a  region  towards  which  a  prodigious  tide  of  emi- 
gration is  flowing.  By  its  position  on  the  great  chain  of  lakes,  and  by  means  of  the  con- 
necting rivers  and  canals,  it  has  a  ready  communication  with  the  principal  centres  of  trade. 

"  Tlie  manufactures  of  the  city  are  extensive  and  important,  consisting  of  steam-enginee 
and  various  other  kinds  of  machinery,  mill-irons,  stoves,  ploughs,  cabinet  ware,  Ac. 
Brewing  and  tanning  are  also  carried  on  to  a  considerable  extent  At  the  different  steam 
saw  mills  here  in  operation,  about  10,000,000  feet  of  lumber  are  annually  turned  out 

"  The  trade  of  Detroit  is  Immense,     Population  about  60,000." 


J    R,  NICHOLS.  BDW,  LE  KAVOUR. 

NICHOLS  &  LEFAVOUR, 

Munxifacturers  <fi  Dealers  in 

BOOT8   &    ^HOE^, 

166  JEFFERSON  AVENUE, 

4th  Door  West  of  Woodward,  Detroit,  Mich. 

OLIVER    BOURKE, 

Importer  of 

TEAS,   COFFEES,    SE6ARS, 
Brandies,  Wines  &  Liquors, 

139    JEFFERSON   AVENUE, 

WM.  T.  WHEELER  &  CO., 
Commission   Meroliaiits. 

Slone  and  Glass  Ware  at  wholpsale,  Yellow  Ware  in 
orisiiial  pac.kases  Also,  ARenls  tiir  Kiiapp's  Patent  and 
Kerusine  Lamps,  Karoslnn  and  Carbon  OiiS,  &c. 

96  JEFFERSON  AVENUE, 

DETROIT,  MICH. 

B.   G.   STIMSON, 
PRODUCE,  COMMISSION  &  SHIPPING 

Warehouse  on  Dock  foot  of  Bates  St., 

DETROIT,   MICH. 

Liberal  Advances  made  on  produce  for  Sale  iu  this  or 
Eastern  Markets. 


BIDDLE  HOUSE, 

COR.    OF   JEFFERSON    AVENUE, 

AND   BANDOLFH   STRBBT, 

By    ORVILLE    B.    DIBBLE    &    SON. 

Detroit,  Mich. 

WESTERN    HOTEL, 
178  &  182  WOODBBIDGE  STREET, 

Cor.  of  Third  at  Michigan  Central  H.  Depot. 
ALEXAIVDER    LEADBEATER,  Proprietor. 

This  old'established  Hotel  is  inimediatelv  near  the 
Steamboat  Landings.  It  is  furnished  witli  all  accommo- 
dations necessary  to  the  comfort  of  the  traveller.  There 
is  no  better  stauling  than  that  in  connection  with  this 
Hotel.  All  the  city  omnibuses  and  stage  coaches  call 
daily  for  passengers.  The  porters  of  this  house  will  al- 
ways be  found  attentive  and  trustworthy. 

FRANCIS  CRAWFORD, 

LAND  AND   TAX  AGENT, 

Office  over  168  Jefferson  Av.,  Detroit,  Mich. 

Will  buy  and  sell  Lands,  City  Lots,  Copper  Stocks,  Pay 
Taxes,  Examine  Titles,  Loan  Money,  &c.  Particular  at- 
tention paid  to  Biiyin^  and  Selling  Copper  Stocks  of  Com- 
panies located  in  Detroit,  and  of  Wild  Lands  throughout 
the  State,  and  will  do  a  General  Commission  and  Collect- 
ing Business. 

Detroit"  wire  works, 

103  l¥oodward  Avenue. 

WILLIAM  SNOW,  Manufacturer  and  Dealer  in  Brass 
and  Iron  Wire  Cloth,  French  Burr  Mill  Stones,  Dutch 
Anchor  Bolting  Cloths,  Copper.  Brass,  Steel  and  Iron 
Wire,  Riddles,  Sieves,  Wood  and  Tin  Cages,  Sand  Screens 
and  Cheese  Safes.  Window  Guards  and  Wire  Work  of  all 
descriptions,  made  to  order. 


•  DAVID    PRESTON   &   CO.,   BANKERS   &   BROKERS, 

1S7     JEFFEHSOKT     A.-VETTXTE,     UETROIT,     l^ICXX. 
JEttabUthetIf  Jttay^  1852.     OIRet  Boura  ftont  8  J,  M,  to  5  JP.  M, 

All  classes  of  Bunk  Notes.  American  and  Foreign  Gold  and  Silver  Coins  purchased  at  our  quoted  rates. 
COLLECTIONS.— We  are  prepared  to  make  collections  in  every  part  of  the  United  Slates  and  in  the  Canadas, 
at  best  rales.  

THE  U.  S.  BANK-NOTE  AND  COMMEBCIAL  BEFOSTEB, 

Is  published  semi-monthly  by  David  Preston  &  Co.,  at  ONE  DOLLAR  per  year,  in  advance.  Coin  Chart  included. 

ESatablished  in  June,  1§35. 

Detroit  Daily,  Weekly  &,  Semi-Weekly 

212    JEFFERSON    AVENUE,  DETROIT,  MICH. 

THE    OLDEST    AND    LARGEST 

PRINTING     ESTABLISHMENT 

lis    THE    NORTII-l¥EST. 

EVERY    VARIETY    OF 

BOOK     AND     JOB     PRINTING 
Done   on  the  Shortest  Jt'otice. 

T  E  H  Iwl  S  : 

Daily  Advertiser,  to  Mail  Subscribers, $6.00  per  annum. 

Daily  Advertiser,  to  City  Subscribers,  I2ic.  per  week,  or   6.00    "        " 

Semi-Weekly  Advertiser, 2.00    "        " 

Weekly  Advertiser, 1.00    "        " 


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fill. 


DETROIT,  MICHIGAN.                              | 

JOHN     H  ANNA, 
Wholesale    Tobacconist, 

112  Woodward  Avenue. 

L.    L.    FARNSWORTH, 

Wholesale  and  Retail  Dealers  in  Boots,  Shoes, 
and  Leather  Findings,  62  Woodward  Av. 

CHICAGO,  ILLINOIS.                               ! 

CRAWFORD    &    SON, 

WHOLESALE  IKON,  NAIL  i.  STEEL  MERCHANTS, 
11  South  WeUd,  Robbing'  Iron  Block. 

CHBLES   H.   SCBIVEN,                 1 
ADVERTISING    AGENT, 

68  Dearborn  Street.                            i 

VH.  SCOTT  STEWAST, 

COMMISSION    MERCHANT, 
24  River  Street. 

LAUMAN,  AIKEN  &  CO., 
WHOLESALE      OROCERS, 

91  South  Water  Street.                          i 

MOREY    &    STUART, 

ProilMce  CommtanioH  jnerchanit,           ' 

8  Doll's  Building,  Cor.  of  Clark  and  South  Water  8ts. 

JOHN    H.  WEBER    &.    CO., 

WHOLESALE   DEALERS   IN    HATS,    CAPS,    Ac, 
206  and  207  South  Water  Street. 

THEODORE   M.    DOGGETT, 
JLatcyer, 

14  South  Clark  Street. 

Gookins,  Thomas  &  Roberts, 

ATTORNEYS  &  COUNSELLORS  AT  LAW, 

89  and  91  Dearborn  Street. 

STEVENS    &    BROTHER, 

COMMISSION    MERCHANTS, 
182  Kenzle  Street. 

DEALER   IN   LANDS    AND    LOCATING    LANDS, 
82  Dearborn  Street. 

OEO.    M.    HAWKS, 
ABCHnXCT, 

63  Dearborn  Street. 

ALBERT  S.   EVANS, 
BANKER,     36    CLARK    STREET. 

W.    B.    O.    PEABODY, 
•Architect, 

112  Dearborn  Street. 

MORP'ORD    BROTHERS, 
Bankers, 

Corner  of  Clark  and  Lake  Streets. 

J.    B.     Y.    RUSSELL, 
Land    Agent    and    Notary    Public, 

19  Dearborn  Street. 

FAY     &     CO.,. 
PRODUCE    COMMISSION     MERCHANTS, 

14  South  Clark  Street. 

CHARLES    E.    HAAS, 

61  South  Clark  Street. 

W.    H.    TUCKEB   ft   J.   SCHOENEWALD, 
ATTORNEY    AT    LAW, 

64  Sovth  Wells  Street. 

MARSH,    IIARWOOD    &    CO., 
COMMMSStOJV   MK  RCBJIJS'TS^ 

89  South  Water  Street. 

MILWAUKEE,  WISCONSIN. 

Downer,  La  Due  &  Jenkins, 

ATTORNEYS    &    SOLICITORS, 

Comer  of  East  Wa'cr  anj  Wisconsin  Streets. 

W.    HENRY    HOLLAND, 

Oeneral    Insurance    Agent, 

12  NowhnU  House. 

WILLIAM     YOUNG, 

Produce,  Provision,  &  Commission  Slerchant, 
South  Water  Street. 

HENRY    L.    GARDINER, 

West  Water  Street. 

1 

EMH.   SPANGENBEUG, 
Lawyer,  and  Consul  of  Prussia,  Hesse 

Darmstadt,  Baden  and  Oldenburg. 

NICHOLS,  BRITT  A  CO.,               j 
Produce,  Storage   tt   Commimon  Merchants,  ; 
Oiitral  WImrf,  oor.  of  South  Water  &  Ferry  Sts. 

SAMUEL    BISHOP, 

ATTORNEY  AT  LAW,  171  East  Water  St. 

BUTLER,  MARTIN  &  GIFFORD, 
E.awyers, 

Lu(ldini?t()ii's  Block. 

1            G.     VON    DEUTRCH, 
Lawyer,  221}  East  Water  Street, 

i  "BUTLER,  BUTTRiCK  &  COTTRTLr, 
Attorneys,   Luddington's    Block. 

PALMER    &    STARK, 
ATTORNEYS     &.     COUNSELLORS, 

Cor  of  Kast  Wiitor  &  Miclii(?ttii  Strootg.                i 

F.    li.    MILES    &    CO., 
Produce,  Storage  tt  Comtnmion  Merchantu, 

Erin  Street,  Foot  of  IVIiiin. 

SMALL    <t    CUfiSWKLL, 
Attorneys    and    (Jounsellors,' 

{              C'drnrr  of  Kiist  WiitiT  ami  Micliisnn  .streets. 

AKERS  &  WARNER, 
Produce    Commission   Merchants^ 

161  KENZIE  ST.,  CHICAGO,  ILL. 

MUNN,  SCOTT  &  CO., 

Commission    Merohants 

AND  GRAIN  ELEVATORS, 
S§0  Water  Street,  Chicago,  111. 

W.  W.  McIiEAN  &  CO., 

PRODUCE  m  COMMISSION  MERCHANTS, 

234  SOUTH  WATER  STREET, 
Ohioago,  lU. 
Particular  attention  given  to  the  purchase  of  Orain, 
Flour,  Ac. 

REFER  TO 

Messrs.  Gray  &  GlnsseU,  New  York. 

"      Harvey,  Scudder  &  Co.,  Boston. 

"      Gibbs,  Grlffln  A  Co.,  Chicago,  111. 

"      Munger  &  Armour,  Chicago,  III. 

"      Cannon  &  Matthews,  Baltimore,  Maryland. 

"      Buchanan,  Johns  &  Church,  Davenport,  Iowa. 
J.  J.  Newcomb,  Boston. 
Wm.  St.  John,  Muscatine,  Iowa. 
H.  G.  Vlckery,  Esq.,  (firm  Jos.  Carson  &  Co.)  Bait.,  Md. 
E.  K.  Roilgers,  Esq.,  Chicago,  III. 
H.  W.  Zimmerman,  Esq.,  Chicago,  111. 

R.    McCHESNEY, 

FROIDXTCE 

Commission  Merchant, 

184  SOUTH  WATER  STREET, 

(in  steel's  block,) 

CHICAGO,  ILL., 

will  give  personal  attention  to  the  purchase  and 
shipment  of  all  kinds  of  Produce.  Will  also  attend 
to  procuring  Freight  for  Vessels. 

Cash  advances  made  on  produce  for  sale  in  Eastern 
Markets. 


GEO.  STEEL  &  CO., 

General  Commission  Merchants, 

AND 

PROVISION    CORNERS, 

CHICAGO,    ILLINOIS. 


Befer  to 

Messrs,  Geo.  Smith  &  Co.,  Bankers,  Chicago,  111. 

"      Richard  Irvln  &  Co.,  New  York. 
Hon.  John  Young,  Montreal. 


BLACK   BALL  LINE, 

LIVERPOOL    PACKETS. 

MASON    &     CO.,    Agents, 

Sell  Sight  Drafts  on 
ENGLAND,  IRELAND, 
AND    i^COTIiAlVD, 

And  Passage  Tickets  from  Liver[iool  to  Chicago. 
om  a  E, 

150  SOUTH  WATER   ST.,  CHICAGO. 


A.  T.  SHERMAN  &  CO., 
BANKERS  &  EXCHANGE  BROKERS, 

46  CLARK  ST.,  CHICAGO,  ILL. 


WM.  C.  ft  SAML.  J.  KIMBALL, 

FLOUR    MERCHANTS, 
191  South  Water  St.,  Chicago,  111. 


ALONZO  EICHMON.D, 
182  South  Water  Street,  Chicago,  HI. 


E.  0-.  zx.iA.XiXi  as  oo., 
IRON,  NAILS,  STEEL,  k  HEAVY  HARDWARE, 

WASHINGTON  STREET, 

(Bet.  Wells  &  Franklin,) 

CHICAQO,    ILLINOIS. 


CHARLES  STARRETT, 
PATENT    BIGHT    OFFICE, 

211  &  313  South  Water  Street, 

CHICAGO,    ILLINOIS, 


GEO.  A.  PRINCE  &  CO., 

Manufacturers  of  the 
I>-A.TE3SrT    JS^IBXiOXJEOIT, 

110  Lake  Street,  Chicago,  III. ;  Buffalo,  N.  Y. ;  and 
New  York  City. 


BARKER    HOUSE, 

(FORMEniiT  doty's  hotel,) 

Gapt.  CEAS.  W.  BABEEB,  Frop'r, 

80  RANDOLPH  STREET, 

(Bet.  State  &  Dearborn,) 

CHICAGO,    ILLINOIS. 

This  House,  having  been  newly  fitted  up  and  fur- 
nished, is  now  open  for  the  reception  of  Ouests. 
Being  centrally  located,  the  Proprietor  hopes,  by 
every  attention  being  shown  to  Guests,  to  receive 
from  the  public  his  share  of  patronage. 

Board,  $1.50  per  Day. 

POST-OFFICE    BOX,  4464. 

THOMAS   P.  JACK, 

ENaLISH   HOTEL, 

201  Kenzle  St.,  Chicago,  HI. 


A.  WRIGHT  TURNEE, 

Sole  Agent  for 
NEW  YORK  OIL  COMPANY, 

Manufacturers  of 

LUBRICATING    &   LARD   OIL 

For  all  kind  of  Machinery.  Warranted  not  to  con- 
geal In  cold  weather.  Also,  Dealers  In  Sperm,  Whale, 
Fish,  Linseed  &  Tanners'  Oil,  48  Water  Street,  N.  Y. 

OfBce,  No.  241  South  V  ater  Street, 

(Corner  Franklin  Street,) 
CH  ICAQO,    ILLINOIS. 


t'0 


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Vi 


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'O       XI 


Yean. 

1853. . 

1854., 

1855. 

1856.. 

1857.. 

To  quote 
"The  in 
portant.  ' 
been  about 
Working  a 
or  less  dire 
"  There  h 
country  tha 
tend  over  ft 


CHICAGO,  ILLINOIS. 


-     .     /  CITY  OP  CHICAGO,  (ILLINOIS.)        •  I;  .    •  .  i         : 

[DUUnt  from  8t.  P>ul,  M8 i  N«w  York,  966)  Montratl,  88« ;  MIlwaukM,  89  mllM.]       '  '  •    '•    "  '  '_      '  ^ 

Prfvious  to  1831,  this  great  commercial  emporium  of  the  north-west,  wag  a  mere  trad- 
ing post  amidst  the  wigwams  of  the  Indiats,  since  which  time  it  has  reached  a  population 
of  upwards  of  180,000,  having  doubled  itself  every  4  years.  The  city  is  situated  on  the 
soulh-westevu  side  of  Lalce  Michigan,  and  is  intersected  into  3  divisions,  by  the  River  Chi- 
cago, up  which  trading  vessels  ascend  for  nearly  6  miles. 

To  its  central  position,  with  the  most  extensive  means  of  communication  by  land  and 
water — having  been  continued  all  the  way  to  Liverpool,  (Eng.,)  without  transhipment,  via 
tlie  Welland  Canal  and  River  St  Lawrence— may  be  attributed  one  great  cause  for  its 
rapid  rise  and  progi-esa. 

The  ground  on  which  the  city  stands  is  an  extremely  level  plain,  sufficiently  elevated  to 
prevent  inundation,  and  extending  many  miles  towards  the  south  and  west  The  adjacent 
country  consists  of  beautiful  and  fertile  prairies,  interspersed  with  groves,  and  diversified 
by  gentle  slopes.     From  a  recent  published  account  of  this  city  we  quote ; — 

"  The  city  is  laid  out  in  rectangular  blocks,  with  streets  extending  nearly  north  and  south, 
and  east  and  west  The  shore  of  the  lake,  and  the  northern  parts  of  the  city,  are  occupied 
with  the  finest  residences,  but  the  principal  business  is  transacted  on  the  south  side  of  the 
river,  the  banks  of  the  south  branch  being  lined  with  docks  and  large  warehouses.  Many 
of  the  streets  are  paved  with  planks  and  lighted  with  ga&  Michigan  avenue,  which  is, 
perhaps,  the  most  beautiful  street  in  the  city,  extends  along  the  shore  of  the  lake,  and  is 
bordered  with  shade-trees.  Next  to,  and  parallel  with  this,  is  Wabash  avenue,  adorned 
with  double  rows  of  trees. 

"  The  most  remarkable  public  buildings  are  the  new  Court  House,  the  Merchants'  Exchange, 
the  Marine  Hospital,  the  Medical  College,  and  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church.  The 
Court  House  is  a  splendid  edifice  of  Lockport  limestone,  having  a  prison  on  the  first  floor, 
the  county  ofiioes  on  the  second,  and  a  court  room  and  town  hall  on  the  third,  with  a  cu- 
pola and  roof  of  galvanized  iron.  The  Marine  Hospital  is  a  spacious  and  handsome  build- 
ing, of  Milwaukee  brick.  Tlie  Second  Presbyterian  Church,  at  the  corner  of  Wabash  and 
Washington  streets,  in  the  Gothic  style,  with  a  steeple  about  200  feet  high,  is  perhaps  the 
most  beautiful  edifice  of  its  class  west  of  New  York.  It  is  built  of  a  kind  of  pitchy  stone, 
in  which  black  and  white  are  mingled,  and  presents  a  nngular  and  striking  appearance. 
Chicago  contains  several  banks,  and  about  30  printing  offices,  from  which  numerous  daily 
and  weekly  journals  are  issued.  Tlie  public  schools  are  well  organized,  and  are  accommo- 
dated with  excellent  buildings." 

Regarding  the  population  and  valuation  of  property  in  the  dty,  during  the  last  6  years, 
we  annex  the  following  table  :• — 

.        ■  .„  ,-  POPULATION  AND  VALUATION   OF  CraOAGO. 

Real  Estate,  Personal  Property, 

Yean.  Valuation  of.  Valuation  of.  Total. 

1853 60,652  13,130,677  8,711,154  16,841,881 

1854 65,872  18,790,744  5,401,495  24,394,239 

1855 88,509  21,901,204  5,521,000  27,422,204 

1856 110,000  26,771,181  5,717,959  81,489,140 

1857 ; 180,000  29,018,196  7,248,058  86,256,249 

To  quote  from  a  writer  on  the  commercial  progress  of  Chicago:— 
"  The  influence  of  railroads  upon  the  development  of  business,  has  been  direct  and  im- 
portant The  amount  of  money  expended  in  Illinois,  and  the  neighbouring  States,  has 
been  about  $180,000,000,  the  disbursement  of  which  has  aided  in  settling,  stocking,  and 
working  a  vast  extent  of  country,  the  products  of  which  are  carried  over  these  roads,  more 
or  less  directly,  to  Chicago. 

"  There  has  been  put  in  operation  1,500  miles  of  roads,  which  have  extended  the  area  of 
country  that  pours  its  wealth  iuio  Chicago.  The  projected  connections  of  these  roads  ex- 
tend over  four  thousand  miles  more,  making  8,000,  and  their  ultimate  ramifications  em- 


!tll|| 


M 


CHICAGO. 


brace  every  section  of  the  Union.     Every  extension  of  railroads  forms  a  centre,  embracing 

tlie  breadtli  of  land  which  feeds  that  centre,  as  the  square  of  the  distance. 

From  every  point  of  the  compass  these  lengthening  roads  run  from  Chicago  over  the  most 
fertile  country.  It  is  therefore  not  to  bo  wondered  at  that  Chicago  is  the  greatest  grain 
depot  in  the  world." 

In  the  year  1888,  only  78  bushels  of  wheat  was  exported  from  Chicago.    The  following 
table  will  give  some  idea  of  its  extent  during  the  last  6  years  :— 


BHTPHKNTB  OF  OBAIM  ntOlf  OmCAOO  FOB  FIVK  TKARg. 

Total, 
bnahelt. 
6,412,181 
12,982,820 
16,688,700 
21,588,221 
18,082,678 

Regarding  the  prices  of  grain  and  flour  for  the  same  periods,  we  And  them  to  be  as  fol- 
lows;— 


Wheat. 

Com, 

o«t», 

Barlev, 
bushele. 

bnshoii. 

Tmh. 

busheli. 

buihels. 

buaheli. 

18S8... 

1,680,098 

2,780,268 

1,748,498 

120,276 

82,162 

1854... 

2,644,860 

6,887,899 

8,289,987 

148,421 

41,158 

1855  . . . 

7,115,270 

7,517,678 

1,888,588 

92,082 

20,182 

1856  . . . 

9,419,865 

11,129,668 

1,014,547 

19,051 

690 

1857... 

.       10,788,292 

6,814,615 

416,778 

17,998 

.... 

AVXRAQE  rniCKS  OF  OBAIN  AND  FLOUR. 


Yean. 
1858.. 
1854.. 
1855.. 
1856.. 
1857.. 


Winter      Spring 

Wheat,       Wheat, 

Per  Bushel.  Per  Bushel. 


0  85 

1  80« 
1  55 
1  27* 
1  17» 


0  60 

1  09 
1  81 
1  05» 
0  98 


Flour  per  Barrel. 
8  76    a    6  26 

6  98    a    7  48 

7  12*  a    8  14» 
4  91    a    6  26 

6  05i 


Com, 
Per,  Bushel. 
0  47 
0  48* 
0  62 
0  86 
0  53 


Oata, 
Per  Bushel. 
0  88 
0  80 
0  831 
0  28* 
0  89* 


ffir    0 


:r. 


P 


"  With  the  year  1867  commenced  not  only  a  marked  revival  in  the  foreign  trade  for 
grain,  mo8i\v  wheat,  but  a  large  expenditure  of  money,  amounting  since  to  $180,000,000 
for  the  construction  of  those  railroads  which  have  drained  the  surrounding  grain  country 
into  Chicago,  and  have  also  aided  its  sales.  In  Chicago,  during  the  last  five  years  ending 
with  1860,  when  there  were  no  railroads  to  bring  wheat  into  the  city,  wheat  averaged  75 
cents  per  bushel.  In  the  last  five  years  it  has  averaged  $1.23  per  bushel.  Corn  has  aver- 
aged 60  cents,  against  83  cents  at  former  periods.  The  effect  of  these  prices  has  been  the 
immense  increase  in  the  grain  supplies,  particularly  corn.  The  |1 80,000,000  which  has 
been  spent  in  the  last-named  period  for  the  construction  of  railroads  has,  to  a  large  extent, 
become  capital  in  the  hands  of  cultivators  who  have  produced  the  grain.  The  value  of 
the  wheat  and  corn  brought  to  market  at  these  two  periods  was  as  follows : — 


.      .  , Five  years  to  1851 , 

'  '  Bushels.         Price.         Value. 

Wheat..... 9,708,611        75      $7,278,709 

Corn 1,524,986        88  508,212 


, Five  years  to  1858 , 

Bushels.  Price.  Value. 

81,643,785      |1  23    $89,554,781 
85,080,118  60       17,540,056 


Total 11,228,247 


$7,786,921      67,728,898 


$57,094,787 


"  Thus  the  value  of  these  two  grains  alone,  received  at  Chicago,  has  been  equal  to  an  in- 
crease of  nearly  $60,000,000,  or  $10,000,000  per  annum.  This  trade  has  been  developed 
during  the  season  of  high  prices  abroad,  and  while  the  railroads  have  not  operated  fully. 
The  corn  has  been  received  one-half  by  the  canal,  and  the  remainder  by  the  railroads 
The  wheat  has  come  to  hand  nearly  altogether  by  railroads.  The  teams  in  the  last  year 
brought  in  about  200,000  bushels,  and  the  canal  880,000  bushels,  together  10  per  cent,  of 
the  whole. 

"  It  is  obvious  that  the  business  of  Chicago  has  been  based  on  a  solid  foundation ;  that 
the  natural  products  of  an  area  of  «^t  least  200  miles  diameter,  intersected  at  every 
point  by  railroads,  has  been  drawn  ito  her  warehouses,  and  the  fast-settling  country 
has  required  merchandise  in  return.  The  operations  for  a  moment  has  encountered  a 
check,  but  cannot  be  lasting.  Prices  of  grain  may  decline  for  the  moment,  but  the  general 
trade  cannot  but  increase.    The  whole  machinery  1b  now  in  operation.    If  railroad  expen- 


CHICAGO. 


96 


diture  it)  lesSi  the  attractions  of  the  land  are  greater,  and  vast  tracts  still  invito  settlers  tu 
add  to  the  future  resources  of  Chicago. 

"  At  this  moment,  the  machinery  of  production  and  transportation,  in  and  around  Chi- 
cago, indicates  that  it  is  just  now  entering  upon  Its  career.  The  prices  for  grain  for  the 
moinant  are  dull,  owing  to  good  harvests  abroad,  but  the  Western  country  can  now  sell 
and  deliver  cheaper  than  ever.  The  railroad  expenditure  is  to  bo  run  down  for  the  present ; 
but  it  follows  that  the  local  demand  for  food  is  also  less  in  proportion  ;  that  while  the  whole 
industry  of  the  ccction  is  turned  to  production,  it  depends  upon  the  foreign  market  only  for 
the  sale  of  its  surplus.  The  earnings  of  the  railroads  indicate  the  immense  development 
of  business  they  have  occasioned." 

Tlie  number  of  vessels  which  arrived  at  Chicago  during  1867  was  7,567,  with  a  tonnage 
of  1,763,413. 

"  Chicago,  as  a  lumber  market,  has  for  many  years  stood  pre-eminent.  Its  rise  and  pro- 
gress is  only  equalled  by  the  rapid  development  of  the  city  as  a  centre  of  the  territory 
west  of  the  great  lakes;  and,  in  importance,  this  branch  of  its  commerce  is  second  perhaps 
to  no  other.  The  river  banks  are  lined  for  miles  and  miles  with  the  immense  piles  of  lum- 
ber which  is  shipped  to  Chicago  from  the  pineries  of  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and  Canada, 
and  it  is  perhaps  the  best  criterion  that  could  be  adopted  to  comprehend  the  magnitude  of 
the  trade.  The  capital  invested  in  the  lumber  business  is  immense.  Not  to  speak  of  the 
property  owned  by  merchants  in  mills  and  woodlands,  the  wealth  which  is  invested  in 
stock,  in  docks,  and  in  real  estate  in  that  city,  cannot  be  less  than  ten  or  a  dozen  million 
dollars.  The  fleet  of  lumber  vessels  alone  did  not  cost  less  than  a  million  and  a  half  of 
dollars ;  and  the  number  of  hands  employed  in  the  business,  one  way  and  another,  cannot 
fall  short  of  ten  thousand. 

"  With  these  leading  features  of  the  large  commerce  which  is  carried  on  in  Chicago,  in 
receiving  the  produce  of  the  fast-settling  prairies,  and  supplying  them  with  lumber  and 
goods,  a  large  manufacturing  business  has  grown  up  in  the  city.  The  capital  and  hands 
employed  are  as  follows; —  :      :  .  y 

}  MANUFACTURES  OF  CHIOAQO.  , 

Vnliio  of 

Capital.  Hands.             Maniifnctures. 

Iron  works,  steam-engines,  Ac $1,703,900  2,808  $3,887,084 

Stoves 185,000  70  238,000 

Agricultural  implen.>;nts 597,000  575  1,134,300 

Brass  and  tin  ware,  Ac 257,000  851  471 ,000 

Carriages,  wagons,  &c 806,000  881  948,160 

High  wines,  beer,  ale,  &c 497,000  105  1,150,320 

Soap,  candles,  lard,  &o 296,000  100  528,021 

Furniture 354,000  504  543,000 

Stone,  marble,  Ac 617,950  843  896,775 

Pinning  mills,  sashes,  doors,  &c 445,000  554  1,092,397 

Musical  instruments 13,200  81  37,000 

Leather 832,000  126  432,000 

Barrels,  wooden  ware,  &c 178,700  171  357,250 

Brick 300,000  500  712,000 

Flour 825,000  78  630,569 

Chemicals .• 15,000  15  82,000 

Harness,  saddles,  &c 82,900  220  271,000 

Sheet  and  bar  lead 25,000  75  100,000 

Glue  and  neat's-foot  oil 20,000  15  25,000        _ 

Starch  (estimated) 15,000  25  75,000 

Daguerreotypes,  ambrotvpea 75,000  75  100,000 

Engraving,  <6c .' 11,000  80      '  .  29,500 

Cigars 8,000  26          .  10,800 

Whitelead ' 50,000  10  7,200 

Types,  &c 20 

Boots,  shoes,  clothing,  &  other  manuf's,  est.      500,000  1,750  750,000 

Miscellaneous  (reported) 439,700  502  1,044,697 

Total *7,7o9,400        10,573  |:15,515,003 

£1,551,880  stg.  £3,103,012  stg. 


iiife 


.-"^MA 


i- 


it'  A 

M. 


i 


I 


96  MILWAUKEE,  STATE  OF  WISCONSIN. 


CITY  OP  MILWAUKEE,  (WISCONSIN.) 

[DUUnt  flnm  Mootn*!,  18T ;  Ntw  York,  1040 1  ChlMiD,  M I  St.  P»ul,  431  mllta.] 

"  MiLWAtKKX,  tlio  largest  and  most  important  city  in  the  State,  and,  after  Chicago,  the 
must  tlourisliing  on  the  lakes,  is  situated  on  tlie  west  sliore  of  Lalcu  Michigan,  and  on  buth 
Bides  of  Milwaultee  River.  It  is  pleasontly  located,  partly  on  the  flots  bordering  the  river, 
and  on  tlie  bluffs  rising  abruptly  from  the  lake  to  the  height  of  some  100  feet  The  river, 
running  nearly  parallel  to  the  lake  in  a  southerly  direction,  is  navigable  for  the  lurge«t 
steamboats  over  two  miles  from  its  mouth. 

"  As  the  commercial  capital  of  Wisconsin,  its  situation  demands  particular  attention. 
The  laws  which  govern  trade  and  travel  are,  by  the  improvements  and  spirit  of  the  age, 
reduced  to  two: — 1st  The  shortest  route  to  market;  2d.  The  quickest  and  c/uapest  nioJe 
of  trane|x)rtatioD.  The  products  of  the  Nortliwest  seek  a  morket  upon  the  Atlantic  coast. 
Heretofore,  New  York  and  Boston  have  monopolized  the  trade  of  this  region.  They  will 
always  retain  a  large  share  of  it ;  but  the  recent  improvements  in  the  Canadas,  and  tlio«e 
projected,  are  rapidly  diverting  trade  to  the  valley  of  the  St  Lawrence.  Business  rela- 
tions are  bein^  established  between  the  cities  of  Quebec,  Montreal,  Toronto,  and  Hamilton, 
on  the  one  hand,  and  the  Western  Lake  ports  on  the  other.  As  regords  New  York  and 
Boston,  Milwaukee  holds  the  most  favourable  position  of  any  port  on  the  western  shore  of 
Lake  Michigan.  Taking  Buffalo  as  a  common  point  on  all  the  lines  of  trade  between  tiie»e 
ports  and  those  markets,  it  will  be  seen :  1st  That  Milwaukee,  by  woter  communiuiition, 
has  the  odvantog«  tor  time  ond  distonce  over  any  place  at  the  south.  2d.  For  the  nuist 
direct  rouio  to  Bulfnlo,  either  by  land  or  water  carriage,  Milwaukee  (ro  soon  as  the  direct 
communication  by  the  Detroit  and  Milwaukee  Railroad  is  opened)  presents  the  most  natu- 
ral centre  for  all  the  trade  ond  travel  between  the  Northwest  and  the  East 

"  As  the  general  direction  of  Northwestern  trade  and  travel  is  coinciden*  "ith  the  pa 
rallels  of  latitude  instead  of  those  of  longitude,  and  as  Milwaukee  is  in  the  degree  as 

the  great  Eastern  markets,  it  can  be  easily  seen  that  all  the  contemplated  i^rcssing 

improvements  must  make  it  the  natural  centre  or  most  ovailable  common  point  in  the 
Northwest,  whether  by  the  semi-inland  route,  through  Michigan  and  Canada,  or  around 
the  Lakes.  Tlie  advantages  of  this  position  will  be  very  strongly  developed,  so  soon  u 
the  direct  route  east,  via  Grand  Haven  and  Detroit  or  Port  Huron,  is  opened,  ond  our  sys- 
tem of  railroads  to  the  Mississippi  completed.  Its  business  radius  will  then  extend  from 
below  Savanno,  111.,  in  the  Mississippi  valley,  to  the  extreme  Northwest,  sweeping  in  the 
trade  of  Northwestern  Illinuis,  Iowa,  and  Nebraska,  in  addition  to  that  of  our  own  State. 

"  The  harbour  of  Milwaukee  is  one  of  the  best  on  the  Great  Lakes.  The  river  widens 
at  its  mouth  into  a  semi-circular  bay,  6  2-33  miles  from  point  to  point,  and  2  1-32  miles 
across.  At  the  point  of  approach  to  the  lake,  an  artificial  channel  is  in  progress  of  con- 
struction. 

"  This  new  harbour  entrance  is  260  feet  in  width,  and  will  soon  be  excavated  to  a  suffi- 
cient depth  to  accommodate  the  heaviest  tonnage  of  the  Lakes,  ond,  when  completed,  will 
make  it  the  most  accessible  and  capacious  on  Lake  Michigan.  The  facilities  presented  by 
the  old  harbour — in  improving  which  the  United  States  expended,  in  1844-5,  |50,000— 
•will  still  be  preserved.  For  over  five-eighths  of  a  mile  between  these  two  entrances,  the 
river  is  both  wide  and  deep.  Nothing  but  the  grossest  and  most  ruinous  neglect,  on  the 
part  of  the  city  and  of  the  United  States  Government,  will  ever  permit  this  old  harbour  to 
fill  up  or  become  useless. 

"  Milwaukee  contains  7  public  schools — and  for  educational  purposes,  spent  about  $15,0)0 
last  year ;  in  addition  to  which  it  has  a  University  and  Female  College  in  successful  opera- 
tion. 

"  Built  upon  the  ',igh  bluffs  of  Lake  Michigan,  and  the  picturesque  slopes  of  the  Mil- 
waukee River,  this  city  is  unrivalled  in  beauty  of  location  by  any  other  in  the  Northwest, 
It  is  a  rare  circumstance  to  hear  of  a,  person  of  delicate  health  leaving  it  on  account  of 


I 


BRIDOE  BROTHERS, 

Exeliange  and  Banking  Office, 

I  166  EAST  WATER  STREET, 

Cor>  of  Michigan,  (under  State  Banlc,) 

MILWAUKEX,   WIBOONBIN. 

PRICE,  FARMER  &  CO., 
BANKERS, 

DEALERS    IN    EXCHANGE, 

No.  10  MICHIGAN  STREET, 

MILWAVKBB,  WISCONSIN. 

O.    SOHLET, 

Land  &  Money  Agent, 

MILWAUKEE,  WISCONSIN, 

Draler  in  City  Property,  Fnrmii,  Wild  Lnnd,  Land  War- 
riiiUs,  liDndH,  MurtKnKc3a,  Knilrciiul  Sto<;l(fi,  Himda  and 
Kuriu  MdrtRnffCH,  lie.  Tiuea  paid  for  nun-roiiidcnta,  and 
thuir  interests  protected.  City  Property  and  Landa  ez- 
cliunKod  fur  RAilroad  Securities. 


AMERICAN  HOUSE, 

p.  KANE  &  SON,  Frop'ra, 
MILWAUKEE,    WISCONSIN. 

This  Home  liavinv  lioon  lately  robnllt  and  refiinilslmd 
thronxliout,  tlin  pnlilio  inny  liii  wmiirid  that  tlio  accoin- 
niodations  of  the  Anixrican  Khali  not  l>e  surpasMMl  hy  any 
houne  in  the  my.  Tins  ia  the  most  conrnninnt  House  to 
the  Post-offices,  Busiiioas  Huuaas,  uul  Railroad  Ueputa. 


CHARLES    S.  BELL, 
CiTil  Engineer,  Surveyor 

REAL   ESTATE  AGENT, 

ROOM    No.    8,    LAND'S   BLOCK, 

MILWAUKEE,    WISCONSIN. 

CHARLES    LORENZEN, 
GENERAL   LAND   AGENT 

AND 

COMMISSIONER, 
Notary  Public,  &c., 

MADISON,  WISCONSIN. 

LAW    &   LAND   OFFICE 

OF 

WILLIAM  McNAIR, 

STEVENS'S  POINT,  WISCONSIN, 

Will  Practice  in  the  Courts  of  the  7th  .Tudicial  Circuit, 
make  Collections  and  secure  Claims.  Will  give  prompt 
attention  to  the  sale  of  Hoal  Estate,  Investment  of  money 
in  Government  Lands  or  otherwise;  will  locate  Land 
Warrants  on  selected  lands.  Pay  Taxes,  attend  to  Pre- 
emption Claims  and  all  other  business  with  the  United 
States  Land  Office.  Also,  Land  Warrants  for  sale  for 
cosh  or  on  time. 

Reference*. 

Ocn.  A,  ELLIS,  Receiver,  Stevens's  Point  Land  Office. 

Hon.  A.  BRAWLEY,  ReRister,       " 

Messrs.  HUYSSEN  818CHEFFER,  Bankers,  Stevens's 
Point. 

Hon.  M.  M.  STRONG,  Milwaukee. 

F.H.BENSON  &  Co.,  Chicago. 

Eagle  Steam  Foundry, 

Koc  294,  296,  298,  300,  302,  &  304 
WEST  WATER  STREET, 

MILWAUKEE,    WISCONSIN. 

The  Oldest  Establishment  in  the  City 


KEAN  &  RICE,  Proprietors. 

T)ie  Largest  and  most  elegant  Houso  in  the  Northwest. 

Transient  Gtueats,  $2.00  per  day. 
JOHN  W.  LEDYARD, 

161    EAST    WATER    STREET. 

I  am  daily  in  receipt  from  New  York,  of  every  thing  in 
the  way  of  fiii  Family  Groceries,  which  will  always  bo 
offered  at  W!  usalo  and  Retail,  at  reasonable  prices.,  and 
sent  to  any  |>art  of  the  city  fVoe  of  charge. 


WM.  H.  PABTVTAT.TTE  8l  CO., 

DEALERS  IN   CHOICE 

Family  Oroceries, 

31   WISCONSIN   STREET, 
MILWAUKEE,  WISCONSIN. 

JOHN  PLANKINTON  &  CO., 

HANVFACTVRERS  OF 

SOAP   &  CANDLES, 

WEST     WATEIR     STREET, 

(Near  the  M.  A  M.  R.  R.  Depot,) 
MILWAUKEE. 


JOHN    OODEN, 

Manti/acturer  and  Dealer  in 

CARRIAGES 

OF    ALL    KINDS, 
Repository   on    Spring    Street, 

(Between  Sd  and  Sd  streets,) 
MILWAUKEE,     WISCONSIN. 

J.  o'brier,  c.  lb  dboit. 

JAMES    O'BKIEN, 
OROAN      BVIIiDER, 

CORNER  OF 

Milwaukee  &  Michigan  Sts., 

MILWAUKEE,  WIS. 


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MILWAUKEE. 


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difficulty  of  acclimation.  On  the  other  hand,  instances  are  numeroua  of  people  coming 
here  with  tendency  to  diseases  of  various  kinds,  who  liave,  after  a  few  years'  residence,  en- 
tirely recovered.  In  summer  it  is  not  subject  to  the  excessively  hot  and  sultry  weather  of 
low  towns,  and  in  winter  there  is  not  the  same  intensity  of  cold — the  lalce  being  colder 
than  tlie  atmosphere  in  summer  and  warmer  in  winter. 

"  The  population  in  1853  was  25,000  ;  1856,  82,000 ;  and  in  1867,  45,000. 

"  During  the  year  185'7,  buildings  to  the  value  of  $500,000,  (£100,000,  stg.,)  were 
erected. 

"  Milwaukee  is  celebrated  for  the  manufacture  of  a  peculiar  kind  of  brick,  of  a  delicate 
eream  or  straw  colour,  agreeable  to  the  eye,  and  unafTected  by  the  action  of  the  elements. 
The  appearance  of  the  houses,  chiefly  built  of  this  material,  is  very  striking,  and  to  a 
stranger  visiting  the  place  for  tlie  flrst  time,  presents  an  admirable  and  remarkable  eight. 
Few  cities  in  tlie  country  (if,  indeed,  there  are  any)  have  the  materials  for  building  more 
at  hand,  or  of  finer  quality,  than  this.  Not  only  quarries  of  beautiful,  light-coloured 
stone,  within  the  limits  of  the  city,  and  adjacent  to  the  railroads,  but  also  lime  in  abun- 
dance for  home  consumption  and  exportation. 

"As  to  lumber,  the  pineries  of  the  north  supply  the  city  with  100,000,000  feet  annually. 

"  From  the  same  authority  we  find  it  stated  that  the  receipts  and  exports  at  this  place, 
the  present  season,  exceed  tliose  of  Chicago,  and  there  is  no  reason  to  show  why  they  may 
not  for  the  future. 

"  Milwaukee  is  one  of  the  largest  grain-markets  in  the  world.  Probably  nine-tenths  of 
the  surplus  wheat  (the  staple)  of  the  State,  is  shipped  from  her  port.  So  high  has  Wis- 
consin wheat  stood  at  the  Eastern  and  European  markets,  that  its  merchants  have  been 
able  to  sell  it  for  eight  to  ten  cents  per  bushel  above  the  prices  for  Illinois  and  more  south- 
ern States.  This  fact  has  turned  the  attention  of  farmers  to  raising  it,  to  the  exclusion  of 
other  grains;  and,  while  the  wheat  crop,  since  1850,  has  increased  at  the  ratio  of  fifty  per 
cent,  per  annum,  the  crops  of  rye,  oats,  barley,  and  corn,  have  remained  stationary,  or  ad- 
vanced only  with  the  home  demand." 

The  number  of  arrivals  and  departures  of  vessels  during  the  year  1857  were  4,'?20, 
with  an  aggregate  tonnage  of  2,009,826.  The  tonnage  of  Milwaukee  in  1856,  was 
21,497.60. 

The  manufactures  of  Milwaukee,  are,  comparatively  speaking,  in  their  infancy — although 
it  shows  signs  of  grcai,  extension  in  several  departments. 

In  1856,  there  were  26  breweries  in  operation,  brewing  chiefly  lager  beer — to  supply  the 
German  population  in  the  city  and  country.  Of  the  75,000  barrels  manufactured,  about 
80,000  were  sent  out  of  the  city. 

In  the  manufacture  of  its  celebrated  bricks,  fully  300  are  employed  regularly. 

Flour  mills,  beef-packing  establishments,  boot  and  shoe  making,  clothing  and  ship-build- 
ing, make  up,  for  the  most,  the  list  of  manufactures  at  present. 

"  Milwaukee  is  connected  by  railroads  with  every  section  of  the  Union.  The  Milwaukee 
and  Mississippi,  the  Milwaukee  and  Watertown,  east  and  west,  connecting  the  lakes  and 
the  Mississippi  River.  The  La  Crosse  and  Milwaukee,  and  the  Chicago,  St.  Paul,  and  Fond 
du  Lac  Railroads,  each  connecting  her  with  Lake  Superior.  The  railroad  from  Green  Bay, 
through  Milwaukee,  to  Cliicago,  commonly  called  the  (Michigan)  Lake  Shore  Road,  is  to  her 
what  tlie  Hudson  River  railway  is  to  Troy  and  Albany,  in  the  State  of  New  York," 

The  foregoing  notice  of  Milwaukee  is  copied,  for  the  most  part,  from  "Wisconsin  as  it  is," 
by  F.  Gerliard. 


IP 

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100 


MADISON. — CAPITAL  OF  STATE  OF  WISCONSIN. 


MADISON.— CAPITAL  OF  WISCONSIN. 


"  Madison,  the  capital  of  Wiaconsin,  and  seat  of  justice  of  Dane,  the  largest  and  most 
productive  county  in  the  State,  is  situated  on  a  rising  ground,  between  two  lovely  lakes, 
and  is  the  most  magniricent  site  of  any  inland  town  in  the  United  States.  On  the  north- 
west is  Lake  Mendota,  nine  miles  long  and  six  wide ;  on  the  east  Monona,  five  miles  long 
and  three  wide.  The  city  is  celebrated  for  the  beauty,  health,  and  pleosanthess  of  its  loca- 
tion ;  commanding,  as  it  does,  a  view  of  nearly  every  characteristic  of  country  peculiar  to 
the  West — the  prairie,  oak  opening,  mound,  lake  and  woodland.  The  surface  of  the 
ground  is  somewhat  uneven,  but  in  no  place  too  abrupt  for  building  purposes.  The  space 
between  these  lakes  is  a  mile  in  width,  rising  gently  as  it  lecves  their  banks  to  an  altitude 
of  about  seventy  feet,  and  is  then  alternately  depressed  and  elevated,  making  the  site  of 
the  city  a  series  of  gently  undulating  swells.  On  the  most  elevated  ground  is  the  State 
House,  in  the  centre  of  one  of  Nature's  Parks  of  fifteen  acres,  overlooking  the  '  Four  Lakes' 
and  the  surrounding  city.  From  this  the  streets  diverge  in  every  direction,  with  a  gradu- 
al descent  on  all  sides. 

"  To  the  west,  about  a  mile  distant,  is  the  State  University,  in  the  midst  of  a  park  of  40 
acres,  crowning  a  beautiful  eminence.  On  the  south  side  of  Lake  Monona  is  a  spacious 
Water-Cure  establishment,  surrounded  by  an  extensive  grove,  and  presenting  a  very  strik- 
ing appearance  on  approaching  the  city.  Around  Madison,  in  every  direction,  is  a  well- 
cultivated,  undulating  country,  which  is  fast  being  occupied  by  pleasant  homes." 

Bayard  Taylor,  in  an  acco\mt  of  a  visit  to  the  west,  thus  writes,  regarding  Madison  :— 

"  For  natural  beauty  of  situation,  Madison  surpasses  any  Western  town  I  have  seen.  It 
is  built  on  a  narrow  isthmus,  between  the  Third  and  Fourth  Lakes.  On  the  summit  of  a 
mound  stands  the  State  House,  in  the  centre  of  a  handsome  square  of  fourteen  acres,  from 
which  broad,  smooth  streets  diverge,  with  a  gradual  descent  on  all  sides.  To  the  west, 
and  about  a  mile  distant,  stands  the  University,  on  the  summit  of  a  hill,  or  mound,  of 
about  equal  height.  The  Madisonians  count  seven  hills,  but  I  could  not  make  them  all  out 
distinctly,  nor  do  I  think  it  necessary  to  the  beauty  of  the  place  that  it  should  have  a 
forced  resemblance  to  Kome.  In  one  respect  it  is  equal — in  a  soft,  beautiful,  cream-colour- 
ed stone,  which  furnishes  the  noblest  building  material.  Many  of  the  business  blocks  and 
private  houses  display  architectural  taste." 

The  real  estote  and  personal  property  is  estimated  at  |8,000,000. 

"  There  are  twenty -five  wiigon-roads,  seventeen  diff'erent  mail  stage  routes,  diverging  in 
every  direction  from  Madison.  Over  seven  hundred  loaded  teams  have  arrived  here  in  a 
single  day,  bringing  from  ten  to  fifteen  thousand  bushels  of  wheat  to  market,  with  large 
quantities  of  other  produce.  Nearly  700,000  bushels  of  wheat  alone  were  marketed  here 
in  a  single  year. 

"  It  is,  pre-eminently,  the  great  railroad  centre  of  Wisconsin,  and  enjoys,  in  an  enviable 
degree,  oil  those  peculiarJv  favoiirnlile  advantages.  Four  great  lines  diverge  here:  the 
Milwaukee  and  Mississippi :  the  Milwaukee,  Watertown,  and  Madison  ;  East  and  West,  con- 
necting the  lakes  with  the  Mississippi  River;  and  the  La  Crosse  and  Land-Grand  Roads, 
running  from  Madii^i'n  to  Lake  St.  Croix  and  tiio  City  of  Superior,  at  the  head  of  the  lake. 

"  The  system  connects  with  the  Chicago,  Fond  du  Lac,  ond  Superior  Road,  on  the  east 
and  north,  and  the  Beloit  and  Madison  Road  on  the  soutli. 

"  An  ..u.mdnnt  supply  of  building-material  is  found  hero.  The  most  beautiful  stone,  easi- 
ly quarried  and  cut,  abounds  in  its  immedinfo  vicinity.  Bricks  wiay  be  had  to  an  unliniit 
ed  extent,  and  timber  of  all  kinds  can  be  comnuuidod  whenever  needed  for  use." 

In  the  public  libraries  of  Madison,  there  are  18,000  volumes.  , 

A  sum  of  $400,000  was  estimated  to  be  expcn<l.  '  on  i)nblic  buildings  last  year.  Atpre- 
sent  it  possesses  a  university  endowed  with  an  income  of  $30,000,  besides  fully  organized 
colleges,  schools,  and  literary  institutions. 

Population  about  13,000. 


GRAND  RAPIDS,  MICHIGAN. 


Business 

Accountant  and  General  Agent  for  Grand 
River  Steamboat  Co. — Ze.;^8  G.  Winsor, 
corner  Washington  and  Jeffert)u:i  streets. 

Attorneys-ot-Law  and  Land  Agents. — Ball  & 
McKee,  Monroe  street. 

Attorneys  and  Counsellors-at-Law,  and  Sol- 
icitors in  Chancerj*. — Holmes  &  Robinson, 
Monroe  street. 

Attorneys-at-Law  and  Solicitors  in  Chancery. 
— Patterson  &  Snow,  Canal  street 

Attorney  and  Counsellor-at-Lnw. — Francis  D. 
Boardmnn,  Monroe  street. 

Attorney  and  Counsellor-at-Law,  and  Solici- 
tor in  Chancery. — E.  S.  Egglcston,  Canal 
street. 

Attorney,  Notary  Public,  General  Land  and 
Insurance  Agent — Peter  Roch,  Canal  st. 

Attorney  and  Counsellor-at-Law.  —  James 
Miller,  Canal  street. 


Directory. 

Attorney  and  Counsellor-at-Law. — Solomon 
L.  Withey,  20  Canal  street 

Attx)rney-at-Law  and  Real  Estate  Agent- 
Thomas  D.  Worrall,  Canal  street 

Bookseller  and  Stationer. — John  Terlmne, 
Jr.,  Lucas  Block,  Monroe  street. 

Bridge  Street  House,  (German  Hotel,)  Gott- 
lieb.Christ,  proprietor,  Bridge  street 

Enquirer  and  Herald. — A.  E.  Gordon,  Editor, 
Canal  street. 

Grand  Jiapidt  Eagle,  (Daily  and  Weekly.) — 
Aaron  B.  Turner,  Editor  and  Publisher, 
Canal  street 

Land  Tax  ond  Loan  Agent — John  C.  Tryon, 
19  Canol  street 

Real  Estate  and  Insurance  Agents. — Baxter 
&  Van  Burcn,  Monroe  street. 

Wholesale  and  Retail  Grocers. — Randall  & 
Co.,  20  Canal  street 


il 


Attorney-at-Law,  Insurance  and  Land  Agent. 
— C,  Clement  Webb,  corner  Main  and  Bur- 
dick  streets. 

Bui'dick  House. — T.  L.  Acker  &  Son,  Proprie- 
tors, Main  street     (See  card.) 

Homoeopathic  Physician  and  Surgeon. — Geo. 
W.  Park,  M.  D.,  cor.  Main  «Jc  Burdick  sts. 


KALAMAZOO,  MICHIGAN. 

Business  Directory. 

Kalamazoo  Gazette. — V.  Hascall,  Editor  and 
Proprietor,  Main  street. 

Kalamazoo  Telegraph. — II.  G.  Hascall,  Editor 
and  Publisher,  Main  street. 

Real  Estate  Agent  and  Convej-ancer. — ^Fred- 
erick Booher,  Wolverine  Exchange,  Main 
street. 


T. 


BURDICK      HOUSE, 

KALAMAZOO,    MICHIGAN. 

L.     ACKER    &     SON,    Proprietors. 


NILES,  MICHIGAN. 


.11  « 


^^1^ 


Niks  Enquirer. — Bryant  Dewey,  Editor  and 
Proprietor. 


Physician  and  Surgeon. — R.  D.  Reynolds. 


n.  W.  BRI!N30N.  A.  C.   LEWIS.  DANA  WHITE. 

BRUNSON,  LEWIS  &  WHITE, 

{Successors  to  J.  W.  Bass  &  Co.,) 

STORAGE,  FORWARDING  AND   JOMMISSION 
MERCHANTS, 

SAINT  PAUL,  MINNESOTA. 

Steamboat  Agents.    Agents  for  Manny's  Reapers 
and  Mowers. 

Jfark  Packages  "Care  ofB.,  L.  A  W.,  St.  Paul." 


CUAS.   W.   WOOLLKY. 


A.  c.  neiN'*. 


CHAS.  W.  WOOLLEY  &  CO., 

(Successors  to  Clias.  W.  WooUev,) 

COMMISSION,    STORAGE,    RECEIVING    AND 

FORWARDING  MERCHANTS, 
LOWEB  LEVEE,  ST.  PAUL,  MINNESOTA. 

Goods  Stored  at  reasonable  rates,  and  forwarded 
with  despatch. 
Liberal  advances  made  on  consignments. 
Mark  packages      "  ClIAS.  W.  WOOLI.EV  &  CO., 
For St.  Paul." 


COR. 


F- xj  L  31.  E  i^     h:oxjse:, 

N.    L,OJrG,    Superintendent, 
OF    SEVENTH    *    JACKSON    STS.,    ST.   PAUL, 


MIN. 


MONDELL      HOUSE, 

E.  W.  MONDELL,  Proprietor, 
PRAIRIE     DU    C  H  lEN,    WISCONSIN. 

THIS  HOUSE  has  been  newl.v  erected  and  furnished  complete,  and  offers,  to  the  traveller  or  resident,  a 
<|iilet  house,  with  every  convcnk'noe  and  luxury  to  be  found  at  any  flrst-class  house  in  the  west. 
tS^  This  House  has  accommodation  for  'i'li)  guests.    The  Bar,  Ullllard-Ilooms,  and  general  appurtenances 
to  a  first-class  house,  will  be  found  complete.     Attendance,  supervision,  and  Information  at  all  times  readily 
(Ivcn  concerning  all  points  West. 


i 


11 

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ST.    PAUL,    MINNESOTA. 


m 


B.    W.   BItUNHOK.         A.    C.   LEWIS.         DANA  WHITB. 

BRUNSOH,  LEWIS  &  WHITE. 

(8ucce880i'8  to  J.  W.  Bass  &  Co.,) 

STORAGE,  FORWARDING  AND  COMMISSION 
MERCHANTS, 

SAINT    PAUL,  MINNESOTA. 

Steamboat  Agent«.    Agents  for  Manny'a  Itenpers 
and  Mowers. 

Mark  Packages  "  Care  ofS.,  L.  &  W.,  St.  Paid." 


CHAS.    W.    WOOLLBY.  A,   0.    RniNO. 

GHAS.  W.  WOOLIEY  &  CO., 

(Successors  to  Clias.  W.  Woolley,) 

COMMISSION,    STORAGE,    RECEIVING    AND 
FOHWARDIXa  MAKC/fAXTS, 

LOWER   LEVUB,    ST.    PAUL,   MI.\KKgOTA. 

Goods  stored  ut  roosAimblu  rates,  mid  Airvvnrdcd  with  ' 
despiituh. 
I.lbural  ndvnncc^s  iiiudo  iiii  coiisiKnmonts. 

Murk  packaa;o»       "  CHAS.  W.  WOOI.LEY  &  CO., 
For St.  Paul." 


F- U  L  L  E  rt      KOUSE, 

S.  E.OJV'G,  Superintendent, 
COENER  OF  SEVENTH  ^D  JAi^SON  ^REETS,  ST.  PAUL,  MIN. 

llUGO  PETZOIA 


MALTBY,  WEBB  CO., 
Attorneys    at    Law, 

TIIIKD  STREET. 


V.    K.    ROUTT, 
GENERAL    STEAMBOAT  AOENT, 

AND  COMMISSION   MERCHANT, 
• '. ,  Lower  Levee  Street. 


HENRY  S.  FAIRCIIILD, 
REAL  ESTATE  &  MONEY  BROKER, 

JACKSON  STREET. 

DANA    &    WHITE, 

BANKERS, 

Til  I  III)    STREET. 

C  A  L  D  W  E  L  L  &  C  O . , 
BANKERS  AND  DEALERS  IN  EXCOANGB, 

Cor.  Third  &  Robert  Streets. 

BORUP    &    OAKES, 

Merchants'  Hotel,  Third  St. 

jT    jay    KNOX    &    CO., 
Bsunlsers, 

PHCENIX    BLOCK,   THIRD    STREET. 

MEYER  &   WILLIAMS, 

BANKERS, 

And   Dealers   iu   Foreign  Exchange, 

NO.    1    ROGERS'    BLOCK,   TIIIIID    STREKT. 


ATORNEY  AND  COUNSELLOR  AT  LAW, 

THIRD    STREET, 
Next  to  Concert  Hall  Building. 

JOHN  A.   W.   JONES, 
ATTORNEY    AT    LAW, 

Office  with  John  Miniger,  Esq. 

WILLIAM  C.  GRAY, 

REAL  ESTATE  &  MONEY  BROKER, 

Third  Street. 

JACOB    MA  IN  ZEE, 

liuA-isrr)  .A-ca-EisTT, 

Justice  of  the  Peace  &  Notary  Fablic, 

THIRD    STREET. 


MARWOOD  LNGLEIIART, 
ATTORNEY  AND  REAL  ESTATE  AGE\T, 

THIRD  STREET. 
GEORGE  PLUNKETT, 

Attorney  at  Law, 

HENRY  J.  HORN, 
ATTORNEY    &   COUNSELLOR 

Third  near  Exchange  Street. 

~  JORMAN  ct  PECKHAM, 
ATTORNEY    &    COUNSELLOR 

At  liUW, 

BANK    HOW,    TIltHD    STREET. 


STATE  OF  ILLINOIS. 


ILLINOIS. 


101 


luiNois,  one  of  the  Western  United  States,  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Wisconsin ;  K  by  Lake 
Michigan  and  Indiana,  from  the  last  of  which  it  is  partly  separated  by  the  Wabash  River ; 
S.  by  the  Ohio  River,  which  separates  it  from  Kentucky ;  and  S.  W.  and  W.  by  Missouri 
and  Iowa,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Mississippi  River.  It  lies  between  87°  and 
42°  80'  N.  lat.,  and  between  87°  30'  an  i  91°  40'  W.  Ion.,  being  about  880  miles  in  extreme 
length  from  N.  to  S.,  and  about  200  in  its  greatest,  and  about  140  miles  in  its  average 
breadth,  including  68,406  square  miles,  or  86,459,200  acres,  of  which  only  6,175,178  acres 
were  improved  in  1850,  showing  an  immense  capacity  for  increase  of  population  in  this  ex- 
uberantly fertile  State,  which  has  scarcely  any  soil  uncultivable. 

Population.— There  were  in  Illinois  12,282  inhabitants  in  1810;  66,211  in  1820;  167,446 
in  1830 ;  476,183  in  1840,  and  861,470  in  1850,  of  whom  446,644  were  white  males,  400,460 
females;  2766  colored  males,  and  2610  females. 

Cities  and  Towns. — Illinois  has  a  number  of  thriving  towns,  and  so  rapidly  do  they  in- 
crease, that  the  census  of  1860  will  be  in  many  cases  far  below  the  truth;  but,  for  want  of 
other  reliable  information,  we  must  adhere  to  it.  Chicago  is  the  largest  city,  population 
130,000;  Quincy,  6901 ;  Galena,  6004;  Peoria,  5562;  Springfield,  4683,  and  Alton,  3875; 
besides  Peru,  Rock  Island,  Bridge  Prairie,  Waukegan,  Belleville,  Jacksonville,  Joliet,  Elgin, 
St  Charles,  and  many  other  flourishing  villages. 

Face  of  thk  Country. — Illinois  is  generally  a  table-land,  elevated  from  860  to  800  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  with  a  general  inclination  from  N.  to  S.,  as  indicated 
by  the  course  of  the  rivers.  This  state,  generally  speaking,  may  be  characterized  as  level, 
though  there  ai'c  elevated  bluffs  on  the  Illinois  River,  and  still  higher  ones  on  the  Missis- 
sippi. There  is  a  small  tract  of  hilly  country  in  the  S.,  and  in  the  N.  W.  is  a  good  deal  of 
broken  land.  Many  of  the  prairies  are  quite  small,  but  others  are  very  large ;  among  the 
latter  is  Grand  Prairie,  extending  from  Jackson  County,  in  a  N.  R  direction,  to  Iroquois 
County,  and  varying  in  width  from  1  to  12  miles,  and  even  more.  This  is  probably  the 
highest  land  between  the  Mississippi  and  the  Wabash.  The  prairie  is  everywhere  skirted 
with  wood,  end  on  its  border  is  a  circle  of  settlements,  which  have  been  here  located  on 
account  of  the  timber.  The  prairies  are  interspersed  with  groups  of  trees,  but  the  timber 
is  generally  sparse  on  them,  which,  however,  seems  not  to  arise  from  any  thing  unfavour- 
able in  the  soil,  but  from  the  annual  burning  of  the  prairie  grass ;  for  where  this  is  pre- 
vented, a  forest  of  young  trees  speedily  springs  up,  and  farmers  are  thus  enabled  to  proceed 
inward  with  settlements,  as  it  were,  tier  after  tier.  The  prairies  are  not  generally  flat,  but 
gracefully  undulating,  and  profusely  decked  with  the  greatest  variety  of  beautiful  wild 
flowers  of  every  hue,  which  ravish  the  beholder  with  delight. 

Minerals. — Illinois  has  within  her  limits  a  large  portion  of  the  great  lead  region,  which 
she  shares  with  Iowa  and  Wisconsin.  Galena,  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  the  state,  is  almost 
wholly  supported  by  trade  in  this  mineral.  Bituminous  coal  occurs  in  almost  every 
county,  and  may  be  often  obtained  without  excavation.  Vast  beds  are  found  in  the  bluff's 
adjacent  to  the  American  Bottom.  Copper  abounds  in  the  N.  part  on  Plum  Creek,  and  on 
the  Pcckatonica  River.  It  has  also  been  found  in  Jackson  and  Monroe  Counties.  Iron  is 
found  in  the  southern  part,  and  is  said  to  be  abundant  in  the  north.  Lime,  zinc,  some 
silver,  marble  of  a  fine  quality,  freestone,  gypsum,  and  quartz  crystals  are  the  other  min- 
erals. There  are  salt  springs  in  Gallatin,  Jackson,  and  Vermilion  Counties,  leased  by  the 
State.  Medicinal  springs,  chiefly  sulphur  and  chalybeate,  are  found  in  various  parts,  and 
one  especially,  in  Jefferson  County,  is  much  resorted  to.  In  the  southern  part  of  the  State 
is  one  strongly  impregnated  with  Epsom  salts.  Others  of  medicinal  properties  are  found 
between  Ottawa  and  Peru. 

Though  Illinois  presents  but  few  bold  or  very  striking  features  to  the  view  of  the 
traveller,  she  is  not  without  her  objects  of  interest  to  the  lover  of  nature. 

Climate,  Soil,  and  Pbodcotions. — Illinois,  extending  through  more  than  6°  of  longitude, 


i 

!■ 

1 

1 

fiH 

1 

'  hi 


ii 


102 


STATE  OF  ILLINOIS. 


i 


has  considernltlo  variety  of  cUmate.  Tliough  somewhat  milder  than  the  Atlantic  States  in 
the  same  parallels  of  latitude,  there  is  great  irregularity  in  the  seasons.  Generally  there 
will  not  fall  six  inches  of  snow  at  one  time,  which  does  not  lie  more  than  a  few  days,  but  at 
distant  intervals  the  rivers  are  frozen  for  two  or  three  months,  and  the  snow  lies  for  as  long 
a  period.  The  summers  are  hot,  but  mitigated  by  the  fresh  breezes  from  the  prairies. 
During  15  years,  peach-trees  blossomed  from  March  26th  to  April  20th,  and  apple  trees 
from  April  1st  to  May  3d.  In  the  same  period  the  earliest  frost  was  September  17th,  but 
sometimes  there  is  none  till  near  the  end  of  October.  The  southern  part,  of  course,  has  a 
milder  climate  than  the  northern.    Cattle  often  are  unhoused  during  the  whole  winter. 

In  agricultural  capabilities  Illinois  is  unsurpassed,  if  equalled,  by  any  state  in  the 
American  confederacy.  In  some  of  her  river  bottoms  the  soil  is  26  feet  deep,  and  the  up- 
land prairies  are  but  little  inferior  in  fertility.  The  Great  American  Bottom,  lying  on  the 
Mississippi,  between  the  mouths  of  the  Kaskaskia  and  the  Missouri  Rivers,  is  of  exceeding 
fertility,  and  has  been  cultivated  for  100  years  without  apparent  deterioration.  This  bot- 
bom  is  about  80  miles  in  length,  covering  an  area  of  288,000  acres.  On  the  river  side  is  a 
strip  of  heavy  timber,  with  dense  underwood,  which  extends  for  2  or  3  miles.  The  rest  is 
mostly  prairie  to  the  eastern  limit,  which  is  terminated  by  a  chain  of  sandy  or  rocky  bluffs 
from  60  to  200  feet  high.  This  fine  region  is,  however,  not  healthy,  though  probably 
capable  of  being  made  so  by  drainage.  The  Rock  River  country  is  another  highly  fertile 
district  on  the  Rock  River  and  its  branches.  Of  the  same  character  are  the  regions  about 
the  Sangamon,  Kaskaekia,  and  other  rivers.  Other  regions  of  Illinois  are  feilile;  but  those 
mentioned  pre-eminently  so,  producing  not  unfrequently  40  bushels  of  wheat  and  100  of 
Indian  corn  to  the  acre.  This  is  especially  true  of  the  narrow  river  bottoms  immediately 
adjacftnt  to  their  banks.  The  prairies  of  this  State  are  peculiarly  favourable  to  the  raising 
of  stock  and  the  productions  of  the  dairy.  Illinois  stands  third  in  the  absolute  amount  of 
Indian  corn  raised  in  the  states  of  the  Union ;  but,  first,  if  we  regard  population  -and  the 
number  of  acres  under  cultivation.  The  other  agricultural  staples  are  wheat,  oats,  Irish 
potatoes,  hay,  butter,  and  cheese.  Besides  these,  large  quantities  of  rye,  wool,  beans, 
peas,  barley,  buckwheat,  fruits,  garden  vegetables,  and  some  tobacco,  sweet  potatoes,  wine, 
grass-seeds,  hops,  hemp,  flax,  silk,  maple  sugar,  and  molasses,  beeswax  and  honey,  and  the 
castor  bean  are  produced.  Of  indigenous  fruits  there  are  a  variety  of  berries,  plums, 
grapes,  crabapples,  wild  cherries,  persimmons,  and  the  papaw  (a  sweet  pulpy  fruit,  some- 
what like  the  banana.)  Of  orchard  fruits,  the  apple  and  peach  flourish  best,  but  pears  and 
quinces  are  cultivated  with  facility.  Of  nuts,  the  shellbark  or  hickory,  walnut,  butternut, 
a  white  walnut,  and  pecan,  abound. 

Forest  Treks. — Illinois  would  not  be  wanting  in  timber  if  it  were  more  equally  diffused. 
The  occupation  of  the  country  will,  however,  remedy  this  deficiency  (even  in  parts  where 
there  is  now  a  scarcity)  by  protecting  the  young  trees  from  the  ravages  of  the  prairie  fires. 
The  bottom  lands  have  a  rich  growth  of  black  and  white  walnut,  ash,  hackberry,  dm, 
sugar-maple,  honey-locust,  buckeye,  catalpa,  sycamore,  (of  a  size  unknown  in  the  Atlantic 
States,)  Cottonwood,  pecan,  hickory,  and  oak  of  various  species ;  and  of  underwood,  red- 
bud,  papaw,  grape-vine,  eglantine,  dogwood,  spicebush,  hazel,  green-brier,  etc,  On  the 
Uplands  are  poit-oak  (very  valuable  for  fencing)  and  other  species  of  oak,  blackjack,  (use- 
less except  for  fiiel,)  hickory,  black  and  white  walnut,  linn  or  basswood,  cherry,  etc.  Tlie 
white  and  yellow  poplar  are  found  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State,  and  the  cypress  on 
the  Ohio  bottoms 

CoMMEBCE. — Illinois  is  most  favourably  situated  for  internal  commerce,  being  able  to  som- 
municate  with  the  western,  southern,  and  central  parts  of  the  Mississippi  valley,  by  nienns 
of  the  Mississippi,  Missouri,  and  Ohio  Rivers,  and  with  the  Northern  and  Eastern  States  by 
way  of  the  great  lakes. 

Education. — On  the  formation  of  the  State,  one  section  in  each  township  was  appro- 
priated for  the  support  of  schools,  and  afterwards  an  additional  income  of  3  per  cent,  on 
the  actual  proceeds  from  the  sale  of  public  lands  within  the  limit  of  the  State.  One-sixth 
of  these  proceeds  is  appropriated  to  colleges. 


STATE  OF  IOWA. 


108 


;^vti 


■i^- ' 


IOWA. 


Iowa,  a  recently-formed  State,  west  of  the  Mississippi,  is  bounded  no-th  by  Minnesota 
Territory,  east  by  the  Mississippi,  which  separates  it  from  the  States  of  W  sconsin  and  Illi- 
nois, south  by  Missouri,  and  west  by  the  Indian  Territory  and  Minnesota,  from  the  former  of 
which  it  is  separated  by  the  Missouri,  and  from  the  latter  by  the  Great  Sioux  River.  It 
lies  (with  the  exception  of  a  small  projection  in  the  south-east,  between  the  Des  Moines  and 
Mississippi  Rivers)  between  40°  30'  and  43°  80'  north  latitude,  and  betweon  90°  and  97° 
west  longitude,  being  about  300  miles  in  extreme  length  from  east  to  west,  ai.d  about  208 
in  breadth,  including  an  area  of  60,914  square  miles,  or  82,684,960  acres,  of  which  only 
824,682  were  improved  in  1860. 

Population.— Iowa  had  48,112  inhabitants  in  1840,  and  192,214  in  1860,  of  whom  iOO,- 
886  were  white  males,  90,994  white  females,  168  coloured  males,  and  167  coloured  females. 
By  a  State  census  in  1862,  the  population  was  280,000. 

Cities  and  Towns. — At  the  census  of  1860,  Burlington  was  the  largest  town  in  the  State; 
population,  4081.  Dubuque,  Keokuk,  Muscatine,  and  Davenport  have  populations  varying 
from  2000  to  6000.     Iowa  City  had  a  population  of  1260. 

Face  of  the  Country. — ^The  surface  of  Iowa  is  g«.nerally  composed  of  rolling  prairies, 
liaving  nothing  within  its  limits  which  opproaclies  a  mountain  in  elevation.  The  highest 
ground  in  the  State  is  a  plateau  in  the  north-west,  called  "  Coteau  des  Prairies,"  which  en- 
ters the  State  from  Minnesota.  A  small  portion  in  the  north-east,  on  the  Mississippi,  is 
rugged  and  rocky,  and  Table  Mound,  a  conical  elevation  with  a  flat  summit,  3  or  4  miles 
from  Dubuque,  is,  perhaps,  600  feet  high.  The  State,  however,  may  be  generally  described 
as  a  rolling  prairie,  crossed  by  rivers  whose  banks  are  skirted  with  wood.  There  are  said 
to  be  some  swamps  in  the  north-west  portion  of  the  State.  The  prairies,  though  sometimes 
20  miles  across,  are  rarely  more  than  5  or  10. 

Minerals. — Iowa  is  rich  in  mineral  resources.  A  portion  of  the  great  lead  region  of  Illi- 
nois and  Wisconsin  extends  into  this  State.  The  ore  is  abundant,  but  lies  deeper  than  on 
the  east  side  of  the  river.  Lead  mines  have  been  opened  in  Dubuque  and  Clayton  Coun- 
ties. Zinc  and  copper  are  also  found  in  the  same  localities,  and  in  connection  with  the  lead. 
The  great  bituminous  coal-field  of  Iowa  and  Missouri  has  an  extent  of  near  200  miles  from 
east  to  west,  and  140  from  north  to  south,  within  the  former  State,  and  occupying  most  of 
the  central  and  southern  portions.  Copper  has  been  recently  discovered  in  Cedar  County 
in  considerable  quantities. 

Odjects  of  Interest  to  Tourists. — The  principal  claim  of  this  new,  and  as  yet  scarcely 
explored  State,  on  the  attention  of  travellers,  must  chiefly  rest  upon  the  beauty  of  its  un- 
dulating prairies,  or  its  picturesque  landscape?  There  are,  however,  a  few  objects  which 
may  be  classed  among  natural  curiosities,  of  which  the  following  are  the  most  prominent 
Numerous  sinks  or  circular  depressions  in  the  surface  of  the  ground,  from  10  to  20  feet 
across,  are  found  in  different  places,  and  particularly  on  Turkey  River,  in  the  north  part  of 
the  State.  Small  mounds,  from  3  to  6  feet  high,  and  sometimes  10  or  12  in  a  row,  are 
found  on  the  same  stream,  withiu  10  or  16  miles  of  its  mouth.  A  cave,  several  rods  in  ex- 
tent, exists  in  Jackson  County,  from  which  flows  a  stream  large  enough  to  turn  a  mill. 
The  Upper  Iowa  and  Makoqueta  Rivers  have  worn  their  channels  through  magnesian  lime- 
stone rocks,  leaving,  on  their  southern  banks,  cliffs  worn  by  the  rain,  frost,  and  winds  into 
resemblances  of  castles,  forts,  etc. 

Climate,  Soil,  and  Productions. — ^The  peach-tree  blossoms  in  April,  fall  wheat  ripens  in 
July,  spring  wheat  in  August,  and  Indian  corn  in  October.  The  rivers  are  frozen  over 
from  2  to  3  months  on  an  average  each  winter.  Tlie  soil  of  Iowa  is  generally  excellent, 
and  of  easy  cultivation,  with  prairie  and  woodland  intermingled.  The  valleys  of  the  Red 
Cedar,  Iowa,  and  Dea  Moines  (we  quote  Owen's  Geological  Report),  as  high  as  lat.  4?°  or 
42°  31',  presents  a  body  of  arable  land,  which,  taken  as  a  whole,  for  richness  in  organic 
elements,  for  amount  of  saline  matter,  and  due  admixture  of  earthy  silicates,  affords  a  com- 


;  '■] !' 


li  '  ?1 


104 


STATES  OF  IOWA  AND  WISCONSIN. 


,4 


bination  that  belongs  only  to  the  most  fertile  upland  plains.  After  passing  Int  42°  30' 
north,  near  the  confines  of  the  Coteau  des  Prairies,  a  desolate,  knobby  country  commences, 
the  highlands  being  covered  with  gravel,  and  supporting  a  scanty  vegetation,  while  tlie 
low  grounds  are  either  wet  or  marshy,  or  filled  with  numerous  ponds  or  lokes,  and  wiicre 
the  eye  roves  in  vain  in  search  of  timber.  North  of  41°  80',  and  between  the  head  waters 
of  the  Grand,  Nodawoy,  and  Nislinobotona  Rivers,  the  soil  is  inferior  in  quality  to  tiint 
south  of  the  same  parallel.  The  staples  of  this  State  are  Indian  com,  wheat,  and  live  stock, 
besides  considerable  quantities  of  oats,  rye,  buckwheat,  barley,  Irish  potatoes,  butter,  ciieese, 
hay,  wool,  maple  sugar,  beeswax,  and  honey ;  and  some  rice,  tobacco,  beans,  peas,  sweet 
potatoes,  orchard  fruits,  wine,  grass  seeds,  hops,  flax,  and  silk  are  produced. 

Forest  Thkes,  Faurr,  etc. — Iowa  is,  in  many  places,  destitute  of  timber ;  along  the  rivers, 
however,  it  is  well  wooded,  except  near  their  sources.  On  the  intervals  between  the 
rivers  there  are  often  prairies  of  from  16  to  20  miles,  without  so  much  as  a  bush  higiur 
than  the  wild  indigo  and  compass  plant.  The  greatest  scarcity  of  trees  is  north  of  42°. 
Ash,  elm,  sugar,  and  white  maple  grow  in  alluvion  belts  of  from  one-fourth  to  one  mile  in 
width,  on  the  river  banks.  The  other  forest  trees  are  poplar,  various  species  of  oak,  black 
and  white  walnut,  hickory,  locust,  ironwood,  Cottonwood,  lime  or  basswood,  and  some  pine 
in  the  northern  parts  of  the  State.  Oak  constitutes  the  larger  part  of  the  timber  of  the 
State,  The  peach  grows  too  luxuriantly,  and  blooms  too  soon  to  admit  of  its  being  culti- 
voted  to  advantoge.     The  grape,  gooseberry,  and  wild  plum  are  indigenous. 

Manufactures. — As  a  newly-settled  State,  Iowa  can,  of  course,  have  made  as  yet  but  lit- 
tle progress  in  manufactures;  though  she  has  within  her  limits  two  important  elements  of 
manufacturing  industry,  viz.,  abundance  of  coal  and  water-power. 

Commerce. — Iowa  has  no  foreign  trade,  but  is  very  favourably  located  for  internal  trafiic, 
washed  as  it  is  by  the  Missouri  on  the  west,  the  Mississippi  on  the  east,  and  its  interior 
traversed  by  the  Des  Moines,  Iowa,  Cedar,  and  other  rivers.  The  principal  articles  of  ex- 
port are  groin,  flour,  lead,  and  pork. 

Education. — All  lands  granted  by  Congress,  all  escheated  estates,  and  whatever  percen 
tage  Congress  may  allow  on  the  public  lands  sold  within  the  State,  are  to  constitute  a  fund, 
the  interest  of  which,  and  the  rent  of  unsold  lands,  together  with  military  and  court  fines, 
are  to  form  an  appropriation  for  the  support  of  pitblio  schools  in  Iowa. 

WISCONSIN. 

Wisconsin,  one  of  the  recently-settled  states  of  the  American  confederacy,  is  boiindeii 
on  the  N.  by  Minnesota,  Lake  Supei-ior,  and  the  northern  peninsula  of  Mieliigan,  (from 
which  it  is  seporoted  in  part  by  the  Menomonee  and  Montreal  rivers,)  on  the  R  by  Lake 
Michigan,  S.  by  Illinois,  and  W.  by  Iowa  ond  Minnesota  Territory,  from  the  former  of  which 
it  is  separated  by  the  Mississippi,  and  from  the  latter  (in  part)  by  the  St.  Croix  River.  It 
lies  between  42°  30'  and  46°  55'  N.  lot.,  (if  we  exclude  some  small  islands  belonging  to  the 
State  in  Lake  Superior,)  and  between  87°  and  92°  50'  W.  Ion.,  being  obout  285  miles  in  ex- 
treme length  from  N.  to  S.,  and  about  256  in  its  greatest  breadth  from  E.  to  W.,  includ- 
ing an  area  of  about  53,924  square  miles,  or  34,511,360  acres,  of  which  1,045,499  were  im- 
proved in  1850. 

Population. — ^This  flourishing  scion  of  the  West  has  had  a  growth  nnexompled  even  in 
that  thriving  region,  having  increased  from  30,945  in  1840,  to  a  popylation  of  806,391  in 
1850;  of  whom  164,221  were  white  males ;  140,344  white  females ;  865  free  coloured  males; 
and  216  free  coloured  females. 

Cities  and  Towns. — ^Towns  are  springing  up  in  Wisconsin  as  if  by  magic,  and  a  region 
that  but  a  few  years  ogo  was  mostly  an  Indian  hunting  ground,  is  now  dotted  over  with 
them.  The  principal  of  these  are  Milwaukee,  population,  20,061 ;  Racine,  5111 ;  Kenosha, 
8455;  Janesville,  8451;  Waukesha,  2318;  Platteville,  2197,  and  Fond  du  Lac,  2014.  Be- 
sides these  there  are  Beloit,  Madison,  Green  Bay,  Ozaukee,  Mineral  Point,  Oshkosh,  Water- 
town,  Sheboygan,  and  Manitoowoc,  having  populations  of  from  2000  to  4000  each. 


STATE  OF  WISCONSIN. 


105 


Facb  or  THB  CouNTBT. — Wisconsin  may  be  described  generally  as  an  elevated  rolling 
pniirie,  from  600  to  1200  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  This  State  has  no  mountains, 
properly  bo  called. 

Minerals. — Part  of  the  great  lead  region  extending  from  Illinois  and  Iowa  is  included  in 
the  d,  W.  part  uf  WisconHin,  and  is  no  less  rich  in  the  quantity  and  quality  of  its  ore  than 
in  the  other  states  where  it  lies.  The  lead  is  here  intermingled  with  copper  and  ano  in 
coimiderable  quantities,  together  with  some  silver.  In  Lapointe,  Chippewa,  8t.  Croix,  and 
Iowa  Counties,  copper  is  found  •  in  Dodge  County,  and  on  the  Black  River  and  other  brandies 
of  the  Mississippi,  good  iron  ore  occurs.  The  other  metallio  substances  are  magnetic  iron, 
iron  pyrites,  ond  graphite  or  plumbago.  Facts  do  not  justify  ony  expectation  of  great  de- 
posits of  copp'  r  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  the  State.  A  great  bed  of  magnetic  iron  ore  lies  south 
of  Lake  Superior,  near  Tyler's  Folk  of  the  Bad  River,  in  strata  of  metamorjjhic  slote.  In 
1860,  669,921  pigs  of  lead  were  shipped  from  Dubuque  and  Minerol  Point ;  but  778,460  in 
1845.  Beautiful  varieties  of  marble  have  been  recently  discovered,  or  made  known  to  the 
public  in  the  N.  part  of  Wisconsin,  Others  are  blue  and  dove-coloured,  beautifully  veined. 
These  are  susceptible  of  a  fine  polish,  and  some  on  the  Menomonee  are  within  navigable 
distance  from  New  York. 

Objects  of  Interest  to  Toitustb. — This  State  abounds  in  picturesque  objects,  in  water- 
falls, rapids,  bluffs,  and  beautiful  lakes,  with  clear  water  and  gravelly  bottoms. 

Climate — This  thriving  State,  which  has  surpassed  every  other,  except  California,  in  the 
unexampled  rapidity  of  its  growth,  is  the  theme  of  almost  unmingled  praise  of  the  tourist 
and  the  emigrant  from  every  part  of  Europe  and  America.  Its  beautiful  lakes,  rolling  prai- 
ries, swelling  ujilands,  and  "  oak  openings,"  (t.  e.  lands  covered  with  a  scattered  growth  of 
oflk,)  fertile  soil,  its  fine  angling,  abundance  of  gome,  and  healthy  climate,  tempt  thither 
alike  the  permanent  settler,  the  sportsman,  and  the  lover  of  the  picturesque.  The  climate, 
though  severe,  and  the  winters  long,  is  more  regular  and  more  free  from  those  frequent  and 
unhealthy  changes  that  prevail  farther  south.  The  lakes,  too,  exert  a  mitigating  influence, 
the  temperature  being  6^°  higher  on  the  lake  than  on  the  Mississippi  side.  The  lake  shore 
1b  also  more  moist,  but  the  State  generally  Is  drier  than  in  the  some  parallels  farther  east. 
Tlie  diseases  consequent  upon  clearing  lands  are  less  frequent,  It  Is  sold.  In  this  than  other 
new  states,  owing  to  the  open  nature  of  the  country  in  the  oak  openings. 

Soil  and  PRODDCTioNa — ^The  country  south  of  the  middle  is  a  fine  agricultural  region.  In 
the  mineral  district,  W.  '^'  the  Pekatonlca,  the  country  Is  broken,  but,  what  is  unusual  in 
mining  tracts,  generally  well  adapted  to  forming,  and  especially  grazing.  But  probably 
the  best  agricultural  section  is  that  E.  of  the  Pekatonlca,  which  has  more  prairie  land, 
though  even  here  is  a  considerable  portion  of  timbered  land  on  the  rivers  and  streams. 
Tlie  agricultural  capabilities  of  the  northern  part  of  the  State,  around  the  head  waters  of 
the  Black  and  Chippewa  Rivers,  and  the  sources  of  the  rivers  emptying  Into  Lake  Superior, 
are  small,  the  surface  In  part  being  covered  with  drift  and  boulders,  and  partly  with  ponds 
and  marshes.  The  agricultural  staples  of  this  State  are  wheat,  Indian  corn,  oats,  Irish  po- 
tatoes, butter,  and  live  stock,  besides  considerable  quantities  of  rye,  wool,  beans,  peas,  bar- 
ley, buckwheat,  maple  sugar,  beeswax,  honey,  cheese,  and  hay,  with  some  sweet  potatoes, 
tobacco,  fruits,  wine,  grass-seeds,  hops,  flax,  and  hemp. 

Forest  Trees. — ^Tliere  are  vast  forests  of  pine  on  the  Upper  Wisconsin,  the  Wolf  river,  and 
the  tributaries  of  the  Mississippi,  N.  of  the  Wisconsin.  The  other  forest  trees  are  spruce, 
tamarac,  cedar,  oak  of  different  species,  birch,  aspen,  bosswood,  hickory,  elm,  osh,  hemlock, 
poplar,  sycamore,  and  sugar-maple.  The  oak  openings  already  described,  form  a  pleasing 
feature  In  the  landscapes  of  Wisconsin. 

Manufactures. — The  numerous  rivers  and  streams  of  Wisconsin,  with  their  frequent 
rapids  and  falls,  afford  great  facilities  for  mill  sites  of  every  sort,  and  her  forests  and  Iron 
for  ship  and  steamboat  building.  Mr.  Hunt,  in  his  Gazetteer,  estimates  the  manufacture  of 
pine  lumber  at  400,000,000  feet,  besides  which,  large  quantities  of  oak  and  basswood  are 
eawed  Into  scantling,  plank,  lath,  eto.    He  also  gives  the  number  of  bari'els  of  flour  manu- 


i 


■J 
1 


/ 


^'hf 


106 


STATES  OF  WISCONSIN  AND   MICUIQAN. 


fuctured  at  100,000,  (independent  of  kinds  of  mill  ttufT*  in  abunditnoe,)  of  paper,  800,000 
poundit,  and  of  shot,  100,000  pounds  annually. 

Education. — ^Tliere  were  in  August,  1882,  in  the  State,  2768  tohool  district*,  in  which 
were  1664  bcIiooI  houses,  mostly  frame  or  log,  and  valued  ut  $261,986.81  The  capitui  uf 
the  school  fund  in  December,  18fi2,  was  $819,200.90.  It  is  expected  that  ere  long  the  Inmh 
approprioted  for  the  support  of  schools  will  form  a  fund  of  aljout  $3,000,000.  I'ublid  in- 
struction is  under  the  charge  of  a  Stale  supeiintendent,  receiving  $1000  per  annum.  Tlnre 
have  been  granted  for  the  support  of  a  State  university,  46,080  acres  of  land.  Tliuro  arc 
also  other  colleges  and  academies  supported  by  private  subscriptions,  wlUoh  are  promising 
institutions. 

History. — Wisconsin  was  formed  into  a  territory  in  1886,  and  admitted  into  the  Union 
as  an  independent  State  in  1848. 

MICHIGAN. 

MicuioAN,  one  of  the  more  recently  settled  of  the  north-western  States,  occupies  two 
peninsulas,  the  southern  one  lying  between  Liakes  Erie,  St.  Clair,  and  Huron  on  the  east, 
and  Lake  Michigan  on  the  west;  and  the  northern  between  Lakes  Michigan  and  Huron  on 
the  south,  and  Lake  Superior  on  the  north.  The  whole  is  bounded  north  by  Lake  Supe- 
rior, eost  by  the  Straits  of  St  M,nry.  Lake  Huron,  St  Clair  River  and  Lake,  Detroit  River, 
and  Jiake  Erie  (all  which  separate  it  from  Canada  West),  on  the  south  by  Ohio  and  Indiana, 
and  on  the  west  by  Lakes  Michigan  and  Wisconsin,  froai  the  latter  of  which  it  is  partly 
separated  by  the  Menomonee  and  Montreal  Rivers.  Michigan  lies  between  41°  40'  and 
47°  30'  north  latitude  (if  we  exclude  Isle  Royale,  a  dependency  of  this  State),  and  between 
82°  12'  and  90°  30'  west  longitude.  The  northern  peninsula  is  about  820  miles  in  extieme 
length  from  south-east  to  north-west,  and  130  in  its  greatest  breadth,  and  the  southern 
about  283  from  north  to  south,  and  210  from  east  to  west,  in  its  greatest  width.  The  joint 
area  of  the  two  peninsulas  is  66,243  square  miles,  or  36,696,620  acres,  of  which  only  1,023,- 
682  were  improved  in  1860.  About  two-fifths  of  the  area  is  included  in  the  northern  pc 
ninsula. 

Population. — Though  originally  settled  by  the  French,  the  great  bulk  of  the  population 
is  from  the  New  England  and  Middle  States.  A  large  portion  of  the  latter  is  of  New  Eng- 
land descent  The  number  of  inhabitants  in  Michigan,  in  1810,  was  4762;  8896  in  1820; 
31,689  in  1830 ;  212,267  in  1840 ;  and  897,664  in  1850,  of  whom  208,471  were  white  males, 
186,626  white  females;  1412  coloured  males,  and  1146  coloured  females. 

Cities  and  Towns. — The  towns  of  this  State  exhibit  the  some  rapid  growth  which  is  so 
wonderful  a  choracteristio  of  the  Western  Stotes  generally.  Detroit,  the  largest  town  in 
the  State,  had,  in  1860,  a  population  of  21,019.  Tlie  other  principal  towns  are  Ann  Ar 
bor,  population,  4868;  Jackson,  4147;  Flint,  3304;  Grand  Rapids,  8147;  Ypsilante, 
3061;  Adrian,  3006;  Marshall,  2822;  Pontiac,  2820;  Monroe  City,  2813;  Tecumseli, 
2679;  Kalamazoo,  2607  ;  Coldwater,  2166  ;  and  Clinton,  2130.  These  populations,  as  in 
New  England,  sometimes  include  the  townships. 

Face  of  the  Country,  Geology,  and  Minerals. — The  southern  peninsula  of  Michigan,  so 
interesting  in  its  agricultural  and  economical  aspects,  is  rather  tame  in  its  topographical 
features,  as  there  is  no  considerable  elevation  (compared  with  the  country  immediately 
around  it)  within  its  whole  extent,  though  the  ridge  which  divides  the  waters  flowing  into 
Lakes  Huron  and  Erie  from  those  flowing  into  Lake  Michigan,  is  300  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  lakes,  and  about  1000  above  the  sea.  The  country,  however,  may  be  generally  char- 
acterized as  a  vast  unduloting  plain,  seldom  becoming  rough  or  broken.  There  are  occa- 
sional conical  elevations  of  from  150  to  200  feet  in  height,  but  generally  much  less.  The 
shores  of  Lake  Huron  are  often  steep,  forming  bluffs ;  while  those  of  Lake  Michigan  are 
coasted  by  shifting  sand-hills  of  from  100  to  200  feet  in  height  In  the  southern  part  are 
tliose  natural  parks,  thinly  scattered  over  with  trees,  called,  in  the  parlance  of  the  country, 
"oak  openings;"  and  in  the  south-west  are  rich  prairie  lands.    The  northern  peninsula 


t'"W 


STATE  OF   MICHIGAN. 


107 


exhibit*  a  Rtriking  contrn»t,  both  in  soil  and  Biii-fitoe,  to  the  Ruuthern.  While  the  latter  is 
levvl  or  niodi.'rntely  un<liilatin)j,  and  luxuriantly  fi-rtlle,  the  furnier  i«  picturesque,  rugged, 
ami  i'V<^n  mountainous,  with  struum?  al<ounding  in  rapids  and  water-falls — rich  in  minerals, 
but  rigourous  in  climate,  and  sterile  in  soil.  The  Wisconsin  or  I'orcupine  Mountains  which 
form  tiio  water-slied  between  Lakes  Michigan  and  Superior,  are  much  nearer  the  latter 
tlinii  the  former,  and  attain  an  elevation  of  about  2000  feet  in  tlie  north-west  portion  of  the 
poniii^uln.  The  east  part  of  this  division  of  the  Btate  is  undulating  and  picturesque,  but 
tlie  central  hilly,  and  composed  of  table-Inn  \  The  shores  of  Lake  Superior  are  composed 
of  tt  sandstone  rock,  which,  in  many  places,  is  worn  by  the  action  of  the  wind  and  waves 
into  fancied  resemblances  of  castles,  etc.,  forming  the  celebrated  Pictured  Kocks ;  while  the 
(liores  of  Lake  Michigan  are  composed  of  a  limctone  rock.  The  streams  on  the  northern 
ilope  of  the  Porcupine  Mountain  have  a  rapid  dryi.ont,  nnd  abound  in  picturesque  falls  and 
rapids.  The  north  peninsula  is  primitive,  and  the  southern  secondary;  but  primitive 
rockd  are  scattered  over  the  plains  of  the  latter  of  more  than  100  tons  weigiit,  most  abund- 
ant on  the  borders  of  the  great  lakes,  on  the  flanks  of  valleys,  and  where  traces  of  recent 
floods  are  apparent, 

Michigan,  in  its  northern  peninsulo,  possesses,  probably,  the  richest  copper  mines  in  the 
world.  A  block  of  almost  pure  copper,  weighing  some  tons,  and  bearing  the  arms  of  the 
State,  rests  imbedded  in  the  walls  of  the  National  Monument  at  Washington.  The  region 
from  which  this  block  was  taken  lies  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Superior,  near  the  mouth  of 
the  Ontonagon  River.  Tlie  same  mineral  abounds  in  Isle  lloyale,  near  the  north  shore  of 
Lake  Superior.  Iron,  said  to  be  of  a  very  superior  quality,  is  found  in  a  district  about  60 
miles  south-east  of  the  great  copper  region,  as  well  as  in  some  other  parts  of  Michigan. 
Tlie  other  minerals  known  to  exist  in  this  State,  whose  mineral  resources  are  very  imper- 
fectly developed  as  yet,  ard  lead,  gypsum,  peat,  limestone,  marl,  ond  some  coal.  An  ex- 
cellent sand  for  the  manufacture  of  the  finer  kinds  of  glass-ware  is  found  on  the  shores  of 
Lake  Michigan,  as  well  as  Luke  Erie.  The  copper  mines  in  the  northern  peninsula  are  es- 
timated to  have  produced  within  the  past  year  (March,  1863)  nearly  4000  tons  of  copper, 
worth,  on  the  seaboard,  $1,600,000.  Great  activity  prevails  in  the  mining  region  this 
year;  new  discoveries  are  being  made,  an  increased  number  of  hands  employed,  and  addi- 
tional machinery  erected.  A  mass  of  copper,  weighing  6072  pounds,  sent  from  Michigon, 
was  exhibited  at  the  World's  Fair  in  New  York. 

Objects  or  Interest  to  Touuists. — ^The  Island  of  Mackinaw,  in  the  straits  of  the  same 
name,  already  visited  for  its.  picturesque  beouty,  may,  probably,  become  the  future  New- 
port of  the  north-western  States.  In  addition  to  its  bold  shores,  rising  to  a  height  of  near- 
ly 200  feet  perpendicularly  above  the  water,  and  the  charm  of  its  picturesque  views  ond 
cool  breezes,  it  has  the  occompaniment  of  fine  fishing  in  its  vicinity ;  ond  the  pleasant  ex- 
cursions to  Sault  St.  Mary,  to  angle  for  the  far-famed  white  fish,  to  tempt  the  sportsman 
and  epicure  to  while  away  a  summer  vacation  in  this  vicinity.  About  60  miles  west  of  the 
entrance  of  the  Strait  St.  Marie,  ore  the  celebrated  "  Pictured  Rocks,"  composed  of  sand- 
stone of  various  colours,  and  worn  by  the  action  of  the  wind  and  waves  into  resemblances 
of  ruined  temples,  castles,  etc.  One  peculiarly  striking  object,  called  the  Doric  Rock,  is  a 
colonnade  of  4  round  pillars,  of  from  about  3  to  7  feet  in  diameter,  and  40  feet  in  height, 
supporting  on  entablature  8  feet  thick,  and  30  feet  across.  These  rocks  extend  for  about 
12  miles,  and  rise  about  300  feet  above  the  water.  Sometimes  cascades  shoot  over  the 
precipice,  so  that  vessels  can  sail  between  them  and  the  notural  wall  of  rock.  On  laying 
out  the  track  for  a  railway  across  the  State  from  Detroit,  the  engineers  encountered  a  sin- 
gular lake,  covered  with  an  accumulation  of  vegetable  matter — the  growth  of  ages — ^but 
concealing  beneath  a  deep  and  dangerous,  though  not  extensive  lake,  which  made  it  neces- 
nary  to  make  o  detour  from  the  road. 

Climate,  Soil,  and  Productions. — Notwithstanding  the  severity  of  the  climate  in  Michi- 
gan, it  is  moderated  by  its  proximity  to  the  lakes ;  yet  the  temperature  of  the  northern 
peninsula  is  quite  rigourous.  The  northern  peninsula  is  favourable  to  winter  grains,  but 
not  to  Indian  corn ;  while  the  southern  produces  maize,  as  well  as  the  winter  grains,  abund- 


!  <l 


,. 


I  i 


n    i^ 


108  STATE   OF  MICHIGAN. 

antly.    The  prevailing  diseases  are  bilions  fevers,  agne,  and  dysentery :  consumption  is 
rare. 

Great  fertility  is  the  characteristic  of  most  of  the  soil  in  the  middle  and  south  of  the 
lower  peninsula;  mostly  free  from  stone,  and  of  a  deep,  dark  sandy  loam,  often  mingled 
with  gravel  and  clay.  Tlie  northern  peninsula  has  a  large  portion  of  rugged  and  poor  soil, 
but  its  agricultural  capabilities  are  not  yet  well  developed.  Portions  of  it  are  well  tim- 
bered with  white  pine,  spruce,  hemlock,  birch,  oak,  aspen,  maple,  ash,  and  elm.  As  the 
wants  of  the  advancing  settlements  increase  the  demand,  this  region  can  furnish  large  sup- 
plies  of  lumber  from  its  forests  of  pine,  spruce,  etc.,  manufactured  at  the  fine  mill-bites  af- 
forded by  the  rapid  streams  on  the  Superior  slope  of  the  Porcupine  Mountain.  Much 
of  southern  Michigan  is  occupied  by  those  beautiful  and  fertile  natural  lawns,  called  oak 
openings,  covered  with  scattered  trees,  and  free  from  underwood.  Another  portion  is 
prairie,  and  yet  another  timbered  land,  covered  with  black  and  white  walnut,  sugar  maple, 
different  species  of  oaks,  hickory,  ash,  basswood,  soft  maple,  elm,  linden,  locust,  dogwood, 
poplar,  beech,  aspen,  sycamore,  cottonw"'»d,  cherry,  pine,  hemlock,  spruce,  tamarack,  cy- 
press, cedar,  chestnut,  papaw,  etc.  The  prairies  are  small,  and  divided  into  wet  and  drj'— 
the  latter,  of  course,  being  somewhat  elevated.  The  north-west  of  the  lower  peninsula  is 
but  little  known,  but  recent  letters  from  that  region  represent  it  as  well  timbered,  well 
watered,  and  fertile ;  it,  however,  has  an  uninviting  aspect  from  the  lakes.  On  the  shores 
of  Lake  Huron,  near  Saginaw  Bay,  is  a  marshy  district  Michigan  is  eminently  an  agri- 
cultural State ;  the  staple  products  being  wheat,  Indian  com,  oats,  Irish  potatoes  (for 
■Wiiich  it  is  especially  favourable),  Vutter,  hay,  maple  sugar,  wool,  and  live  stock,  with  large 
quantities  of  buckwheat,  rj-e,  peas,  beans,  barley,  fruits,  cheese,  beeswax,  and  honey ;  and 
some  tobacco,  sweet  potatoes,  rvine,  grass  seeds,  hops,  flax,  silk,  and  molasses. 

Manufactures. — In  common  with  the  other  more  recently-settled  States,  Michigan  has 
not  yet  had  leisure  to  give  much  attention  to  the  development  of  her  manufacturing  re- 
sources. In  1850,  there  were  in  the  State  1979  manufacturing  establishments,  each  pro- 
ducing f  500  and  upwards  annually,  of  which  15  were  engaged  in  woollen  manufactures, 
employing  $94,000  capital,  and  78  male  and  61  female  hands,  consuming  raw  material 
worth  $43,402,  and  producing  141,570  yards  of  stuffs  worth  if  90,242  ;  64  forges,  furnaces, 
etc.,  em))loying  $210,460  capital,  and  362  male  hands,  consuming  raw  material  worth 
$106,866,  and  producing  5430  tons  of  castings,  pig  iron,  etc.,  valued  at  $300,697 ;  $139,426 
capital  and  98  hands  were  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  10,320  barrels  of  ale,  porter, 
etc.,  and  890,900  gallons  of  whisky,  wine,  etc. ;  and  60  tanneries,  employing  $286,000 
capital,  consuming  raw  material  worth  $203,450,  and  producing  manufactured  leather 
valued  at  $363,980 ;  domestic  manufactures  were  fabricated  worth  $354,936. 

Commerce. — Michigan,  surrounded  as  it  is  by  inland  seas,  is  most  favourably  situated  for 
internal  trade,  and  trade  with  British  America.  Her  foreign  commerce  is,  however,  small, 
and  only  amounted,  in  1861 -2,  in  imports,  to  $191,976,  and  exports,  $145,162;  tonnage 
entered  for  the  same  year,  66,041 ;  cleared,  69,981 ;  owned,  46,818.12,  of  which  24,681.73 
was  steam  tonnage;  number  of  vessels  built,  16,  with  a  tonnage  of  2639.00.  In  the  spring 
of  1853,  there  were  owned  at  Detroit  and  Mackinaw,  66  steamers,  with  a  tonnage  of  17,925. 
The  lake  trade  of  1861  has  been  stated  at,  imports,  $5,330,609,  and  exports,  $5,790,860. 
Wheat  and  other  grain,  flour,  pork,  live  stock,  wool,  and  copper  are  among  tiie  leading  ar- 
ticles of  export 

Education. — On  the  subject  of  cv^ucation,  Michigan  is  largely  imbued  with  the  opinion  of 
New  England  (from  whence  so  many  of  her  sons  derive  their  origin),  that  republican  gov- 
ernment and  common-school  education  must  proceed  or  fall  together.  Her  school  fund, 
in  1852,  was  $575,668 ;  in  addition  to  which,  is  a  fund  called  the  University  Fund,  of 
flOO.OOO. 


STATE  OF  MISSOURI. 


109 


■      "•  ■■"^'    ■■ '■'     ■,■       MISSOURI.  '        .    ■■■"■' 

MissouBi,  one  of  the  largest  of  the  United  States,  and  the  first  fonned  wholly  W.  of  the 
Mississippi  River,  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Iowa,  (from  which  it  is  separated  for  about  80 
miles  on  the  N.  E.  by  the  Des  Moines  River,)  on  the  E.  by  the  Mississippi  River,  which  di- 
vides it  from  Illinois,  Kentucky,  and  Tennessee;  on  the  S.  by  the  Arkansas,  and  on  the  W. 
by  the  Indian  Territory,  from  which  it  is  partly  separated  by  the  Missouri  River.  This  State 
lies  (with  the  exception  of  a  small  projection  between  the  St.  Francis  and  the  Mississippi 
River,  which  extends  to  36°)  between  36°  30',  and  40°  86'  N.  lat.,  and  89°  10'  and  96°  W. 
Ion.,  being  about  285  miles  in  its  greatest  length  from  E.  to  W.,  and  280  in  width  from  N. 
to  S„  including  an  area  of  67,880  square  miles,  or  43,123,200  acres,  only  2,938,425  acres 
of  which  were  improved  in  1850. 

Population. — Though  originally  settled  by  the  French,  less  than  one-third  of  one  per 
cent,  of  the  present  inhp  bitants  of  Missouri  are  of  that  extraction.  The  population  amounted 
to  66,586  in  1820;  140,146  in  1830;  883,'702  in  1840,  and  682,244  in  1860;  of  whom 
812,987  were  white  males,  and  279,017  females;  1361  free  coloured  males,  and  1267  fe- 
males ;  43,484  male  slaves,  and  48,938  female. 

Cities  and  Towns. — St  Louis  is  the  largest  city  in  Missouri,  populauon,  77,860,  (by  a  local 
census  in  1853,  88,000;)  the  other  principal  towns  are  Hannibal,  population  in  1850,  2567  ; 
Lexington,  2459;  Castor,  2084;  Weston,  1915;  Palmyra,  1284;  and  St  Genevieve,  958, 
Capital,  Jefferson  City. 

Face  of  the  Country. — This  great  State  is  mostly  level  or  undulating  N.  of  the  Missouri 
River,  while  S.  of  this  river  (much  the  larger  portion  of  the  State)  exhibits  a  much  greater 
variety.  In  the  S.  E.  p  ,rt,  iiear  the  Mississippi  River,  and  S.  of  Cape  Girardeau,  is  an  ex- 
tensive marsh,  reaching  beyond  the  State  into  Arkansas,  and  occupying  an  area  of  about  3000 
square  miles.  The  remainder  of  this  iwrtion,  between  the  Mississippi  and  the  Osage  Rivers, 
is  rolling,  gradually  rising  into  a  hilly  and  mountainous  district,  forming  the  outskirts  of 
tlie  Ozark  Mountains.  Beyond  the  Osage  River,  at  some  distance,  commences  a  vast  ex- 
panse of  prairie  land,  which  stretches  away  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  The  ridges  forming 
tlie  Oziirk  chain,  which  probably  in  no  place  reach  an  elevation  of  2000  feet,  extends  in  a 
N.  E.  and  8.  AV.  direction,  separating  the  waters  that  flow  N.  E.  into  Missouri  River  from 
those  tliat  flow  S.  E.  into  the  Mississippi  River.  The  geological  features  of  this  State  are 
verj-  interesting.  One  of  the  richest  coal  fields  perhaps  in  the  world  occupies  the  greater 
part  of  Missouri  N.  of  the  Osage  River,  and  extends  nearly  to  the  N.  boundary  of  Iowa.  A 
oarboiiiforous  limestone,  which  comes  to  the  surface  on  the  E.  and  W.  borders  of  the  State, 
forms  ft  rim  from  6  to  40  miles  in  breadth.  The  lower  niagnesian  limestone  crops  out  on 
tbe  Missouri  River,  from  26  miles  above  Jefferson  City  to  within  36  miles  of  its  mouth,  with 
occasional  obtrusions  of  sandstone.  Schoolcraft  thus  speaks  of  the  Ozark  Mountains :  "  The 
Ozark  is  a  term  applied  to  a  broad,  elevated  district  of  highlands,  running  from  N.  to  S. 
centrally  through  the  States  of  Missouri  and  Arkansas.  It  has  on  the  E.  the  striking  and 
deep  alluviftl  tract  of  the  Mississippi  River,  and  on  its  W.  the  woodless  plains  or  deserts 
which  stretch  below  the  Rocky  Mountains." 

SIiNEnALS. — Missouri  is  particularly  rich  in  minerals,  and  a  vast  region  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  Iron  Mountain  is,  perhaps,  unsurpassed  in  the  globe  for  productiveness  in  iron  of 
the  best  <|Uality.  Though  existing  in  the  greatest  abundance  and  purity  in  this  locality, 
this  mineral  is  found  scattered  throughout  the  State.  In  the  eastern  counties  S.  of  the  Mis- 
souri Rivor,  large  quantities  of  lead,  sometimes  mixed  with  zinc,  are  found.  Copper  exists 
tliroughout  the  mineial  region,  (a  tract  of  17,000,000  or  18,000,000  acres,)  but  is  most  abun- 
dant near  the  La  Motto  mines.  It  is  found  combined  with  nickel,  manganese,  iron,  cobalt, 
and  lead,  and  tliese  often  yield  34  per  cent,  of  the  pure  metal.  Of  the  other  metals  named, 
all  except  nickel  are  found  in  considerable  quantities.  Silver  exists  in  the  lead  ore,  350 
pounds  of  pure  silver  having  been  obtained  from  1,000,000  pounds  of  lead.  Tin  has  been 
fonnd  in  suuill  quantities.     Of  the  non-metallic  minerals,  limestone  abounds  N.  of  the  Mis- 


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110 


STATE  OF  MISSOURI. 


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Bouri  River,  and  forms  a  good  building  stone.  Marbles  beautifully  veined  and  crystalline 
are  found  in  parts  of  the  State ;  also  gypsum,  sandstones,  red  and  white,  porphyries,  sienitc, 
saltpetre,  sulphate  of  baryta,  kaolin,  and  inferior  clays.  The  red  sandstone  is  of  too  coarse 
and  loose  a  texture  for  architectural  purposes,  but  the  white,  found  near  St.  Genevieve, 
makes  superior  glass.  Porphyries  of  a  red  ground  interspersed  with  crystals,  admitting  of 
a  liigh  polish,  are  found  8.  of  the  Missouri  River. 

Coal. — Bituminous  coal,  much  of  it  cannel  coal,  exists  in  vast  beds  in  the  N.  of  the  Stnte, 
and  has  also  been  found  40  miles  up  the  Osage  River.  The  great  cannel  conl-bed  .'n  Cal- 
laway County  consists,  in  one  place,  of  a  solid  stratum  24  feet,  and  in  another  75  feet  in 
thickness,  and  is  believed  to  be  the  largest  body  of  cannel  coal  known. 

Rivers. — Missouri  enjoys  the  navigation  of  the  two  greatest  rivers  in  the  United  States, 
if  not  in  the  world.  By  means  of  the  Mississippi  River,  which  coasts  her  entire  cuiitern 
boundary,  siie  can  hold  commercial  intercourse  with  the  most  northern  territory  of  tlie 
Union,  with  the  wiiole  of  the  valley  of  the  Ohio,  with  some  of  the  Atlantic  Stnt  js,  and 
with  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  By  means  of  the  Missouri,  her  other  great  riviT,  she  niiiy  ex- 
tend her  internal  commerce  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  besides  receiving  the  products  timt 
may  be  furnished  in  future  times  by  its  multitude  of  tributaries.  The  Missnuri  River  coasts 
the  N.  W.  of  the  Stat<%for  about  200  miles,  (following  its  windings,)  and  tiien  dnrts  across 
the  State  in  a  direction  a  little  S.  of  K,  dividing  it  into  two  portions,  of  which  about  a 
third  is  N.,  and  the  remainder  S.  of  that  river. 

Objkcts  ok  Intkuestto  Toi'KisTs. — We  shall  hardly  be  able  to  do  justice  to  Missouri  in  tliis 
respect,  in  the  present  state  of  our  knowledge  of  the  interior,  as  there  are  doubtless,  in  lier 
mountain  recesses,  gorges,  waterfalls,  and  caves  whose  fame  has  not  yet  reached  us.  To 
the  geolo'^ist  tlie  State  already  possesses  ample  inducements  for  a  visit;  while  the  lover  of 
fine  scer'-ry  will  find  much  to  interest  him  in  the  wild  bluffs  l)oth  of  the  Missouri  and  Jlis- 
sissippL  Rivers,  which  rise  to  an  elevation  varying  from  50  to  300  feet. 

Climate. — The  climate  of  Missouri  is  very  variable ;  in  the  winter  the  thermometer  finks 
below  zero,  and  the  rivers  are  frozen  so  as  to  admit  the  passage  of  heavil}--laden  veliidos. 
The  summers  are  excessively  hot,  but  the  air  dry  and  pure.  In  the  autumns,  bilious  and 
remittent  fevers  are  common  on  the  river  bottoms.  Pulmonary  complaints,  however,  to 
such  a  degree  as  to  ternunate  in  consumption,  are  infrequent. 

Soil  and  Productions. — The  soil  of  Missouri,  speaking  generally,  is  good,  and  of  grent 
agricultural  capabilities;  but  the  most  fertile  portions  are  in  the  river  bottoms,  which  are 
a  rich  alluvion,  (in  some  cases,  however,  mixed  with  sand,)  and  in  that  portion  N.  of  tlie 
Missouri  River,  except  in  the  R,  where  a  findy  soil  prevails.  South  of  the  Missouri  there 
is  a  greater  variety  in  the  soil,  but  much  of  it  is  fertile,  and  even  in  the  mountains  and 
mineral  districts  there  are  rich  valleys,  and  about  the  sources  of  the  White,  Eleven  I'oints, 
Current,  and  Big  Black  Rivers,  the  soil,  though  unproductive,  furnishes  a  valuable  growtii 
of  yellow  pine.  The  marshy  district  of  the  S.  E.  part  will,  when  the  population  shall  have 
become  sufficiently  dense  to  justify  the  expense  of  drainage,  be  probably  one  of  the  most 
fertile  portions  of  the  State.  The  great  staple  of  Missouri  is  Indian  corn,  and  more  lioiiip 
is  produced  than  in  any  State  except  Kentucky:  the  other  great  products  are  wheat,  oats, 
tobacco,  wool,  peas,  beans,  Irish  and  sweet  potatoes,  fruits,  butter,  cheese,  pork,  hay,  flax, 
honey,  and  beeswax ;  considerable  rye,  buckwheat,  market  products,  grass-seeds,  maple 
sugar;  and  some  rice,  barlej',  wine,  hops,  silk,  and  molasses. 

Forest  and  Fruit  Trki^x — "  Tiie  river  bottoms  are  covered  with  a  luxuriant  growtli  of 
oak,  elm,  ash,  hickory,  Cottonwood,  linn,  and  white  and  black  wiilnut.  In  the  more  barren 
districts  are  found  white  and  pin  oak,  and  sometimes  forests  of  yellow  pine.  The  crab- 
apple,  papaw,  and  persimmon  are  abundant;  as  also  the  hazel  and  pecan."  There  arc 
three  species  of  wild  grape ;  and  apples,  pears,  peaches,  apricots,  and  nectarines  yield  well. 

Commerce. — St.  Ijouis  is  the  great  centre  of  internal  commerce  of  the  Missifsippi  and  its 
tributaries,  which  must  greatly  increase  as  the  settlements  on  those  great  rivers  extond 
themselves.    The  exports  of  this  State  consist  mainly  of  lead,  pork,  flour,  wheat,  tobacco, 


MISSOURI,    OR  NORTH-WEST  TERRITORY. 


m 


and  live  stock.    MisBoiiri  has  long  been  the  principal  seat  of  an  active  caravan  trade  vrith 
Santa  F6. 

Education. — Missouri  has  a  school  fund  (in  1862)  of  $676,668,  and  another  fund  of 
f  100,000,  called  the  seminary  fund.  The  interest  ^f  the  former  is  distributed  among  the 
counties  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  scholars  in  each.  In  1860  there  were  59,927  chil- 
dren in  tiie  State,  of  whom  89,983  were  in  the  schools.  Annual  expenditure  for  school  pur- 
poses, $88,124;  number  of  volumes  in  school  libraries,  6200.  Every  sixteenth  section  of 
public  lands  is  devoted  to  common  schools.        ,  .         .; ,  ,  ., 


MISSOURI,  OR  NORTH-WEST  TERRITORY, 

Missouni,  OR  North- West  Territory,  an  unorganized  territory  occupying  the  vast  region 
lying  between  the  White  Earth  and  Missouri  Rivers  on  the  E.,  and  the  Rocky  Mountains 
on  the  W.,  and  (with  the  exception  of  a  small  tract  in  the  S.  E.,  belonging  to  the  Indian 
Territory)  between  the  Platte  River  on  the  S.,  and  British  America  on  the  N.  It  lies  be- 
tween about  40°  80'  and  49°  N.  lat.,  and  between  about  97°  45'  and  113°  W.  Ion.,  covering 
an  estimated  area  of  about  587,664  square  miles,  or  space  enough  for  five  States  larger  than 
Illinois.    This  vast  tract  would  include  the  proposed  territory  of  Nebroska. 

Population. — We  have  no  census  returns  from  this  wild  region,  which  has  been  appro- 
priated as  the  abode  of  different  Indian  tribes,  among  which  may  be  mentioned  the  Crows, 
Blookfeet,  (a  very  warlike  and  cruel  tribe,)  Minnetarees,  Kiccarees,  Puncahs,  and  Pawnees. 

Face  of  the  Country. — The  greater  part  of  this  territory,  as  far  as  is  known,  seems  to 
consist  of  a  high  prairie  land.  A  chain  of  highlands,  called  the  Black  Hills,  runs  from 
nenr  the  Platte  River  in  a  N.  E.  directiou  to  the  Missouri  River,  which  they  approach  in 
about  102°  of  W.  longitude,  dividing  the  waters  running  into  the  Yellowstone  from  those 
flowing  into  the  Missouri  below  its  great  south-eastern  bend.  On  the  W.,  the  Rocky 
Mountains  rear  their  lofty  summits,  in  some  instances  above  the  snow  line,  and  send  out 
spurs  into  Missouri.  Fremont's  Peak,  the  loftiest  known  in  this  chain  in  tlie  United  States, 
is  on  the  S.  W.  border  of  this  territory. 

Rivers  and  Lakes. — ^This  extensive  tract  is  traversed  by  the  Missouri,  one  of  the  most 
important  rivers  in  the  world,  which  rises  near  its  south-western  border,  runs  for  about 
lOno  miles  in  a  N.  E.  direction,  to  48°  20'  N.  latitude,  receiving  a  large  number  of  afflu- 
ents from  the  N.,  one  of  which,  the  Yellowstone,  is  980  miles  in  length,  and  a  njuUitude  of 
sub-tributnries  from  the  S.  From  the  lat"*ufle  named  obove,  it  flows  off  to  the  S,  E.,  form- 
ing tiic  eastern  boundary  for  perliaps  lOuO  miles.  In  about  latitude  43°  30'  the  Missouri 
makes  a  grand  detour,  called  the  Great  Bend,  "  where  the  river  makes  a  circuit  of  30 
miles  in  advancing  2000  yards  in  a  direct  course."  A  number  of  important  streams  flow 
into  the  Missouri,  within  this  territory,  below  the  bend  alluded  to,  so  tliat  this  region  is 
well  watered,  and  gives  promise  of  being  more  suitable  for  settlement  than  the  country 
below  riatte  River.  Tliere  are  some  small  lakes  in  the  S.  W.,  and  perhaps  others  yet  to 
be  (li^^.'overed  and  described. 

Objects  of  Interest  to  Tourists. — ^The  Great  Falls  of  the  Missouri,  and  the  gorge  b;low, 
enclosed  with  perpendicular  rocks  1200  feet  high,  claim  the  first  place  among  the  striking 
natural  objects  of  this  territory. 

AsiMAiA — Tiiis  country  is  the  paradise  of  the  hunter  and  trapper.  Vast  herds  of  buffa- 
lo roam  over  its  prairies,  though  now  rapidly  dirninisWng  in  numbers.  Lewis  and  Clark 
have  i-tated  that  at  times  the  Missouri  was  backed  up  as  by  a  dam,  by  the  multitude  of 
thc?e  animals  crossing.  The  grizzly  bear,  Rocky  Mountain  goat,  sheep,  and  antelope  in- 
fest the  slopes  of  the  Rocky  Mountains ;  and  tlie  beaver  in  former  times  existed  in  great 
numbers,  though  the  trappers  are  now  fast  thinning  them  out  Panthers  were  met  with 
by  Lew's  and  Clark  ;  also  black  bears,  elks,  and  wolves. 

CoMMEHCE. — ^The  fur  and  peltry  trade  constitute  the  commerce  of  this  vast  region. 
Steamboats  ascend  tlie  Missouri  above  tlie  Yellowstone,  and  up  the  latter  river  300  milea. 


l^  '111 

If. 


112 


MINNESOTA, 


MINNESOTA. 

Minnesota,  a  territory  of  the  United  States,  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  British  America,  E. 
by  Lake  Superior  and  the  State  of  Wisconsin,  S.  by  Iowa  and  Missouri  Territory,  and  W.  by 
Missouri  Territory.  The  Lake  of  the  Woods,  with  a  chain  of  small  lakes  and  their  outlets, 
form  a  part  of  the  Northern  boundary ;  the  St.  Croix  and  Mississippi  a  part  of  the  eastern, 
and  the  Missouri  and  White  Earth  Rivers  the  western  boundary.  It  lies  between  42°  30' 
and  49°  N.  lat.,  and  between  about  89°  80'  and  103°  30'  W.  Ion.,  being  about  650  miles  in 
extreme  length  from  E.  to  W.,  and  430  from  N.  to  S.,  including  an  area  of  nearly  16(5,000 
square  miles,  or  106,240,000  acres. 

Face  of  the  Country. — Tliough  there  are  no  mountains  in  Minnesota,  it  is  the  most 
elevated  tract  of  land  between  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  Hudson's  Bay,  and  from  its  central 
heights  sends  its  waters  to  every  point  of  the  compass,  but  mostly  to  the  N.  and  S.  The 
position  from  which  the  Red  River  of  the  North  ahd  the  St.  Peter's  take  their  opposite 
courses  is  almost  exactly  in  the  centre  of  the  territory,  and  elevated  about  2000  feet  above 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  A  plateau,  called  the  "  Coteau  des  Prairies,"  or  "  Prairie  Heights," 
about  200  miles  in  length,  and  from  16  to  40  in  breadth,  runs  through  the  middle  of  the 
southern  part  of  Minnesota.  Its  greatest  elevation  is  about  1916  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
sea,  and  its  average  height  about  1450  feet.  The  northern  portion,  which  is  the  highest,  is 
about  890  feet  above  Bigstone  Lake,  which  lies  in  its  vicinity.  Passing  the  St.  Peter's  or 
Minnesota  River,  we  come  upon  another  range  of  heights,  known  as  the  "  Coteau  du  Grand 
Bois,"  or  the  Wooded  Heights,  which  extend  for  more  than  100  iiiiles  nearly  parallel  with 
the  "  Coteau  des  Prairies,"  Thia  ridge  is  jiostly  covered  with  an  extensive  forest  of  hard 
wood.  Through  the  middle  of  the  triangle  which  occupies  the  N.  E.  portion  of  the  ter- 
ritory, runs  a  third  range  of  heights,  called  the  "  Hauteurs  de  Terre,"  or  "  Highlands," 
which  extend  W.  by  S.  about  800  miles,  and  form  a  dividing  ridge,  whence  flow  the  waters 
that  seek  Lake  Superior  and  the  Mississippi  in  one  direction,  and  Hudson's  Bay  in  the 
other.  A  range  of  less  altitude  than  the  "  Coteau  des  Prairies,"  but  continuing  in  the  same 
direction,  forms  the  watershed  of  tlie  streams  flowing  into  the  Missouri  on  the  W.,  and  those 
flowing  into  the  Red  River  on  the  E.  The  rest  of  the  country  generally  alternates  between 
sandhills  and  swamps,  and  river  bottoms  and  prairies.  In  the  N.,  on  the  Red  River,  are 
extensive  Savannas,  level  as  a  floor,  while  the  central  region  and  the  portion  between  that 
and  Lake  Superior  is  much  of  it  occupied  with  marshes,  separated  by  hills  of  drift.  West 
of  the  Coteau  des  Prairies,  and  Red  River,  the  country  has  been  but  little  explored ;  but 
that  portion  of  it  between  the  Riviere  d  Jacques  and  the  Missouri  is  represented  as  com- 
posed of  high  rolling  prairies. 

Minerals. — ^Tlie  indications,  from  geological  surveys  of  Minnesota,  do  not  favour  the  hopes 
of  groat  metallic  weolth  within  its  borders.  Copper  has  been  found,  but  in  most  instances 
it  is  not  "  in  place,"  but  appears  to  have  been  carried  thither  by  the  drift  and  boulders. 
The  probnliility  is  that,  of  richer  metallic  ores  than  iron,  this  territory  will  not  afford  (ex- 
cept near  Luke  Superior)  sufficient  quantity  to  repay  the  labours  of  the  miner;  for  if  tliey 
exist  at  all,  they  probably  lie  at  great  depths.  The  indications  are  equally  unfavourable  to 
there  being  any  large  deposits  of  coal.  A  lead  vein,  4  inches  in  thickness,  was  discovered 
on  the  Waraju  River,  l)y  the  geological  corps  of  Professor  Owen.  The  most  renmrkable 
mineral  in  this  territorj'  is  the  red  pipestone,  of  which  the  Indians  moke  their  pipes,  and 
which  is  believed  to  be  peculiar  to  Mie  region  of  the  Coteau  des  Prairies.  Salt  is  reported 
to  exist  in  vast  quantities  between  47°  and  49"  N.  lat.,  and  97°  and  99°  W.  Ion. 

Lakes  and  Rivers. — Minnesota  is,  perhaps,  even  more  deserving  than  Michigan  of  the 
appellation  of  tlie  "  Lake  State,"  as  it  abounds  in  lacustrine  waters  of  every  size,  from  lakes 
of  40  miles  in  extent,  to  small  ponds  of  less  than  a  mile  in  circuit.  These  beautiful  slieets 
of  water  give  origin  to  rivers  flowing  N.,  S.,  and  E. ;  some  finding  their  way  to  the  Atlantic 
through  the  mighty  Mississippi  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico ;  others  through  the  grcot  lakes, 
Niagara,  and  the  St.  Lawrence;  and  others,  again,  pass  off  to  the  N.,  and  seek  the  ocean 


MINNESOTA. 


113 


through  Hudson's  Bay  and  Straits.    The  largest  of  these  lakes,  with  the  exception  of  Lake 
Superior,  are  the  Lake  of  the  Woods,  Rainy  Lake,  Red,  Minni-Wakan  or  Devil  Lake, 
Leech,  and  Mille  Lac,  or  Spirit  Lake.    These  generally  have  clear,  pebbly  bottoms,  and  are 
well  stocked  with  fish,  among  which  are  the  white  fish,  pike,  pickerel,  maskelonge,  sucker, 
perch  and  trout   Wild  rice  grows  on  the  borders  of  many  of  them,  especially  at  the  North. 
Devil  Lake,  which  is  on  the  48th  parallel  of  N.  lat.,  in  the  N.  W.  of  Minnesota,  is  about  40 
miles  in  length,  by  15  in  breadth,  and  its  waters,  which  are  brackish,  have  no  visible 
outlet.    Red  Lake,  on  the  same  parallel,  E.  of  Red  River,  with  which  it  communicates,  is 
divided  into  two  portions,  united  by  a  strait  of  2  miles  in  width,  and  covers  about  the  same 
area  as  Devil  Lake.     Lake  of  the  AVoods,  and  Rainy  Lake,  (the  former  a  largo  sheet  of 
water,  perhaps  100  miles  m  circuit,)  are  both  on  the  N.  E.  boundary  of  the  territory. 
Lake  Pepin,  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water,  is  a  mere  expansion  of  the  Afississippi  in  the  S.  E. 
of  this  territory.    The  rivers  and  large  streams  of  Minnesota  are  almost  as  numerous  as  its 
lakes.    The  far-famed  Mississippi  takes  its  humble  origin  from  Itasca  Lake,  from  whose 
peUucid  waters  it  issues  a  rivulet  of  but  a  few  feet  in  width,  and  first  meandering  in  a  N.  E. 
direction  through  a  number  of  small  lakes,  to  receive  their  tribute,  it  turns  to  the  S.,  and 
pursues  its  lordly  way  to  its  far  distant  exit  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  laving  in  its  course  the 
shores  of  nine  States  and  one  territory.    About  800  miles  of  its  length  are  included  within 
Minnesota,  of  which  500  are  navigable,  200  below  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony,  and  300  above. 
The  Rum  and  St.  Croix,  tributaries  of  the  Mississippi,  drain  the  S.  E.  portion  of  the  terri 
lory,  and  tlie  Red  River  the  northern,  passing  off  into  Hudson's  Bay.     It  is  tlie  outlet  of 
Traverse,  Ottertail,  Red,  and  several  smaller  lakes.    It  has  a  course  of  about  500  miles 
within  Minnesota,  though  it  does  not  flow  directly  north  more  than  200  miles  in  that  dis- 
tance.   The  Lake  Superior  slope  is  principally  drained  by  the  St.  Louis  and  its  bronches, 
and  by  the  outlets  of  that  series  of  small  lakes  that  form  the  N.  E.  boundary  of  Minnesota. 
The  great  valley  formed  by  the  slopes  of  the  Coteau  des  Prairies  and  the  Coteau  du  Bois 
is  drained  by  the  St.  Peter's  and  its  tributaries.    This  river  runs  first  in  a  S.  E.,  and  then 
in  a  N.  E.  course,  with  a  total  length  of  from  400  t  o  500  miles,  and  is  navigable  for 
steamers,  during  high  water,  56  miles  above  its  mouth  in  the  Mississippi,  and  60  farther 
for  keel-boats.     Its  principal  branch  is  the  Blue  Earth  or  Mankota  River.    The  St.  Peter's, 
with  tlie  Crow  Wing  and  Crow  Rivers,  are  the  principal  tributaries  of  the  Mississippi  from 
the  West.    The  Riviere  &  Jacques  (re6  ve-air'  ah  zhak)  and  tlie  Sioux  are  the  principal 
affluents  of  the  Missouri  from  this  territory.     They  both  have  an  almost  directly  S.  course, 
the  former  being  about  600,  and  the  latter  850  miles  long.     Nearly  the  whole  western 
houndary  is  washed  by  the  Missouri,  which  opens  the  western  part  of  the  territory  to  the 
commerce  of  the  great  Mississippi  valley.     The  rivers  of  Minnesota  abound  in  small  falls 
and  rapids,  which,  while  they  interrupt  navigation,  furnish  extensive  water-power. 

Objects  of  Interest  to  Tourists. — If  we  except  cataracts  of  the  first  magnitude  and  high 
mountains,  Minnesota  presents  as  great  a  variety  of  natural  objects  of  interest  as  any  por- 
tion of  our  widely  extended  domain. 

Minnesota  shares  with  Wisconsin  in  the  falls  and  rapids  of  the  St.  Louis  River,  another 
picturesque  and  romantic  display  of  nature's  works.  Tlic  rivers  of  Minnesota  are  filled 
with  picturesque  rapids  and  small  falls,  and  often  bordered  with  perpendicular  bluffs  of 
lime  and  sandstone,  or  gently  sloping  hills  that  gracefully  recede  from  the  water.  This 
region  is  the  paradise  of  the  hunter:  its  prairies  and  forests  are  the  home  of  many  wild 
animals,  and  in  its  rivers  and  lakes  swim  great  varieties  of  fish. 

Climatk. — The  climate  of  this  territory  is  severe,  especially  in  the  northern  part.  At  the 
l'eml)ina  settlement,  under  the  49th  parallel  of  latitude,  the  cold  is  frequently  so  great  as 
to  freeze  quicksilver.  Minnesota,  in  some  parts,  is  too  severe  for  Indian  corn,  but  the  drj'- 
liess  and  steadiness  of  tiie  cold  favour  wheat  and  other  winter  grains. 

8oiL  AND  Productions. — Tlie  soil  of  Minnesota  vario'-  greatly.  In  the  valleys  of  the 
rivers  it  is  mostly  excellent,  especially  in  those  of  the  St.  Peter's,  and  of  the  Mississippi  and 
its  tributaries  in  the  soutli-east  of  the  territory.  Above  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony,  with  the 
exception  of  the  river  alluvions  and  some  prairie  land,  the  country  is  generally  covered 


O 


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Msa 


viJ 


114 


MINNESOTA. 


with  drift,  interspersed  with  marshes,  too  wet  for  cultivation ;  but  the  elevated  portion  is 
often  much  of  it  of  tolerable  fertility,  though  inferior  to  the  calcareous  lands  of  the  river 
bottoms,  and  not  unfrequently  covered  with  dwarf  timber. 

Forest  Trees. — Parts  of  Minnesota  are  densely  timbered  with  pine  forests,  and  the  ridgea 
of  the  drift  districts  with  small  pine,  birch,  aspen,  maple,  asii,  elm,  hemlock,  fit's,  poplar, 
and  basswood.  In  the  swamps  between  the  ridges,  the  tamarack,  cedar,  and  cypress  are 
found;  while  the  river  bottoms  fui"',3h  a  good  growth  of  oak,  aspen,  soft  maple,  basswood, 
ash,  birch,  white  walnut,  linden,  and  elm.  Much  of  this  timber  on  the  poorer  ridges,  and 
in  some  of  the  marshes,  is  rather  of  a  dwarf  character.  On  the  Rum,  St.  Croix,  and  Pine 
Rivers  there  are  extensive  forests  of  pine,  of  good,  but  not  of  the  largest  growth.  Accord- 
ing to  Professor  Owen,  "a  belt  of  forest  crosses  Minnesota  in  lat.  44°  80',  which  is  remark- 
able for  its  unusual  body  of  timber,  in  a  country  otherwise  but  scantily  tim..  v '."  Taken 
as  a  whole,  therefore,  Minnesota  can  scarcely  be  called  a  well-wooded  country.  But  here, 
as  in  otlier  parts  of  the  West,  when  the  prairies  are  protected  from  fire,  a  growth  of  young 
timber  soon  springs  up. 

Animals. — Minnesota  has  always  been  a  favourite  hunting-ground  of  the  Indians,  and 
vast  herds  of  buffalo,  elk,  deer,  antelope,  and  other  game  still  roam  over  the  plains  west 
of  the  Coteau  des  Prairies  and  the  Red  River.  Deer,  black  bear,  antelope,  wolverine,  otter, 
mnskrat,  mink,  martin,  wolf,  and  raccoon  abound,  and  the  moose  and  grizzly  bear  are 
occasionally  met  with.  The  prairies  are  frequented  by  grouse,  pheasants,  and  partridges, 
and  the  streams  by  wild  ducks  and  geese.  The  other  birds  are  hawks,  buzzards,  harriers, 
owls,  quails,  plovers,  larks,  and  a  great  variety  of  small  birds.  Among  tlie  water  fowl  are 
the  pelican,  tern,  hooded  sheldrake,  bustard,  broadbill,  rufHe-headed  duck,  wood  duck, 
teal,  wild  goose,  and  loon.  Both  the  golden  and  bald  eagle  are  occasionally  met  wit'i 
The  rivers  and  lakes  abound  in  fine  fish,  among  which  are  the  bass,  cap,  sunfish,  pickerei, 
pike,  catfisli,  wliitefish,  sucker,  maskelonge,  and  trout. 

Manufactures. — There-  are  great  capabilities  in  the  innumerable  rivers  of  Minnesota,  with 
their  falls  and  rapids,  for  manufacturing  establishments.  At  present  the  conversion  of  her 
pine  forests  into  boards,  scantling,  etc.,  constitutes  the  principal  manufacture  of  this  nevt 
and  fiourisliing  territory. 

The  best  lands  of  Minnesota  are  on  her  two  great  navigable  rivers,  the  Mississippi  and 
St.  Peter's ;  and  tlie  first  acts  of  internal  improvement  needed  by  this  territory  will  be  tlie 
removal  of  some  obstructions  in  tiiese  streams.  It  is  among  the  probabilities  that  the  great 
Pacific  railway  may  traverse  this  region,  as  engineers  are  now  examining  the  feasibilities 
cf  a  northern  route. 

Commerce. — Minnesota  has  the  advantage  of  two  outlets  for  her  productions ;  one  bv 
way  of  the  Mississippi,  to  every  portion  of  the  Mississippi  valley ;  and  the  other  by  way  of 
Lake  Superior,  with  the  Lake  States  and  with  tlie  East  The  great  export  of  tliis  territory 
is  her  lumber.  j 

Education. — Minnesiota  has  a  public  system  of  free  schools,  which  are  under  the  general 
direction  of  a  superintendent  of  common  schools,  and  the  local  supervision  of  trustees. 
Every  township  containing  not  less  than  five  families  is  eonsidci-ed  a  school  district.  "An 
act  to  incorporate  the  University  of  Minnesota,"  was  passed  February  25,  1861.  Tiiis  insti- 
tution consists  of  five  departments,  namely,  of  science,  literature,  and  art;  of  laws;  of 
medicine;  of  agricidture;  and  of  elementary  instruction.  Twelve  regents,  appointed  by 
the  legislature,  manage  its  affairs.  It  is  located  at  St.  Anthony.  The  proceeds  of  all 
lands  granted  by  the  United  States  go  to  form  a  perpetual  fund  for  the  support  of  tlie 
university. 

Tlie  information  contained  in  the  notice  of  the  State  of  Wisconsin  is  copied  from  "Wis- 
consin ns  it  is,"  by  F.  Gerhard,  and  that  pertaining  to  the  other  States,  from  "Lippincott's 
Gazetteer.  In  a  future  edition  the  information  will  be  brought  down  to  a  later  period,  in 
orticles  now  preparing  specially  for  this  work,  ,  '. 


d  portion  is 
of  the  river 

il  the  ridges 
fii-s,  poplar, 
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B,  basswood, 
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»r  the  general 
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SCENES  AND  SCENERY. 


// 


CONTENTS    OP   PART    II. 


Albany,  Scenery  between  New  York  and  64 

Alleghany  Mountains,  The 7 

Altamount,  Alleghanies. 13 

Avon  Springs. 62 

Ballston  Spa 61 

Baltimore  to  Cincinnati 7 

Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad 22 

Beaiiharnois,  St.  Lawrence 46 

Bottom  lands  in  Missouri. 28 

Breezes  on  the  prairies 29 

Burning  Springs,  Niagara 77 

Canadian  boat-song 79 

Canandaigua  Lake 62 

Cape  May 48 

Cassidy's  Ridge 16 

Catskill  Mountains 63 

Caughnawauga,  St.  Lawrence 46 

Cedar  Rapids,  St.  Lawrence 45 

Crooked  Lake 62 

Chauderie  Falls,  Ottawa 82 

Cheat  River  and  Valley 13 

Cincinnati  to  Columbus — Scenery 19 

Clarksburg 17 

Clifton  Springs  61 

Climate  of  MiHsouri  Valley 29 

echoes  Falls 48 

Columbia  Bridge,  Susquehanna 23 

Columbia  Springs 62 

Columbus  to  Cincinnati 19 

Columbus  to  Baltimore 21 

Columbus  to  Philadelphia 21 

Columbus  to  New  York 21 

Cranberry  Summit 13 

Cumberland,  Alleghanies 12 

Davenport,  Iowa 30 

Descending  the  Rapids 43 

Falls  of  the  Chauderie 82 

Falls  of  the  Rideau 82 

Falls,  Little 62 

Falls  of  Cohoes 48 

Falls  of  Genesee 60 

Falls  of  Kauterskill 55 

Falls  of  Minnehaha 39 

Falls  of  Montmorenci 87 

Falls  of  Niagara 72 

Falls  of  the  Passaic 61 

Falls  of  St.  Anthony. 37 

Falls  of  Trenton 46 

Genesee  Falls 60 

Geneva  Lake 62 

Grafton  Junction 16 

Great  Columbia  Bridge 23 

Harper's  Ferry,  Virginia 10 

Hudson  River 64 

Indian  Lake. 62 


PAOI 

Indian  Mound,  Moundsville 17 

Iron  Bridge — the  largest  in  America. . .  16 

Iron  Mountain,  Missouri 26 

Islands,  the  Thousand 48 

Jeiferson's  Rock 10 

Junction  to  Wheeling  and  Parkeraburg.   16 

Juniata,  Scenery  of  the 23 

Kansas  and  Nebraska 27 

Kauterskill  Falls 66 

Kingwood  Tunnel 16 

La  Chine,  St.  Lawrence 46 

Lcke  Canandaigua 62 

Lake  George 61 

Lake  Mabopac 62 

Lake  of  the  Thousand  Islands 43 

Lake  of  the  Two  Mountains 80 

Lake  Pepin,  Mississippi , 35 

Lake  Pleasant  and  Crooked  Lake 62 

Lake  Saranacs. 62 

Lakes  Geneva  and  Seneca 62 

Lake  St.  Francis 46 

Lake  Superior 40 

Lake  Sylvan,  Catskill  Mountains 64 

Lake  Winnipiseogee 50 

Lebanon  Springs 61 

Little  Falls. 62 

Little  Miami  River  and  Valley 19 

Ijong  Sault  Rapids 43 

Lumber  in  Missouri 29 

Maiden  Rock,  Mississippi 35 

Mammoth  Cave,  Kentucky 48 

Miami  Valley  and  River 19 

Minnehaha  Falls 39 

Mississippi  Bridge,  Rock  Island 30 

Miasissippi,  Trip"  on  the  Upper 81 

Missouri,  Mineral  Resources  of 25 

Missouri,  Valley  of  the 27 

Monongahela  and  Tygart's  Valley  Rivera  16 

Montmorenci  Falls 87 

Montreal  to  Ottawa  per  Rail 83 

Montreal  to  Ottawa  per  River 79 

Mountain,  The  Iron 25 

Mount  Vernon 49 

Nahant 49 

Nebraska  and  Kansas 29 

New  Lebanon  Springs 61 

Newport,  Rhode  Island 62 

New  York  to  Albany 64 

Niagara  Burning  Springs 77 

Niagara  Falls 72 

Niagara  Falls,  Routes  to 78 

Niagara  Suspension  Bridge 70 

Niagara  to  tne  Thousand  Islands. . .....  46 

Ottawa  River,  Trip  up  the 79 

Parkersbnrg 18 


M'"i 


'Eli 


CONTENTS  OF  PART   II. 


PIOR 

Passaic  Falls 61 

Patapsco  River,  Scenery  of  the 8 

Philadelphia  to  Pittsburg 23 

Pictured  llocks,  Lake  Superior 4U 

Piedmont,  Alleghany  Mountains 12 

Pittsburg  to  Philadelphia 21 

Platte  River  and  Valley 28 

Plymouth  Rock 49 

Point  of  Rocks. 9 

Potomac  Valley  and  River  Scenery 10 

Prairies,  Breezes  on  the 29 

Prairies  iu  Missouri 28 

River  Hudson,  Scenery  of  the 66 

River  Hudson,  Source  of  the 63 

River  Juniata,  Pennsylvania 24 

River  Mississippi 31 

River  Missouri 27 

River  Ottawa 19 

River  Passaic 61 

Riv  -^r  Patapsco 7 

Rivt  r  Platte,  Missouri 28 

Ri',  er  Potomac 10 

River  Saguenay 86 

River  St.  Lawrence  and  Rapids 42 

River  Susquehanna,  Pennsylvania 23 

River  (Upper)  Ottawa 84 

Rochester 40 

Rockn way  Beach 49 

Rock  Island  Bridge,  Mississippi 30 

Rondout  Creek '')9 

Baguenay  River se 

Saratoga  Springs }9 

Scenery  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains  ...  7 

Scenery  of  the  Catskill  Mountains 53 

Scenery  of  the  Potomac 9 


Hot 
Scenery  of  the  White  Mountains 57 

Scenes  and  Scenery 5 

Scottish  and  American  Scenery 7 

Sharon  Springs uq 

Shooting  the  Rapids  of  the  St.  Lawrence  43 

Sleepy  Hollow,  Catskill  Mountains 51; 

Soil  of  the  Missouri  Valley 

Source  of  the  Hudson 63 

Springs  and  Watering  Places 4ti 

St  Anthony,  Minnesota 37 

Steaming  up  the  Mississippi 31 

Steaming  up  the  Missouri 28 

St  Francis'  Lake 45 

St  Lawrence  River,  Rapids  of 42 

St  Paul,  Minnesota 35 

St  Paul  to  St  Anthony's  Falls 37 

Superior  Lake 40 

Susquehanna  River 23 

Sylvan  Lake,  Catskill  Mountains 54 

Tip-Top  House,  White  Mountains 69 

Trenton  Falls 4(1 

Trip  up  the  Ottiiwa 79 

Trip  up  the  Saguenay gj 

Trip  through  the  Thousand  Islands 43 

Trip  up  the  Upper  Mississippi 31 

Tupper's  Lake di 

Turk's  Face,  on  the  Hudson 68 

Upper  Mississippi  River 31 

Upper  Ottawa  River 84 

Valley  of  the  Missouri 21 

Watering  Places 43 

White  Mountains 57 

White  Sulphur  Springs 5ii 

Willey  House,  White  Mountains oB 

Wiiinipiseogee  Lake 50 


JUnstrations. 


PAGE 
Alleohant  M0U.<'fAISS. 

Viaduct  acr  JS9  the  Patapsco 8 

Scenery  ut  Ellysvllle  and  Iron  Bridge T 

Harpc  's  Ferry 10 

Point  of  llockB fl 

Mountain  View,  Cranberry  (irade 18 

G.and  Potomac  Valley  View 11 

dcenery  on  tiie  Potomac 11 

The  Cheat  Klver  (irailp 14 

Cheat  Ulver  Vf.M^y 14 

Gr.ifton  Junct'oi  and  Iron  M>!dge      IB 

Plelmont— '  foot  of  the  Moun.'xin" 12 

Tygart's  V':iley  and  Monongahelu  Klvers 16 

Indian  Taound,  MoundsvUIe 17 

Catskill  Mount  .ins. 

Scene  in  the  Mountains S8 

The  Kauteiyiill  Falls 66 

View  down  Sleepy  Hollow 66 

Sylvan  Lake 64 

CiTT  or  St.  Paul,  Minnesota 36 

Cliftos  Sphinos  Watkb  Cdre C\ 

Genesee  Falls 60 

JcNiATA,  Scene  on  the 24 

Lake  Superior. 

The  Pictured  Rocks 41 

Little  Miami  Kiver  and  Vallbv. 

View  near  Fort  Ancient 19 

Mlamlvllle 20 

Minnehaha  Falls 88 

hontmohenci  falls 87 

Newport,  Ruode  Island 62 


Niagara  Falls. 

Suspension  Brioge,  full  view 

Knllroad  Track  on  t>uBpension  Bridge 

The  American  and  Horse-Shoe  Falls. . 

Terrapin  Tower 

Table  Kock 

Burning  Springs 

Passaic  Falls,  New  Jersey 

River  Hi;dson. 

Source  of  the  L   Ison 

The  Palisades 

The  Turk's  Face 

Kondout  Creek 

Interior  of  Hudson  Steamer 


PAGI 

..  rn 


.  7.1 
,  V 
,  CI 

.  6'i 

,  (U 

CS 

.  & 

(15 


River  Mississippi. 

Steaming  up  the  Mississippi 

View  between  Lake  Pepin  and  St.  Paul. 

The  Maiden  Rock 

Bridge  across  the  Mississippi 

River  St.  Lawrence. 

Descending  the  Rapids 

Shooting  the  Long  Sault  Rapids 

The  Thousand  Islands 

Steaming  up  the  Missouri 

St.  Anthony's  Falls 

Susquehanna,  View  on  the 

The  Iron  Mountain,  Missouri 

Trenton  Falls. 

The  High  Falls 

The  Cascades 

White  Mountains. 

Tip-Top  House 

The  Willey  House 


.a 

. « 

.  26 


fV       V/IJ.     ( 


SCENES   AND    SCENERY. 


Did  you  ever  henr  the  anecdote  of  the  Italinn  and  the  American,  who  were  discusring 
the  merits  of  the  scenery  of  the  Old  and  New  World,  in  thf  vicinity  of  Niagara  Falls? 
N'Importe.  The  Italian  wound  up  his  animated  description  cf  the  beauty  and  variety  of 
European  landscapes  with  the  climax:  "An  eruption  of  Moui;t  Vesuvius,  with  the  Bay  of 
Naples  in  tlie  distance,  forms  the  most  brilliant  spectacle  in  the  universe !"  "  Fetch  it 
hcri",  sir,''  said  the  American,  with  that  sang  froid  characteristic  of  one  of  Uncle  Sam's  fam- 
ily, "  and  ni  put  it  out  in  five  minutes !"  That  retort  reveals  the  general  contrast  that 
characterizes  the  scenes  and  scenery  of  the  Old  and  New  World — the  eclipse  which  is  thrown 
on  the  former  by  tlie  latter,  by  their  natunil  vastness,  grandeur,  and  sublimity,  as  might 
easy  be  illustrated  by  a  detailed  study  of  their  physical  geography. 

Tlie  surface  of  Europe  is  partitioned,  bym  'iges  of  lofty  mountains,  into  petty  nationalities, 
decorated  with  pretty  gems  of  beautiful  landscapes;  the  vast  basin  of  the  Mississippi  forms 
an  immense  theatre,  walled  round  by  the  Kocky  Mountains  and  Alleghanies,  fringed  with 
nodding  pines,  for  the  reception  of  an  universal  brotherhood  of  humanity. 

The  cities  cf  Europe  are  centres  of  civilizotion,  art,  science,  and  ii .  ohitectural  beauty. 
Tlie  cities  of  America  are  rather  foci  of  commerce,  sites  of  extensive  d6p6ts,  stores,  and 
hotels,  periodically  wrapt  in  flames,  and  rising,  like  the  Phojnix,  more  stately  and  beauti- 
ful from  their  ashes. 

Tho  rivers  of  Europe  drain  thoir  surplus  waters  in  their  rocky  channels,  and  bear  a  few 
light  craft  upon  their  swelling  bosoms,  from  the  ocean.  Floating  palaces,  the  commercial 
navies  and  merchandise  of  the  wide  world,  are  borne  thousands  of  miles  into  the  interior 
of  America  by  the  great  "  Father  of  Waters." 

Tlie  lochs  and  lakes  of  Europe  sink  into  insignificant  pleasure  ponds  beside  the  "  Inland 
Seas''  that  form  the  Mediterranean  highway  between  Canada  and  the  Uniteil  States. 

Tlie  very  grass  is  grazed  to  European  cattle  with  difficulty;  whereas,  herds  of  wild  buf- 
faloes scamper  the  waving  pi-airie  grass  like  leviathans  through  the  "  vasty  deep." 

Bands  of  plantations,  clumps  of  trees,  and  roads  winding  their  devious  ways  over  hill 
anil  dale,  variegate  the  European  landscape ;  not  so  throughout  the  length  and  breadth  of 
the  boundless  Continent  nf  America.  Roads  run  right  away  in  interminable  slraight  lines, 
crossing  each  other  at  right  angles.  Vou  may  wander  for  miles,  with  cultivated  fields  on 
each  side;  but  the  primeval  forest,  for  the  most  part,  forms  the  perpetual  horizon,  and  you 
are  compelled  to  dive  into  it,  on  foot,  railcar,  or  buggy,  and  emerge,  not  always  dry-shod, 
from  its  lofty  wodden  walls.  Take  your  passage  on  board  a  steamer,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Mississippi,  you  will  sail  through  all  the  zones  of  climate  and  vegetation  between  tlie  trop- 
ics and  the  poles.    Start  by  the  railroad  car,  from  New  York,  you  will  steam  right  away, 


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SCENES  AND  SCENERY. 


thonsanda  of  miles,  through  buth  and  prairie,  over  lake  and  river,  and  find,  on  your  arrival 
at  St  Loui>,  engineers  going  ahead  towards  the  Pacific. 

Tlie  traveller  accustomed  to  enjoying  the  mountain  scenery  of  Orcat  Britain  ond  Ireland, 
and  finding  so  much  of  it  within  the  "  Sea-girt  Isle,"  is  apt  to  feel  disappointed  in  travelling 
over  perhaps  thousands  of  miles  in  America,  that  he  does  not  find  a  proportionate  amount 
of  scenery  of  the  same  character,  and  that  in  many  long  journeys  in  particular  scvtloDs 
of  the  country,  the  scenery  becomes  monotonous,  yet  we  have  failed  to  meet  with  the 
traveller  who  cannot  find  within  the  limits  of  the  American  Continent,  a  variety  and  extent 
of  scenery  suflicient  to  satisfy  the  greatest  reveller  in  the  beautiful  and  grand  in  noture, 
and  her  works. 

Variety  forms  the  characteristic  of  the  scenery  of  the  New,  as  well  as  of  the  Old  World— 
although  variety  arising  from  the  existence  of  different  climates  within  the  vast  extent  of 
the  North  American  Continent.  Take  up  your  position  on  the  Grampians,  in  Scotliind ; 
behind  you  frowns  the  bleok  and  barren  summits  of  the  Highland  hills ;  before  you  gleams 
the  lovely  and  ferHIe  Carse  of  Gowrie,  extending  towards  the  German  Ocean,  oil  within 
the  circle  of  a  few  miles  in  circumference.  Perch  yourself  upon  the  Rocky  Mountains,  the 
blue  waters  of  the  Pacific  mirror  the  blue  expanse  of  heaven  towards  the  far  west.  There, 
your  eye  will  wander  right  across  an  intervening  continent  of  numberless  hills  and  valleyB, 
all  richly  clothed  in  their  coronation  robes  of  sumL.er,  only  to  be  changed  for  others  more 
variegated,  but  none  the  less  beautiful,  when  tipped  with  the  first  touch  of  the  opproaching 
winter's  blast :  whilst  again,  from  off  some  of  the  highest  points  in  the  Alleghanied,  the 
eye  rests  with  unmingled  satisfaction  as  it  stretches  down  the  cultivated  green  swards 
and  waving  corn-fields  of  Pennsylvania,  along  the  charming  scenery  of  tiie  Potomac,  and 
the  Susquehanna— on  towards  the  suburbs  of  the  great  cities  on  the  eastern  seaboard — or 
on  the  other  hand,  again,  as  you  turn  towards  the  mighty  west,  ond  there  catch  the  first 
glimpse  of  that  gi-eat  western  world,  as  it  lies  teeming  with  life,  on  and  beyond  the  Ohio— 
about  to  take  another  start,  ere  long,  in  its  extraordinary  career — ^in  the  progress  of  its 
development. 

And  be  it  remembered,  when  we  speak  of  North  America,  we  mean  our  remarks  to  bear 
equal  reference  to  Upper  and  Lower  Canada,  which  claims  the  better  half  of  the  sublimest 
scene  exhibited  to  the  spectator  upon  the  American  Continent,  viz.,  the  Falls  of  Niagara, 

The  American  boasts  of  the  sail  to  Staten  Island  and  the  Bay  of  New  York,  and  up  the 
Hudson  River;  the  Canadian,  of  the  sail  down  the  St.  Lawrence,  threading  the  Tliousand 
Islands — shooting  the  Rapids,  and  up  the  Ottawo,  outrivalling  Lomond's  silver  loch,  stud- 
ded with  its  islet  groves;  but  both  stand,  in  union,  dumb  with  awe,  in  silent  admiration 
and  contemplation  of  the  perpetual  motion  of  the  watery  avalanche  that  has  continued  to 
shoot  the  lofty  Rapids,  from  time  immemorial,  and  will  continue  to  proclaim  to  the  whole 
world,  with  its  voice  of  many  waters,  the  unity  in  variety  of  the  great  stream  of  life  that 
has  been  incessantly  coming  out  of,  and  going  into,  the  depths  of  eternity. 

In  the  following  pages  of  this  section  of  the  work,  we  have  availed  ourselves  of  a  few  of 
Bome  of  the  choicest  scenes  in  the  country,  for  illustration,  and  hope  that  they  may  some- 
what assist  to  convey  to  readers  at  a  distance  from  such  scenes  some  idea  of  their  beauty 
and  character,  which  we  have  no  hesitation  in  saying  have  only  to  be  visited  be  highly 
enjoyed  and  appreciated. 


ALLEGHANY  MOUNTAINS. 


THE  SCENERY  OF  TIIE  ALLEGHANY  MOUNTAINS. 

Route  from  Baltimore  to  Cincinnati,  via  Marietta. — If  evidence  were  wanting  to  con- 
vince tiie  most  sceptical,  aa  to  the  beauty  and  grandeur  of  the  wcnery  in  America,  we 
tliinic  we  liave  only  to  refer  to  the  engravings  in  the  following  yu^ei—oi  a  few  views  of 
tome  of  the  wildest  and  most  romantic  mountain  scenery — whicl.  it  has  been  our  fortune 
to  witness,  anywhere. 

Tlie  tourist  who  has  probably  climbed  Ben  Lomond  and  other  points  of  Scotia's  charm- 
ing Bceneiy,  will  find  in  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  and  Virginia  a  great  similorlty — only, 
that  the  eye  In  reaching  to  the  top  of  the  mountains  in  that  portion  of  the  United  Htates — 
the  hills  will  be  founded  densely  wooded  to  their  very  summit.  In  the  summer  time 
tlierefore,  it  niiiy  easily  l)e  imagined  the  groat  difference  in  looking  up  toward  the  tops  of 
those  hills  on  the  Susquehanna  and  Potomac,  and  how  much  more  agreeable  to  the  senses 
the  effect  must  be,  than  gazing  on  the  snow-capped  summit  of  Ben  Nevis— or  Ben  Moo- 
dhiii  (Scotlond).  We  candidly  confess  that  our  previous  ideas  of  Scottish  glen  ond  moun- 
tain Boenery  which  stood  par  excellance  in  our  estimation  has  somewhat  been  upset — when 
visiting  the  route  in  question,  and  that  the  scenery  of  old  Scetia  must  talie  its  rank  only 
ttlongside  that  of  the  Susquehanna  and  the  Potomac.  On  that  account,  therefore,  we  have 
devoted  a  greater  amount  of  space  thon  we  originally  intended  to  this  region  of  the 
"mountain  and  the  flood,"  simply  to  Induce  If  possible,  tourist*  In  search  of  nature's 
grandest  works,  to  pay  these  districts  a  visit — before  they  return  home.  By  their  not 
doing  so,  they  will  lose  a  great  treat,  and  be,  comparatively  speaking,  Ignorant  of  the 
beauties  of  American  scenery — a  matter  on  which  we  fear  there  is  a  considerable  amount 
of  ignorance  and  error  amongst  many  who  consider  themselves  even  great  travellers  in 
the  "old  country" — as  well  as  many  even  in  America. 

Tliese  districts  now  being  thoroughly  opened  up — the  tourist — the  painter — and  the 
sportsman,  has  every  facility  (accompanied  with  moderate  expenditure)  for  enjoying  them- 
selves— to  their  hearts  content — without  let  or  hindrance,  and  the  sportsman  without  be- 
ing obliged  to  have  his  game  license—and  pay  smartly  for  "liberty  to  shoot  over  the 
grounds." 

Leaving  Baltimore,  you  proceed  on  for  9  miles  to  Washington  Junction,  at  which  there 
Is  a  handsome  and  substantial  stone  bridge.  (See  engraving.)  Near  to  this  point,  the 
Patapsco  breaks  through  the  rocky  gorge,  and  finds  its  way  to  the  Chesapeake — whilst  the 
hill-sides  in  the  vicinity  are  studded  with  the  country  seats  of  the  Baltimore  merchants. 


Ml 


VIEW  OF  THE  IRON  BRIDGE  AND  SCENERY  AT  ELLYSVILLE, 

TWENTT-ONB   MILES  FROM   BALTIMORE. 


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a.  2 


SCENERY  ON  THE  BALTIMORE  AND  OHIO   RAILROAD, 


9 


A  few  miles  on,  you  cross  the  river  at  the  HcheBter  Mill,  in  a  very  rugged  part  of  the  val- 
ley— crossing  the  Patterson  viaduct,  and  shortly  reach  the  town  of  Ellicott's  Mills — situated 
prettily  on  the  face  of  the  hills.  Five  miles  further  on,  you  arrive  at  EUysville,  where 
there  is  an  iron  bridge,  840  feet  long,  which  spans  the  river.  (See  engraving  of -it — and 
scenery  in  the  neighborhood.)  Further  on,  you  cross  the  Patapsco  by  another  iron 
bridge  of  50  feet  span — dash  through  a  tunnel  100  feet  long.  Passing  the  pretty  village 
of  Sykesville,  you  are  now  in  the  heart  of  the  mineral  region.  After  that,  the  train  pro- 
ceeds past  Parr's  Ridge — from  the  top  of  which  a  magnificent  view  is  obtained.  Tlirough 
the  Monocacy  valley,  you  cross  the  famous  "  Carroll  Manor"  land,  between  the  Catoctin  and 
Sugar  Loaf,  on  towards  the  "  Point  of  Rocks,"  of  which  we  give  a  view.    The  marble — 


POINT  OF  ROCKS, 

WITH  THE  BALTIHORB    AND  OHIO  EAILROAD  AND  CBESAPKAKB  AND  OHIO  CANAL— SBVBNTT  1IILI:9 

FROM    BALTIHOBB. 

of  which  the  variegated  columns  of  the  old  National  Legislative  Halls  at  Washington  are 
built — is  found  in  a  cut  which  you  pass  on  approaching  this  spot.  Passing  the  Potomac,  and 
along  the  base  of  the  hills,  you  pass  the  villages  of  Berlin  and  Knoxville,  and  the  "  Wever- 
ton"  factories  in  the  yiass  of  South  Mountain — shortly  reaching  tlie  far-famed  scenery  of 
"  Harper's  Ferry,"  of  which  the  renowned  Thomas  Jefferson  said,  that  the  passage  of  the 
Potomac  through  the  Blue  Ridge  was  "  one  of  the  most  stupendous  scenes  in  nature,  and 
well  worth  a  voyage  across  the  Atlantic  to  witness."  Here  the  beautiful  River  Shenandoah 
joins  the  Potomac  immediately  below  the  bridge.     (See  our  engraving  of  Harper's  Ferry.) 


:•:,*, 


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U     ii 

10 


harper's   ferry,    VIRGINIA. 


HARPER'S  FERRY. 

FBOU  THE  MARYLAND  8IDR  OF  THB   POTOMAC  AT  THB  CONFLCBNCB  OF  THAT  BITBR  WITH 

THB  SUBNANDOAH. 

The  bridge  which  you  here  cross  is  900  feet  long — of  6  arches  of  180  feet — one  of  75  feet 
over  the  river,  and  one  of  100  feet  span  over  the  canal. 

The  national  armories  are  located  here — and  occupying  so  much  ground,  the  inhabitants 
are  obliged  to  build  their  dwellings  high  up  on  the  face  of  the  hilL  The  beauty  of  the 
scenery  here  is  of  the  finest  order — language  failing  to  give  an  adequate  idea  of  it.  One 
of  the  chief  points  is  that  of  Jefferson  Rock — a  great,  overhanging  cliff — so  balanced  as  if 
threatening  to  fall  down — liko  some  destructive  avalanche.     (See  engraving.) 

Leaving  Harper's  Ferry,  and  the  Potomac  River,  jou  pass  up  the  ravine  of  the  Elkbranch 
— arriving  shortly  at  the  rolling  table-land  of  the  "  Valley  of  Virginia."  Passing  onwards, 
the  crossing  of  the  "  Opequan"  Creek — the  open  valley  of  Tuscarora  Creek,  you  arrive  at 
Martinsburg.  Leaving  there,  you  cross  Back  Creek,  opening  up  again  the  valley  of  the 
Potomac,  with  magnificent  views  of  the  North  Mountain  And  Sideling  Hill.  Passing  Fort 
Frederick,  of  1756  history,  you  reach  Hancock,  the  station  for  Berkley  Springs — a  favorite 
watering  resort.  Proceeding  westward,  you  shortly  enter  a  tunnel  1200  feet  long — papsinf; 
along  the  base  of  the  Warm  Spring  Ridge — and  the  termination  of  the  Cacapon  Mountain. 
opposite  to  a  remarkable  eminence  calkd  the  "  Round  Top."  You  then  cross  the  Great 
Cacapon  Ri  er,  over  a  bridge  300  feet  long.  Passing  along,  you  enter  the  gap  of  Sideling 
Hill — until  the  tunnel  at  Doe  Gully  is  entered,  and  from  there  to  Little  Cacapon  Creek, 
2^  miles  from  Cumberland — at  which  point  some  very  fine  views  are  obtained.  (See  eo- 
gmving  of  Potomne  scenery — between  Berkley  Springs  and  Cumberland.) 

Passing  on  through  some  of  the  riohest  bottom  land  on  the  river — and  through  some  ex- 
quisite mountain  scenery — yon  reach  Patterson's  Creek.  Shortly  after  which,  you  cros? 
the  Potomne  again,  by  an  iron  bridge,  7oO  feet  long,  carry  ng  you  out  of  Virginia  into 
Maryland,  whioh  you  left  at  Harper's  Ferry.    The  "  Mountain  City"  of  Cumberland  is 


11    : 


Kj    '■>    y 


GRAND  POTOMAC  VALLEY  VIEW. 

FROM  THE  CELKBRATED  JEFFERSON  ROClf— EIGHTY-ONB  MILES  FROM  BALTIMORB. 


SCENERY  ON  TUE  POTOMAC-bet.v  .k  m%^^.t,J  svmms  and  cum»e 


UERLANO. 


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12 


PIEDMONT,    "FOOT  OF  THE  MOUNTAIN." 


retched,  after  which  yon  proceed  on  through  some  of  the  most  picturesque  scenery  towards 
Rcdinont,  28  miles  distant. 

Cumberland  is  situated  most  beautifully  in  a  '"flrfect  amphitheatre,  fonned  by  the  sur- 
rounding mountains  which  there  seem  to  have  expanded  themselves  into  extended  curves, 
with  the  view  of  giving  room,  in  their  lap.  for  the  town,  i-equired  for  the  great  coal  trade 
naturally  centering  there. 

From  Cumberland  to  Piedmont,  (28  miles,)  the  scenery  is  remarkably  picturesque,  and 
elicits  many  enthusiastic  expressions  of  wonder  and  delight,  as  you  skim  over  the  gradually 
ascending  level  along  the  North  Branch  of  the  Potomac,  between  the  western  slope  of 
Knobly  and  the  eastern  feet  of  Dan's  and  Wills'  Mountains.  One  of  the  finest  of  the  many 
views  is  had  near  the  crossing  of  the  Potomac,  21  miles  from  Cumberland,  where  the  rail- 
road, after  passing  through  a  long  and  deep  excavation,  spans  the  river  by  a  bridge  of  iron 
and  timber,  on  stone  abutments  and  a  pier.  The  view  from  this  point,  up  and  down  the 
river,  is  well  worth  attention.  For  the  last  6  miles  before  you  reach  Piedmont,  the  river 
courses  its  way  by  a  deep  chasm,  cut  by  its  own  torrent,  through  the  mountain  base.  After 
crossing  the  bridge,  the  road  wound,  by  easy  curves,  through  romantic  scenery,  passing 
Queen's  Cliff,  Thunder  Hill,  and  Dan's  Mountiiin,  until  you  reach  the  "  foot  of  the  moun- 
tain" at  Piedmont  (See  Engraving.)  This  remote  town  lies  upon  a  flat  of  limited  extent 
on  the  Virginia  side,  opposite  the  ancient  Maryland  village  of  Western  Port,  at  the  moutli 


PIEDMONT,  "FOOT  OF  THE  MOUNTAIN." 

ON  TUB   BALTIMORB   AND   OHIO   RAILBOAD,   207   HILBS  FBOH    BALTIMORE. 


I. 


of  George's  Creek.  It  is  a  thriving  and  prosperous  town  already,  although  created  simply 
by  the  necessities  of  the  Roilroad  C<\,  who  found  an  eiigine-stAtion  here  desiraWiv  It  con- 
tains extensive  engine  houses,  each  one  being  arranged  to  hold  16  K)comotives.  Hero,  too, 
are  located  very  extensive  shops  for  the  repair  of  engines,  cottages  for  woikmen,  etc.  Pied- 
mont is  the  dividing  station  between  the  second  and  third  working  divisions  of  the  road, 
being  208  miles  from  Baltimore,  and  108  from  Martinsburg. 


MOUNTAIN   8CENEBY. 


18 


Proceeding  on  and  winding  your  way  round  curves — and  passing  through,  as  it  were, 
impenetrable  passes — you  cross  tlie  Potomac  again,  at  Bloomington,  where  the  Savage 
River  boils,  in  all  its  fury,  down  the  western  shoulder  of  Savage  Mountain,  finding  its  level 
200  feet  below  the  railroad  line.  You  then  pass  on  to  the  mouth  of  Crab-tree  Creek — 
reach  Altamont,  2,620  feet  high,  the  greatest  elevation  on  the  route,  and  the  highest  jjoint 
of  the  Alleghanies.  Tliis  region  is  famous  for  excellent  butter,  mutton,  abundant  venison 
and  other  game — innumerable  trout  streams,  alive  with  spotted  beauties.  You  proceed  on 
to  the  "  glades,"  or  natural  meadows,  till  you  reach  Oakland — nestled  in  the  centre  of  these — 
232  miles  from  Baltimore.  Leaving  there,  you  pass  the  falls  of  the  Snowy  Creek,  and 
shortly  ai-rive  at  Cranberry  Summit,  2,550  feet  high,  and  enter  upon  the  grades,  to  descend 
the  western  slopes,  towards  the  Ohio,  getting  the  first  glimpse  of  the  "  western  world,"  and 
some  of  tlie  finest  views  of  mountain  scenery,  as  you  pass  along.     We  give  an  engraving' 


DISTANT  MOUNTAIN  VIEW. 

FnO.M    TUB   CHANDBRRY   GRADE,   TWO  HUNDRED  AND  THREE  MILES   FROM  BALTIUORE. 


of  one  of  those,  from  the  "  Cranberry  Grade."  Descending  for  11  miles,  you  arrive  at 
the  cclobriited  Cheat  River;  see  engravings  of  this  wonderful  region — "  View  on  the  Cheat 
Kivor  Grade,"  and  "  Sketch  of  the  Clieat  River  Valley." 

For  a  description  of  the  remaining  part  of  this  ro\ite,  we  cannot  do  better  than  quote 
fidiii  a  work  by  Mr.  W,  P.  Smith,  an  intelligent  officer  of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroatl 

"  Clieat  River  is  a  nipid  mountain  stream,  of  a  dark  coffee-coloured  water,  which  is  sup- 
posed to  take  its  luie  from  the  forests  of  laurel,  hemlock,  and  block  spruce  in  which  it  has 
i's  rise.  The  road  crosses  the  stream  at  the  foot  of  Cranberry  Grade  by  a  viaduct.  This  is 
I'lmipo.sed  of  two  noble  spans  of  iron,  roofed  in  on  abutments,  and  a  pier  of  solid  freestone 
taken  from  a  neighbouring  quarry.  Arrived  at  this  point,  you  enter  the  '  Cheat  Rive- 
Valley,'  which  presents  by  far  the  grandest  and  most  boldly  picturesque  scenery  to  b<- 
fmmd  on  tlie  line  of  this  road,  and  one  of  the  finest  series  of  railroad  views  on  this  conti- 
nent. For  several  miles  yon  run  olong  the  steep  mountain-side,  clinging,  as  it  were,  to  the 
trigantic  cliffs,  the  cars  like  great  cages  suspended — though  upon  the  safest  and  most  solid 
i)f  bods — midway,  n«  it  wore,  between  heH<en  and  earth,  At  one  motnent  tlkc  view  is 
pdiitined  til  the  tnunedliili'  lueiility,  homnied  in  on  every  side  by  the  towering  mountain 
lipurs.     At  the  ne.  t,  a  slight  curve  in  the  road  opens  to  view  fine  stretches  of  the  deep 


14 


SCENERY  ON  THE  CHEAT  RIVER. 


valley,  with  the  dark  river  flowing  along  its  bottom,  and  glorious  views  o  °  the  forest- 
covered  slopes  descending  from  the  peaks  to  the  water's  edge. 


u 


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It. 


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^'lll 


VIEW  OX  THE  "CHEAT  RIVER  GRADE," 

AT  TUB  TBAX  RUN   IBON  AMD  STONE   VIADUCT,   TWO   UUNDRBD  AND   rirTY-SBVBN   HILBS 
=     '      .1  f/  KEOM  BALTIUORE. 

The  engineering  difficulties  overcome  in  the  part  of  tlie  road.'witliin  the  first  few  miles 
west  of  Clieat  River  bridge,  must  have  been  very  great,  but  the  rough  places  have  been 
m»de  smooth  as  the  prairie  levels.    After  crossing  the  river  itself  at  Rowlesburg,  the  next 


SKETCH  OF  THE  CHEAT  RIVER  VALLEY. 

THE   POINT   WHERE  THE   RAIL   LEAVES  THE   RIVER    A.VD   PROCEEDS   ON  TOWARDS   KINOWOOD  Tl  SNEL. 


SCENERY  AT  THE  GRAFTON  JUNCTION. 


15 


point  is  to  ascend  along  its  banks  the  "  Cheat  River  Hill."  The  ravine  of  Kyer's  Run,  a 
mile  from  the  bridge,  76  feet  deep,  is  crossed  by  a  solid  embankment  Then,  after  boldly 
cutting  along  the  steep  rocky  hillside,  you  reach  Buck-eye  Hollow,  which  is  1 08  feet  below 
the  road  level,  and  finally  come  to  Tray  Run,  which  is  crossed  at  a  height  of  160  feet  above 
its  original  bed  by  a  splendid  viaduct,  600  feet  long,  founded  on  a  massive  base  of  masonry 
piled  upon  the  solid  rock  below.  Tliese  viaducts  are  of  iron,  and  are  exceedingly  graceful, 
as  well  as  very  substantial  structures. 

The  view  from  this  spot,  both  of  the  scenery  and  grand  structure  which  so  splendidly 
spans  the  immense  mountain  ravine,  is  most  inspiring.  From  the  great  elevation  the 
stream  appears  to  be  almost  beneath  your  feet. 

Possing  two  great  clefts  in  the  mountain,  you  pass  upward  across  Buckhorn  Branch,  and 
half  a  mile  further  left,  the  declivities  of  Cheat  River,  which  meanders  off  to  the  north,  and 
of  which  is  obtained  a  last  glimpse,  through  a  tall  arch  of  forests,  reposing  in  its  wealth  of 
wilderness  solitude  far,  far  below. 

At  Cassidy's  Ridge,  nearly  a  mile  from  the  liver,  and  80  miles  from  Cumberland,  you 
enter  the  great  western  cool  field  of  the  Alleghany  range.  Here  again  the  road  finds  a 
threatening  barrier  to  its  further  progress.  By  bursting  through  the  wall  of  the  vast 
prison-house  alone  can  you  hope  for  an  outlet.  For  awhile,  before  the  entire  completion 
of  the  road,  a  track  was  laid  across  this  steep  summit,  with  an  ascent  of  600  feet  to  the 
mile,  over  which  iron  for  the  track  westward  was  hauled  by  a  locomotive  engine,  which 
propelled  a  single  car  at  a  time,  weighing  with  its  load  eighteen  tons,  at  a  speed  of  10 
miles  an  hour,  or  more.  This  plane,  however,  was  not  available  for  trade  and  travel ;  and 
so  the  last  westward  wall  of  the  Alleghanies  was  pierced  by  the  Kingwood  Tunnel, 
through  which  you  pass.  Tliis  svibterranean  passage,  4,100  feet  in  length — not  including 
its  "  approach  cuts" — was  made.  The  entire  cost  of  the  tunnel,  in  all  its  elements,  has  ex- 
ceeded $1,000,000 !     Like  pU  the  other  tunnels  on  this  road  it  is  now  enduringly  arched. 

Leaving  Kingwood  Tunnel,  the  line  for  6  miles  descends  along  a  steep  hill-side  to  the 
flats  of  Raccoon  Creek,  at  Newburg  Station,  88  miles  from  Cumberland,  and  266  from  Bal- 
timore. Two  miles  west  of  the  liingwood  Tunnel,  is  Murray's  Tunnel,  250  feet  long,  a 
regular  and  beautiful  semicircular  arch  cut  out  of  a  fine  solid  sandstone  rock,  overlaying  a 
vein  of  coal  6  feet  thick,  which  is  seen  on  the  floor  of  the  tunnel.  From  Newburg,  west- 
ward, the  route  pursues  the  valleys  of  Raccoon  and  Tliree  Forks'  Creek,  which  present  no 


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GRAFTON. 

JDNCTION  OF  BALTIHORB  AXn  OHIO  WITH  NOIITHWESTBRN  VIROIMA  RAILROAD, 
279   MILES  FBOM   BALTIMORE. 

The  r.oad  to  Wlieeliiig  In  seen  in  the  fnregriiund,  wlille  the  Road  to  Parkersburg  crossefl  the  Tygart's  Val- 
ley lUviir  by  tbe  new  Iron  lirldge.    The  Uoad  Workshops  and  the  ovw  Hotel  are  seen  in  the  forks. 


16    SCENERY  ON  THE  MONONGAHELA  AND  TYGART'S  VALLEY. 

features  of  difficulty,  to  the  mouth  of  the  latter,  101  miles  ftom  Cumberland,  at  the  Ty- 
gart's  Valley  River,  at  Grafton,  the  junction  of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  with  the  North- 
western Virginia  Road,  the  newly-completed  branch  line  to  Parltersburg  on  the  Oliio. 

Proceeding  on  along  the  main  stem  of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad,  you  now  pro- 
oeed  on  to  Wheeling,  and  thence  per  Central  Ohio  Railroad  to  Columbus,  and  from  there 
along  one  of  the  best  made  lines  in  the  country,  as  well  as  through  the  beautiful  valley  of 
the  Little  Miami  River,  till  you  reach  Cincinnati.  Leaving,  therefore,  Grafton,  you  now 
proceed  on  to  Fetterman,  where  the  Turnpike  to  Parkersburg  and  Marietta  crosses  the  river. 
The  route  from  Fetterman  to  Fairmount  has  but  one  very  striking  feature.  The  Tygart*! 
Volley  River,  whose  margin  it  follows,  is  a  beautiful  and  winding  stream,  of  gentle  current, 
except  at  the  Falls,  where  the  river  descends,  principally  by  8  or  4  perpendicular  pitches, 
some  70  feet  in  about  a  mile.  A  mile  and  a  half  above  Fairmount,  the  Tygart's  Valley 
River  and  the  West  Fork  River  unite  to  form  the  Monongahela — the  first  being  the  larger 
of  the  two  confluents. 

A  quarter  of  a  mile  below  their  junction,  the  railroad  crosses  the  Monongahela,  upon  n 
viaduct  660  feet  long,  and  89  feet  above  low  water  surface.  The  lofty  and  massive  abut- 
ments of  this  bridge  support  an  iron  superstructure  of  3  arches  of  200  feet  span  each,  and 
which  forms  the  largest  iron  bridge  in  America. 

The  road,  a  mile  and  a  half  below  Fairmount,  leaves  the  valley  of  the  beautiful  Monon- 
gahela and  ascends  the  winding  and  picturesque  ravine  of  Buffalo  Creek,  a  stream  some  26 
miles  in  length.  The  creek  is  first  crossed  6  miles  west  of  Fairmount,  and  again  at  two 
points  a  short  distance  apart,  and  about  9  miles  further  west  About  11  miles  beyond 
Fairmount  we  pass  the  small  hamlet  of  Farmington,  and  7  or  8  miles  further  is  the  thriving 
village  of  "  Mannington,"  at  the  mouth  of  Piles'  Fork  of  Buffalo — thence  to  the  head  of 
Piles'  Fork..    Numerous  tributaries  open  out  pretty  vistas  on  either  hand.    This  part  of  the 


JUNCTION  OF  THE  MONONGAHELA  AND  TYGART'S  VALLEY  RIVERS, 

WITH  THK  GBEAT  IRON  BRIDGE  CROSSING  THB  FORHBB. 


valley,  in  its  summer  dress,  is  singularly  beautiful.  After  reaching  its  head  at  Glover's 
Gap,  28  miles  beyond  Fairmount,  the  road  passes  the  ridge  by  deep  cuts,  and  a  tunnel  360 
feet  long,  of  curious  shape,  forming  a  sort  of  Moorish  arch  in  its  roof.  From  this  siimmit, 
(which  divides  the  waters  of  the  Monongahela  from  those  of  the  Ohio,)  the  line  descends 
by  Churcli's  Fork  of  Fish  Creek — a  valley  of  the  same  general  features  with  the  one  just 
passed  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  ridge.  Passing  the  "  Burton"  station,  the  route  continues 
down  stream  to  the  crossing  of  a  tributary  called  "  Cappo  Fork,"  4  miles  from  Glover's  G»p. 
The  road  now  becomes  winding,  and  in  tlie  next  4  miles  you  cross  the  creek  8  times; 


SCENERY  ON  THE  BALTIMORE  AND   OHIO  RAILROAD. 


17 


also,  Sole's  Tunnel,  112  feet;  Eaton's  Tunnel,  870  feet;  and  Martin's  Tunnel,  180  feet  long 
—the  first,  a  low-browed  opening,  which  looks  as  if  it  would  knock  off  the  smoke-pipe  of 
the  engine;  the  next,  a  regular  arched  roof;  and  the  third,  a  tall  narrow  slit  in  the  rock, 
lined  with  timbers  lofty  enough  to  be  taken  for  part  of  a  church  steeple.  Shortly  after, 
the  route  turns  up  the  ravine  of  "  Board  Tree  Run,"  ofter  possing  tlirough  a  high  spur  at 
its  mouth  by  a  formidable  cut  mere  than  60  feet  deep  tlirough  slate  rock.  Thence  it  us* 
cends  the  eastern  bank  of  the  run  just  named,  cutting  and  filling  heavily  along  a  precipi- 
tous hill  side,  until  it  reaches  the  point  48  miles  west  of  Fairmount,  where  the  temporary 
rond  leaves  the  permanent  grade.  Leaving  Board  Tree  Tunnel,  the  line  descends  along 
the  hill  side  of  the  North  Fork  of  Fish  Creek,  crossing  ravines  and  spurs  by  deep  fillings 
and  cuttings,  and  reaching  the  level  of  the  fiats  bordering  the  creek  at  Bell's  Mill ;  soon 
after  which  it  crosses  the  creek  and  ascends  Hart's  Run  and  Four  Mile  Run  to  the  Welling 
IHinncl,  60  miles  west  of  Fairmount,  and  28  from  Wheeling.  From  the  Welling  Tunnel  the 
line  pursues  the  valley  of  Grave  Creek,  17  miles  to  its  mouth  at  the  Flats  of  Grave  Creek 
on  the  Ohio  River,  11  miles  below  Wheeling. 

Tlie  approach  to  the  bank  of  the  Ohio  River,  at  the  village  of  Moundsville,  is  very  beaa- 
tiful.  The  line  emerging  from  the  defile  of  Grave  Creek,  posses  stroight  over  the  "  fiats" 
wh'ch  border  the  river,  and  forms  a  vast  rolling  plain,  in  the  middle  of  which  looms  up  the 
great  "  Indian  mound,"  80  feet  high  and  200  feet  broad  at  its  base.  There  is  also  the  sepa- 
rate village  of  Elizabethtown,  half  a  mile  from  the  river  bank,  the  mound  standing  hotween 
two  towns  and  looking  down  upon  them  both.  The  "  flats"  embrace  an  area  of  some 
4000  acres,  about  three-fourths  of  which  lie  on  the  Virginia,  and  the  remaining  fourth 
on  the  Ohio  side  of  the  river.  The  soil  is  fertile  and  well  cultivated,  and  the  spot  possesscB 
great  interest,  whether  for  its  agricultural  richness,  its  historic  monuments  of  past  ages, 

or  the  beauty  of  its  shape  and  position 
as  the  site  for  a  large  city.  About  8 
miles  up  the  river  from  Moundsville, 
the  "  fiats"  terminate,  and  the  road  passes 
for  a  mile  along  rocky  narrows  washed 
by  the  river,  after  which  it  runs  over 
Avide,  rich,  and  beautiful  bottom  lands 
all  the  way  to  Wheeling.  (See  Wheel- 
hiff.)  The  wliole  length  of  the  road  to 
Wheeling  is78  miles  from  Fairmount,  201 
miles  from  Cumberland,  and  380  mile* 
TUB  GRBAT  INDIAN  MOUND,  MOUNDSVILLE.  from  Baltimore. 

From  Wheeling  proceed  per  the  Central  Ohio  Railroad  to  Columbus,  thence  per  Little 
Miami  River  Railroad  from  Columbus  to  Cincinnati,  Passengers  from  Baltimore  and 
Wheeling  going  direct  to  Niagara  Falls,  proceed  on  from  Columbus  via  Cleveland  to  Buf- 
falo, and  from  there  to  the  Falls.  But  no  one  who  has  not  visited  Cincinnati,  should  neg- 
lect the  opportunity  of  doing  so  when  at  Columbus.  Travellers  who  prefer  the  more  south- 
ern route  may  diverge  from  the  main  stem  of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Road  at  Grafton,  and 
take  its  North-western  Virginia  Branch  to  Parkersburg.  Should  the  tourist  prefer  that 
route,  we  annex  the  following  particulars : — 

From  Grafton  you  now  proceed  to  Parkersburg,  104  miles  off,  Grafton  is  pleasantly 
situated  amid  some  picturesque  scenery  at  the  three  forks  of  the  Tygart's  Valley  River,  one 
of  the  main  branches  of  the  Monongahela  River — of  which  we  give  an  engraving  where 
the  two  join  near  Fairmount — the  great  gas-coal  region. 

Clarksburg,  Va.,  22  miles  from  Grafton,  prettily  locatod  in  a  more  open  country,  is  the 
centre  of  a  grazing  district,  from  which  Baltimoro  obtains  a  considerable  installment  of  her 
finest  beef.  The  county  town  of  Harrison,  is  one  of  the  richest  portions  of  the  State.  An 
immense  business  is  done  on  the  line  of  the  road  in  staves,  of  which  you  will  see  enough, 
apparently,  to  barrel  the  Mississippi ;  or,  if  that  figure  is  not  strong  enougli,  coop  up  all 


m 


18 


PARKERSBURO — THE   KANAWHA   RIVER. 


the  whisky  which  floats  down  the  "  fnther  of  woters"  ond  ita  tributaries.  Tlie  country 
traversed  by  the  road  is  excocdingly  rich  In  minerals.  Of  coal,  its  supplies  are  inexhaustible. 
Ten  miles  east  of  Parkersburg,  you  strike  the  bank  of  the  Little  Kanawha  River,  and 
bowl  down  ita  quiet  valley  to  the  Ohio  terminus  of  the  North-western  Virginia  RonJ, 
883  miles  from  Baltimore.  The  depot  at  this  place  is  one  of  the  largest  in  the  United 
States,  being  over  800  feet  in  length.  It  will  safely  enclose  76  of  the  largest  clasH  onis— 
has  storage-room  for  1 0,000  barrels  of  flour — and,  altogether,  is  one  of  the  most  fitly  arranged 
railroad  stations  to  be  met  with.  It  fronts  its  entire  length  on  the  Kanawha  River,  and 
is  only  about  100  yards  from  the  Ohio. 

The  town  of  Parkersbnrg  is  advantageously  located  on  a  high  bluff  at  the  junction  of 
the  (3hio  with  the  Kanawha.  Though  civilization  has  somewhat  modified  and  tamed  tJie 
natural  oppearance  of  the  locality,  it  yet  presents  much  to  remind  one  of  the  still  cun-i'iit 
legends  of  the  trials  and  struggles  of  which  it  was  the  scene  in  the  early  history  of  West- 
ern Virginia.  There  is  scarce  a  point  in  sight  which  has  not  connected  with  it  some  tale 
t)f  bloody  massacre,  or  thrilling  hair-breadth  escape,  or  undying  deed  of  bravery  in  re 
sistance  to  savage  outrage. 

Tlie  town  presents  on  every  side  abundant  evidence  of  vigorous  growth  and  extra- 
ordhiary  prosperity.  Tiie  town  contains  six  modern-built  church  edifices,  occupied  by  ns 
many  different  denominations.  It  olso  boasts  a  sound  bank,  two  daily  papers,  a  nunili.r 
of  steam  flour  and  saw  mills,  and  several  manufoctories.  One  of  the  latter,  a  wooden- 
ware  establishment,  uses  up  every  particle  of  wood  brought  within  its  walls,  turning  out 
every  thing  in  the  shope  of  wooden  ware,  from  a  whisky  barrel  to  a  match  box. 

Stamling  upon  the  bluff  in  front  of  the  town  is  had  a  fine  view  of  Blannerhasset  Island, 
a  little  way  down  the  Ohio  River,  with  its  wild  and  natural  beauties. 

After  a  brief  stay  at  Parkersbnrg,  you  proceed  on  board  the  steamers  which  are  lyinij  in 
wait  at  the  levee  to  convey  you  to  Marietta. 

Swinging  out  into  the  stream,  the  vessel  proceeds  leisurely  up  the  river  toward  Marietta, 
some  eleven  miles  distant.    From  Marietta  you  proceed  by  rail  to  Cincinnati. 

Tlie  preceding  os  well  as  following  account  of  route  to  Cincinnati  is  token,  for  the  most 
part,  from  a  work  treating  on  those  districts  by  Mr.  \V.  P.  Smith,  of  Baltimore. 


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the  river,  until  it  finally  reaches  the  far-famed  "  Queen  City  of  the  West"  (See  Cincinnati.) 
Omnibuses  wait  there  upon  the  arrival  of  every  train,  to  convey  passengers  and  bag 
gage  to  any  address  in  the  city. 


COLUMBUS  TO  BALTIMORE,   PfflLADELPHIA,  AND  NEW  YORK. 

Passenoebs  desirous  of  leaving  Columbus  for  either  of  these  cities,  can  do  so  by  various 
routes,  ns  can  be  seen  by  our  Table  of  Distances,  etc.,  in  connection  with  Columbusw 

Presuming  you  wish  to  go  to  Baltimore,  you  proceed  via  the  Central  Ohio  Railroad,  which 
extends  to  Newark,  through  a  partially  cleared  country,  with  no  features  of  particular 
interest 

Thirty-three  miles  distant  you  reach  Newark.  The  Sandnsky,  Mansfield,  and  Newark 
F»ailroad,  running  from  Sandusky  City,  on  Lake  Erie,  here  intersects  the  Central  Ohio  Rail- 
road, nnd  gives  it  a  connection  with  north-west  Ohio  and  beyond.  The  Steubenville  and 
Indiana  Railroad  also  terminates  here,  and  connects  at  Steubenville  with  the  Ohio  River 
Road  to  Pittsburg.  From  Newark,  26  miles'  progress  brings  the  train  to  Zanesville,  the 
county  seat  of  Muskingum,  one  of  the  richest  counties  in  Ohio,  embracing  in  its  area  the 
volleys  of  the  Muskingum  and  Licking  Rivers,  which  have  their  confluence  at  that  point, 
and  abound  with  mineral  and  agricultural  advantages.  The  city  has  a  population  of  about 
18,000,  and  is  a  neat,  well  built,  and  prosperous  place. 

An  hour's  ride  from  Zanesville,  through  the  fertile  Leatherhead  valley,  brings  the  train 
to  the  ancient  town  of  Cambridge,  situated  at  the  crossing  of  the  old  National  Turnpike 
Road,  over  Wills'  Creek.  For  many  miles  on  each  sids  of  Cambridge,  the  Central  Railroad 
runs  close  to,  and  parallel  with,  the  National  Road.  From  Combridge  the  Centrol  Ohio  Road 
continues  its  course  for  fifty  miles  through  a  rich,  rolling  country,  the  agricultural  features 
of  which,  its  richness  of  soil,  abundance  of  heavy  timber,  and  large  herds  of  stock,  will  al- 
ways arrest  and  gratify  the  eye  of  the  traveller,  until  you  reach  Bellaire. 

At  Bellaire  you  proceed  by  steamer  on  the  River  Ohio  across  to  Benwood  in  Virginia. 
Started  in  the  cars  from  there,  you  proceed  swiftly  past  Moundsville,  Cameron,  Welling 
Tunnel,  and  other  places  of  interest,  and  finally  opproach  the  western  slope  of  the  Alle- 
glianies.  You  soon  approach  to  the  Monongahela  River,  above  the  beautiful  towns  of 
Fairraount  nnd  Palatine,  with  the  picturesque  wire  suspension  bridge  uniting  them.  The 
great  620  foot  iron  bridge,  too,  by  which  the  railroad  crosses  the  Monongahela,  a  mile  east 
of  Fairmount,  stands  out  as  a  remarkably  strong  and  beautiful  structure.  The  views  along 
the  Tygart's  Valley  River,  between  the  Monongahela  and  Grafton,  for  twenty  miles,  with 
the  "Valley  River  Falls,"  are  among  the  objects  most  admired,  so  far,  upon  this  route. 

Passengers  for  Pittsburg  go  by  rail  from  Bellaire  to  Steubenville,  and  thence  to  Pittsburg, 

Passengers  for  Wheeling  go  by  rail  from  Benwood  thence. 

After  leaving  Benwood  Station  you  reach  Grafton,  thence  proceed  ou  to  Cumberland, 
Martinsburg,  Harper's  Ferry,  on  to  Baltimore. 

Passengers  from  Cincinnati  or  Columbus,  for  Philadelphia  or  New  York  direct,  and  de- 
sirous of  seeing  the  scenery  of  the  Alleghanies,  and  Susquehanna  River,  proceed  via  Wheel- 
ing or  Pittsburg,  thence  to  Philadelphia  and  New  York  direct  The  journey  from  Pitts- 
burg to  Philadelphia  should  by  all  means,  if  possible,  be  made  by  daylight 

A  description  of  the  route  from  Grofton  to  Baltimore,  and  views  of  scenery  on  the  line, 
will  be  found  given  elsewhere,  in  connection  with  the  trip  on  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Rail- 
road from  Baltimore  to  Cincinnati  via  Marietta. 


22 


THE  BALTIMORE  AND  OHIO  RAILROAD. 


THE  BALTIMORE  AND  OHIO  RAILROAD. 

TiiK  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  was  the  first  line  which  was  opened  for  goods  and 
passengers  in  the  United  States,  and  consequently  may  be  termed  the  Father  of  railroads 
in  this  country.  It  has  proved  also  a  sort  of  nursery  for  rearing  railway  assistants,  for 
all  the  other  roads  in  the  country. 

It  extends  from  Baltimore  (Maryland)  to  Parkershurg  on  the  banks  of  the  Ohio — hence 
the  name  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad.  We  subjoin  a  few  particulars  respecting  this  line 
of  rotd,  which  may  be  found  interesting  :  ,     -  »  - 

EXTENT  AND  GENKRAI,  CHAEACTKRISTICS  OF  THE  ROAD.      \ '' '■ 

Length  of  Line.  Mite». 

Main  line  of  road— Baltimore  to  Wheeling 379 

Washington  Junction  (nine  miles  from  BaJtlmore)  to  Washington  City 30 

Mount  Clare  Junction  to  Locust  Point  Shipping  i^tatlon,  at  Baltimore 3 

Monocacy  Station,  on  the  Main  Stem,  to  Frederick  City 8 

Grafton,  on  the  Main  Stem,  (279  miles  from  Baltimore)  to  Parkersburg,  on  the  Ohio  RiTer 104 

Total  length  of  first  track 619 

Length  of  second  track  (including  196  sidings)  on  the  Main  Stem 212 

Second  track  In  sidings  upon  the  Washington  Branch T 

Second  track  In  sidings  upon  the  Northwestern  Virginia  Road T 

Total  length  of  track  owned  and  worked  by  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  Company 74S 

To  this  add  the  following  exclusive  tributaries —  '  «    -     '  * 

Winchester  and  Potomac  Railway  from  Harper's  Ferry,  on  the  Main  Stem,  to  Winchester,  Va 82 

The  several  lateral  roads  traversing  the  coal  regions,  nnd  uniting  with  the  Main  Stem  at  Cumberland 
and  Piedmont 45 

Total  length  of  road 822 

Heaviest  permanent  grade  per  mile 116  feet. 

Heaviest  temporary  grade,  worked  with  locomotive 620    " 

Longest  continuous  grade,  (from  Piedmont  to  Altamont,) 17  miles. 

Greatest  altitude  of  road-bed  above  tide-water 2,620  feet. 

Weight  of  rail  per  lineal  yard,  on  main  and  second  track B8  to  85  lbs. 

Number  of  locomotive  engine-houses  and  shops 57 

Aggregate  number  of  stalls  for  locomotive  engines 230 

Number  of  machinery  and  car  repair  stations 12 

Number  of  repair  shops 33 

Number  of  water  stations,  (on  the  Main  Stem,  79;  on  the  Northwestern  Virginia  Road,  11;  on  the  Wash- 
ington Branch,  4,)  94 

Number  of  telegraph  stations 30 

Number  of  freight  and  passenger  stations,  (Main  Stem,  62  ;  Washington  Branch,  8  ;  Northwestern  Vir- 
ginia Road,  16,1 86 

Number  of  tunnels  between  Baltimore  and  Wheeling 14 

Total  length  of  tunnelling 12,604  feet. 

Length  of  tunnelling  solidly  arched  with  stone.  Iron  or  brick, 12.604    " 

Number  of  bridges  between  Baltimore  and  Wheeling 196 

Total  length  of  bridging 16,088  feet. 

Length  of  new  Iron  railroad  bridges  completed,  mostly  with  double  track 8,710   " 

Length  of  stone  bridges  completed 6,240   " 

Length  of  wooden  bridges  completed 4,038   " 

Number  of  tons  of  freight  hauled  In  1857 895,401 

Number  of  tons  of  freight  hauled  one  mile  In  1867 202,852,401 

Number  of  officers  and  employees 4,960 


SCENERY   IN   PENNSYLVANIA. 


23 


'  THE  SUSQUEHANNA  AND  JUNIATA 

.    ^1       .         BOCTE  FBOM  PHILADELPHIA  TO   PnTBBURO,   AND  THE  WEST.  / 

The  nnture  of  the  country  along  this  route  is  similar,  in  some  respects,  to  tlio  preceding 
(iiic,  1  portion  of  the  scenery  pertaining  to  the  same  range  of  mountains,  viz.,  the  Allegha- 
nies.  Throughout  the  entire  route,  however,  taken  as  a  whole,  the  scenery  on  the  Pennsyl- 
vania line,  is  much  more  subdued  in  character,  and  does  not  present  so  largo  a  proportion 
of  wild,  romantic  scenery,  as  is  to  he  seen  on  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Road. 

The  Pennsylvania  route  is  one  of  the  great  highways,  from  the  Atlantic  seaboard  to  the 
Western  States,  and  is  one  of  the  best  managed,  and  best  made  lines  in  the  country. 

The  scenery  pertains  chiefly  to  the  beautiful  Rivers  Susquehanna  and  Juniata,  and  their 
tributaries,  whilst  along  their  banks,  as  well  as  in  the  Wyoming  district,  views  of  the 
wildcat  mountain,  and  finest  landscape  and  river  scenery,  are  to  be  met  with. 

The  Susquehanna  is  the  largest  river  in  Pennsylvania,  rising  in  Otsego  Lake,  State  of 
Xcw  York,  and  runs  through  the  entire  breadth,  from  north  to  south,  of  Pennsylvania, 
through  the  windings  of  the  valleys  of  the  Alleghanles,  and  the  coal  districts,  until  it 
reaches  the  ocean,  in  all  about  600  miles  long. 


THE  GREAT  COLUMBIA  BRID.GE  ACROSS  THE  SUSQUEHANNA. 

It  is  impossible,  in  our  limits,  to  do  any  thing  like  justice  to  the  beautiful  scenery  of  thia 
route.  To  represent  such,  we  have  selected  a  view  of  the  magnificent  Columbia  Bridge, 
which  crosses  the  Susquehanna,  near  Columbia  village.  This  bridge,  which  is  more  than  a 
mile  long,  crosses  the  river  at  a  spot  where  the  scenery  is  particularly  pleasing.  The  river 
there  is  studded  with  numerous  islands,  reposing,  as  it  were,  in  a  magnificent  basin,  which, 
with  the  lofty  hills  wooded  to  their  tops,  presents  a  scene  of  great  beauty. 

Through  a  portion  of  the  same  district  flows  the  beautiful  Juniata,  an  engraving  of  which 
we  give  from  a  drawing  by  Jesse  Talbt)t,  an  American  artist. 

Few  rivers  in  the  States  afl'ord  a  finer  field  for  the  tourist,  or  artist,  than  the  Juniata. 
This  river  is  about  200  miles  in  length,  and  takes  its  rise  at  the  foot  of  the  Alleghany 
Mountains,  and  flowing  for  about  14  miles,  falls  into  the  Susquehanna  at  Harrisburg,  Penn- 
sylvania. The  country  th-  ,ugh  which  it  runs,  is  diversified  by  limestone  valleys,  and 
mountain  ridges,  in  which  iron  and  coal  are  abundant.  The  scenery  along  its  course,  is  in 
the  highest  degree  picturesque. 


24 


SCENE  ON  THE  JUNIATA. 


SCENE  ON  THE  JUNIATA.      ^  <  -      -  " 

From  oil  we  hear,  the  beautiful  scenery  in  the  State  of  Pennsylvania,  and,  in  fact,  tlie 
whole  mountain  range  of  the  Alleghanies,  and  the  rivers  traversing  the  vnlloys,  aro,  com- 
paratively speaking,  unknown.  Now,  however,  that  the  communication  to  and  from  tliose 
districts  is  so  frequent  and  easy,  and  that  the  accommodation  for  tourists  is  every  year  in- 
creasing, we  have  little  doubt  but  that  such  scenes  as  above  represented,  will  bo  more  tlion 
ever  visited  by  all  in  search  of  the  beautiful  in  nature.  Bayard  Taylor,  the  celebrated 
American  traveller  and  writer,  tlius  speaks  regarding  the  scenery  of  the  Juniata  :— 

"At  the  commencement  of  Juno,  when  the  leaves  are  fully  expanded  and  retiin 
their  fresh  and  beautiful  green,  the  warmth,  brightness,  and  richness  of  the  landscapes  of 
this  region  are  the  very  embodiment  of  the  spirit  of  summer.  The  forests  are  piled  maesfs 
of  gorgeous  foliage,  now  stretching  like  a  rampart  over  the  hills,  now  following  sonic 
winding  water-courne,  and  now  brni^en  into  groves  and  clumps,  dotting  the  undulations  of 
the  grain  and  grass  fields.  In  the  trim  and  careful  beauty  of  England,  and  the  broad  gar 
den  of  the  Rhine  plain,  one  sees  nothing  of  this  prodigality  of  bloom  and  foliage— tbii 
luxury  of  nature." 


MINERAL  RESOURCES  IN  STATE  OF  MISSOURI. 


26 


MINERAL  RE«<OimOE8  OF  MISSOURI. 

Thk  Iron  MuuntAin,  of  which  we  give  a  sketch,  affords  one  of  the  most  imposing  samples 
of  the  mineral  wealth  of  the  State  of  Miesourl  which  we  could  possibly  present 

Iron  Mountain  is  situated  in  St.  Francois  County,  in  the  south-eost  part  of  Missouri,  a  few 
miles  from  Potosi,  where  valuable  lead  mines  are  situated,  the  ore  yielding  10  to  80  per 
cent,  of  metal.  It  is  about  440  feet  high,  and  1^  miles  long.  The  yield  of  ore  is  60 
per  cent  of  pig,  of  a  quality  said  to  be  superior  to  Norwegian  or  Swedish  iron.  Dr. 
Feuchtwanger  estimates  that  between  Iron  Mountain  and  Pilot  Knob — another  such  mine 
of  wealth  in  the  same  state — there  are  600,000,000  tons  of  iron  ore.  Regarding  the  Iron 
Mountain  it  is  said  "  its  whole  top  is  a  solid  mass  of  iron,  and  one  sees  nothing  but  iron 
lumps,  as  far  as  the  eye  can  reach." 

A  plonk  rood  extends  from  Iron  Mountain,  a  distance  of  42  miles,  to  St  Genevieve,  a  port 
on  the  Mississippi,  61  miles  below  St  Louis,  to  which  the  manufactured  ore  is  shipped  from 
the  works  at  Iron  Mountain.  A  railroad  is  in  progress  of  being  laid,  which  will  form  the 
connecting  link  between  St  Louis  and  Iron  Mountoin. 

Regarding  the  general  mineral  resources  of  Missouri,  we  may  here  quote  from  a  writer 
on  this  subject : — 

"The  mineral  region  of  Missouri  occupies  an  area  of  about  18,000,000  acres.  As  early 
as  1718  it  was  described  in  a  French  chart  as  '  au  pays  plein  de  mines.'  It  extends  from 
the  head  waters  of  the  St  Francis  to  the  Maramec  River,  a  distance  of  about  TO  miles  in 
length,  and  from  the  Mississippi,  in  a  south-westerly  direction,  about  60  miles.  The  eleva- 
tion of  the  district  above  the  seo  level  vories  from  600  to  1,200  feet  The  climate  is 
equable  and  salubrious,  and  the  superincumbent  soil  moderately  fertile.  No  one  of  the 
mining  districts  of  Europe  enjoys  such  facilities  of  supporting  a  large  population.  Except- 
ing gold  and  platina,  most  of  the  important  and  useful  metals  and  ores  are  known  to  exist 
in  Missouri.  The  following  minerals,  metallic  and  non-metallic,  arranged  here  according 
tc  their  intrinsic  value,  have  been  found  within  its  limits — lead,  iron,  copper,  cobalt,  silver, 
nickel,  zinc  and  calamine,  manganese  and  wadd,  coal,  rock  salt,  barytes,  sand  and  quartz, 
carbonate  and  sulphate  of  lime,  alumine  and  potters  day,  fuller's  earth,  variegated  marble 
and  oolite,  saltpetre,  antimony,  tin,  tungstate  of  iron  and  lead,  diamonds,  chalcedony  and 
feldspar,  and  some  others  of  perhaps  a  minor  importance. 

"The  lead  mines  have  been  wrought  since  the  first  settlement  of  the  country.  Tlie  ore  is 
in  the  form  of  sulphuret  and  carbonate,  and  in  the  upper  mines  at  Potosi  it  is  found  mixed 
with  calamine  and  blende.  The  lead  region  extends  over  the  counties  of  Madison,  St. 
Francois,  St  Louis,  Washington,  etc.  Formerly  the  carbonate  was  considered  as  worthless, 
but  it  is  now  reduced  in  blast  furnaces,  and  yields  72  per  cent.  The  sulphuret  yields  from 
68  to  80  per  cent,  and  contains  about  6  per  cent  of  silver.  Iron  in  the  form  of  hematite, 
and  the  ochrey,  the  micaceous  and  red  oxydes,  are  found  in  the  greatest  abundance.  The 
ores  exist  throughout  the  mineral  region,  and  extend  even  into  the  coal  formation,  which 
occupies  so  large  a  surface.  Abundant,  easily  manufactured,  and  the  trensportation  easy, 
this  is  essentially  the  staple  of  Missouri.  The  mines  of  copper  are  chiefly  found  in  the 
eoutl)  nnd  west  portions  of  the  mineral  region,  but  exist  in  other  parts.  The  ore  is  of  every 
variety,  and  usually  very  rich.  It  is  found  in  combination  with  lead  and  iron,  frequently 
with  manganese,  cobalt,  and  nickel,  and  occasionally  with  silver.  It  is  generally  pyritous, 
but  oxcydes  and  carbonates  are  frequently  found.  The  ores  appear  as  a  cement  uniting 
angular  fragments  of  lime  rock,  forming  a  breccia,  nnd  much  of  it  is  easily  removed  by  a 
pickaxe  alone.  As  a  general  thing  the  yield  is  about  34  per  cent  of  metal.  The  copper 
mines  of  Missouri  are  said  to  be  more  valuable  than  even  those  of  Lake  Superioi-.  The 
several  metals  found  in  combination  with  the  above,  namely,  silver,  zinc,  manganese, 
eobalt,  nickel,  etc.,  give  an  additional  value  to  the  mines;  and  as  tin  has  been  found  near 
Caledonia,  it  may  be  said  of  Missouri,  that  no  other  state  or  county  is  richer  in  metallic 
wealth,  or  has  better  prospects  of  future  prosperity." 

Another  wiiter  says:  "Geologists  say  tnat  the  rock  on  the  west  side  of  the  mountain  be- 
longs to  the  lower  Silurian  limestone  era.  The  boring  of  Belcher's  Artesian  Well,  tells  us 
that  this  same  bed  of  rock,  which  forms  the  surface  of  the  country  on  the  west  side  of  the 
mountain,  is  in  the  well  2,000  feet  below  the  bed  of  the  Mississippi  River,  a  dip  of  2,800 
feet  from  the  mountain  to  8t  Louis.  Geologists  say  that  this  dip  was  necessary  to  form 
the  great  basins  which  contain  coal  In  the  central  part  of  Illinois.  On  the  east  side  of  the 
:  mountain  a  granite  country  is  found." 


KANSAS  AND  NEBRASKA. 


27 


THE  VALLEY  OF  THE  MISSOURL 


In  our  description  of  tlie  western  por- 
tion of  tlie  States,  we  have  concluded  for 
the  present  not  to  extend  tlie  limits  of  our 
Information  further  west  than  that  of  the 
Missouri  Valley — and  although  Nebraska 
sod  Kansas  formed  no  part  in  the  original 
plan,  in  the  publication  of  the  work,  yet, 
from  the  great  emigration  movement  in  that 
direction,  of  late,  we  have  thought  it  advisa- 
ble to  give  the  following  details  of  that  won- 
derful region,  although  not  from  our  own 
experience,  not  having  as  yet  had  an  oppor- 
tnnity  of  penetrating  so  far  west.  In  some 
fature  edition  of  this  work,  we  may  be  able 
to  present  such,  from  our  own  observation — 
meantime,  we  compile  from  what  appears  ^o 
us  to  be  a  reliable  notice  of  this  territory, 
which  appeared  in  the  North  American  Re- 
new, for  July,  1858,  in  a  review,  in  that 
journal,  of  two  works  lately  published  on 
that  part  of  the  Union, 

After  describing  that  portion  of  the  coun- 
try west  of  Nebraska  and  Kansas,  which  is 
considered  to  be  undesirable  as  a  field  for 
emigrntion,  the  writer  asks : — 

"  What  effect  will  the  important  fact  have 
on  these  young  territories  themselves,  as  well 
88  on  the  country  at  large  ?  Nebraska  and 
Kansas  will,  in  that  case,  be  the  shores  at 
which  will  terminate  a  vast  oceon  desert, 
nearly  1000  miles  in  breadth.  To  the  west 
of  that  lie  California  and  Oregon,  great  pro- 
duoing,  and  yet  not  capable  of  beconiing 
great  manufacturing  countries. 

"  On  the  eastern  coast  of  this  great  desert 
lea  will  lie  Kansas  and  Nebraska,  of  all  coun- 
tries the  best  suited  for  the  sites  of  vast  raan- 
nfactories.  There  run  rivers  whose  descents, 
and  whose  capaciousness  adapt  them  as  well 
to  turn  the  wheel  as  to  irrigate  the  land. 
There,  underdeath  a  soil  which  can  support 
a  million  of  workmen,  ore  spread  layers  of 
joal  which  will  form  the  fuel  for  tens  of 
thousands  of  square  miles.  There  is  the  iron 
which  is  to  form  both  the  engine  and  the 
staple — the  arm  that  strikes,  as  well  as  the 
material  which  is  sti'uck.  Here,  in  fact,  ore 
the  greot  furnishing  warerooms,  where  the 
people  of  California  will  exchange  their  gold 
and  quicksilver,  and  those  of  Oregon  their 
fish  and  lumber,  for  the  hardware,  the  cloths, 
and  the  furniture  which  the  manufactories  of 
the  Missouri  Valley  will  produce. . .  .  Freight 
amounting  to  five  dollars  per  100  weight  will 
be  a  sufficient  protection  to  force  the  manu- 
factories of  the  Missouri  Valley  at  once  into 
energetic  action."  If  manufactured  there, 
heavy  goods  will  be  able  to  be  sold  20  per 
cent  less  than  those  brought  from  the  facto- 
ries in  Connecticut  or  Pennsylvania. 

"  When  the  time  comes  for  the  inland 
transportation  of  the  goods  of  India  and 
Cliina  from  the  Pacific  to  the  Atlantic,  it  will 
be  found  that  there  is  one  route  whose  cheap- 


ness— at  least,  for  heavy  goods — will  enable 
it  to  outbid  all  competitors." .  . . .  "  Tlie  Co- 
lumbia River,  while  it  forms  one  vast  and 
navigable  stream  from  the  ocean  to  the  centre 
of  the  Oregon  plains,  flares  out  at  the  latter 
point  into  three  forks,  each  of  whicii  offers  a 
pass,  and  the  only  passes  here  accessible 
through  the  Rocky  Mountains.  It  is  the  Co- 
lumbia alone  that  holds  the  keys  to  the  passes 
of  the  mountains,  from  which,  on  the  eastern- 
most side,  run  the  tributaries  of  the  Platte. 
The  forks  of  the  Columbia  will,  therefore, 
have  one  eide  of  them  the  only  navigable 
waters  leading  to  the  Pacific,  and  on  the 
other  the  only  highways  through  whose 
mountain  gates  the  locomotive  can  course  to 
the  Missouri  Valley."  Tliat  the  Platte  and 
the  Kansas  are  incapable  of  navigation,  we 
think  is  abundantly  proved ;  but  it  is  equally 
clear  that  the  valleys  through  which  they 
run  are  the  natural  courses  through  which 
the  canal  must  be  opened  and  the  railway 
laid.  Thus  there  will  pour  into  the  great 
d6p6t8  which  these  frontier  States  will  pre- 
sent, not  only  the  products  of  Eastern  and 
Western  America,  but  those  of  China  and 
India. 

The  corn  and  wheat  prairies  of  Nebraska, 
Iowa,  and  Kansas,  stand  on  the  banks  of  that 
great  river  (Missouri)  which,  with  a  volume, 
a  force,  and  through  an  extent  of  territory  no 
other  stream  can  equal,  shoots  down  the 
freight  committed  to  it  on  the  vast  corn- 
consuming  plains  of  the  Southern  Mississippi. 
....  Never  was  there  such  an  avenue  for 
such  a  freight.  For  500  miles  these  magnifi- 
cent prairies  slope  upward  from  the  river 
banks.  For  1000  miles  it  dashes  down,  with 
a  velocity  which  enables  even  the  slower 
class  of  steamboats  to  make  the  descent  in 
from  15  to  20  miles  per  hour.  It  is  here  that 
the  Missouri  has  the  great  advantage  over 
the  Mississippi.  The  prairie  country  is  scarce- 
ly reached  by  the  latter  river — so  far  as  con- 

tmuous  navigation  is  concerned The 

navigation  of  the  Missouri,  on  the  other  hand, 
continues  nearly  1000  miles  beyond  where 
that  of  the  Mississippi  stops It  is  on  ac- 
count of  the  cheapness  and  rapidity  which 
transportation  in  such  a  channel  gives  thai 
we  think  the  market  of  the  gulf  country  will 
be  supplied  from  the  valley  of  the  Missouri — 
not  from  that  of  the  Mississippi. 

The  Extent  and  Chabacteu  of  the  Soil. — 
"  The  bottom  lands,  of  which  the  base  of  this 
seam  (the  Missouri)  is  composed,  form  a  plain 
extending  from  5  to  25  miles  in  breadth,  and 
accompanying  the  river  through  nearly  its 
whole  course."  The  soil  is  of  a  very  shifting 
nature,  and  the  course  of  the  river  very  cir- 
cuitous. "  Tt  doubles  and  curves,  for  instance, 
to  such  an  extent  around  a  line  of  100  miles, 
between  Leavenworth  and  Nebraska  City,  as 
to  make  that  iOO  miles  into  200.    What  is 


as 


THE  VALLEY  OP  THE   MISSOURI. 


STEAMING  UP  THE  RIVER  MISSOURI. 


popularly  called  the  '  western  bank,*  is,  by 
tnrns,  the  southern  and  the  eastern,"  For 
farming  purposes,  therefore,  the  lands  of  that 
nature  are  very  uncertain  and  precarious. 

In  its  coi  se,  however,  it  leaves,  on  the 
one  side  or  the  other,  n  rich  bottom,  which, 
for  immediate  productiveness,  has  probably 
no  superior  in  tne  world.  "  To  this  are  add- 
ed uniform  belts  of  forest  trees,  interposing 
themselves  between  the  bottom  and  the  bluffs, 
which,  along  the  States  of  Iowa  and  Missouri, 
and  the  opposite  shores,  develop  themselves 
in  great  beauty.  These  trees,  in  connection 
with  the  stone  with  which  the  bluffs  are  often 
filled,  give  building  materials  to  the  settler  in 
the  richest  abundance. 

In  Nebraska,  the  fertile  bottom  lands  on 
the  Mssouri  River  begin  near  the  mouth  of 
the  Vermilion  River,  on  the  07th  meridian, 
about  60  miles  from  Sioux  City,  and  about 
1000  miles  on  the  river-course  ^rom  the  Mis- 
sissippi The  trees  on  the  river  bottoms  are 
immense  and  luxuriant.  "West  of  Sioux  City, 
the  bottom  lands  become  narrow  and  irregu- 
lar, and  give  only  an  uncertain  prospect  of 
support  Tlie  soil  on  the  table  prairie  lands, 
which  lie  back  from  the  bluffs,  is  not  suscep- 
tible of  much  cultivation— degenerating  into 
a  cold  and  desolate  moor.  The  exception  to 
this  is  a  patch,  60  miles  above  the  Big  Sioux, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Eau-qui-Court,  which 
there  runs  into  the  Missouri.  No  point  be- 
j'ond  the  Vemilion  can  be  relied  on  to  raise 
corn. 
The  Platte  River  Valley. — ^The  valley  of 


the  Platte  is  sodded  with  firm,  and  yet  nutri- 
tious grass,  which  affords  a  road  for  wagons, 
and  food  for  the  oxen  or  mules  by  which  tlic 
wagons  are  drawn.  Along  this  great  high- 
way, the  emigration  from  the  Atlantic  to  the 
Pacific  will  pass. 

In  the  bottom  lands  of  the  Platte,  cotton- 
wood  of  excellent  quality  is  to  bo  found ;  and 
above  and  around  the  forks,  cedar  in  consid- 
eroble  quantity  is  to  be  Pcen. 

The  width  of  the  Plntte  is,  generally,  one 
mile;  and,  when  full,  is  six  feet  deep,  liit 
rarely  is  so :  consequently,  is  considered  of 
no  use  for  navigation  purposes. 

Tlie  arable  proiries  that  arise  from  the 
bluffs  by  which  the  Platte  is  hemmed,  do  not 
spread  to  any  considerable  extent  after  tlie 
first  150  miles  of  its  course  nro  ])as8ed. 

The  region  south  of  the  I'liitte  presents  a 
much  wider  sweep  for  agricultural  enterprise, 
Tliere,  a  climate  not  yet  infected  with  the 
parching  heat  of  the  low  country,  i.s  united 
with  a  soil  of  eminent  fruitfulnees;  and,  as 
the  arable  lands  begin  to  widen,  they  disclose 
one  of  the  loveliest  regions  in  the  world. 
The  arable  lands  extend  from  150  to  200 
miles  from  the  river  banks. 

The  CoMPosrrioN  and  Productiveness  of  the 
Soil. — ^The  general  character  of  the  bottom 
lands — not  only  of  the  Missouri,  but  of  the 
Kansas,  the  Yellowstone,  and  the  Plntte— is 
of  sand  and  clay,  richly  impregnated  and 
saturated  with  carbon,  and  with  the  vast 
uantities  of  decayed  vegetable  matter  which 

e  rivers  are  constantly  precipitating. 


X 


CLIMATE  OF  KANSAS  AND  NEBRASKA. 


29 


Not  unusually,  Indian  corn  to  the  amount 
of  160  bushels  to  the  acre  are  produced,  with 
scarcely  any  more  preparation  than  the  ordi- 
nary turning  over,  which  is  easily  done  by 
the  plough.  From  the  river  basin,  rise  ter- 
mcc8,  or  subsidiary  bottom,  at  an  average  of 
60  feet  from  the  river  level,  and  sloping  and 
sweeping  away  till  they  reacli,  sometimes,  the 
pralnei  themselves. 

For  permanency,  depth,  richness,  and  ex- 
tent, the  prairie  soil  can  find  nothing  in  the 
world,  to  say  the  least,  to  excel  it — many 
parties  declaring  that  there  is  nothing  to 
equal  it. 

Unlike  the  bottom  lands,  which  are  soft 
and  pliable,  the  prairie  lands  of  the  Missouri 
are  tough  and  tenacious.  In  Nebraska  and 
Kansas,  as  many  as  six  or  eight  yoke  of  oxen 
are  employed  at  a  single  plough  in  breaking 
the  ground  for  the  first  time.  When  onco 
upturned,  however,  the  sod  rota  in  a  single 
summer,  after  which  it  may  be  ploughed  oy 
a  single  yoke.  Indian  corn  and  potatoes 
grow  upon  it  after  the  fi^U  ploughing ; 
wheat  not  until  after  the  secoi  d. 

The  present  appearances  of  ti>e  prairies  of 
the  Missouri  show  clear  evidence  of  having, 
some  centuries  ago,  been  under  cultivation, 
the  fields,  etc.,  being  clearly  traced.  They 
are  found  in  the  best- watered  and  richest  sec- 
tions, and  extend  from  one  to  three  hundred 
acres  in  area. 

LcMBKR. — In  respect  to  forests,  south-east- 
ern Nebraska  and  Eastern  Kansas  have  a 
great  advantage  over  Illinois  and  Iowa.  In 
the  latter  States  we  may  travel  for  miles  with- 
out seeing  a  single  tree  within  sight.  In  the 
central  valley  of  the  Missouri,  the  cotton- 
wood,  willow,  and  poplar  spread  them- 
selves in  great  abundance  and  oeauty  along 
the  bottom  lands,  and  on  the  blutfs  are  found 
the  oak,  elm,  cedar,  and  the  black  walnut, 
thus  providing  abundant  material  on  tlie  spot 
for  building  and  fencing. 

Climate. — Between  the  Missouri  Valley 
and  the  same  range  of  latitude  towards  the 
east,  the  advantages,  so  far  as  evenness  of 
temperature  is  concerned,  are  with  the  latter. 
Both  in  Kansas  and  Nebraska  the  thermom- 
eter ranges  from  16  degrees  higher  in  sum- 
mer, and  15  degrees  lower  in  winter,  than  in 
Virginia  or  Pennsylvania.  It  is  not  uncom- 
mon for  the  mercury  to  sink  to  30  degrees 
below  zero  in  the  one  season,  and  to  keep 
(teady  in  the  other,  even  as  far  north  as 


Omaha  City,  at  110.  It  is  an  error  to  seek 
the  causes  of  these  extremes  in  the  as  yet  un- 
settled condition  of  the  country.  They  result 
from  the  fact,  that  as  we  receae  further  from 
the  sea-coast,  both  heat  and  cold  become.  In 
their  degree,  greater,  as  can  be  explained  on 
philosophic  grounds. 

Two  features,  however,  tend  grcotly  to 
soften  these  extremes.  The  winter  is  relieved 
by  the  crisp  dryness  of  the  air,  as  compared 
with  the  piercing  sharpness  of  the  Atlantic 
seaboard,  or  the  raw,  damp,  cold  atmosphere 
of  Great  Britain. 

The  Breezes  on  the  Prairies. — The  sum- 
mer— to  those  who  can  take  refuge  in  the 
shade — has  nearly  all  its  terrors  removed  by 
the  cool  and  powerful  breezes  by  which  the 
prairies  are  incessantly  swept 

It  is  in  these  breezes,  in  fact,  that  consists 
one  of  the  main  charms  of  prairie  life.  In 
their  uniformity,  their  bracing  purity,  their 
vigour,  they  rival  those  of  the  sea.  They  are 
greatly  preferable,  in  these  respects,  to  those 
that  traverse  the  eastern  Alleghany  slopes. 
There,  the  wind  is  fractured  into  puffs,  or  slit 
into  threads  by  the  forests,  gorges,  moantain 
crags,  and  ravines,  through  which  H  passes. 
But  the  breezes  of  the  prairies  pass  i.  ward 
in  one  grand  and  unbroken  sheet.  They 
blow  with  the  evenness  and  continuity  of  the 
eastern  trade  winds,  which  may  always  be 
relied  on,  and  in  summer,  at  least,  is  as  far 
from  sinking  at  one  time  into  a  calm,  as  from 
rising  into  a  hurricane.  In  winter  the  wind 
then  covers  the  prairies  with  a  cold  and 
heavy  weight,  whose  very  uniformity  aggra- 
vates its  severity.  But  fn  the  summer,  the 
delicious  coolness  and  the  unfailing  regular- 
ity of  the  prairie  winds  are  blessings  to  which 
all  travellers  will  bear  a  grateful  testimony. 

In  connection  with  this  subject,  we  quote 
from  a  writer  in  Colbiirn's  New  Monthly  Mag- 
azine for  July,  1858,  who,  on  an  excursion  to 
the  "  Great  West,"  and  close  to  the  Missouri, 
says ; — 

"  The  west  of  America  must  be  a  healthy 
country,  except  where  the  land  is  low  or  near 
sluggish  mud-banked  rivers,  for  there  inter- 
mittent fevers  prevail  as  well  as  elsewhere. 
There  seemed  in  the  midst  of  the  excessive 
heat,  a  power  of  exertion,  a  springiness,  not 
at  all  like  the  faint,  relaxing  sensation  of  a 
very  hot  English  summer's  day.  I  speak  of 
the  dry  prairies  of  the  west.  The  air  was 
always  clear,  dry,  exhilarating  beyond  idea." 


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TRIP  ON  THE  UPPER  MISSISSIPPI, 

FKOM   PB&IRIB   DU   OniEN  AND   ST.  PAUL. 

A  CORRESPONDENT,  wlio  made  this  trip  last  Bummer,  has  furnished  us  with  the  following 
notes,  which  we  have  illustrated  with  several  sketches  of  some  of  the  most  important 
places  and  objects  of  interest  on  the  route.    He  thus  writes: — 

It  may  be  as  well  to  say,  that  tourists,  bent  on  this  trip,  cai  take  the  railway  cars  from 
either  Chicago,  Milwaukee,  Madison,  or  any  of  the  principal  points  of  rail  terminating  at 
Prairie  du  Chien. 

At  11.80,  A.  M.,  therefore,  we  left  Milwaukee  (Wisconsin)  by  the  train,  on  a  most  lovely 
day,  a  fresh  breeze  tempering  the  blazing  heat  of  old  Sol,  which  rendered  his  rays  more 
agreeable. 

After  whirling  along  pretty  rapidly  and  smoothly,  we  found  ourselves  at  a  station  called 
the  Y  station,  a  little  beyond  the  town  of  Milton,  and  the  junction  of  the  line  from  Chica- 
go, where  the  tourists  and  travellers,  going  to  Prairie  du  Chien  and  North,  meet  with  those 
from  Milwaukee. 

Started  from  this  point,  we  bowled  along  over  the  beautiful  sward  of  what  is  considered 
up  there  the  unrivalled  rock-prairie.  Gliding  swiftly  along,  we  in  course  of  time,  (4,  p. 
M.,)  reached  Madison,  the  capital  of  Wisconsin.  (See  Madison.)  Started  from  Madison, 
we  pursued  our  journey  down  the  valley  of  the  Black  Earth — named  so,  we  presume,  from 
the  rich,  black  soil  of  the  valley — whose  richness,  some  say,  will  never  wear  out,  and 
never  require  manure.  After  passing  through  the  ever-varying  landscape  of  that  beau- 
tiful valley,  we  soon  reach  Mazomaine — where  there  is  an  excellent  refreshment  saloon. 


.<  fa 


IE.", 


II 


MM 


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UPPER  MISSISSIPPI — SUNSET. 


Prom  this  stopping-place,  we  proceeded  on,  with  the  shades  of  evening  beginning  to  close 
upon  UB,  till  we  reached  the  valley  of  the  Wisconsin,  and  through  some  neat  villages  which 
the  rail  has  called  into  existence.  The  Wisconsin,  wliich  flows  here — the  cars  crossing  it  3 
times — is  something  of  the  character  of  the  Missouri,  rather  shifting  in  its  course,  render- 
ing, by  its  sand  barks,  the  navigation  rather  difficult  By  and  by,  we  arrived,  at  about  9,  p. 
M.,  at  Prairie  du  CAerx.    (See  Prairie  du  Chien.) 

Having  alighted  from  the  cars,  ^e  soon  found  ourselves  on  the  bank  of  the  mighty  Mis- 
nssippL 

Arrived,  therefore,  at  Prairie  du  Chien,  the  tourist  will  find  his  way  on  board  the  "  Mil- 
waukee," or  some  other  steamer  in  waiting — unless  it  be  that  some  of  last  year's  steamers 
have  "  gone  up  in  a  cloud  of  smoke,"  or  down  into  the  "  fearful  abyss,"  in  a  determined 
heat  with  some  opposition  boat,  since  last  July. 

On  board  the  "Milwaukee,"  however,  we  found  ourselves,  a  little  after  9,  p.  m., bound  for 
the  "  Far  West,"  still  scarcely  realizing  any  thing  particular,  but  that  we  were  embarking 
on  board  at  Gravesend  on  a  trip  up  the  Thames  to  London,  only  that  the  splendid  steamer, 
and  her  comforts,  (unknown  in  river  navigation  in  Great  Britain,)  brought  us  to  our  recol- 
lection that  we  were,  as  some  Americans  would  say,  "considerable"  from  home,  being  at 
Prairie  du  Chien,  aboub  1300  miles  from  New  York,  and  some  4800  miles  from  London, 
(Eng.,)  and  with  other  800  miles  up  the  Mississippi  before  we  reached  St.  Paul. 

First  tning  to  do,  was  to  secure  a  state-room  for  the  night,  which  being  done,  we  soon 
found  ourselves  in  the  upper  part  of  the  vessel,  seeing  what  we  could  all  "  by  moonliglit 
alone."  Nothing,  however,  was  to  be  seen  but  the  mighty  river  stretching  far  in  front 
and  behind  us.  As  we  were  not  to  start  till  next  morning,  we  were  soon  compelled  to 
seek  the  retirement  of  our  state-room  for  the  night  , 

Next  morning  found  us  at  an  early  and  excellent  breakfast,  after  which  we  were  on 
deck.  At  9,  a.  m.,  the  night  mail  train,  from  Milwaukee  and  the  East,  brought  up  the  mnih 
and  passengers,  which,  after  being  all  safely  on  board,  we  started  off  on  our  way  north. 
Having  formed  the  acquaintance  of  some  pleasant  company,  on  board,  we  soon  found  our- 
selves sometimes  playing  at  draughts,  hearing  music,  or  admiring  the  beauties  of  the  river 
scenery,  and  so  morning,  noon,  and  evening,  passed  away.  The  scenery  on  the  river  is 
truly  fine ;  in  some  parts  the  little  islands  fom>'.ng,  with  their  green-clad  vegetation,  a 
miniature  "  Thousand  Islands." 

The  sides  of  the  river  were  covered,  for  the  most  part,  with  their  summer  attire  of  shrub- 
bery, the  high  bluffs  showing  forth  in  bold  relief. 

By-and-by  we  reoch  La  Crosse  and  Wenon;i,  two  of  the  best  looking,  and  busiest  towns 
on  the  Upper  Mississippi.  Between  these  two  towns  and  Trcmpeleau,  the  scenery  became 
very  fine,  and  what,  with  a  beautiful  sunset,  (sunsets  scarcely  known  in  Britain,)  beamed 
forth  a  perfect  blaze  of  ricli  crimson  light,  tinting  the  islets  on  the  river,  and  the  tops 
of  the  bluffs  on  each  side,  altogether  forming  a  panorama  beyond  our  powers  of  de- 
scription. Gradually  the  sun  departed  in  the  western  horizon,  and  withdrawing  witli 
him  the  glorious  scene  before  us — till  at  length  it  disappeared — leaving  us  only  the 
very  short  interval  of  twilight,  before  we  again  found  ourselves  in  the  saloons,  all 
liglited  for  the  enjoyment  of  tlio  night  Any  one  who  has  the  good  fortune  to  see  such  a 
sunset  on  the  Mississippi  will  never  forget  it  It  is  different  from  the  sunsets,  even  in 
Canada,  New  York,  and  on  Lake  Erie,  but  still  more  different,  from  what  may  be  seen 
from  off  Hampstead  Heath,  when  the  loud  hum  of  the  day's  bustle  in  London,  (Eng,,) 
is  dying  away  toward  the  close  of  the  doy — from  off  Edinburgh  Castle,  when  the  sun 
is  receding  behind  the  hills  in  Stirlingshire,  sending  his  lurid  glare  of  liglit  down  the 
Firth  of  Forth,  till  it  touches  the  Inchkeith  Lighthouse,  and  lighting  up  the  whole  of  tiic 
new  town  of  Modern  Athens,  (Edinburgh,  Scot.,)  and  gilding,  with  his  rays,  the  tops  of  the 
hills  in  Fifeshire,  Perthshire,  and  other  portions  of  the  highlands  of  Scotland — or  when  he 
would  be  bidding. farewell  to  the  day,  as  he  tinted  up  the  tops  of  the  high  hills,  between 
Taymonth  Castle,  and  the  pass  of  Killiecrankie,  sending  a  flood  of  light  down  the  glens 
and  valleys  of  Loch  Tay,  {ind  Einloch  Rannoch.    Sublime  as  these  sunsets  are,  the  tourist 


j^ 


.1 


'.'Ml 


J^"" 


THE  UPPER  MISSISSIPPI — ST.   PAUL — MINNESOTA. 


85 


will  find  in  the  sunsets  of  the  "  far  west"  a  greater  richness  and  vividness  of  colouring— 
and  being  over  a  different  character  of  country — the  wide-sweeping  prairie  o-i  the  one  hand, 
and  the  bluffs  on  the  river  on  the  other — such  as  cannot  fail  to  strike  him  at  once  with 
admiration  as  to  their  extent  and  beauty. 

That  evening  we  went  up  the  Mississippi ;  there  was  a  very  gay  and  happy  company  on 
board,  so  towards  evening,  the  music  brought  some  of  the  company  to  their  feet  to  dance, 
till  at  last  it  ended  in  a  regular  ball  The  time  flew  rapidly  past,  as  may  be  supposed, 
smidst  such  excitement  and  hilarity,  till  at  length  the  "  wee  short  hour*  on  the  other  ride 
of  12  announced  it  was  bedtime.  Some  of  the  party  sat  up  on  the  upper  deck  all  night, 
to  enjoy  the  scenery  of  Lake  Pepin  (which  we  had  now  approached)  by  moonlight 

Lake  Pepin  is  86  miles  long,  2  to  6  miles  wide,  and  from  60  to  100  feet  deep.  Sometimes 
it  blows  hard  on  this  lake,  so  much  so,  that  the  river-boats,  not  being  constructed  to 
stand  either  a  "  sou'-wester"  or  a  "  nor'-wester,"  sometimes  lay-to  all  night,  till  it  is  safe  for 
them  to  venture  further.  On  this  occasion,  it  was  a  beautiful  night,  so  we  went  a-head  on 
its  placid  waters^  About  2,  a.  u.,  we  passed  the  "  Maiden  Rock,"  on  the  lake,  and  shortly 
afterwards  we  were  again  on  the  river,  the  lake  forming  a  large  expanse  of  the  river, 
similar  to  the  lakes  on  the  River  Ottawa,  C.  W.,  forming  in  succession  as  they  do  that 
beautiful  river. 

Tlie  town  of  l^escott  was  next  reached.  Situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Croix  River,  it 
is  the  most  north-westerly  town  of  Wisconsin.  The  location  is  a  very  pretty  one,  and  we 
understood  it  continues  to  be  a  fast  rising  town.  By-and-by,  about  9,  a.  h.,  we  descried 
the  "  city"  of  St  Paul  "  looming  in  the  distance."  After  passing  the  business  portion  of 
the  town,  we  landed  at  the  wharf  there,  and  set  foot  on  the  terrritory  of  the  far-famed 
Mnnesota,  and  in  its  capital,  St  Paul. 


'Mlw>''i 

mm 


ST.  PAUL.  -.       *- 

On  our  visit,  St  Paul,  like  every  other  place,  was  affected  with  the  prevailing  epidemic, 
of  "hard  times,"  which  had  checked  the  ardour  cfsonie  of  her  speculative  citizens  quite  as 
much  as  it  had  done  those  of  older  cities.  Consequently  the  town  was  dull,  and  also  most 
of  the  people  in  it  All,  however,  with  plenty  of  pluck,  confident,  that  ere  long,  the  little 
north-west  city  must  of  necessity  go  a-head  again,  and  not  stop  till  she  is  up  sides  with 
some  of  her  south  and  easterly  sister  cities.  Unlike  most  American  towns,  the  streets  of 
St,  Paul  are  narrow,  which  we  fancy  will  be  regi'etted  ere  long.  The  streets,  moreover,  like 
those  of  New  York,  were  dirty,  and  in  bad  order,  but  no  doubt  that  in  time  will  be  rec- 
tified. The  suburbs  of  St  Paul,  however,  are  very  beautiful,  and  many  of  the  private  resi- 
dences, on  the  higher  parts  of  the  town,  are  very  handsome  and  attractive.  The  population 
of  St  Paul  is  variously  estimated  at  from  ten  to  fifteen  thousand,  of  which  a  large  propor- 
tion—probably a  third — are  foreigners ;  it  contains  a  capitol  and  other  public  buildings, 
seven  or  eight  churches,  among  which  are  two  Episcopal,  two  Roman  Catholic,  two  Pres- 
byterian, and  one  or  two  Methodist  and  Baptist  The  Romanists  are  also  putting  up  a  fine 
college,  decidedly  the  handsomest  public  building  in  the  place.  The  limestone,  with  which 
the  whole  town  is  underlaid,  affords  an  admirable  building  stone,  being  very  durable,  hand- 
some, and  distributed  in  layers  so  as  to  be  most  conveniently  worked. 

There  are  three  daily  and  three  weekly  papers  published,  which  seem  to  have  a  large 
circulation,  and  to  be  ably  conducted.  Tliere  are  also  two  German  ftnd  a  Norwegian 
paper,  and  one  or  two  other  small  publications. 

The  principal  street  fronts  the  river  for  about  two  miles,  and  is  lined  with  large  stores 
of  all  kinds,  to  supply  the  increasing  trade  of  that  north-westerly  region.  The  principal 
hotel  is  the  Fuller  House — a  magnificent  house,  erected  at  a  cost  of  |100,000,  and  fitted  up 
with  every  modern  comfort  and  convenience. 

There  are  five  railroads  in  this  State,  just  commencing,  or  in  course  of  completion :  the 
Minnesota  and  Pacific — running  from  St  Paul  to  a  point  on  the  Missouri  River;  the 
North-western— from  St  Paul  to  Lake  Superior;   the  Cedar  Valley  and  Minneapolis— 


■m. 


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SUSPENSION  BRIDGE  AT  ST.  ANTHONY'S  FALLS. 


87 


from  Minneapolis  to  Iowa  line;  the  Transit  and  Root  River— coming  from  Prairie  du 
Chien ;  and  the  other  from  La  Crosse,  uniting  at  Rochester,  and  then  continuing  to  St 
Paul.  These  roads  are  all  in  progress,  and  Minnesota  will  soon  have  her  network  of  rail- 
ways, which  will  develope  her  resources,  and  give  her  a  proud  position  among  her  sister 
States.    (See  View  of  St.  Paul,  next  page.) 

En  passant,  we  may  mention,  that  some  of  the  merchants  of  St.  Paul,  who  import  their 
goodd  from  Britain,  do  so  direct  from  Liverpool  via  New  Orleans,  thence  per  steamer  on  the 
Mississippi.  Tiie  saving  is  such,  that  the  whole  cost  of  transportation  from  Liverpool  to 
St.  Paul  is  very  little  more  than  the  mere  charges  of  transhipping  at  New  Yofk,  and  the 
freight  from  there  to  St.  Paul.  We  Iiave  no  doubt  many  importers  on  the  other  ports  on 
the  Mississippi  and  the  Missouri  will  be  following  the  example  of  the  St.  Paul  merchants, 
the  inland  carriage  from  the  Atlantic  seaboard  being  extremely  heavy  on  goods  bound  for 
the  west  and  north-west  provinces. 


n 


n 


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' 


88 


TALLS  OF  ST.  ANTHONY  AND  MINNEHAHA. 


ST.  PAUL  TO  ST.  ANTHONY  AND  FALLS  OF  MINNEHAHA. 

Engaqinq  a  horse  and  bnggy  at  the  Fuller  House  Hotel,  we  soon  found  ourselves  en  route 
for  the  falls,  and  a  moat  delightful  drive  it  is,  over  fine  rolling  uplands,  covered  with  the 
precious  staflf  of  life,  ond  waving  and  surging  under  the  gentle  breeze,  ripening  for  the 
mower,  and  then  to  be  sent  abroad,  perhaps  thousands  of  miles,  to  feed  the  hungry  In  some 
of  the  cities  in  the  east,  or  even  Great  Britain.  On  both  sides  of  the  road  the  landscape 
is  beautiful,  now  and  then  showing  glimpses  of  the  Mississippi  in  the  distance.  At  length 
we  reached  St  Anthony,  Much  as  we  have  heard  of  the  situation  of  St.  Anthony,  as  the 
site  for  a  manufacturing  city,  we  did  not  expect  to  see  so  good  a  location  for  that  purpose, 
and  were,  therefore,  agreeably  disappointed.  The  water-power  is  unlimited  and  inex- 
baustible — the  great  desideratum  for  a  manufacturing  city.  The  surrounding  country  is 
very  fertile  and  the  climate  salubrious,  in  fact,  similar  to  the  more  northerly  portions  of 
Canada  West,  with  hot  summers,  tempered  by  the  breezes  from  the  west,  with  a  very  cold 
but  dry  atmosphere  in  winter. 


MINNEHAHA  FALLS-"  THE  LAUGHING  WATER." 


TALLS  OF  ST.  ANTHONY  AND  MINNEHAHA.  89 

At  St  Ant'aony,  the  Miseiseippi  has  a  perpendicular  fall  of  18  feet — ^the  first  'which  oconra 
in  ascending  the  river. 

The  Bite  of  the  village  is  on  an  elevated  plain,  and  commands  a  fine  view  of  the  Falls, 
and  is  distant  about  8  miles  by  land  from  St  Paul. 

The  University  of  Minnesota  is  established  at  St  Anthony,  bedides  which,  it  contains  5 
or  6  churches,  about  80  stores,  2  newspaper  offices,  and  several  saw-mills,  and  other  manu- 
facturing establishments.  The  post-office  is  named  St  Anthony's  Falls.  Population,  about 
2,600. 

Opposite  to  the  town  of  St  Anthony,  is  Minneapolis,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river. 

At  night  we  stayed  at  St  Anthony.  Next  day  we  set  out  on  a  visit  to  Fort  Snelling 
and  Minnehaha.  After  crossing  the  suspension  bridge,  we  soon  found  ourselves  in  Minne- 
apolis, and  at  the  celebrated  Falls  of  Minnehaha — "  the  laughing  water" — "  the  smile  of  the 
great  spirit" — which  will  be  found  the  prettiest  little  fall  imaginable,  complete  in  all  its  parts. 
A  clear,  sparkling  stream  comes  rushing  along  the  prairie,  until  it  suddenly  takes  a  leap  of 
60  feet  over  the  precipice,  and  is  lost  in  a  deep  dell,  the  sides  of  which  are  covered  with 
shrubbery  of  luxurious  growth.  The  rock  over  which  the  stream  leaps,  has  been  worn 
into  an  arch,  and  one  can  pass  to  and  fro  underneath,  between  the  falls  and  the  rock,  with 
little  or  no  inconvenience. 

The  recess  behind  the  fall  extends  back  nearly  60  feet,  and,  from  that  point,  an  extraor- 
dinary beautiful  view  of  the  fall  is  obtained,  as  the  sun  shines  on  the  outside  of  it  The  tou- 
rist cnn  pass  in  at  one  side  behind  the  fall,  and  find  egi-ess  at  the  other  side.' 

From  the  world-wide  known  Indian  poem  of  Hiawatha,  by  Longfellow,  we  annex  a  few 
verses,  descriptive  of  the  scene  now  under  notice: — 


"  Only  once  hia  pace  he  slackened, 
Only  once  he  paused  or  halted — 
Paused  to  purchase  heads  of  arrows 
Of  the  ancient  arrow-maker, 
In  the  land  of  the  Dacotahs, 
Where  the  Falls  of  Minnehaha 
Flash  and  gleam  among  the  oak  trees, 
taugh  and  leap  into  the  valley. 

"  There  the  ancient  arrow-maker 
Makes  his  arrow-heads  of  sandstone, 
Arrow-heads  of  chalcedony, 
Arrow-heads  of  flint  and  Jasper, 
Smoothed  and  sharpened  at  the  edges, 
Hard  and  polished,  keen  and  costly. 

"  With  him  dwelt  his  dark-eyed  daughter, 
Wayward  as  the  Minnehaha, 
With  her  moods  of  shade  and  sunshine; 
Eyes  that  smiled  and  frowned  alternate, 
Feet  as  rapid  as  the  river, 


And  as  musical  as  laughter ; 
And  he  named  her  from  the  river, 
j^rom  the  waterfall  he  named  her 
Minnehaha,  Laughing  Water. 

"  Was  it  here  for  heads  of  arrows, 
Arrow-heads  of  chalcedony. 
Arrow-heads  of  flint  and  Jasper, 
Vhat  my  Hiawatha  halted 
In  the  land  of  the  Dacotahs  t 

"  Was  it  not  to  see  the  maiden, 
See  the  face  of  Laughing  Water, 
Peeping  from  behind  the  curtain ; 
Hear  the  rustling  of  her  garments 
From  behind  the  waving  curtain, 
As  we  see  the  Minnehaha 
Gleaming,  glancing  through  the  branches, 
As  one  hears  the  Laughing  Water 
From  behind  Its  screen  and  branches  ?" 


Altogether,  it  is  a  beautiful  sight,  in  a  most  romantic  spot,  and  should  not  be  neglected 
by  the  tourist  when  at  St  Paul.  About  2  miles  from  the  Falls,  is  situated  Fort  Snelling, 
Bitting  on  the  crest  of  a  bold  promontory,  between  the  Mississippi  and  Minnesota  Kivers. 
See  Fort  Snelling.) 

Before  leaving  St  Paul,  the  tourist  will  find  a  cave  about  2  miles  from  the  town,  worthy 
of  a  visit  It  is  a  subterranean  curiosity  in  its  way.  Through  it  flows  a  stream  of  water, 
pure  as  crystal.  The  rock  overhead  is  quite  soft  To  penetrate  it,  one  or  two  guides  are 
necessary  with  lights.  Near  the  further  end  of  it,  there  is  said  to  be  a  small  waterfall,  and 
all  in  search  of  the  wonderful  underground  should  visit  it  to  its  utmost  extremity.  Start- 
ing from  Milwaukee  on  Tuesday  forenoon,  we  thus  spent  that  night  on  board  at  Prairie  du 
Chien,  Wednesday  night  on  board  on  Lake  Pepin,  and  landed  in  St  Paul  on  Thursday 
morning  at  9  o'clock.  Saw  all  about  St  Paul  on  Thursday ;  went  to  see  the  Falls  and  Fort 
Snelling  on  Friday,  and  returned  to  St  Paul  on  Saturday ;  Sunday,  went  to  a  neat  little 
church  there  (Episcopal).  On  Monday  afternoon,  at  4  o'clock,  we  started  on  our  return 
trip,  accomplishing  the  distance  from  St  Paul  to  Prairie  du  Chien,  802  miles,  in  17  hours, 
being  fully  7  hours  less  time  than  we  took  to  go  up— the  stream,  of  course,  being  against 
U8  on  our  upward  trip. 


40 


LAKE  SUPERIOR  AND  PICTURED  ROOKS. 


LAKE  SUPERIOR 

One  of  the  trips  now  enjoyed  by  hundreds  every  year,  from  different  parU  of  the  Uni- 
ted States  and  Canada,  is  that  mode  by  the  splendidly  appointed  steamers  which  sail  from 
Cleveland  (Ohio)  to  the  head  of  Lake  Superior — touching  at  Detroit  ond  Mackinaw. 
Passengers  will  aleo  find  steamers  from  Chicago  for  same  points.  Tlie  distance  for  the 
whole  trip  round  is  about  2000  miles.  Time  occupied  about  8  days.  Fare,  $44  (£8  16.v., 
Btg.,)  including  tiie  very  best  accommodation  and  meals. 

In  the  summer  season,  it  is  one  of  the  most  delightful  and  invigorating  trips  which  can 
be  taken. 

The  commerce  of  the  Lake  Superior  districts,  as  is  well  known,  consists  chiefly  in  copper 
and  iron,  from  the  mines  situated  in  different  part£. 

The  value  of  copper  shipped  in  one  yeor,  from  Ontonagon — the  largest  mining  depot, 
and  second  town  in  size  on  the  lake — exceeded  $1,000,000  (£200,000,  stg.), 

From  Marquette,  it  was  expected  that  200,000  tons  of  iron  would  be  shipped  last  year. 
The  other  mining  establishments  are  at  the  towns  of  Eagle  River,  Eagle  Harbour,  Copper 
Harbour,  Bayfield,  Lapoiut,  Bay  City,  Ashland,  Grand  Island  City,  Du  Luth,  etc.,  etc. 

The  City  of  Superior,  situated  on  the  Bay  of  Superior  and  Nemadji  River,  at  the  head 
of  the  loke,  is  the  most  important  town.  It  was  laid  out  in  1868.  The  population  in 
January,  1857,  was  over  l,6it0 — with  840  houses.  In  addition  to  being  approaclied  from 
Cleveland  and  Chicago,  it  is  also  reached  from  St  Paul,  Minnesota,  via  the  St  Croix  and 
Brul6  Rivers,  per  canoes. 

With  regoru  to  the  climate  of  the  Lake  Superior  country,  many  erroneous  impressions 
are  entertained. 

Professor  David  Dale  Owen,  the  government  geologist,  in  his  report,  says: — 

"  The  health,  even  of  the  more  marshy  portions  of  this  district,  seems  better  than,  frcni 
its  appearance,  one  might  expect  The  long,  bracing  winters  of  these  northern  latitudes 
exclude  many  of  the  diseases  which,  under  the  prolonged  heat  of  a  southern  climate,  tlic 
miasm  of  the  swamp  engenders.  At  the  Pembina  settlement  (in  latitude  49°),  owned  bv 
the  Hudson's  Bay  Company,  to  a  population  of  five  thousand  there  was  but  a  single  pliy 
sician,  and  he  told  me,  that  without  an  additional  salary  allowed  him  by  the  Company, 
the  diseases  of  the  settlement  would  not  afford  him  a  living." 

AnothiM-  writer  says: — "  None  of  the  American  lakes  can  compare  with  Lake  Superior 
in  health  illness  of  climate  during  the  summer  months,  and  there  is  no  place  so  well  calcu- 
lated to  restore  pressing  miasms  of  the  fever-breeding  soil  of  the  Southwestern  States, 
This  opinion  is  fast  gaining  ground  among  medical  men,  who  are  now  rocommending  to 
their  patient*  the  healthful  climate  of  this  favoured  lake,  in  preference  to  sending  them  to 
die  in  enervating  southern  latitudes. 

"  The  waters  of  this  vast  inland  sea,  covering  an  area  of  over  82,000  miles,  exercise  « 
powerful  influence  in  modifying  the  two  extremes  of  heat  and  cold.  Tlie  uniformity  of 
temperature  thus  produced  is  highly  favourable  to  animal  and  vegetable  life.  The  mosl 
delicate  fruits  and  plants  are  raised  without  injury,  while  four  or  five  degrees  further  soutii 
they  are  destroyed  by  the  early  frosts." 

Amongst  the  exports  from  there,  we  find  "  10  tons  of  Rospberry  Jam,"  consigned  to  a 
porty  in  Clevelond. 


THE  PICTURED  ROCKS,  LAKE  SUPERIOR. 

The  subject  of  the  sketch  on  the  next  page,  is  one  of  the  most  extraordinary  natural  cu- 
riosities which  tlie  region  of  the  far  nortn  districts  of  America  present 

The  "  Pictured  Rocks"  are  situated  on  tlie  eastern  shore  of  Lake  Superior  at  its  outlet  nt 
St  Mary's  River.  The  author  of  "  Wisconsin  as  it  is,"  in  his  description  of  Lake  Superior, 
says; — 

"  But  its  greatest  attraction  is  the  '  Pictured  Rocks,'  which  commence  at  this  point  and 
extend  east  about  ten  miles,  and  are  so  called  from  the  various  forms  and  colours  presented 
by  the  rocks  forming  the  shore  of  the  loke.  These  rocks  are  of  fine  laminated  sandstone, 
rising  from  150  to  300  feet  above  the  water  level,  and  received  the  name  of  'Pictured' 
from  the  brilliant  colours  formed  from  the  oxides  and  sulphurets  of  metals,  and  vegetable 
fungi,  which,  by  combination,  form  the  most  various  pictn'-os,  and  which,  by  the  least 
imagination,  assume  the  forms  of  ancient  temples,  religious  processions,  prairies,  buffalo 
hunts,  portraits,  humorous  scenes,  until  one  is  almost  persuaded  he  is  looking  upon  the 
magnificent  masters,  and  not  of  nature.  Among  these,  cataracts,  falls  and  rivuLts  ara 
pitching  down  in  mighty  volume,  or  dissipating  their  torrents  into  smoky  mist" 


42 


DDSCENT  OF  THE  RAPIDS  OF  THE  ST.  LAWRENCE. 


DESCENT  OF   THE    RAPIDS  ON  THE  ST.  LAWRENCE. 

One  of  the  most  exciting  trips,  we  believe,  to  be  enjoyed  in  America,  is  the  descent 
of  the  rapids  of  the  St  Lawrence,  in  one  of  the  steamers  which  now  ply  between  To- 
ronto, Kingston,  and  Montreal,  affording  a  treat  of  no  ordinary  description,  so  far  at 
the  rapids  are  concerned — even  in  themselves — ^but  doubly  so,  when,  in  the  same  trip, 
the  far-famed  scenery  of  the  Lake  of  the  Thousand  Islands  may  be  seen  to  great  ad- 
vantage, as  the  steamers,  which  descend  the  rapids,  pass  through  them.  For  a  descrip- 
tion of  a  descent  of  tlie  rapids  we  copy  the  following  from  Hunter's  Guide  to  the  St. 
Lawrence; — 


! 


I  ( 


>  1» 


i 


I 


1 


The  »t.c«n 
lide  chortly 
iilands  appoi 
them,  l«  ««  1 
barred  nil 
and  ho  ontor 
erable — now 
a  strait  so  na 
either  ^ulu  ae 
and  again  he 
handful  of  ci 
edge,  and  di[ 
its  air  of  enc 
heoven — onlj 
the  rushing  s 
fleeted  lis  in  i 
but  the  head 
sweet  Bcene 
the  Lake  of  tl 
amid  its  laby 
glance  which 
through, — the 
the  majeeMo  r 

As  the  Btca: 
time,  will  8oo 
wide  circles,  ( 
roar  around  a 
white-crested 
again  you  arc 
upper  rapids- 
thing  remark! 
rushes  down  t 


This  is  a  c 
usual  passn^e 
formerlj  cons] 
now  descende 
such  is  the  v( 
40  minutes. 


This  is  the 
ofthj"Long 
the  vessel  ent 
by  the  force  ol 
of  the  ocean  ii 
ing  and  tossin 
and  is,  in  fact, 
gination  by  th 
und  precision  t 
the  course  of  ( 


LAKE  OF  THE  THOUSAND  ISLANDS  AND  RAPIDS. 


LAKI   or   THK   THOUSAND   ISLANDS.  , 

The  iteamer,  »fter  lenvinfr  Kingston,  C.  W.,  or  Capo  8t  Vincent,  on  the  Amerioiin 
ride  chortly  after  appronclioa  tho  far-funie<l  Lake  of  the  Thousand  Islands.  These 
lilands  appear  so  thickly  studded  that  tho  appearance  to  the  spectator,  on  approaching 
them,  Is  as  If  tho  vessel  steered  her  oourflo  towards  the  head  of  a  landlocked  bay  which 
barred  all  further  progre8»— coming  nearer,  a  small  break  In  tho  line  of  ehore  opens  up, 
and  he  enters  between  what  ho  now  discovers  to  be  Islandn,  and  islands  which  are  innum- 
erable— now  ho  sails  In  a  wide  channel  between  more  distant  shores,  again  he  enters  Into 
a  strait  so  narrow  that  tho  large  paddle  boxes  of  the  steamer  almost  sweep  the  foMage  on 
either  side  as  she  pursues  her  devious  course — now  the  Islands  are  miles  in  circumference, 
and  again  he  passes  some  which  are  vck-y  small,  shaded  by  a  single  tiny  tree  occupying  tho 
handful  of  earth  which  represents  tho  "  dry  land."  On  all,  tho  trees  grow  to  tho  water's 
edge,  and  dip  their  outer  branches  in  the  clear  blue  lake.  Sometimes  the  mlrago  throws 
its  air  of  enchantment  on  the  whole,  and  the  mere  dUtaut  islands  seem  floating  In  mid- 
heaven — only  descending  Into  the  lake  as  a  nearer  approach  diap'ds  tho  illusion,  and  when 
the  rushing  steamer  breaks  tho  fair  surface  of  tho  water.  In  which  all  this  loveliness  Is  re- 
flected as  In  a  mirror — to  quote  the  words  of  Warburton,  "  tho  eye  does  not  weary  to  see, 
but  the  head  aches  in  oven  writing  the  one  word — beauty — wherever  you  steer  over  this 
Bwect  scene  beauty-^beauty  still."  To  see  and  really  enjoy  and  appreciate  tho  charms  of 
the  Lake  of  the  Thousand  Isles,  one  ought  to  visit  it  in  a  small  boat,  and  spend  many  days 
amid  its  labyrinths;  but  we  are  on  board  a  steamer,  and  must  be  content  with  tho  passing 
glance  which  her  rapid  and  noisy  course  affords.  An  hour,  or  less  even,  and  we  are 
through, — the  Islands  and  the  mighty  Ontario  are  left  behind,  and  we  now  emerge  into 
the  majestic  river,  though  not  to  disappointment,  for  all  is  grand  and  beautiful  still. 

As  the  steamer  proceeds  onwards  the  traveller,  as  he  looks  on  the  river  from  time  to 
time,  will  soon  remark  that  the  current  gains  strength,  eddies  begin  to  swoop  round  in 
wide  circles,  and  the  upheaving  surges,  gently  at  firxt  but  angrily  as  you  proceed,  boll  and 
roar  oround  and  boneoth  your  vessel — on  she  goes,  faster  and  still  faster — look  ahead,  the 
wiiile-creBted  breakers  meet  your  eye ;  while  you  look,  you  are  in  the  midst  of  them,  and 
again  you  are  out  into  smoother  but  still  rapid  water.  In  this  way  you  pass  down  the 
upper  rapids — the  Golops,  Point  Iroquois,  and  some  others  which  do  not  strike  you  as  any 
thing  remarkable.  But  now  the  water  becomes  again  agitated,  and  boils  and  roars  as  it 
rushes  down  the  Long  Sault 

LONG   BACL."  RAPID,    ON    THK   ST.    LAWRENCB. 

This  is  a  continuous  rapid  ol  nine  miles,  divided  in  the  centre  by  an  island.  The 
usual  passn^e  for  steamers  is  on  the  south  side.  The  channel  on  the  north  side  was 
formerlj  considered  unsafe  and  dangerous ;  but  examinations  have  been  mode,  and  it  is 
now  descended  with  safety.  The  passage  in  the  soutliern  channel  is  very  narrow,  and 
such  is  the  velocity  of  the  current,  that  a  raft,  it  is  said,  will  drift  the  nine  miles  in 
40  minutes. 

-  .^  SHOOTING   THK   LONG   SAULT. 

This  is  the  most  exciting  part  of  the  whole  passage  of  the  St.  Lawrence.  The  rapids 
of  th  J  "  Long  Sault"  rush  along  at  the  rate  of  something  like  twenty  miles  an  hour.  When 
the  vessel  enters  within  their  influence,  the  steam  is  shut  off,  and  she  is  carried  onward 
by  the  force  of  the  stream  olone.  The  surging  waters  present  all  the  angry  appearance 
of  the  ocean  in  a  storm ;  the  noble  boot  strains  and  labors;  but,  unlike  the  ordinary  pitch- 
ing and  tossing  at  sea,  this  going  down  hill,  by  water,  produces  a  highly  novel  sensation, 
and  is,  in  fact,  a  service  of  some  danger,  the  imminence  of  which  is  enhanced  to  the  ima- 
gination by  the  tremendous  roar  of  the  headlong,  boiling  current.  Great  nerve,  and  force, 
and  precision  are  hore  required  in  piloting,  so  as  to  keep  the  vessel's  head  straight  with 
the  course  of  the  rapid ;  for  if  she  diverged  in  the  least,  presenting  her  side  to  the  cur- 


'■!j.tj 


11' 


fr^ 


44 


DESCENDING   RAPIDS  OF  ST.   LAWRENCE. 


rent,  or  "  broached  to,"  as  the  nautical  phrase  is,  she  would  be  instantly  capsized  and 
submerged.  Hence  the  necessity  for  enormous  power  over  her  rudder ;  and  for  this  pM^ 
pose  the  mode  of  steering  aflfords  great  facility,  for  the  wheel  that  governs  the  rudder  is 
placed  aheau,  and,  by  means  of  chain  and  pulley,  swaya  it    But,  in  descending  the  ra- 


pids, a  tiller  is  placed  astern  to  the  rudder  itself,  so  that  the  tiller  can  be  manned  ns  well 
us  the  wheel.  Some  idea  may  be  entertnined  of  the  peril  of  descending  a  rapid,  when 
it  requires  four  men  at  the  wheel,  and  two  at  the  tiller,  to  insure  safe  steering.  Here 
is  the  region  of  the  daring  raftsmen,  at  whose  hands  are  demanded  infinite  courage  and 
skill ;  and,  despite  of  both,  loss  of  life  frequently  occurs. 

Large  steamers,  drawing  seven  feet  water,  with  passengers  and  the  mails,  leave  the 
foot  of  Lake  Ontario  in  the  morning,  and  reach  the  wharves  at  Montreal  by  dayliglit,  with- 


ROUTE  ON  THE  ST.   LAWBENOE. 


46 


out  passing  through  a  single  lock.  At  some  of  the  rapids  there  are  obstacles  preventing 
the  descent  of  deeply-laden  craft ;  but  the  government  are  about  to  give  the  main  chan- 
nel in  all  the  rapids  a  depth  of  ten  feet  'water,  when  the  whole  descending  trade  by  steam 
will  keep  the  river,  leaving  the  canals  to  the  ascending  craft. 

After  passing  Cornwall  (which  is  the  boundary  liue  between  United  States  and  Canada) 
and  the  Indian  village  of  St.  Regis  opposite,  the  steamer  approaches  Lake  St.  Francis. 


.     :.'■  :  LAKE   ST.    FRANCIS.         ",    ..'  .  '■ '>     >. 

This  is  the  name  of  that  expansion  of  the  St.  ^wrence  which  begins  near  Cornwall  and 
St.  Regis,  and  extends  to  Coteau  du  Lac,  a  distance  of  40  miles.  Tlie  surface  uf  this  lake 
is  interspersed  with  a  great  number  oi  small  islands.  The  village  of  Lancaster  is  situated 
on  the  northern  side,  about  midway,  of  this  lake. 

Coteau  du  Lao  is  a  small  village,  situated  at  the  foot  of  Lake  St.  Francis,  The  name,  as 
well  as  the  style  of  the  buildings,  denotes  its  French  origin.  Just  below  the  village  are 
the  Coteau  Rapids. 

Cedabs. — ^This  village  presents  the  same  marks  of  French  origin  as  Coteau  du  Lac.  In 
the  expedition  of  Gen,  Amherst,  a  detachment  of  three  hundred  men  that  were  sent  to  at- 
tack Montreal,  were  lost  in  the  rapids  near  this  place.  The  passage  through  these  ra- 
pids u  ^ery  exciting.  There  is  a  peculiar  motion  of  the  vessel,  whicli,  in  descending,  seems 
like  settling  down,  as  she  glides  from  one  ledge  to  another.  In  passing  the  rapids  of  the 
Split  Rock,  a  person,  unacquainted  with  the  navigation  of  these  rapids,  will  almost  invol- 
uutiirily  hold  his  breath  until  this  ledge  of  rocks,  which  is  distinctly  seen  from  the  deck 
of  the  steamer,  is  passed.  At  one  time  the  vessel  seems  to  be  running  directly  upon  it, 
and  you  feel  certain  that  she  will  strike ;  but  a  skilful  hand  is  at  the  helm,  and  in  an  in- 
Btant  more  it  is  passed  in  safety. 

Beauharnois  is  a  small  village  at  the  foot  of  the  Cascades,  on  the  south  bank  of  the  river. 
Here  vessels  enter  the  Beauharnois  Canal— ^with  9  locks — and  pass  around  the  ropids  of  the 
Cascades,  Cedars,  and  Coteau,  into  Lake  St.  Francis,  a  distance  of  14  miles.  On  the  north 
bank,  a  branch  of  the  Ottawa  enters  into  the  St  Lawrence.  The  river  again  widens  into  a 
lake  called  St.  Louis,  24  miies  long.  From  this  place  a  view  is  had  of  Montreal  Mountoin, 
several  miles  distant.  In  this  lake  is  Nun's  Island,  which  is  beautifully  cultivated,  and  be- 
longs to  the  Gray  Nunnery  at  Montreal.  There  are  many  islands  in  the  vicinity  of  Montreal, 
belonging  to  the  different  nunneries,  and  from  which  they  derive  large  revenues. 

La  CiiiNE. — This  villoge  in  9  miles  from  Montreal,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  railroad, 
Tlie  La  Chine  Rapias  begin  jusi  below  the  town.  The  current  is  here  so  swift  and  wild, 
that  to  avoid  it,  a  canal  has  been  cut  around  these  rapids.  This  canal  is  a  stupendous 
work,  and  reflects  much  credit  upon  the  energy  and  enterprise  of  the  people  of  Montreal. 

At  La  Chine  is  the  residence  of  l?ir  George  Simpson,  Governor  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Com- 
pany, and  of  the  officers  of  this,  the  chief  post  of  that  corporation,  it  is  from  this  point 
Ihat  the  orders  from  head-quarters  in  London  are  sent  to  all  the  many  posts  through- 
out the  vast  territory  of  tiie  company;  and  near  the  end  of  April  each  year  a  body  of 
(pained  voyagenrs  set  out  honce  in  large  canoes,  calk  J  maitres  canots,  with  packages  and 
goods  for  the  various  posts  in  the  wilderness.  Two  centuries  ago,  the  eomponions  of  the 
explorer  Cartier  on  airiving  here,  thought  they  had  discovered  a  route  to  China,  end  ex- 
pressed their  joy  in  the  -jxclamation  of  La  Chine !  Hence,  the  present  name,  or  so  at  least 
mys  tradition, 

Caugiina'.vaga. — This  is  an  Indian  village,  lying  on  the  south  bank  of  the  river,  near  the 
entrance  of  the  La  Chine  iiapids.  It  derived  its  name  from  the  Indians  that  had  been  con- 
verted by  the  Jesuits,  who  were  called  "  Caughnawagan,"  or  "  praying  Indians."  This  was 
probably  a  misnomer,  for  they  were  distinguished  for  their  predatory  incursions  u|ion  their 
ueiglibours  in  the  New  England  provinces.    The  bell  that  now  hangs  in  their  church,  was 


♦  » 


l|i 


'iin 


46 


ROUTE  ON  ST.  LAWRENCE — TRENTON  FALLS. 


the  "  proceedB"  of  one  of  these  excursions.  The  Indians  at  Caughnawaga,  subsist  chiefly  by 
navirating  barges  and  rafts  down  to  Montreal,  and  in  winter  by  a  trade  in  moccasins,  snow- 
shoes,  etc.  They  are  mostly  Roman  Catholics  and  possess  an  elegant  church.  The  village 
of  La  Prairie  is  some  seven  miles  below  Caughnawaga,  or  Village  of  the  Rapids,  after  which 
the  steamer  sails  on  for  a  few  miles,  and  reaches  the  city  of  Montreal.    (See  Montreal.) 


! 


i 


NIAGARA  FALLS  TO  THE  LAKE  OF  THE  THOUSAND  ISLANDS. 

BY  STEAMER  ON  AMERICAN  SIDE   OF  ST.    LAWRENCE. 

'  From  the  outlet  of  the  Niagara  nt  the  Fort  of  that  name  to  the  boundary  line  45°,  the 
entire  littoral  is  in  the  State  of  New  York,  and  comprises  in  succession  the  counties  of  Ni- 
agara, Orleans,  Monroe,  Wayne,  the  northern  corner  of  Cayuga,  Oswego,  Jefferson,  and  St 
Lawrence.  The  last,  along  its  entire  western  frontier,  and  a  half  of  Jefferson  county,  are 
bounded  by  the  river.  From  Fort  Niagara  to  the  mouth  of  the  Genesee  River,  in  Munroe 
county,  a  distance  of  about  85  miles,  the  coast  presents  an  almost  undeviating  level  under 
the  primeval  brush-wood,  relieved  by  a  few  scattered  clearances. 

Should  the  tourist,  on  ascending  the  Genesee  to  Carthage,  which  is  the  port  of  Rochester, 
resolve  upon  visiting  tliis  city,  he  will  find  enough  to  engage  and  gratify  his  curiositv  till 
he  resumes  his  journey  by  the  next  steamer.  Tliis  large  commercial  and  manufacturing 
town  owes  its  greatness  mainly  to  the  "  water  privileges"  which  the  proprietors  on  the 
banks  of  the  Genesee  here  possess.  For  i  considerable  way  above  the  Upper  Falls,  the 
banks  are  on  both  sides  surmounted  by  a  great  variety  of  mills.  Its  proximity  to  Lake 
Ontario,  and  the  passage  of  the  Erie  Canal  through  its  principal  streets,  contribute  ma- 
terially to  its  prosperity. 

Oswego,  the  principal  commercial  port  on  the  American  side  of  the  lake,  is  pleasantly 
situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  of  that  name.  The  principal  part  of  the  town  is  on  the 
western  bank,  and  has  a  neat  and  stirring  appearance.  On  the  opposite  bank  are  some 
large  mills,  and  here  terminates  the  Oswego  Canal  from  Syracuse,  distant  about  88  miles, 
and  the  railway  from  the  same  place.  About  half-way  betwixt  Carthage  and  Oswego  is 
Great  Sodus  Bay.  At  the  eastern  extremity  of  the  lake,  on  the  south  side  of  Black  River 
Bay,  lies,  in  a  very  sheltered  situation,  Sacket's  Harbour.  Tliis  was  the  naval  station  of 
the  United  States  on  the  lake  during  the  last  war  with  Great  Britain.  After  reaching  Cape 
St  Vincent  and  proceeding  onwards,  for  about  20  miles,  the  steamer  reaches  French  Cri,ek, 
after  which  the  vessel  will  stop  at  Clayton,  and  Alexandria,  from  which  points  excellent 
views  of  the  "  Thousand  Islands"  will  be  obtained.    (See  Lake  of  the  Thousand  Islands,) 


'A\ 


TRENTON  FALLS,   STATE  OF  NEW  YOUK.      r'.,. 

The  tourist  proceeding  from  New  York,  by  the  New  York  Central  Railroad  from  Albany 
on  his  way  to  Niagara,  will  find  himself  well  paid  by  a  visit  to  the  Falls  of  Trenton, 
which  are"  situated  on  th-»  Utiea  and  Black  River  Railroad,  and  15  miles  N.  by  E.  of  the 
Town  of  Utica,  in  the  Coi  .ty  of  Oneidn.  Trenton  Falls  consist  of  a  series  of  6  f'alls  within 
the  distance  of  two  miles,  with  an  aggregate  fall  of  312  feet,  and  present  a  sight  more  re- 
markable for  the  wild  ond  romantic  situation  in  which  they  are,  than  for  their  great  vol- 
ume of  water. 

The  name  of  the  stream  on  which  these  falls  are,  is  known  as  West  Canada  Creek,  which 
flows  through  a  densely-wooded  country — particularly  near  the  falls — of  which  no  sign  is 
to  be  seen  till  the  tourist  comes  upon  them  at  the  edge  of  the  gorge  where  they  are  situat- 
ed, ond  down  which  the  water  rushes  with  great  violence,  as  it  comes  from  the  falls,  only 
to  be  lost  to  sight  in  the  dark  recesses  of  the  wooded  ravine.  In  one  place,  the  height  of 
the  embankment  is  140  feet  perpendicular. 

At  the  upper  falls  the  descent  is  20  feet,  from  which  the  water  rushes  on  to  the  second 
falls,  called  the  Cascades.     (See  engraving.) 

The  third  fall  is  named  tlie  Mill-dam,  and,  a  little  below,  are  the  High  Falls,  which  has 
a  perpendicular  fall  of  109  feet.  (See  engraving.)  Sherman's  Falls — named  so  after  Rev, 
Mr.  Slierman,  who  lost  his  life  there — form  the  fifth  fall,  with  a  descent  of  about  40  feet,  un- 
til the  last  of  this  exquisite  series  of  falls  is  reached,  named  Conrad's  Falls. 


^■^ 


"^^. 


THE  HIGH  FALLS.  TRENTON  FALLS. 


,own  is  on  the 
)ank  are  some 
bout  38  miles, 
ind  Oswego  is 
f  Black  River 
val  station  of 
reaching  Cape 
French  Cr».ek, 
ints  excellent 
and  Islande.) 


■1»^ 


■  ■»5^SS-?»*-. 


^m~^"^t: 


# 


(^ 


*i  ^-! 


'qjiTWi 


mm 


A-Av 


lich  no  sign  ii 


V/   -*. 


>^. 


THE  CASCADES,  TRFNTON  FALLS. 


:  I   itl 


48 


SPRINGS  AND  WATEKING-PLACES. 


SPRINGS,  AND  WATERINQ-PLACES. 

For  tlio  information  of  tourists  we  annex  particulars  of  a  few  of  the  most  celebrated  sum- 
mer resorts,  compiled  from  extracts  derived  from  the  most  reliable  sources,  to  which  we 
have  added  such  information  as  we  possess  from  our  own  acquaintance  with  the  various 
localities  and  routes  which,  together  with  the  views  presented,  neatly  engraved  from 
photographs  taken  Inst  year,  will,  we  trust,  be  of  some  assistance  to  the  stranger  who 
wishes  to  become  acquainted  with  some  of  the  most  celebrated  localities  in  America. 


"  CAPE  MAY,  N.  J.— This  place,  situated 
at  the  mouth  of  Delaware  Bay,  on  the  N. 
E.  side,  has,  for  a  number  of  years  past,  be- 
come an  attractive  watering-place,  much  fre- 
quented by  the  citizens  of  Philadelphia  and 
others.  During  the  summer  season,  a  steam- 
boat runs  from  the  city  to  the  Cape,  and  af- 
fords a  pleasant  trip.  The  bench  is  unsur- 
passed as  a  bathing-place,  and  the  accommo- 
dations for  the  entertainment  of  visitors  are 
of  the  first  order.  Distance  from  Philadel- 
phia. 102  miles." 

COHOES  FALLS  are  situated  ou  the 
Hiver  Mohawk  (State  of  New  York,)  about  2 
miles  from  its  mouth,  and  close  to  the  rail- 
road from  Troy,  passing  along  which  a 
glance  can  be  liad  of  them,  pouring  down  a 
perpendicular  rock  70  feet  deep. 

"MAMMOTH  CAVE,  KY— Tliis  stupen- 
dous wonder  of  nature  is  situated  in  Edmon- 
son county,  about  90  miles  S.  from  Louisville, 
and  about  equally  distant,  in  a  N.  E.  direc- 
tion, from  Nashville,  Tenn.  The  tourist  leaves 
the  stage  road  about  tt  miles  from  the  en- 
trance to  the  cave,  and  passes  through  some 
of  the  most  romantic  and  beautiful  scenery. 
It  is  only  within  a  few  years  that  this  cave 
has  been  very  extensively  explored ;  and  it  is 
still  supposed  that  but  a  small  part  of  it,  in 
comparison  with  the  whole,  has  ever  been 
trodden  by  the  foot  of  man.  It  has  been  es- 
timated that  the  length  of  all  the  different 
avenues  and  branches,  when  added  together, 
would  make  more  than  600  miles.  As  far 
as  known,  there  are  in  the  cave  246  avenues, 
47  domes,  8  cataracts,  and  23  pits.  The 
darkness,  deeper  than  that  of  the  blackest 
midnight,  which  pervades  these  subterrane- 
an recesses,  and  which  is  little  more  than 
rendered  visiljle  by  the  torches  wliich  the 
visitors  carry  with  them,  renders  it  difficult 
for  the  spectator  to  form  any  thing  like  an 
adequate  idea  of  its  vost  dimensions,  its 
groat  heights  and  depths  in  the  different 
opurtments,  and  of  the  singulnrity  and  beau- 
ty of  the  natural  decorations  they  contni'-, 

"  It  is  a  curious  fnct  that  fish  without  eyes 
have  been  caught  in  the  rivers  of  this  cave. 
They  have  been  dissected  by  skilful  anato- 
mists, it  is  said,  who  declare  that  they  are 
without  the  slightest  indication  of  an  organ 
similar  tx)  the  eye,  and  also  that  they  po-i- 
eess  other  anomalies  in  their  organization  in- 


teresting to  the  na.,urali3t.  These  flshes  are 
from  3  to  6  inches  in  length. 

"  The  waters  of  the  cave  are  of  the  purest 
kind ;  and,  besides  the  springs  and  streams 
of  fresh  water,  there  are  one  or  two  sulphur 
springs.  There  are  streams,  lakes,  and  wa- 
terfalls of  sufficient  width  and  depth  to  com- 
pare with  the  world  above  ground.  Some 
of  these  rivers,  as  they  are  called,  are  navi- 
gated by  boats  of  sufficient  size  to  cnrry  12 
persons;  and  one  of  them,  called  the  Echo, 
is  said  to  be  broad  and  deep  enough,  nt  all 
times,  to  float  the  largest  steamers.  The 
rivers  of  the  Mammoth  Cave  were  never 
■•rossed  till  1840.  Some  of  them  flow  in 
Jeep  channels,  the  sides  of  which  rise  hisfi 
above  their  ordinary  level.  After  heavy 
rains,  they  are  sometimes  swollen  so  as  to 
rise  more  than  50  feet.  At  such  times  the 
streams,  and  especially  the  cataracts,  of  the 
cave,  exhibit  a  most  terrific  appearance. 
Great  exertions  have  been  made  to  discover 
the  sources  of  tliese  streams,  and  where  they 
find  their  outlets :  yet  they  still  remain,  in 
this  respect,  as  much  a  mystery  as  ever. 

"  It  would  be  impossible,  within  the  limits 
of  this  article,  to  describe  in  detail  the  many 
objects  of  curiosity  and  scenes  of  grandeur 
which  are  to  be  found  in  the  apparently  in- 
terminable recesses  of  the  Mammoth  Cave, 
The  names  of  some  of  the  principal  apart- 
ments, are  Giant's  Coffin,  the  Labyrinth,  the 
Cascade,  Gorin's  Dome,  the  Bottomless  Rt, 
the  Winding  Way,  the  Bandit's  Hall,  Grent 
Relief  Hall,  River  Hall  and  Dead  Sea,  Na- 
tural Bridge  over  the  River  Styx,  (80  feet 
high,)  Pass  of  El-Ghor,  Crogan's  Ilnll,  City 
of  the  Tombs,  Saint  Cecilia's  Grotto,  Silli- 
man's  Avenue,  Great  Western  Vestibule, 
Martha's  Vineyard,  Snowball  Room,  the  Ho- 
ly Sepulchre,  Cleveland's  Cabinet,  Serena's 
Harbor,  Fairy  Grotto,  Paradise,  and  others 
of  a  hardly  less  remarkable  character. 

"  To  selec*.  only  from  this  list  of  wonders 
for  the  conclusion  of  our  descriptioMs,  we 
would  offer  the  remarks  of  an  mtellis^ent 
clergyman,  who  lately  paid  a  visit  to  the 
cave,  upon  that  splendid  hall  known  by  tlie 
name  of  Cleveland's  Cabinet.  "  Tlic  most 
imaginative  poet,"  says  this  gentleman, 
"  never  conceived  or  painted  a  palace  of  snoii 
exquisite  beauty  and  loveliness  as  Cleve- 
land's Cabinet.     Were  the  wealth  of  princes 


SPRINGS  AND  WATERING-PLACES. 


49 


bestowed  on  the  roost  skilful  lapidaries,  with 
a  view  of  riralling  the  splendours  of  this  sin- 
gle chamber,  the  attempt  would  be  vain. 
The  Cabinet  was  discovered  by  Mr.  Patten  of 
Louisville  and  Mr.  Craig  of  Philadelphia,  ac- 
companied hy  Stephen,  the  guide,  and  ex- 
tends in  nearly  a  direct  line  about  1^  miles, 
(the  guides  say  2  miles).  It  is  a  perfect  arch, 
of  50  feet  span,  and  of  an  average  height  of 
10  feet  in  the  centre — just  high  enough  to 
be  viewed  with  ease  in  all  its  parts.  The 
base  of  the  whole  is  carbonate  (sulphate)  of 
lime,  in  part  of  a  dazzling  whiteness  and  per- 
fectly smooth,  and  in  part  crystallized,  so  as 
to  glitter  like  diamonds  in  the  light.  Grow- 
ing from  this,  in  endlessly  diversified  forms, 
is  a  substance  resembling  selenite,  translu- 
cent and  imperfectly  laminated.  Some  of 
the  crystals  bear  a  striking  resemblance  to 
brandies  of  celery ;  others,  a  foot  or  more  in 
length,  have  the  colour  and  appeurance  of 
vauilla  cream  candy;  others  are  set  in  sul- 
phate of  lime  in  the  form  of  a  rose ;  and 
others  roll  out  from  the  base  in  forms  re- 
sembling tlie  ornaments  of  a  Corinthian  col- 
umn. Some  of  the  incrustrations  are  mas- 
sive and  splendid,  others  are  as  delicate  as 
the  lily,  or  as  fancy  work  of  shell  or  wax. 
Tliink  of  traversing  an  arched  way  like  this 
for  a  mile  and  a  half;  and  all  the  wonders  of 
the  tales  of  youth — Arabian  Nights,  and  all 
— seem  tame,  compared  with  the  living, 
growing  reality.  Here  and  there,  through 
the  wliole  extent,  you  will  find  openings  in 
tlie  sides,  into  which  you  may  thrust  a  per- 
son, and  often  stand  erect,  in  little  grottoes, 
perfectly  incrusted  with  a  delicate,  white 
substance,  reflecting  the  light  from  a  thous- 
and diff'erent  points." 

"  It  is  quite  impossible  to  give  in  a  brief 
notice  such  as  this,  any  thing  like  an  ade- 
auate  idea  of  this,  one  of  the  greatest  won- 
aers  of  the  world.  It  must  be  visted  to  be 
appreciated. 

"  The  route  from  Louisville,  Kentucky,  is 
by  mil  to  Muinfordsville,  and  thence  per  stage 
for  21  miles.  Time  from  Louisville  to  the 
cave,  15|  hours.  The  train  at  Mumfords- 
ville  connects  also  with  the  railroad  to  Nash- 
ville. Superior  hotel  accommodations  is  to 
be  found  close  to  the  cave,  with  guides,  etc. 
Tlie  charges  are  very  moderate. 

"  MOUNT  VERNON.VA.— This  venerated 
spot,  where  once  resided  the  fatlier  of  his 
country,  and  wliere  his  ashes  now  repose,  is 
universally  regarded  with  a  sacred  interest. 
It  is  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Potomac,  15 
miles  S.  from  the  city  of  Washington,  and  8 
from  Alexandria,  General  Washington's 
mansion  is  still  in  a  good  state  of  preserva- 
tion. The  new  tomb  into  which  his  remains 
were  removed  in  1830,  and  subsequently 
placed  in  a  marble  sarcophagus,  is  in  n  re- 
tired situation  a  short  distance  from  the 
house.  It  is  a  plain  but  substantial  structure 
of  brick,  with  an  iron  gate  at  the  sarcophagi 
of  white  marble,  in  which  slumber,  side  by 


side,  the  mortal  remains  of  that  great  and 
good  roan  and  of  his  amiable  consort. 

"  The  old  tomb,  in  which  the  remains  of 
Washington  were  first  deposited,  and  wiiich 
is  now  going  to  deccy,  is  upon  an  elevation 
in  full  view  from  the  river. 

"  A  glimpse  uf  this  interesting  spot  rnay  be 
had  from  the  Potomac  steamer,  on  its  way 
from  Washington  to  the  railroad  terminus  at 
Acquia  Creek.  But  to  visit  the  place,  it  is 
necessary  to  stop  at  Alexandria,  and  take  a 
private  convej-ance  to  Mount  Vernon.  The 
grounds  are  open  to  the  public." 

NAHANT,  MS.— This  is  one  of  the  oldest 
and  most  celebrated  watering-places  in  New 
England,  and  a  place  to  which  many  of  the 
wealthy  citizens  of  Boston,  having  provided 
themselves  with  pleasant  cottages,  resort  in 
the  summer  months  with  their  families. 

"  It  is  only  10  miles  N.  E.  from  Boston,  by 
the  steamboats  continually  plying  in  summer 
months.  At  this  place  are  good  fishing  and 
fowling,  and  excellent  accommodations;  the 
ocean  scenery  is  exceedingly  beautiful  in  fair 
weather,  and  truly  sublime  in  a  storm." 

PLYMOUTH  ROCK,  MS.— One  of  the 
most  interesting  spots  connected  with  the 
history  of  America,  being  the  point  in  New 
England  where  the  Pilgrim  Fathers  landed 
from  the  Mayflower  in  tlie  year  1620.  The 
Rock  is  denominated  "  Forefathei-s'  Rock,'  is 
now  buried  under  a  warehouse  with  wharves 
around  it.  The  town  of  Plymouth,  in  which 
the  Rock  is,  is  37  miles  from  Boston  by  rail. 

"  ROCKAWAY  BEACH,  LONG  ISLAND, 
N.  Y. — Thit*  fashionable  watering-place  is  on 
the  Atlantic  shore  of  Long  Island,  about  20 
miles  from  New  York.  The  principal  hotel 
is  the  Marine  Pavilion,  which  is  a  splendid 
establishment,  erected  in  1834,  upon  the 
beach,  only  a  short  distance  from  the  ocean. 
There  is  also  another  hotel,  which  is  well 
kept,  and  several  boarding-houses,  where  the 
visitor  or  the  invalid  may  enjoy  the  invigor- 
ating ocean  breezes  with  less  of  cost  and  dis- 
play than  at  the  hotels.  The  most  conveni- 
ent route  to  Rockaway  is  by  the  Long  Island 
Railroad  to  Jamaica,  12  miles  from  New 
York,  and  thence  8  miles  by  stage  to  the 
beach." 

SARATOGA  SPRINGS,  N.  Y,— This  cele- 
brated watering-place  and  summer  resort, 
occupies  the  same  position  in  America,  as 
Hnrrowgate  does  in  England,  whilst  the. 
characteristics  of  both  places  are  alike,  in 
many  respects. 

"They  are  the  most  celeorated  springs  in 
the  United  States,  and  the  annual  resort  of 
visitors — from  all  parts  of  the  world — who 
flock  there  in  search  of  health,  pleasure,  and 
excitement. 

"  Large  and  splendid  accommodations  are 

f)rovidedin  the  various  hotels  and  boarding- 
louses,  which,  in  the  season  of  company,  are 
often  thronged  with  visitors,  presenting  an 
animated  scene  of  gravity,  luxury,  and  dis- 
play. 


».',  i 


til 


»■■> 


M 


50 


SPRINGS  AND  WATERING-PLACES. 


"  The  village,  which  is  in  the  N.  part  of  the 
township  of  Saratoga,  is  pleasantly  situated 
on  a  sandy  plain,  in  part  suiTounded  by  a 
lieiiutiful  grove  of  pines,  having  its  princi- 
pal street  upon  the  W.  margin  of  a  narrow 
vnle  in  which  the  springs  are  found.  The 
hotels  are  large  and  numerous. 

"  Passengers  for  Saratoga  from  New  York, 
take  either  the  'Hudson  River  or  Harlem 
Railroads,  or  the  steamboat  to  Albany  or 
Troy ;  from  Albany,  via  Albany,  Vermont  and 
Canada  Railway  ;  from  Troy,  via  Rensselaer 
and  Saratoga  Railway,  from  Boston  the 
traveller  takes  the  Western  Railway  to 
Albany,  Troy  and  Saratoga.  Passengers 
from  the  West  by  the  Central  Railway  stop 
at  Schenectady.  The  route  from  tiie  North 
is  via  Lake  Champlain,  and  Whitehall  and 
Saratoga  Railway. 

"  SHARON  SPRINGS,  N.  Y.,  are  in  the 
town  of  Sharon,  in  Schoharie  county,  about 
•i,5  miles  west  of  Albany  by  the  Cherry  Val- 
ley Turnpike.  They  are  also  reached  by 
stages  from  Canajoharie,  on  the  Utica  and 
Sclienectady  Railroad,  from  which  place  they 
are  distant  about  12  miles  in  a  S.  W.  direc- 
tion. They  are  pure  and  clear,  and  have 
been  found  to  be  highly  efficacious  in  cutane- 
ous, dj'speptic,  and  rheumatic  complaints. 
They  have  an  exhilarating  effect  upon  the 
spirits,  invigorating  the  system,  and  purify- 
ing the  complexion,  and  in  some  respects 
possesses  medicinal  and  healing  properties 
unsurpassed  by  any  in  the  country. 

"  The  prospect  from  the  Pavilion  House  to- 
wards the  N.  is  almost  unlimited,  and  by 
many  considered  harly  inferior  to  that  from 
the  Catskill  Mountain  House.  Its  elevated 
situation,  always  securing  a  pure  and  brac- 
ing atmosphere,  conspires  with  the  use  of 
the  watei-s  to  render  the  residence  of  vis- 
itors here  in  hot  weather  delightfully  sulu- 
brious  and  refreshing. 

"  Tourists  proceed  from  Albany  via  New 
York  Central  Railway  to  Palatine  liridge,  56 
miles,  thence  per  stage  for  10  miles  over 
plank  road. 

"  WHITE  SULPHUR  SPRINGS,  VA.— 
These  are  the  most  celebrated  and  most  gen- 
erally visited  of  all  the  mineral  springs  of 
Virginia,  and  are  to  tlie  south  what  Sarato- 
ga is  to  the  north.  They  are  situated  on  a 
branch  of  the  Greenbrier  River,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  the  same  name,  on  the  western  declivi- 
ty of  tl»e  Alleghany  ridge,  some  ft  or  8  miles 
from  the  summit  of  the  mountains.     They 


are  in  an  elevated  and  beautifully  pictur- 
esque valley,  hemmed  in  by  mountains  on 
every  side.  Thousands  resort  to  them  annu- 
ally efther  to  enjoy  the  benefit  of  the  wa- 
ters, or  in  pursuit  of  recreation  and  amuse- 
ment. 

"  There  are  numerous  routes  to  the  Virginia 
springs,  all  of  which  within  a  few  years 
have  been  greatly  improved.  One  of  the 
plcasantest  and  most  expeditious  routes  from 
Baltimore  is  by  the  railroad  thence  to  Har- 
per's Ferry  ;  .thence  by  railroad  to  Winches- 
ter to  Goslien.  From  Staunton  there  are 
two  routes,  one  directlyacross  the  mounlaiim. 
to  the  warm  and  hot  springs;  the  otiier,  via 
Lexington,  to  the  Natural  Bridge,  and  thence 
to  the  White  Sulphur  Springs.  These  springs 
are  304  miles  W.  of  Baltimore. 

"  Parlies  from  the  South  proceed  to  Wil- 
mington, North  Carolina,  to  Richmond,  pro- 
ceeding from  Richmond  to  Lynchburg  and 
thence  by  stage. 

"  WINNIPISEOGEE  LAKE,  N.  H.— This 
lake  possesses  singular  charms.  However 
romantic  and  beautiful  Lake  George,  the 
charmer  of  all  travellers,  appears  in  its  ele- 
vation, the  purity  of  its  waters,  its  depth,  its 
rapid  outlet,  its  365  islands  which  besranjjle 
its  bosom,  its  mountain  scenery,  its  lisli,  its 
mineralogy,  still,  in  all  but  its  historic  fapie 
it  has  a  rival  at  the  east,  in  the  Winuipisco- 
gee  of  New  Hampshire. 

"  The  lake  is  in  the  counties  of  Belknap  and 
Carrol.  Its  form  is  very  irregular.  At  the 
west  end  it  is  divided  into  three  large  bays; 
on  the  north  is  a  fourth ;  and  at  the  east  end 
there  are  three  others.  Its  general  course  is 
from  north-west  to  north-east;  its  length  is 
about  25  miles,  and  it  varies  in  width  from 
one  to  10  miles. 

"  The  waters  of  this  lake  not  only  serve  as 
a  lovely  ornament  to  the  scenery  of  this  re- 
gion, and  as  a  means  of  recreation  and.aniuse- 
ment  to  the  multitude  who  pass  and  repass 
upon  them,  but  answer  nu  important  purpose 
MS  a  great  reservoir  of  power  for  the  e.\ten- 
sive  manufacturing  establishments  at  Jlan- 
Chester,  Lowell,  and  other  places  whii'h  are 
located  on  Merrimac  River,  its  outlet  to  tlie 
sea.  The  fall  of  this  immense  body  of  wa- 
ter, in  its  passage  to  the  ocean,  is  so  i^reat 
that  its  power  for  manufacturing  purposes 
can  hardly  be  computed. 

"  The  Indian  name  of  Winnipiseogeo,  signi- 
fies '  The  smile  of  the  Great  Spirit.'  "  (See 
White  Mountains.) 


. ' .  '  1 


/  f 


\t  L|      I 


CLIFTON  SPRINGS  AND  LAKE  GEORGE. 


61 


■:1    ; 


m 


t 


WATER-CURE  ESTABLISHMENT,  CLIFTON  SPRINGS. 


About  halfway  between  Lakes  Geneva  and  Canandaigua  is  situated  the  celebrated 
Clifton  Springs,  which  are  much  resorted  to,  forming  as  they  do  one  of  the  most  pleasant 
nnd  retired  watering-places,  within  easy  distance  of  some  of  the  finest  scenery  in  the 
Northern  States. 

Situated  at  those  springs  is  the  celebrated  water-cure  establishment  of  Dr.  Forster.  The 
house,  although  a  very  large  one,  yet  is  generally  filled  with  patients,  one  of  the  best 
proofs  of  its  excellent  standing.    The  charge  for  board  varies  from  $7  to  $11  per  week. 


"  LAKE  GEORGE,  sometimes  called 
LAKE  HORICON.— This  lovely  sheet  of 
water,  basking  in  tiie  rays  of  tiie  sun,  rippled 
by  the  breeze,  or  reclining  in  the  shadows  of 
twilight,  still  presenting  a  lovely  aspect — 
famed  in  song  and  story,  and  its  counterpart 
oci'upying  a  space  in  innumerable  annuals 
and  books  of  travel — is  230  feet  above  tlie 
Hudson  River,  lying  partly  in  Warrt  .  and 
Washington  Counties,  having  its  outlet  into 
Lake  Clianiplain.  Its  shore  contains  the  re- 
mains of  several  old  forts,  memorable  in  the 
French  and  Revolutionary  wars.  This  beau- 
tiful mountain  lake  of  New  York  is  36  miles 
in  length,  varying  in  breadth  fromf  to  4 
miles.  The  water  is  remarkably  transparent, 
and  in  some  places  is  more  than  400  feet 
deep.  Scarcely  any  thing  can  be  imagined 
more  beautiful  or  picturesque  than  the 
scenery  along  its  banks.  The  romantic  effect 
of  the  prospect  is  greatly  enhanced  by  the 
multitude  of  islands  of  various  forms  and 
sizes,  which  meet  the  gaze  on  every  side. 
A  popular  notion  prevails  that  their  number 
corresponds  with  that  of  the  days  of  the 
year.    Twelve  miles  from  the  south-west  ex- 


tremity of  the  lake  there  is  an  island  of  about 
200  acres,  called,  from  its  position.  Twelve 
Mile  Island.  A  mile  further  north  there  is  a 
high  point,  or  tongue  of  laud,  called  Tongue 
Mountain,  west  of  which  projects  a  small 
arm  of  the  lake  called  North-west  Bay. 
Here  the  narrowest  part  of  the  lake  com- 
mences, and  continues  7  or  8  miles.  Near 
the  west  end  of  the  Narrows,  on  the  eastern 
side  of  the  lake,  is  Black  Mountain,  the  sum 
mit  of  which  is  the  highest  point  in  the  im- 
mediate vicinity  of  the  lake,  having  an  ele- 
vation of  2,200  feet  above  its  surface.  About 
12  miles  beyond  Black  Mountoin  there  is  a 
rock  about  200  feet  higli,  rising  almost  per- 
pendicularly from  the  surface  of  the  water. 
During  the  French  war.  Major  Rogers,  being 
closely  pursued  by  the  Indians,  slid  down 
this  deep  declivity,  and  safely  landed  on  the 
ice,  leavmg  his  pursuers  petrified  with  aston- 
ishment at  the  daring  exploit  they  had  wit- 
nessed. From  this  circumstance  the  rock  has 
been  namecV  Rogers'  Slide.  Just  beyond  is 
Lord  Howe's  Point,  where  the  division  of 
the  English  army  under  Lord  Howe  landed 
previous  to  his  attack  on  Ticonderoga." 


52 


NEWPORT,   LAKE  PLEASANT  AND  CROOKED  LAKE. 


NEWPORT,   RHODE  ISLAND. 


The  above  sketcli  represents  probably  the 
nearest  approacli,  both  in  appearance  and 
situation,  to  Scarborough,  (England,)  of  any 
seabathing  quarter  in  the  United  States. 
Newport  is  located  on  the  S.  W.  side  of  the 
rlcli  and  fertile  State  of  Rhode  Island,  lying 
within  the  mouth  of  Narraganset  Bay,  5  miles 
from  the  ocean.  "  Its  harbour,  one  of  the  finest 
in  the  world,  spreads  W.  before  the  town, 
which  is  built  on  a  gentle  declivity  to  the 
shore,  and  appuara  beautiful  as  it  is  ap- 
proached upon  tiie  water.  Its  insular  situa- 
tion gives  to  Newport  the  advantage  of  a 
cool,  refreshing  sea-breeze  from  almost  every 
point  of  the  compass;  so  that  in  nil  the  hot 


months  it  is  one  of  the  most  comfortable  places 
of  residence  any  where  to  be  found.  On  tliis 
account  it  has  long  been  a  favourite  place  of 
fashionable  resort,  especially  for  visitors  from 
the  south.  Within  a  few  years  past,  a  number 
of  large  and  splendid  hotels  have  been  erect- 
ed, affording  the  best  accommodations  tlint 
could  be  desired  for  all  who  come ;  so  tlint, 
in  this  respect,  Newport  is  now  tlie  rival  of 
Saratoga  itself." 

Steamers  ply  daily,  during  the  summer 
season,  between  Newport  and  Provideticf— 
with  which  the  communication  by  railrond 
and  Bteapiers  is  frequent.  167  miles  from 
New  York — 70  miles  from  Boston, 


"  LAKE  PLEASANT.— Thissmall  but  love- 
ly lake,  is  i  favourite  and  enchonting  resort 
for  the  '  sciples  of  the  angle  and  the  gun, 
the  waters  teeming  with  trout,  etc.,  and  deer 
and  other  game  are  abundant  in  the  forests. 
It  is  a  delightful  summer  home  for  the  stu- 
dent, and  may  be  pleasantly  ond  satisfnctori- 
ly  visited  by  ladies.  The  wild  lands  and 
waters  here  are  a  part  of  the  lake  region  of 
northern  New  York.  The  Sarannc  region  is 
connected  with  Lake  Pleasant  by  interme- 
diate waters  and  portages.  To  reach  Lake 
Pleasant,  and  the  ac^oining  waters  of  Round, 
Pisced,  and  Louis  Lakes,  favourite  summer 
resorts,  take  the  Central  Railroad  from  Al- 
bany to  Amsterdam;  thence  by  stage  to 
Holmes'  Hotel  on  Lake  Pleasant,  SO  miles." 


"  CROOKED  LAKE,  situated  in  the  west- 
ern part  of  New  York,  is  included  in  tlie 
limits  of  Steuben  and  Yates  Counties,  is  18 
miles  long,  and  1^  miles  at  its  greatest 
breadth.  At  the  north  end  it  is  divided 
into  two  forks  or  branches,  one  of  which  is 
5  and  the  other  9  miles  long.  Its  surface  is 
487  feet  above  Lake  Ontario,  and  718  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  Atlantic.  It  usually 
freezes  over  in  the  winter ;  at  other  seasons 
a  steamboat  leaves  Penn  Yan,  at  its  N.  N.  E 
extremity,  for  Hammondsport,  at  its  S.  \y. 
extremity.  The  scenery  along  the  shore  is 
extremely  picturesque  and  beautiful.  The 
outlet  which  flows  into  Seneca  Lake  hasu 
descent  of  271  feet  in  7  miles,  affording  valu- 
able water  power." 


the  west- 
id  in  the 
Aes,  13  18 
greatest 
divided 
which  19 
surfaee  !» 
718  feet 
It  usually 
•  seasons 
.  N.  N.  E 
its  S.  '^V. 
shore  is 
iful.    The 
ake  has* 
ding  valu- 


SCENERY  OF  THE  0AT8KILL  MOUNTAINS. 


58 


SCENE  IN  THE  CATSKILL  MOUNTAINS. 

One  of  the  most  agreeable  trips  for  the  tonriat,  when  at  New  York,  is  for  him  to  visit 
the  famous  scenery  of  the  Catskill.  There,  a  variety  of  wood,  river,  and  mountain  scene- 
ry will  be  enjoyed,  not  to  be  met  with  in  most  places. 

The  trip  there  and  back,  can  be  made  in  3  or  4  days  from  New  York,  and  at  not  much 
expense. 

The  charge  at  the  Mountain  House  is  |2.60  (or  10».,  stg.,)  per  day — although  cheaper 
accommodation  is  to  be  had  as  well. 

Near  the  Mountain  House  is  said  to  be  the  site  where  Mr.  Washington  Irving  located  the 
scene  of  his  celebrated  novel  of  "  Rip  Van  Winkle." 

Few  places  of  summer  resort  are  more  frequented  by  tourists,  whether  as  artists  in 
search  of  some  charming  scenery  to  study,  the  invalid  in  quest  of  bracing  air,  or  the  gen- 
eral traveller  in  search  of  all  the  "  lions"  in  America. 


K  ^^'i 


54 


SYLVAN   LAKE,   CATSKILL   MOUNTAINS. 


I 


A  go(Hl,  general  view  of  these  monntaini  is  obtained  from  the  deck  of  the  Bteamers 
which  pass  up  and  down  upon  the  Hudson. 

Strangers  talte  eitlicr  the  Albiiny  steamer,  from  New  York,  or  AUinny,  to  Cotskill,  on  the 
Hudson,  (111  miles  from  New  York)  or  the  Hudson  River  Riiilroad  to  Oukliill  St4»tii>ii, 
thence  per  ferry  across.  From  Catskill  Village,  passengers  ore  conveyed  per  stage  to  tlio 
Mountain  House,  12  miles  distont,  but  the  roud  being  very  steep,  it  takes  4  hours  to  go 
that  distance. 

The  first  view  we  present,  "  Scene  in  the  Catskill  Mountains,"  is  from  a  pointing  by  J. 
F.  Kensett,  an  American  artist,  the  only  objection  to  which  wo  have  is,  tlio  Introduotion  of 
two  of  the  aborigines— of  the  district,  we  presume — o  fault  rather  common,  we  tliink, 
amongst  American  artists,  to  give  effect  in  pictures,  whilst  such  figures  can  now  only  be 
introduced  with  truth  in  such  districts  aa  Minnesota,  or  the  Red  River. 


THE  UPPER  OR  SYLVAN  LAKE-CATSKILL  MOUNTAINS. 

The  other  engravings  which  follow  are  without  any  such  additions,  being  from  photo- 
graphs, taken  last  year  of  the  scenes  represented.  To  quote  from  n  writer  who  has  visited 
this  locality  : — 

"The  ride  to  the  foot  of  the  mountain  is  not  specially  Interestinpr;  but  the  ascent,  byn 
very  circuitous  route,  from  every  successive  opening  and  turn  of  which  some  new  nnil 
more  extensive  vista  is  presented  to  the  eye  continually,  is  in  a  hisrh  degree  inspirinc:  nnd 
delightful.  And  when  at  length  the  lofty  eminence  is  reached,  there  opens,  from  the  front 
of  the  noble  edifice,  a  prospect  of  vast  extent  and  beouty ;  embracing  an  apparently  end- 
less succession  of  woods  and  waters,  farms  and  villages,  towns  and  cities,  spread  out  aa  in 
a  boundless  panorama,  over  which  all  Inequalities  of  surface  are  overlooked.  Tlie  beauti- 
ful Hudson  appears  narrowed  in  the  distance,  with  numerous  vessels  scattered  along  its  sil- 


i  i 


KAUT11.R8KILL  FALLS,   CATSKILL  MOUNTAINS. 


66 


very  line,  diwcmcd  an  far  as  the  eye  can  reach,  by  their  canvn!<  gleaming  in  Iho  bud,  and 
with  tlie  trailing  cloud  of  emoko  from  steamboata  almost  coimtHiiliy  in  siglit. 

■■  Tlie  view  embraces  an  area  of  about  70  miles  north  and  south.  Far  in  the  eastern  out- 
line rise  the  Taghanio  Mountiiins,  and  the  highlands  of  Connecticut  and  Massnchusett^ 
To  the  left  are  seen  the  Green  Mountains  of  Vermont,  stretching  away  in  the  north  till  their 
blue  summits  are  blended  with  the  sky.  At  otlior  times  all  the  prospect  below  Is  enveloped 
in  a  rolling  sea  of  mist  ond  cloud,  surging  with  tlio  wind,  ond  presenting  ever  new  and  fan- 
ciful forms  to  the  sight  Thunder  storms  are  not  unfrequently  seen  passing  below  the 
jpectator,  while  the  atmosphere  is  deliglitfuUy  clear  and  cool  around  him." 

Tlie  preceding  engraving  represents  one  of  two  lakes  of  great  beauty,  which  lie  close  to- 
gether, overlooked  from  the  north  mountain,  and  a  short  way  from  the  Mountain  House 
Hotel.  All  who  are  acquainted  with  this  beautiful  sheet  of  water,  will  at  once  recognize 
it  in  the  above  sketch,  which  we  have  had  engraved  from  one  of  the  series  of  photogrnplis 
taken  there  last  year.  For  a  pleasant  walk  alongside  its  shores,  a  row  on  its  waters,  or 
for  practising  the  "  gentle  art"  with  fishing-rod  and  line,  few  spots  present  greater  attrac- 
tions. 


KAUTERSKILL  FALLS. 


The  Sylvan  Lake,  already  alluded  to,  is  the  source  from  which  proceed  the  beautiful 
KftutersMU  Falls,  represented  above,  as  also  the  source  of  the  Kauterskill  River,  which 
finds  its  way  into  the  Hudson,  at  Catskill  Village.    The  falls  are  situated  about  2  milea 


m 


SLEEPY   UOLLOW,   CAT8KILL   MOUNTAINS. 


from  tho  lilountaiii  IIouic.     Cooper,  tlie  novelist,  In  hi*  novel  of  t.ho  "  Pioneer,"  thm  men- 
lionn  tlieni  :— 

"  Thn  wntor  comos  croaking  nnil  wlnJlnf?  nmonp;  tho  rocks,  flrnt,  go  slow  that  a  trout 
nil^lit  Hwiiii  iiilo  it,  tinn  Htnrtiii^  and  running  liko  any  creature  tliat  wanted  to  nmk«>  n 
fair  spring,  till  it  m-ti  to  wlu-rc  tlie  mountain  divideit,  like  th«  cleft  foot  of  a  deer,  leaving  a 
dfcp  liollow  for  the  l;rook  to  tumlilo  into.  TIim  firxt  jiiteh  is  nigh  200  feet,  and  tlie  wiitit 
look)*  like  flakes  of  snow  before  it  touches  the  bottom,  nnd  tiien  gathers  itself  togitlior 
ngtiiu  for  a  new  start ;  nnd  muybe  flutters  over  SO  feet  of  flut  rock  before  it  fulls  for  another 
loo  feet,  when  it  juni])s  from  shelf  to  shelf,  llrst  running  this  wny  nnd  that  way,  striviii); 
to  get  out  of  the  hollow,  till  it  fiimlly  gets  to  tho  plain." 


VIEW  DOWN  SLEEPY  HOI.LOW-CATSKILL  MOUNTAINS. 


As  another  view  of  one  of  the  cascnles,  we  present  one  taken  from  the  ledge  of  rooks 
over  which  the  water  rushes  silently  but  jwiftly  over  the  precipice,  down  into  the  beauti 
ful  gorge  of  "Sleepy  Hollow." 


THS  WHITE   MOUNTAINB. 


67 


WHITE  MOUNTAINS,  NEW   HAMPSHIRE. 


The  Rccompllthed  author  of  "  America  rdi] 
the  Aniericnna"  tliu»  writes  regarding  this 
portion  of  the  Unlt«'d  iStutPs: — "ThlsTs  one 
oftli*!  wll(k-«t  regiuiu  in  the  United  Htntcs, 
From  tlie  top  of  the  gtage  wo  have  a  wide 
nrospt'ct  over  forestn,  paatoi  al  volleys,  ravines, 
and  dingles;  Mount  Lafavette  rising  iieforo 
us  in  solemn  majesty,  and  behind  us,  far  as 
the  eve  can  reach,  an  undulating  country, 
ttretohing  away  towards  the  frontiers  of 
Oanndft.  For  the  first  8  miles  the  drive  lies 
throiij;h  a  tangled  wood,  and  up  an  ascent 
BO  steep  that  our  team  occasionally  pauses. 
The  road  is  so  narrow  that  the  trees  touch 
the  carriage  on  both  sides  at  the  same  time, 
aiul  »o  rougli  that  passengers  hold  on  firmly 
fur  their  lives;  yet  the  coachman  drives  his 
six  in  hand  with  the  utmost  cage  and  skill." 

During  nine .  or  ten  montlis  of  the  year, 
the  sumniite  of  the  mountains  arc  covered 
with  snow  ond  ice,  giving  them  a  bright  and 
dftziling  appearance.  On  every  side  are 
long  and  winding  gullies,  deepening  in  their 
descent  to  the  plain  below. 

These  mountoins  are  situated  in  the  county 
of  Coos,  in  the  N.  part  of  the  8tate.  They 
extend  about  20  miles,  from  8.  W.  to  N.  E., 
and  are  the  more  elevated  parts  of  a  range 
extending  many  miles  in  that  direction. 
Their  bnae  is  about  10  miles  broad,  and  are 
the  highest  in  New  England  ;  and,  if  we  ex- 
cept the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  one  or  two 
peaks  in  Nortli  Carolina,  tliey  are  the  most 
lofty  of  any  in  the  United  States. 

Although  these  mountains  are  U6  miles  dis- 
tant from  the  ocean,  their  snow-white  mm- 
wits  ore  distinetlj-  visible,  in  good  weather, 
more  than  60  miles  from  shore.  Their  np- 
peanyice,  at  that  distance,  is  that  of  a  sil- 
very cloud  skirting  the  horizon. 

The  names  here  given  are  those  generally 
appropriated  to  the  different  summits :  Mount 
Wmhngton  Is  known  by  its  superior  eleva- 
tion, and  by  its  being  the  southern  of  the 
three  highest  peaks.  Mount  Adams  is  known 
by  its  siiarp,  terminating  peak,  and  being 
the  north  of  Washington.  Jeffersmi  is  situ- 
ated between  these  two.  Madinon  is  the 
eastern  peak  of  the  range.  Monroe  is  the 
first  to  the  soutii  of  Washington.  Franklin 
is  the  second  south,  and  is  known  by  its  level 
surface.  Lafaiielte  is  known  by  Its  conical 
shape,  ond  being  the  third  south  of  Wash- 
ington. The  ascent  to  the  summits  of  these 
mountains,  though  fatiguing,  is  not  danger- 
ous ;  ond  the  visitant  is  richly  rewarded  for 
his  labour  and  curiosity.  In  passing  from 
the  Notch  to  the  highest  summit,  the  travel- 
liT  crosses  the  summits  of  Mounts  Lafayette, 
Franklin,  and  Monroe.     In  accomplishing 


this,  he  must  pass  through  a  forest,  and  cross 
several  ravines.  These  are  neither  wide  nor 
deep,  nor  are  they  discovered  ot  a  great  dU- 
tance ;  for  tlijB  trees  fill  them  up  exactly  even 
with  the  mountain  on  each  side,  mxA  their 
branches  interlock  with  eacli  other  in  siichtt 
manner  that  it  is  very  difficult  to  paw 
through  tiiem,  and  they  are  so  stiff  and 
thick  as  olmost  to  support  a  man's  weight 
After  crossing  Mount  Franklin,  you  pass  over 
the  eastern  pinnacle  of  Mount  Monroe,  and 
soon  find  yourself  on  a  plain  of  some  extent, 
at  the  foot  of  Mount  Washington.  Here  Is 
a  fine  resting-place,  on  the  margin  of  a  beau- 
tiful sheet  of  water,  of  on  oval  form,  cover- 
ing about  lliree-fourths  of  on  acre.  Tlie 
waters  are  pleasant  to  the  taste,  and  deep. 
Not  a  living  creature  is  to  l)e  seen  In  the 
waters  at  this  height  on  the  hills ;  nor  does 
vegetation  grow  in  or  around  them,  to  ob- 
scure the  clear  rocky  or  gravelly  bottom  on 
which  they  rest.  A  snmll  spring  dischnrgea 
Itself  into  this  pond,  at  Its  south-east  angle. 
Another  pond,  of  about  two-thirds  Its  size, 
lies  north-west  of  this.  Directly  before  you, 
the  pinnacle  of  Mount  Washington  rises 
with  majestic  grandeur,  like  on  Immense 
pyramid,  or  some  vast  krcmlln,  in  this  mag- 
nificent city  of  mountains.  The  pinnacle  is 
elevated  obout  1500  feet  above  the  plain, 
and  is  composed  piinclpnlly  of  huge  rocks 
of  granite  and  ^'ueiss,  piled  together,  pre- 
senting a  variety  of  colours  and  forms.  The 
ascent  is  made  on  horseback. 

In  ascending,  you  must  pass  enormous 
masses  o'  loose  stons;  but  a  ride  of  half  an 
hour  win  genera'!;,  i  .irry  you  to  the  sumnut. 
The  view  from  this  jioJnt  is  wonderfully 
grand  and  picturesque.  Innumerable  moun- 
tains, lakes,  ponds,  rivers,  towns,  and  vil- 
loges  meet  the  delighted  eye,  and  the  dim 
Atlantic  stretches  its  waters  olong  the  eost- 
ern  horizon.  To  the  north  is  seen  the  lofty 
summits  of  Adams  and  Jefferson  ;  and  to  the 
east,  a  little  detached  from  the  range,  sup- 
ported on  the  north  Iry  a  high  ridge,  which 
extends  to  Mount  Jefferson ;  on  the  north- 
east by  a  large  grassy  plain,  terminating  in 
a  vast  spur,  extending  far  oway  in  that  di- 
rection ;  east,  by  a  promontory,  which  breaks 
off  abruptly  at  St.  Anthony's  Nose ;  south 
and  south-east  by  a  grossy  jdoln,  in  summer, 
of  more  than  40  acres.  At  the  south-eastern 
extremity  of  this  plain  a  ridge  commences, 
which  slopes  gracefully  away  towards  the 
vale  of  the  Saco,  upon  whlcii,  at  short  dis- 
tances from  each  other,  arise  rocks,  resem- 
bling in  some  places,  towers;  in  others,  rep- 
resenting the  various  orders  of  aroldtec- 
ture. 


,1 
1 ;  if 


N 


'5 


58 


WILLEY  HOUSE,   WHITE  MOUNTAINS. 


3 


THE  WILLEY  HOUSE,   WHITE  MOUiS'TAINS. 


The  abore  house  stands  upon  a  spot  which 
will  ever  rema'n  memorable  in  the  history 
of  the  White  Mountains,  as  having  been  the 
scene  of  a  fearful  ci-lamity  which  overtook  a 
family  namtJ  Willey,  residing  there,  who 
were  all  LuricJ  beneath  an  avalanche,  or 
slide,  from  the  mountain,  which  occurred 
during  the  year  1826,  a  year  remarkable  for 
a  great  flood  in  these  mountain  regions. 

Leaving  Willey  House,  the  tourist,  who  is 
desirous  of  ascending  higher,  will  find  him- 
self in  the  vicinity  of  the  "  Notch,"  as  it  is 
called. 

"  The  Notch  of  the  White  3fountains  is  a 
phrase  apjiropriated  to  a  very  narrow  d-jfile, 
extending  two  miles  in  ler.gtli,  between  two 
huge  cliffs,  apparentiy  rent  asunder  by  some 
vast  convulsion  of  nature,  probably  that  of 
the  deluge. 

"  The  scenery  at  this  place  is  exceedingly 
beautiful  and  grand.  About  half  a  mile 
from  the  entrance  of  the  chasm  is  seen  a 
most  beautiful  cascade,  issuing  from  a  nu)un- 
tain  on  the.  right,  aix»ut  800  feet  abovt  the 
subjacent  valley,  and  about  two  miles  dis- 
tant The  stream  passes  over  a  series  of 
rocks,  almost  pTpeii-Ticular,  with  a  course 
so  little  broken  as  to  preserve  the  a)>pear- 
avio  of  a  uniform  current,  and  yet  so  fnr 
disturbed  as  to  be  perfectly  white.  This 
beautiful  stream,  which  passes  down  a  9tu- 


tho 


pendous  precipice,  is  called  by  Dwight  tl 
Silvr  Caneadey    it  is  probably  one  of  tli 
most  beautiful  in  the  world,  and  has  been 
thus  described ; — 

"  The  stream  is  scanty,  but  its  course  from 
among  the  deep  forest,  whence  its  springs  h 
sue  into  light,  is  one  of  singular  bciiuty. 
Buried  beneath  the  lofty  precipice  of  tlie 
gorge,  after  ascending  *hrough  Pulpit  Rock, 
by  the  side  of  the  turbulent  torrent  of  the 
Saco,  the  ear  is  suddenly  saluted  by  Tne  soft 
dashings  of  the  sweetest  of  cascades;  niidn 
glance  upward  reveals  its  silver  streams  issu- 
ing from  the  loftiest  crests  of  the  mountain, 
and  leaping  from  crag  to  crag.  It  is  a  beau- 
tiful vibiou  in  the  midst  of  the  wildest  and 
most  dreary  scenery."' 

Mount  Wanhinffton  House,  capuble  of  ac- 
commodating 100  guests,  is  situated  about  i 
miles  fron'  tho  Notch. 

The  Notch  House  is  at  the  head  of  tlic  Sii- 
CO  lliver,  and  about  9  miles  from  tho  top  of 
Mour*-,  Washington. 

The  Willey  Home,  alluded  to  above,  is 
about  2  miles  below  the  Notch. 

The  C  mcford  Horn. ,  in  the  valley  of  tiie 
Saco,  is  about  8  mLes  below  tlie  NotcU, 
these,  together  with  the 

Olm  Home,  will  be  found  in  every  respect 
desirable,  for  stopping  a;.  Partimilurs  of 
Tip  Top  Home  will  be  found  on  next  pngc 


As  already  ei 
forms  the  higlirt 
Mountains,  623^ 
We  present  i 
a  photograph  ta 
Mount  Washing 
"Tip-Top  Hous 
ambition  of  all 
tempt  to  climb  f 
the  range  m  tli 
and  liio  flood." 

Tip-Top  IIous 

under  most  difli 

without  groat  ri; 

111  Ti]vTop  H( 

moduted  all  nig 

sii'ous  of  witnes! 

nnd  being  up  in 

iiig,  can  aceoni| 

the  aftornoon,  si 

retui'ning  ne.\t  iii 

«ponnioMt,  if  f; 

'",?,  will  be  cer 

fi'ouble. 

,l{e!,'araing  the 

tins  dizzv  heiirJit 

,       "ini.'edayl,; 

I  wnequalled  perim 

iNorth  American .. 

confused  masses 

"Ppeoranco  of  a.  , 

cooled  whilst  its  p 

commotion.     On 

rim  of  silver  li.rh 

•io  miles  distant  ] 


TIP-TOP  HOUSE,   WHITE  MOUNTAINS. 


69 


I'   P    4 


i-  If 


TIP-'^OP  HOUSE,  WHITE  MOUNTAINS, 


As  already  explained,  Mount  Wes^ington 
forms  the  highest  of  the  range  of  the  White 
Mountains,  6234  feet  above  the  sea. 

We  present  above,  a  sketch  made  from 
a  pliotogrnph  taken  of  the  highest  point  of 
Mount  Washington,  known  by  travellers  as 
"Tip-Top  House,"  to  attain  to  which  is  the 
ambition  of  all  tourists  who  make  the  at- 
tempt to  climb  to  the  apex  of  the  highest  of 
the  range  in  this  region  of  "  the  mountain 
and  tlio  tlood." 

Tip-Top  House  is  a  rude  built  inn  erected 
under  most  ditiicult  circumstances,  and  not 
without  gri'at  risk  of  life  and  property. 

In  Tip-Top  House,  tourists  v\n  be  nccora- 
modiitcd  all  niglit,  so  that  any  who  are  de- 
sirous of  ■witnessing  the  sotting  of  the  sun, 
and  being  up  in  time  for  sunrise  next  morn- 
ing, can  accomplish  both,  by  ascending  in 
the  afternoon,  staying  tliere  all  night,  and 
returning  next  morning.  Those  who  try  the 
expennu'ut,  if  favoured  witli  a  clear  morn- 
ing, will  be  certain  to  be  repaid  for  their 
trouble. 

Regarding  the  view  from  the  summit  of 
this  dizzy  height,  we  quote: — 

"If  the  day  be  clear,  a  view  is,  afforded 
unequalled  perhaps  on  tlie  eastern  uide  of  the 
North  American  continent.  Around  you  are 
confused  masses  of  mountains,  bearmg  the 
appearance  of  a  sea  of  molten  lava  suddenly 
cooled  whilst  its  ponderous  waves  were  yet  in 
commotion.  On  the  S.  E.  horizon  gleams  a 
rim  of  silver  light — it  is  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
65  miles  distant,  laving  tlia  shores  of  Maine. 


Lakes  of  all  sizes,  from  I^ake  Winnipiseogee 
to  mere  mountain  ponds,  and  mountains  be- 
neath you,  gleam  misty  and  wide.  Far  off  in 
the  N.  E.  is  Mount  Katahdin.  In  the  western 
horizoii  are  the  Green  Mountains  of  Vermont, 
while  the  space  is  filled  up  with  every  kind 
if  landscape — moi^.  tain  and  hill,  plain  and 
valley,  late  and  river." 

It  would  be  \  nin  in  us  to  attempt  a  descrip- 
tion of  tlie  varied  wonders  -which  here  as- 
tonish and  delight  the  beholder.  To  those 
who  have  visited  these  mountains,  our  de- 
scription would  be  tame  and  uninteresting; 
and  he  who  has  never  ascended  their  hoary 
summits  cannot  realize  the  extent  and  mag- 
nificence of  the  scene.  These  mountains  are 
decidedly  -if  piimitive  formation.  Nothing 
of  volcanic  origin  has  ever  yet  been  disci  ver- 
ed,  on  the  most  diligent  research.  Tney 
have  for  ages,  probably,  exhibited  the  same 
unvarying  aspect.  No  minerals  are  here 
found  of  much  rarity  or  value.  Tlie  rock 
which  most  abounds  is  schistose,  intermixed 
with  greenstone,  uiioa,  granite,  i.nd  gneiss. 

Tliore  are  several  routoc  to  this  highland 
district;  amongst  the  principal,  and  those 
which  will  please  the  tourist  best,  we  name 
from  Portland,  Maine,  per  Eastern  Railror  1, 
or  from  Boston  to  Plymouth,  thence  per 
coach  to  the  Flume  House,  thence  through 
Franconia  Noieh — about  150  miles.  Another 
route,  and  said  to  be  the  fines*:,  is  via  Lake 
Winnipiseogeo,  180  miles.  Proceed  from 
Boston  per  Boston  and  Maine  and  Cocheco 
Ilailroad.     (See  AV  inuipiseogee  Lake,  N.  H.) 


*i«;! 


60 


GENESEE  PALLS,  NEW  YORK. 


VIEW  OF  GENESEE  FALLS,  NEAR  PORTAGE, 


STATE   OF    NEW   YORK, 


The  name  of  Genesee  is  one  of  the  liousehold  words  of  Great  Britain  aa  well  ns  America, 
From  the  Genesee  distr'i;  thousands  of  barrels  of  flour,  made  from  its  world-renowneil 
wheat,  finds  its  way  to  England  every  year,  the  best  proof  of  the  well-known  richness  of 
tlio  soil  of  the  Genesee  Valley,  of  which  the  above  engraving  represents  one  of  its  most 
striking  features. 

The  Railroad  Bridge,  seen  in  the  background,  is  a  magnificent  structure,  for  t'.ie  piirpo«« 
of  enabling  the  Bufialo  «fe  New  York  City  Railroad  to  cross  the  valley.  Situated  about  a 
mile  from  the  village  of  Genesee  Falls,  this  bridge  spans  the  valley  by  its  entire  length  of 
800  feet,  with  a  height,  from  the  bod  of  the  river,  of  234  feet  The  precipices  in  tlie  vicin- 
ity are,  in  some  places,  400  feet  high. 

Genesee  Falls  consist  of  a  series  of  falls  situated  at  different  points.  Near  Rochester, 
they  are  about  100  feet  high.  Whilst  another  fall  is  about  the  same  height  over  the  moiitli 
of  the  river.  Tlie  point  we  have  selected  for  engraving  from  a  photograph,  represent) 
one  (jf  the  scries  of  falls — from  one  of  the  most  picturesque  spots  in  tlie  G.-nesee  Valley- 
vijs.,  above  the  saw  mill,  near  Portag" 

Genesee  Falls  are  much  visited  by  tourists  every  year. 

Rochester  is  one  of  the  leading  stations,  leading  from  New  York  to  Suspension  Bridge 
and  Niagara  Falls,  so  that  tourists  can  easily  visit  the  Falls  of  the  Genesee  on  their  way  to 
the  Falls,  par  excellence. 


THE  PASSAIC,   BALLSTON  SPA  AND  LEBANON  SPRINGS. 


61 


i 

I 


ilM 


THE  PASSAIO,  AT  PATERSON,  NEW  JERSEY.  .  r; 

The  nbove  engraving  represents  one  of  the  most  picturesque  scenes  in  the  State  of  New 
Jersey.  The  Fulls  of  the  Passaic  are  situated  near  the  town  of  Paterson,  which  owes  its 
significance  to  the  water-power  afforded  by  the  river,  and  these  falls,  which  foil  70  feet 
perpendicularly  over  the  rocks,  forming,  when  the  river  is  full,  a  very  imposing  sight,  in  a 
most  ronantic  situation.  The  Passaic  River  rises  in  Morris  County,  is  100  miles  in  length, 
and  si't*>;"»  Newark  Bay,  3  miles  below  Newark.  Paterson  is  reached  by  rail  from  New 
York,  •v!uoh  it  is  17  miles  distant,  on  the  New  York  «fe  Erie  Railroad. 


"liAii.  '0  .  ?■'?>, acharming village, and 
capital  of  t ..  (-••si  County,  New  York,  on 
the  Saratoga  p.uu  Schenectady  Railroad,  80 
miles  N.  of  Albany,  7  miles  Aiv.  of  Saratoga 
Springs,  and  175  miles  N.  of  City  Hall,  New 
^ork;  enjoying  a  wide-spread  celebrity  on 
aocount  of  the  excellence  of  its  mineral 
vnters.  From  inclination,  and  also  from  v.,j 
overflowing  of  the  Saratoga  hotels,  the  Spa, 
(luring  the  summer  solstice,  is  constantly 
thronged  with  visitors.  There  are  several 
i'"''";htful  promenades  and  drives  in  the 
'•ourhood,  and  a  person  may  very  de- 

.  ;b'"l'ypass  away  a  month  or  more  in  por- 
t;''>'\,.  of  tl  p  wiiters,  and  enjoying  the  fresh, 

uit  oouiitrv  oir.    The  Spa  is  reached  from 

'toy  by  the  Troy  an  J  Schenectady  Railroad." 


iS 


"  NEW  LEBANON  SPRINGS  VTLLAGR 
— A  beautiful  village  of  Columbia  County, 
New  York,  26  miles  S.  E.  of  Albany,  much 
frequented  on  account  of  thu  medicinal  prop- 
erties of  its  waters.  The  hotel  accommoda- 
tions are  ample  ;  and  the  place  also  contains 
a  Water-cure  Establishment,  pleasantly  lo- 
cated on  a  hill  slope,  overlooking  a  beautiful 
valley.  The  celebrated  Shaker  Settlement 
and  New  Lebanon  Village  are  within  2  miles 
of  the  Springs.  Reached  from  New  York 
by  the  Hudson  Rivci  H^'lroad  to  the  City  of 
IL  'Ison,  thenco  by  the  Hudson  and  Berk- 
shire, and  the  Albany  and  Boston  Rail-oads, 
or  by  the  Harlem  itailroad,  and  its  connec- 
tions witu  the  above  routes,  or  per  steamer 
from  New  York  to  Hudson,  thence  by  rail," 


rp 


62 


SPRINGS  AND  WATERING  PLACES. 


I 


"  AVON  SPRINGS,  Livingston  Co>ui  ^v,  New 
Yorlv,  delightfully  situated  on  the  ri^'.t  bank 
of  t^he  Genesee  River,  on  an  elevated  terroce 
100  feet  above  the  water,  commanding  a 
beautiful  and  varied  prospect.  In  the  im- 
mediate vicinity  are  two  celebrated  mineral 
springs,  which  are  the  resort  of  tliousands 
during  the  summer  season.  The  waters  are 
esteemed  efficacious  in  cutaneous  affections, 
rheumatism,  and  indigestion.  The  place  con- 
tains several  excellent  hotels,  four  churoiies, 
and  a  number  of  factories.  Reached  by  Cen- 
tral Roilroad  from  Albany  to  Buffalo,  via 
Rochester,  from  which  city  they  are  distant 
20  miles. 

"  COLUMBIA  SPRINGS  have  of  late  years 
grown  into  popular  favour.  They  are  easy  of 
access,  lying  4  miles  from  the  City  of  Hudson, 
and  within  the  town  of  Stockport,  Columbia 
County,  New  York.  The  view  ond  grounds 
are  highly  picturesque  and  varied,  stretch- 
ing delightfully  from  hill  to  dale,  from  forest 
glen  to  velvet  lawn.  In  the  immediate  neigh- 
bourhood there  i-  .  '.  '.rge  stream,  offering  all 
the  country  charw  -''ing  and  fishing. 

There  is  a  well-kef  •  at  the  Springs, 

and  prices  moderate.  ohed  by  Hudson 

River  Railroad  to  Hudsuii,  thence  by  stage 
or  carriage,  4  miles. 

••LAKE  MAHCPAC  lies  in  the  western 
part  of  the  t«wn  of  Carmel,  Putnam  County, 
New  York.  It  is  one  of  the  principal  sources 
of  supply  to  the  Croton.  Its  quiet  waters, 
its  pretty  wooded  islands,  the  romantic  re- 
sorts in  its  vicinage,  the  throngs  of  pleasure- 
seeking  strangers,  the  boating  and  fishing, 
and  otlier  rural  sports,  make  it  a  delightful 
place  for  cither  o  visit  or  permanent  resi- 
dence. Tliere  are  two  excellent  hotels  here, 
besides  good  boarding-houses,  should  visitors 
prefer.  Reached  by  Harlem  Railroad  to 
Croton  Falls,  49  miles,  fare  $1.35 ;  thence  by 
stage,  6  miles,  fare  25  cents. 

"  CANANDAIGUA  LAKE.— This  beautiful 
lake,  with  a  charming  villn£,e  situated  at  its 
north  end,  is  14  miles  long-,  and  from  1  to  IJ- 
miles  wide,  and,  with  its  highly-cultivated 
shores,  jiresents  many  line  views.  Tiie  water 
is  remarkably  clear,  and  abounds  with  excel- 
lent fish,  very  communicative  with  the  im- 
gler.  lis  outlet  flows  into  Flint  Creek,  then 
into  Clyde  River,  and  thence  into  Seneca 
River,  the  common  outlet  of  a  cluster  of 
lakes.  Cananduigua  Village,  built  with 
neatness  and  Uiste,  presenting  many  desira- 
ble situations,  is  tne  capital  of  Ontario 
County.  The  surface  consists  of  gentle  hills, 
beautiful  plains,  and  a  fertile  soil.  Months 
may  be  pleasantly  passed  at  this  jxipular 
summer  resort  the  railroad  from  Elmira, 
on  the  New  York  and  Erie  route  to  Niagara 
Falls,  passes  through  the  village. 

'•GENEVA  AND  SENECA  LAKE.— This 
lovely  village  is  beautifully  situated  in  Seneca 


Township,  Ontario  County,  at  the  north  end 
of  Seneca  Lake,  on  the  Auburn  and  Rochester 
Railroad,  60  miles  E.  S.  E.  of  Rochester.  It 
is  handsomely  built,  and  contains  a  number 
of  churches,  a  bank,  three  newspaper  offices, 
and  about  50  stores,  besides  several  mills  and 
other  establishments.  The  Episcopal  Church 
is  a  fine  Gothic  edifice ;  cost  $25,000.  Here 
is  the  Hobart  Free  College,  under  the  direc- 
tion of  the  Episcopalians,  founded  in  1823 ; 
in  1854  it  hoa  5  professors,  67  students,  and 
a  library  of  5400  volumes.  The  Medical  In- 
stitute of  Geneva,  founded  in  1836,  has  6  pro- 
fessors ana  about  80  students.  The  General 
Union  School  is  attended  by  about  o\,"i^-  ,piid, 
Steamboats  ply  daily  between  Geneva  oud 
Jefferson,  at  the  head  of  the  lake.  The  lake 
abounds  in  fish,  and  the  woods  are  alive  with 
game,  affording  excellent  sport  for  the  loiter- 
ing tourist. 

"  TUPPER'S  LAKE,  situated  in  the  S.  W. 
part  of  Franklin  County,  New  York,  is  6 
miles  long  and  2  wide.  The  shores,  head- 
lands, and  islands  are  especially  bold  and 
picturesque.  Deer  abound  in  the  forest,  and 
the  lake  is  filled  with  trout  and  other  fish. 

"SARANAC  LAKES.— These  wonderful 
links  of  fhe  great  chain  of  mountain  waters 
in  upper  New  York,  are  about  a  dozen  in 
number,  large  and  small.  These  lakt)s  ie 
principally  in  Franklin  County,  and  may  be 
most  readily  reached  by  stage  from  Westport 
or  Keesville,  about  midway  on  the  western 
shore  of  Lake  Champlain.  All  these  lakes 
abound  in  trout  anu  other  fish ;  and  the 
forests,  which  are  on  the  farthest  bounds  of 
civilization  within  the  State,  are  alive  with 
deer  and  feathered  game. 

"  INDIAN  LAKE  lies  in  Hamilton  County, 
New  York,  surrounded  by  a  wild  and  moun- 
tainous region,  the  peaks  of  which  are  from 
1500  to  2000  feet  above  the  surrounding 
country.  It  is  4  miles  long  and  1  wide,  and 
abounds  with  various  kinds  of  fish. 

"  LITTLE  FALLS  is  remarkable  for  n  bold 
passage  of  the  Mohawk  River  ond  Erie  Canal 
through  a  wild  and  most  picturesque  moun- 
tain defile,  where  the  river  descends  4"2  feet 
in  1  mile.  The  scenery,  with  the  river 
rapids  and  cascades,  the  locks  and  windings 
of  the  canal,  the  bridges,  and  the  glinipse* 
far  away  of  the  valley  of  the  Mohawk,  is 
especially  beautiful.  The  Falls  are  in  Her- 
kimer County,  New  York,  by  the  side  of  the 
Erie  Canal  and  Utioa  and  Schenectady  Rail- 
road. The  village  is  situated  on  both  sides 
of  the  Mohawk.  The  Erie  Canal  has  a 
feeder  which  crosses  the  river  in  a  fine  aque- 
duct 214  feet  long  and  16  wide,  with  wiill- 
14  feet  high,  upheld  by  1  arch  of  70  feet 
span,  and  2  others  of  50  feet  each.  Tlie 
canal  passes  tiie  brow  of  a  mountain  here 
which  reaches  to  the  border  of  the  river." 


THE  SOUKOE  OF  THE  RIVER  HUDSON. 


68 


H       '■ 


CO 

o 


o 
»*1 


a 

w 

o 


§ 

O 
O 
o 

© 


t 
OQ 


The  view  here  presented  is  a  scene  in  the  Adirondack  mountains,  in  the  vicinity  of,  and 
west  of  Lalce  Champlain.  Some  of  the  peaks  of  these  mountains  (Mount  Marcy)  rise  as 
high  as  5464  feet  above  the  level  of  tide  water  in  the  River  Hudson.  Up  in  that  moun- 
tainous region  does  that  noble  river  take  its  rise.  From  there  it  proceeds  almost  due 
south,  for  about  300  miles,  until  it  enters  the  Atlantic,  through  the  harbour  of  New  York. 
The  Adirondacks  are  famous  as  a  deer-hunting  country. 


64 


THE  RIVER  HUDSON. 


THE  HUDSON,  NEW  YORK  TO  ALBANY. 


As  explained  elsewhere  this  noble  river 
tftkes  its  rise  nearly  300  miles  from  New 
York,  in  the  Adirondack  Mountains.  (See 
ensTavinj»,  Source  of  the  Hndson.) 

The  Hudson  forms  one  of  the  great 
leadin.^  routes  for  all  classes  of  travellers 
bound  for  the  north  or  north-west,  nliko 
eitlier  for  the  tourist  in  search  of  pleasure, 
the  invalid  for  health,  and  the  emigrant 
from  the  old  world  in  quest  of  a  home  in 
the  new.    Up  the  Hudson  the  great  stream 
of  travellers  go ;  so  that,  for  general  in- 
formation, we  purpose  noticing  the  chief 
features  of  this  magnificent  trip,  wliicli.if 
mnde  by  a  day  boat  from  either  New  York 
or  Albany,  cannot  fail  to  astonish  and  de- 
light the  traveller.     The  trip  is  cnjoyeii, 
nl?o,  by  mnny  by  night,    starting  from  1 
either  terminus  about  6,  p.  m.    Tlie  time  oooupiod  on  the  journey  is  from  8  to  10  lioiin  i 
Emigrants  generally  leave  New  York  by  the  night  boat,  which  starts  about  6,  p.  m.,  nrrivin? 
in  Albany  in  time  for  the  trains  via  the  New  York  Central,  and  other  railroads  for  the  | 
north  and  north-west,  whicli  run  in  connection.    For  size,  comfortable  accommodation, anl 
Internal  magnificence,  we  believe  the  New  York  and  Albany  steamers  to  be  unequalled  br  I 
any  river  boats  in  the  world. 

Tourists  can  have  their  baggage  checked  on  board  the  Albany  steamers  in  the  saiw  I 
manner  as  on  the  railroads,  on  application  to  the  baggoge-master  on  board.     The  fare  to 
Albany  is  from  f  1  to  f  1.60,  (4s.  to  Sk.  stg.),  depending  upon  the  accommodation  required  | 
The  meals  supplied  on  board  are  most  excellent  and  very  moderate. 


TRIP  UP  THE  HUDSON. 


65 


V  lit 


STATE-ROOM  SALOON  OF  TIIE  "ISAAC  NEWTON." 


Thk  River  Hudson  has  been  named  after  its 
discoverer,  Henry  Hudson— an  Englishman,  then 
in  the  service  of  the  Dutch— and  who,  in  an  ex- 
ploring expedition,  about  250  years  ago,  was  the 
first  to  discover  this  magnificent  river,  and  as- 
cended it  as  far  as  the  village  of  Verplanck's 
Point— in  his  ship  called  the  "  Half  Moon."  The 
Indian  name  of  the  Hudson  was  the  Shatemuck, 
in  later  times  it  has  been  termed  the  River  of 


Mountains,  the  Great  River,  the  North  River, 
and  the  Rhine  of  America. 

In  the  year  1807,  Robert  Fulton,  who  con- 
structed the  first  steamboat  in  America— if  not 
in  the  world — started  the  steamer  "  Clermont" 
on  the  waters  of  the  Hudson — from  New  York 
to  Albany.  The  engine  which  worked  the  Cler- 
mont, was  brought  from  England  for  the  pur- 
pose.   Although  we  have  stated  that  the  time 


Ia 


66 


SCENERY  OF  THE  HUDSON. 


J 


taken  for  this  trip  is  from  8  to  10  hours,  jet  the 
entire  distance  of  150  miles  baa  been  run  in  6 
hours  and  50  minutes. 

As  an  illustration  of  the  interior  of  a  river 
steamboat,  we  give  the  prefixed  engraving  of  an 
interior  view  of  the  state-room  of  the  "  Isaac 
Newton,"  one  of  the  night  boats  which  runs  be- 
tween New  York  and  Albany. 

Destined  for  a  trip  up  the  Hudson,  we  shall 
briefly  notice  a  few  of  the  chief  points  on  the 
route,  although  no  description,  whatever,  can 
convey  to  the  reader  a  just  idea  of  this  trip — 
which  should  be  made  by  all  tourists— if  at  all 
possible — as  the  scenery  of  the  Hudson,  for 
river  scenery,  is  not  equalled  by  that  of  any 
other  river  on  the  American  Continent,  which 
we  are  acquainted  with. 

Started  from  the  wharf  at  New  York,  the  first 
place  we  pass  is 

HoBOKEM,  one  of  the  lungs  of  New  York, 
to  which  great  numbers  resort  every  Sunday  to 
enjoy  a  drink  of  water  from  the  Sybil's  Springs 
there,  and  a  walk  through  the  pleasant  £lysian 
Fields,  or  from  there  to  Weehawken,  or  Bergen 
Heights. 

Passing  on,  the  next  prominent  point  reach- 
ed, is  Fort  Lee,  which  is  the  commencement  of 
the  far-famed  Palisades.  These  bold  precip- 
itc  us  rocks  resemble,  in  some  respects,  the  ap- 
pearance of  the  Giant's  Causeway  in  Ireland. 
The  height  of  the  Palisades  ranges  from  20  to 
600  feet,  and  being  fringed  with  brushwood  on 
the  top,  and  at  their  base,  with  some  neat  little 
cottages  at  the  water's  edge,  form  a  very  fine 
appearance  as  the  steamer  skims  past  them. 
On  the  opposite  side,  will  next  be  seen 

Manuattanvillb,  situated  on  the  island  on 
which  the  City  of  New  York  stands,  and  prettily 
embosomed  amidst  woods  and  hills.  On  a 
height  above  the  town  is  Clermont,  once  the 
residence  of  Joseph  Bonaparte,  and  other  celeb- 
rities. Manhattanville  is  also  the  resting- 
place  of  Audubon,  the  great  naturalist. 

Fort  Washington — celebrated  in  the  Ameri- 
can Revolutionary  annals — is  now  in  sight.  To 
capture  this  fort,  the  British  lost  1200  men,  be- 
sides having  the  ship  '*  Mercury"  so  riddled 
with  shot,  that  she  sunk.  Spuyten  Duyvel 
Creek  is  about  2  miles  further  on — passing 
which  is 

YoNKKBS,  a  thriving  town  on  the  east  bank 
of  the  river — 17  miles  from  New  York — in  the 
vicinity  of  which  are  several  neat  villas,  and 
fine  panoramic  scenery.  Amongst  other  resi- 
dences may  be  seen  Fonthill,  once  the  residence 
of  Edwin  Forrest,  the  celebrated  tragedian. 

Hastings,  about  3  miles  from  Yonkers,  is 
next  reached,  and  2  miles  further  on  that  of 
Dobbs'  Ferry,  on  the  same  side  of  the  river. 
On  the  opposite  shore  is  Piermont,  where  the 
New  York  and  Erie  Railroad  commences.  In 
the  immediate  vicinity  is 

SuMNTSiDB— one  of  the  most  celebrated  places 


on  the  river— being  the  residence  of  Washing- 
ton Irving— a  spot  of  great  beauty,  almost  hid- 
den from  view  by  the  dense  shrubbery  in  which 
it  is  enveloped.  Sunnyside  ought  to  be,  one 
would  suppose,  one  of  the  quietest  and  moit 
retired  nooks  extant,  but  we  fear  that  the 
fame  of  the  author  of  "  Rip  Van  Winkle"  is 
such,  together  with  the  exquisite  situation  of 
Sunnyside,  that  the  intrusion  of  fr  iids  aud 
tourists  are  too  frequent  for  him  to  secure  that 
retirement,  which  literary  men,  in  the  prosecu- 
tion of  their  labours,  require,  and  like  to  enjoy. 

Further  on  is  the  village  of  Nyack — whilst  di- 
rectly opposite  is 

Tarrttown,  a  place  replete  with  many  at- 
tractions of  a  pictorial  and  historical  character, 
and  where  some  beautiful  residences  have  been 
erected  by  New  York  merchants.  In  the  neigh- 
bourhood is  Sleepy  Hollow,  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  dells  in  the  whole  route.  Passing  on- 
ward, we  reach  the  wharf  for 

SiNQ  SiNO,  83  miles  from  the  city,  at  one  Oi" 
the  broadest  points  on  the  river.  At  Sing  Sing 
is  the  celebrated  State  Prison,  an  object  of  great 
interest  for  visiting,  with  cells  for  upwards  of 
1000  prisoners.  Almost  2  miles  from  Sing 
Sing,  the  Croton  River  rises,  from  which  water 
is  conveyed  to  New  York.  Opposite  tq  S'ng 
Sing  is  Yerdriteges'  Hook,  a  high  headland,  ue- 
hind  which,  on  the  same  height,  250  feet  above 
the  river,  is 

Rockland  Lakh,  from  which  the  denizens  of 
New  York  receive  their  chief  supply  of  ice— an 
engraving  of  which  will  be  found  in  another 
portion  of  this  work.  The  lake  is  about  4  miles 
in  circumference.  Proceeding  onward,  we 
come  to 

Haterstraw  Village,  on  the  same  side  of 
the  river,  36  miles  from  New  York.  Here  are 
the  old  forts  Clinton  and  Montgomery— cele. 
brated  in  Revolutionary  history. 

On  the  opposite,  or  east  side  of  the  river,  is 

Vbrplanck's  Point,  celebrated  as  being  the 
spot  at  which  Henry  Hudson  anchored  the  ship 
"Q-'.i  Moon"  on  his  first  voyage  up  the  Hud- 
son. The  surprise  of  the  Indians  in  those  dajj 
may  be  imagined  at  seeing,  for  the  first  time,  a 
vessel  of  such  proportions  opposite  their  homes. 
One  writer  records  the  following  incident, 
which  followed  that  event : — 

"  Filled  with  wonder,  they  came  flocking  to 
the  ship  in  boats,  but  their  curiosity  ended  in  a 
tragedy.  One  of  them,  overcome  by  acquisi- 
tiveness, crawled  up  the  rudder,  entered  tlie 
cabin  window,  and  stole  a  pillow  and  a  few  arti- 
cles of  wearing  apparel.  The  mate  saw  the 
thief  pulling  his  bark  for  land,  and  shot  at  and 
killed  him.  The  ship's  boat  was  sent  for  tbe 
stolen  articles,  and  when  one  of  the  natives, 
who  had  leaped  into  the  water,  caught  hold  of 
the  side  of  the  shallop,  bis  band  was  cut  off  bj 
a  sword,  and  he  was  drowned.  This  was  tbe 
first  blood  shed  by  these  voyagers.    Intelligence 


SCENERY  OF  THE  HUDSON. 


67 


of  it  spread  over  the  country,  and  the  Indians 
hated  the  white  man  ever  after." 

Leaving  Verplanck's  Point,  the  river  now  nar- 
rows considerably.  On  the  opposite  shore  is 
Stony  Point,  with  a  light-house  upon  it— once 
the  scene  of  a  sharp  engagement  between  the 
British  and  Americans  in  1779,  when  the  latter 
took  possession  of  it  by  storm.  Beyond  this 
point  is  Haverstraw  Bay,  where  the  celebrated 

Highlands  of  the  Hudson  commence.  On 
the  east  shore  is  the  pretty  little  town  of  Peek- 
skill,  fronting  Dunderberg,  or  Thunder  Moun- 
tain. At  the  foot  of  which  lies  Caldwell's 
Landing.  As  the  steamer  proceeds  up  the 
river,  the  tourist  accustomed  to  sail  up  Loch 
Lomond  (Scotland)  will  be  forcibly  struck  with 
the  similarity  in  appearance  which  the  Hudson 
here  presents  to  it,  as  the  steamer  proceeds  on- 
wards. At  one  time,  you  will  be  sailing  past 
islands  possessed  of  all  the  beauty  of  Ellen's 
Isle  on  J^ch  Katrine  (Scot.,)  with  high  hills 
wooded  to  their  tops  on  each  side,  whilst  pro- 
ceeding onwards  the  channel  of  the  river  ap- 
pears completely  blocked  up,  till  the  steamer, 
in  approaching,  takes  a  turn  round  the  base 
of  one  of  the  hills,  only  to  open  up  another 
scene  of  great  magniflcence,  and  reveal  the 
Highland  beauty  of  hill  and  dale,  clothed  in 
their  brightest  summer  foliage.  The  Highlands 
—as  they  are  well  named — extend  over  an  area 
of  about  25  miles,  along  the  course  of  the  Hud- 
son, and  during  the  whole  trip,  no  portion  will 
be  better  enjoyed  till  the  steamer  reaches  about 
the  last  height  near  Newburg. 

On  rounding  Dunderberg  Mountain,  will  be 
seen 

Anthony's  Nosb,  1128  feet  high.  Two  miles 
further  on.  Sugar  Loaf,  806  feet  high — whilst  on 
the  west  side  of  the  river  BuUermiUc  Falls  will 
be  seen  descending  over  the  face  of  the  hill.  In 
some  of  these  Highland  passes,  in  the  river,  are 
sometimes  to  be'found  numbers  of  wind-bound 
vessels — tacking  about — and  forming,  often,  a 
beautiful  sight,  as  they  are  to  be  seen  endeavour- 
ing to  get  into  a  broader  part  of  the  river. 

West  Point  forms  one  of  the  stopping-places 
for  the  steamer.  Here  is  situated  the  United 
States  Military  Academy,  where  cadets  are  edu- 
cated. It  is  beautifully  situated,  and  visited  by 
many  tourists. 

From  there  we  proceed  on  to 

Cronest,  1428  feet  high,  of  which  the  poet, 
G.  P.  Morris,  writes  : — 

"  Where  the  Hudson's  wave,  o'er  silvery  sands, 
Winds  through  the  hills  afar, 
And  Cronest,  like  a  monarch  stands, 
Crown'd  with  a  single  star  1" 

After  passing  this  romantic  locality,  we  reach 
Butter  Hill— or,  as  it  has  been  re-christened  by 
Mr.  N.  P.  Willis, 

SioEM  Kino— 1500  feet  high,  and  the  last 
high  range  of  hills  on  that  side  of  the  river. 
Cold  Sprmg  and  Undercliff  are  now  approached 


— the  latter  where  Mr.  Morris  resides.  We  are 
now  54  miles  from  the  City  of  New  York — be- 
yond which  point  is 

Bbacon  Hill,  1888  feet  high,  ftom  off  which 
some  of  the  finest  views  may  be  had— passing 
which,  we  reach 

Cor  s WALL  Landing — above  which  is  the  seat 
of  Mr.  N.  P.  Willis — named  Jdlewild — surround- 
ed with  all  the  natural  romantic  beauties  which 
we  fancy  any  poet  would  delight  to  dwell 
amongst.  Shortly  after  leaving  which,  we 
reach  the  important  town  of 

Newbubo — with  its  12,000  population — nice- 
ly situated  on  the  face  of  the  hill.  To  tho 
south  of  the  town  is  the  spot  which  once  form- 
ed the  head-quarters  of  Washington,  during 
the  stay  of  his  army  at  New  Windsor,  not  far 
off. 

Opposite,  on  the  other  side  of  the  river,  is 

Break-Neck  Mountain,  which  was  supposed 
to  have  a  resemblance  to  a  Turk's  Face,  and  can 
be  easily  seen  from  the  deck  of  the  steamer 
when  approaching  Pallopel's  Island. 

"  The  story  goes,  that  some  Irishmen  were 
quarrying  for  granite  once,  when  one  of  them 
put  a  blast  of  powder  before  the  Turk's  face, 
saying  he  thought  the  old  fellow  would  like  to 
have  his  nose  blowed.  And  the  nose  was  com- 
pletely blown  away ;  while  the  admirers  of  the 
curious  and  beautiful  think  that  the  Irishman, 
who  was  shortly  after  killed,  was  hurried  from 
the  world  for  his  barbarity  to  tho  works  of  Na- 
ture." (See  engraving.)  Opposite  to  this  spot 
is 

FiSBKiLL,  the  scenQ  of  many  of  tho  incidents 
related  in  Cooper's  novel  of  "  The  Spy."  Pro- 
ceeding on,  we  reach  New  Hamburg,  Mar- 
borough,  Barnegat;  and,  passing  which,  the 
pretty  and  retired  town  of 

PouaHKBBPSiE — 75  miles  from  New  York — is 
reached,  and  one  of  the  largest  towns  between 
New  York  and  Albany.  It  has  a  population  of 
upwards  of  15,000,  and  is  the  centre  of  a  rich 
agricultural  district,  which  sends  large  supplies 
of  farm  and  dairy  produce  to  New  York. 
Founded  by  the  Dutch  150  years  ago.  Oppo- 
site Poughkeepsie  is  New  Paltz  Landing. 

Htdb  Park  and  Placentia  are  6  miles  be- 
yond, situated  on  the  east  side  of  the  river. 
Placentia  is  the  residence  of  the  veteran  author, 
J.  K.  Paulding,  and  from  which  is  seen  some 
of  the  finest  views  of  the  river  and  country 
round  about,  as  far  up  as  the  Catskill  Moun- 
tains. Passing  Staatsburg,  we  shortly  reach 
the  wharf  for  Rondout  and  Kingston.  (See 
engraving  on  page  69.)  Kingston  is  a  town 
of  considerable  importance,  with  a  population 
of  13,000,  and,  probably,  the  most  important 
town  on  the  route.  It  was  founded  in  1663  by 
the  Dutch,  and  burned  by  the  British  in  1773. 
There  the  first  Constitution  of  New  York  was 
framed.  Vanderlyn,  the  eminent  painter,  was 
born  in  Kingston,  where  he  also  died  in  1853.  As 


III 


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68 


SCENERY   OF  THE  HUDSON. 


>  I 


VIEW  OF  THE  TURK'S  FACE,   ON  THE  HUDSON. 


the  stoamor  passes  Siuigerties,  Tivoli,  and  Oer- 
mnntown,  the  Catskill  Mountains  and  Sliawan- 
giink  range  of  hills  apjjcar  in  sight,  and  tour- 
ists for  the  Catskillsmay  now  prepare  to  disem- 
bark at  Catskill,  opposite  to  Oukhill,  on  the 
Hudson  River  Railroad. 

Catskill,  the  point  of  debarkation  for  the 
Mountains,  112  miles  from  New  York,  and  40 
from  Albany,  is  at  the  mouth  of  Catskill  Creek. 
For  description  and  views  of  the  Catskill  Moun- 
tains, see  preceding  pages  in  this  part — or  in- 
dex. As  the  steamer  passes  the  mouth  of  the 
Creek,  and  onwards  towards  Hudson  Citj',  an 
excellent  distant  view  of  the  Catskills  is  ob- 
tained, with  the  Mountain  House,  like  a  spec 
on  the  top  of  a  ridge.  The  distance  to  the 
Mountain  House  is  about  10  miles  from  the 
Creek.  Time  of  stages  going,  4  hours— on  ac- 
count of  the  ascent  in  the  road. 

Hudson,  on  the  other  side  of  the  river,  is 
about  4  miles  further  on,  beautifully  situated  on 
rising  ground,  and  opposite  to  the  classically- 
named  town  of  Athe.ns.  A  visit  to  Hudson 
will  repay  the  tourist.    From  it  u  trip  can  be 


mode  to  Columbia  Springs,  5  miles  distant, 
with  the  Chiverack  Falls  some  8  miles  otf. 

Tourists  destined  for  Lebanon  Springs  ("li 
miles  off)  take  the  Hudson  and  Berkshire  cars. 

Thk  Shaker  Villaoe,  at  New  Lebanon,  is 
about  6  miles  from  Lebanon  Springs,  and  it' the 
tourist  has  time,  n  visit  to  the  interesting  vil- 
lage of  the  Society  of  Quakers,  will  well  repay 
him  for  the  expense  and  trouble. 

At  Hudson,  you  are  now  within  34  miles  of 
Albany.  The  route  now  begins  to  lose  much  of 
its  Highland  character — but  still,  in  many  i)lncej, 
hilly.  The  next  village,  after  Athens  and  Hud- 
son, is  Stockport,  4  miles  onwards ;  then  Cos- 
sttckie,  3  miles ;  Stuyvesant,  3  miles,  to  Kinder- 
hook  Landing — a  few  miles  from  which  is  tlio 
village  of  Kinderhook,  the  birth-place  of  Mar- 
tin Van  Bureu,  Ex-president  of  the  United 
S'ntes. 

/•.Tier  a  few  miles  sailing,  yon  reach  Scho- 
dack,  17  miles,  and  Castleton,  14  miles  from  Al- 
bany, which  will  shortly  appear  in  sight,  nud, 
soon  after,  you  will  reach  the  capital  of  the 
State  of  New  York— the  City  of  Albany. 


SCENE  ON  THE  KONDOUT. 


SCENE  ON  KONDOUT  CliEEK,  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

The  above  view  represents  a  scene  on  tlie  Ptnnll  strenm  of  the  Rondout,  which  takes  its 
rise  in  Sullivan  county,  N.  Y.,  about  100  miles  from  New  York,  and  enters  the  Hudson  at 
Eddyville,  near  Rondout,  00  miles  from  New  York.  The  Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal  fol- 
lows the  stream  all  the  way  throucjh  the  valley  in  which  the  Rondout  flows, 

Rondout,  a  village  on  the  Hudson,  tnkcs  its  name  from  the  creek,  and  is  the  stopping- 
place  for  the  steamers  between  Now  York  and  Albany,  for  Kingston,  three  miles  distant, 
tlie  most  important  town  between  these  two  cities. 

Tlie  view  given  above  was  engraved  from  a  photograph  by  ]).  Huntingdon,  and  portrays 
n  scene  of  great  beauty. 

A  writer  on  this  scene  says: — "  In  it  we  have  the  constituents  of  many  pictures  which 
reproduce  our  elmrncteristie  land-features,  viz. :  repose,  grace,  richness  of  foliage,  softness 
of  sky,  gentle  flow  of  water — all  harmonizing  to  produce  a  very  inspiriting  sensation  in 
the  mind." 


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70 


THE  NIAQABA  SUSPENSION  BBIDQE. 


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The  above  sketch  representB  the  great  Internfttionnl  Bridge,  which  spans  the  Niagara, 
and  joins  the  United  States  with  Canada.  Its  length,  from  tower  to  tower,  is  821  feet  4 
inches.  Erected  at  a  cost  of  about  |400,000  (£80,000  stg.).  The  lower  floor  or  road-way 
is  used  for  foot  passengers,  corriages,  carts,  etc.,  same  as  any  ordinary  road.  The  upper 
floor  is  for  railroad  traflSc  exclusively.  Across  this  bridge,  the  trains  of  the  Great  Western 
Railroad  of  Canada  and  the  various  railroads  of  New  York  State,  travel,  each  train  drawo 
very  slowly,  by  a  light  pilot  engine. 

From  a  report,  by  Mr.  Roebling,  Engineer,  on  this  gigantic  structure,  we  copy  the  fol- 
lowing particulars; — 

"The  base  and  towers  on  the  New  York  side,  contain  1350  cubic  yards,  which  weigh 
about  3,000  tons.  Add  to  this  we'ght  of  the  superstructure  of  1,000  tons,  and  we  have  s 
total  of  4,000  tons,  in  a  compact  and  solid  mass. 

"  There  are  4  cables  of  10  inches  diameter,  each  composed  of  8640  wires  of  small  No.  9 


NIAGARA  SUSPENSION  BRIDGE. 


71 


p^nnge,  60  wiros  forming  ono  Kjniiro  inch  of  boHiI  section ;  making  the  solid  section  of  ench 
cal)lo  00.40  Kquare  inches,  wrapping  not  Included. 

"  Each  of  the  four  large  cables  is  composed  of  seven  smaller  ones,  which  I  call  utrandt, 
Eiicli  strond  contains  620  wires.  One  of  these  forms  the  centre,  the  six  others  are  placed 
around  it — the  fi20  wires  forming  one  strand  of  endless  wire,  obtained  by  splicing  a  num- 
ber of  single  wires.  The  ends  of  the  strands  are  passed  around  and  confined  in  cast-irou 
Bho<>H,  which  also  receive  the  wrought-iron  pin  that  forms  a  connection  with  the  anchor 
chaiui>. 

"The  wire  measures  18.81  feet  per  pound,  and  the  strength,  therefore,  is  equivalent  to 
1640  lbs.  per  single  wire,  or  nearly  100,000  pounds  per  square  inch, 

"  Assuming  the  above  average  strength,  the  aggregate  strength  of  the  14,660  wires  com> 
posing  the  four  cables,  will  be  28,8*78,400  pounds.  But  their  actual  strength  is  greater, 
because  the  above  calculations  are  based  upon  a  minimum  strength  of  the  individual 
wires.  We  may  assume  their  aggregate  ultimate  strength  at  12,000  tons,  of  2,000  pounds 
each. 

"  Both  ends  of  the  bridge  rest  upon  the  cliffs,  and  are  anchored  to  the  rock.  As  far  as 
supported  by  the  cables,  I  estimate  its  weight  at  less  than  1000  tons,  which  includes  the 
weiglit  of  cables  between  the  towers,  and  the  pressure  of  the  river  stbys  below. 

"  There  are  624  suspenders,  each  capable  of  sustaining  thirty  tons,  which  makes  their 
united  strength  18,720  tons.  The  ordinary  weight  they  have  to  support  Is  only  1000  tons. 
A  locomotive  of  thirty-four  tons  weight,  inoludlng  tender,  spreads  its  weight,  by  means  of 
the  girders  and  trusses,  over  a  length  of  no  less  than  200  feet  Of  course  the  greatest 
pressure  is  under  the  engine,  and  Is  there  supported  by  no  less  than  twenty  suspenders. 
If,  by  any  accident,  a  sudden  blow  or  jar  should  be  produced,  the  strength  of  the  suspenders 
will  be  abundant  to  meet  It. 

"A  change  of  temperoture  of  100°  causes  a  difference  in  the  level  <>f  the  floor  of  two 
feet  three  Inches.  The  lower  floor,  or  river  stays  have  enough  of  b1;  ic,  or  deflection,  to 
adjust  themselves  under  these  changes.  The  only  difference  will  be,  that  they  are  tighter 
in  winter  than  In  summer;  consequently,  that  the  equilibrium  of  the  bridge  will  be  less 
affected  by  passing  trains  in  cold  weather  than  In  warm. 

"  Droves  of  cattle  ore,  according  to  the  regulations,  to  be  divided  off  Into  troops  of  20,  no 
more  than  three  such  bodies,  or  60  In  all,  to  be  allowed  on  the  bridge  at  one  time.  Each 
troop  is  to  be  led  by  one  person,  who  Is  to  check  their  progress  In  case  they  should  start 
off  on  a  trot. 

"  In  my  opinion,  a  heavy  train,  running  at  a  speed  of  20  miles  an  hour,  does  less  injury 
to  the  structure,  than  Is  caused  by  20  heavy  cattle  under  a  full  trot.  Public  processions, 
marching  to  the  sound  of  music,  or  bodies  of  soldiers  keeping  regular  step,  will  produce  a 
still  more  Injurious  effect" 

The  charge  for  passing  over  the  bridge,  on  foot,  Is  26  cents — going  and  returning.  Car- 
riage ll.OO,  with  26  cents  for  each  passenger  Inside. 

The  promenade,  during  a  hot  day,  on  the  foot-path  of  the  bridge,  is  dellclously  cool, 
from  the  breeze  which  generally  blows  up  or  down  the  gorge  of  the  river.  The  views 
looking  towards  the  Falls,  from  different  points  on  the  bridge,  are  also  exceedingly  good< 
presenting  to  the  stranger  the  picture  of  Niagara  Falls,  as  they  are  represented  in  many 
engravings  which  are  given  of  them,  and  even  the  best  of  them,  after  all,  only  can  give  a 
very  faint  idea  of  the  great  reality. 


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72 


SUEPSNSION  BRIDGE,   FALLS  OP  NIAGARA. 


KIAGARA    SUSPENSION    BRIDGE — BAiLBOAD   TBACK   VIEW. 


THE  FALLS  OF  NIAGARA. 

[Dlatut  (Vom  Ni«r  York,  440;  QutbM,  (8S;  FhlladelphU,  441 ;  Boltjuore,  639;  Toronto,  tO;  Buffitlo,  99  niOM.] 


To  attempt  to  convey  the  faintest  impression 
of  the  unspeakable  magnitude  and  magnificence 
of  the  Falls  of  Niagara  almost  borders  on  pre- 
sumption. They  have  been  clad  with  a  brilliant 
liulo  of  imagination  since  we  first  heard  of  their 
existence,  at  school.  The  pen,  the  pencil,  and 
photography,  have  all  been  laid  under  contribu 
tion,  for  the  purpose  of  describing  and  illustrat- 
ing the  miglity  cataract.  The  powers  of  word- 
painting  have  been  wielded  by  the  literateur, 
the  preacher,  and  the  poet,  to  furnish  suitable 
representations  of  the  "  world's  wonder."  Fu- 
tility and  failure  have  been  written  upon  every 
attempt.  The  thunder  of  waters  is  inexpressi- 
ble by  human  language;  but  yet,  to  be  admired 
it  needs  only  to  be  seen;  and  the  deep  impres- 
sion that  is  stamped  upon  the  mind  of  every 
spectator  that  stands  before  the  stupendous  scene 
of  Niagara,  will  never  \i?  erased  from  the  tablets 
of  memory.  Who  shall  ever  forget  that  moment 
when  he  leajit  from  the  cars,  bounded,  with  all 
the  impatience  of  a  cur'osity  cherished  from 
earliest  infancy,  down  the  declivity,  and  the 
Bublime  sccue  burst  upon  his  astonished  vision? 


The  eye  wandered  up  and  down  "  the  Rapids," 
rushing,  for  a  mile  above  the  Falls,  in  tumultu- 
ous madness,  fretting  and  eddying,  whirling  and 
twirling,  rumbling  and  tumbling,  pell-mell,  in 
precipitate  confusion ;  fell  then  upon  the  pure, 
pellucid  waters,  that  soothed  themselves  into  a 
solemn  sweep  as  they  moved,  with  the  majesty 
of  irresistible  might  over  the  lofty  precipice, 
with  the  deafening  roar  of  gratulation  at  their 
safe  descent ;  and  last,  not  least,  upon  the  beau- 
teous bow  that  capped  and  crowned  the  glowing 
scene  resplendent  with  magnifioence  and  re- 
dolent of  transcendent  sublimity. 

But  instead  of  straining  the  capabilities  of 
language,  by  heaping  metaphor  on  metaplior, 
in  a  listless  endeavour  to  describe  the  inde- 
scribable, let  us  act  as  cicerone  to  the  tourist, 
and  leave  him  to  drink  inspiration  from  the 
voice  of  the  living  waters  themselves. 

We  may  here  notice  that  the  Falls  are  formed 
by  the  United  waters  of  Lake  Superior,  Lake 
Michigan,  Lake  Huron,  and  Lake  Erie,  which 
J.!  n:cet  in  the  River  Niagara,  at  the  eastern  ex- 
tremity of  Lake  Erie,  from  which  it  pursues  its 


CO 


•^ 


I 


74 


NIAGARA  FALLS. 


coune  for  about  22  miles,  where  it  is  divided, 
by  Goat  Island,  into  two  falls — the  one  forming 
a  fall  ii;  a  straighl,  line,  called  the  Ambricak 
Fall,  as  it  falls  on  the  United  States  side  of  the 
River,  and  the  other  in  a  sort  of  semi-circular 
form,  or,  as  it  has  been  called,  the  Hobsb-Shob 
Fall,  on  the  Canada  side  of  the  river. 

The  American  Fall  is  about  900  feet  wide,  with 
a  descent,  in  one  unbroken  sheet,  of  163  feet  per- 
pendicular. 

The  Canadian  or  Horse-Shoe  Fall  is  about 
2000  feet  wide,  with  a  fall  of  168  feet.  The  total 
descent  of  the  water  irom  Lake  Erie  to  Lake 
Ontario  is  d84  feet.  Such  is  the  great  action  of 
the  water  upon  the  precipice  over  which  it  falls 
— as  well  as  upon  the  embankments  upon  both 
sides  of  the  river — it  is  estimated  that  about  one 
foot  is  worn  away  annually,  and  that  the  falls 
have  receded  during  the  course  of  ages — es- 
timated by  geologists  at  87,000  years — from 
Quoenstown,  7  miles  below,  to  where  they  are 
at  present. 

With  these  preliminary  remarks,  we  shall 
proceed  to  describe  the  most  important  objects 
of  interest,  addressing  ourselves  as  if  the  reader 
were  on  a  visit  there. 

As  ono  very  common  route  for  strangers  who 
wish  to  "  do"  the  Falls  in  the  most  methodical 
and  particular  manner,  we  subjoin  the  follow- 
ing, which  can  be  adopted,  either  in  whole  or  in 
part,  by  the  tourist,  as  he  may  feel  disposed. 

Supposing,  then,  that  you  are  on  the  American 
side  of  the  river,  you  proceed  to  Goat  Island. 
Id  proceeding  thither  you  cross  the  bridge  of  3 
arches,  which  spans  the  river,  to  Bath  Island, 
from  ofif  which  you  get  an  excellent  view  of  the 
Rapids,  as  they  come  rushing  along,  as  if  bent  on 
sweeping  away  the  bridge,  and  ever/  thing  on  it, 
before  them  down  the  stream  and  over  the  fall. 
Arrived  across  the  bridge,  you  enter  a  cottage, 
register  your  name,  and  pay  a  toll  of  25  cents, 
(1«.  stg.,)  which  will  admit  you  to  cross  and  re- 
oross  during  the  whole  season.  Passing  on,  you 
may  observe,  to  your  right  hand,  the  paper 
works  which  were  burned  down  last  autumn. 
Passing  them,  you  cross  another  small  bridge, 
and  then  enter  upon  the  beautiful  grounds  of 
Goat  Island.  Turning  to  the  right  hand,  you 
proceed  to  the  "  Hog's  Back,"  and  across  a 
small  bridge  to  "  Luna  Island,"  which  divides  a 
small  portion  of  the  American  Fall.  An  excel- 
lent view  is  there  obtained  of  the  American  Fall, 
and  scenery  up  and  down  the  river. 

After  leaving  Luna  Island,  you  proceed 
through  Goat  Island,  keeping  oi;  t.he  walk 
nearest  the  river,  towards  the  Canadian  Fall. 
Before  reaching  there,  however,  you  descend 
Biddle's  Stairs  (named  after  Mr.  Biddle,  of  Phi- 
ladelphia, who  built  them)  to  the  Cave  of  the 
Winds. 

Cavb  of  thb  Winds. — Reaching  the  bottom 
of  Biddle's  Stairs  you  proceed  by  a  narrow  foot 
path  towards  the  American  Fall,  behind  which 


the  Cave  is  situated.  There  you  are  provided 
with  a  waterproof  dress,  and  obtain  a  magnifi- 
cent view  of  the  Fall  as  it  thunders  down  from 
above  and  in  front  of  you.  Charge  foi  loan  of 
dress,  |1 .00  (is.  stg.).  The  Cave  is  180  feet  high, 
100  feet  wide,  and  30  feet  deep. 

Retracing  your  steps  to  Biddle's  Stairs,  but  be- 
fore reascending  them,  you  can  have  an  excel- 
lent view  of  the  Horse-Shoe  Fall,  as  seen  from 
the  edge  of  the  river.  After  regaining  the  top  of 
these  stairs  you  mry  be  disposed  to  rest.  Plenty 
of  seats  are  to  be  found  close  at  hand,  where  you 
may  rest  and  admire  the  scene  around  and  in 
front  of  you.  Proceeding  from  there,  you  now 
follow  the  path  towards  the  grandest  point  of 
all,  the  Terrapin  Bridge,  (Terrapin  signifies 
Turtle,)  and  Prospect  Tower.  (See  engraving.) 
Tbrbapin  Bbidob,  and  Prospbct  Tower.— 
Arrived  at  the  edge  of  the  river,  as  it  sweeps 
rapidly  past,  you  proceed  along  the  wooden 
bridge,  which  extends  to  the  base  of  the  Tower. 
At  every  step,  you  may  be  apt  to  pause  and  ad- 
mire the  grandeur  of  the  scene.  From  the  base 
of  the  Tower  a  magnificent  view  of  the  river 
and  rapids  are  to  be  seen  ;  but  you  now  ascend 
to  the  top  of  Prospect  Tower,  up  through  a 
narrow  spiral  utaircase,  and,  once  outside  oi 
the  top,  it  is  then  and  there,  in  our  opinion, 
that  the  true  grandeur  of  the  Horse-Snoe  Fall 
is  to  be  seen,  as  its  mighty  volume  of  670,000 
tons  of  water  comes  rushing  along  every 
minute,  and  falls  With  a  continuous  roar  over 
the  precipice  of  158  feet  deep,. down  into  tho 
gorge  below,  where  the  river  has  been  estimated 
to  be  250  feet  deep.  The  vast  volume  of  water— 
the  mognificent  view  down  the  river  to  Suspen- 
sion Bridge — the  rapids  coming  down  the  cata- 
root  behind  you — together  with  the  scenery  on 
every  side — will  all  combine  to  entrance  you  to 
the  spot  with  admiration  and  delight,  and  ren- 
der you  almost  unwilling  to  leave  a  scene  so 
grand  and  inspiring. 

Retracing  your  steps  towards  Goat  laiand, 
you  next  proceed  to  the  Three  Sisters— three 
islands  which  stand  out  in  the  river,  and  named, 
respectively, "  Moss  Island,"  "  Deer  Island,"  and 
"  Allan's  Island."  Between  the  fii-st  of  the  Three 
Sisters  and  Goat  Island  is  the  "  Hermit's  Cas- 
cade," named  after  a  religious  hermit,  who  be- 
came BO  enamoured  with  the  spot  that  he  took 
up  his  abode  and  lived  there  for  some  time,  in 
Robinson  Crusoe  fashion,  till  one  day  he  was 
non  est,  it  being  supposed  he  had  ventured  too 
far  upon  a  particular  log  of  wood,  which  cap- 
sized him  into  a  watery  grave. 

The  wiilk  around  Goat  Island  will  be  highly 
appreciated.  Some  charming  nooks  of  great 
beauty  are  there,  whilst  from  the  head  of  the 
Island  is  to  be  seen,  ik  miles  up  the  river, 
Chippewa;  and,  four  miles  from  there,  Navy 
Island,  belonging  to  Canada,  which  was  occu- 
pied by  the  Canadian  patriots  of  1837-8.  From 
there,  also,  the  steamer   Caroline  which  vu 


)  provided 
a  magnifi- 
lown  from 
'oi  loan  of 
)  feet  high, 

lirSfbutbe- 
'e  an  excel- 
iseen  from 
g  the  top  of 
eat.  Plenty 
I,  where  you 
und  and  in 
re,  you  now 
sst  point  of 
lin  signities 
engraving.) 

T    TOWEB.— 

ks  it  sweeps 
the  wooden 
if  the  Tower. 
lause  and  ad- 
rem  the  baao 
of  the  river 
1  DOW  ascend 
ip  through  a 
e  outsid^  01 
our  opinion, 
irse-Snoe  Fall 
ne  of  670,000 

along  every 
JUS  roar  over 
own  into  tho 
leen  estimated 
me  of  water- 
ier to  Suspen- 
lown  the  cats- 
he  scenery  on 
itrance  you  to 

ght,  and  ren- 
ve  a  scene  so 

Goat  Island, 
Sisters— three 
er,  and  named, 
er  Island,"  and 
•st  of  the  Three 
Uermit's  Cas- 
ermit,  who  be- 
ot  that  he  took 

gome  time,  in 
lie  day  he  was 
id  ventured  too 
od,  which  cap- 
will  be  highly 
looks  of  great 
he  head  of  the 

up  the  river, 
m  there.  Navy 
tiich  was  occu- 
'1837-8.  From 
ine  which  w>« 


76 


NIAGARA  FALLS. 


conveying  provisions  and  ammunition  to  the 
rebels,  was  cut  adrift  and  sent  afloat  down  the 
river,  and  over  the  Horse-Shoe  Fall.  Near  the 
head  of  the  Island  the  point  may  be  seen  where 
— before  any  bridges  connected  the  Island  with 
the  mainland— Stedman,  the  occupier  of  the 
Island,  crossed  with  his  goats  for  pasture,  hence 
the  name  Goat  Island. 

Fort  Schlosser  may  be  seen  further  up  the 
river,  also  on  the  American  side,  where  La  Salle, 
the  great  explorer,  first  founded  a  trading  post. 
This  fort  has  changed  hands,  first  from  the 
French  to  the  British,  and  next  from  the  British 
to  the  Americans.  About  this  spot  the  vessel, 
(named  the  Griffin,)  which  first  navigated  the 
river  and  lakes,  was  built.  A  Father  Honnepin 
is  said  to  have  been  the  first  white  man  who 
visited  Niagara  and  saw  the  Falls,  and  who, 
like  many  who  have  succeeded  him,  published 
a  very  exaggerated  account  of  them. 

In  wandering  round  Goat  Island  you  have 
now  reached  the  starting-point  on  it,  viz.,  the 
Bridge  at  the  Rapids,  which  you  re-cross,  and 
make  direct  for  Point  View. 

Point  View  is  situated  close  to  the  edge  of 
the  American  Fall,  and  on  the  very  brink  of 
the  precipice.  From  this  point  you  get  an 
excellent  view  of  both  Falls,  but  more  partic- 
ularly a  distant  view  of  the  Horse-Shoe  Fall. 
In  the  ferry-house  at  Point  View  there  is  a 
railway,  down  an  incline  of  1  in  31  feet.  The 
cars  are  worked  up  and  down  by  water  power, 
and  are  completely  under  the  control  of  those 
in  charge.  The  fare  for  going  up  or  down  is 
5  cents.  At  the  bottom  of  the  incline  is  the 
river,  where  boats  may  be  hired  td  take  you 
across  to  the  Canada  side  of  the  river  for  20 
cents.  Alongside  of  the  railway  incline,  there 
are  steps,  up  and  down  which  parties  may  go 
free.  The  depth,  to  the  edge  of  the  water,  is  280 
feet— 291  steps  in  all. 

In  the  summer  season  a  small  steamer,  called 
the  "  New  Maid  of  the  Mist,"  sails  from  the  foot 
of  the  ferry  stairs,  up  as  near  us  possible  to  the 
base  of  the  Horse-Shoo  Fall.  On  proceeding  on 
board  you  put  on  an  oil-skm  cloak  and  hood, 
which  envelopes  the  whole  person,  excepting 
the  face;  and,  thus  clad,  you  stand  on  deck, 
viewing  the  Falls,  as  -the  steamer  niiikos  hci 
speedy  trip,  and  as  she  rocks  about  miiid  the 
agitated  water.  Certainly  the  view  is  excellent, 
unless  when  the  sun  is  shining  nut  very  strong, 
then  much  of  the  sight  is  lost,  owing  to  that  and 
the  spray  from  the  Falls  falling  so  thickly  upon 
the  face  and  eyes.  The  sail  is  one  only  of  a  few 
minutes,  nevertheless  we  recommend  all  to  take 
a  trip  on  board  the  little  craft.  Great  vigilance 
and  care  is  necessary  in  steering  round  the  huso 
of  the  Fall.  When  it  has  reached  the  middle 
of  the  Full  the  steam  is  shut  off",  und  then  the 
boat  is  swung  round  and  carried  down  by  the 
current,  when  steam  is  put  on,  and  she  is  turned 
round  to  the  luuding-point,  ready  to  take  on 


board  another  lot  of  passengers.    Fare  for  the 
trip  50  cents,  (2«.  stg.). 

In  the  ferry-house  a  beautifully  clear  stream 
of  water,  from  the  rock,  is  kept  running  con- 
tinually, with  tumblers  provided  for  the  use  of 
visitors. 

The  Messrs.  Porters,  to  whom  the  property 
belongs,  have  done  much  lately  to  improve  the 
appearance  of  the  place  all  around,  and  added 
greatly  to  the  comfort  and  convenience  of  visit- 
ors, by  providing  seats,  etc.,  etc. 

Having  spent  some  time  at  Point  View,  you 
may  now  proceed  down  the  incline  we  have 
mentioned,  cross  the  river  in  a  small  boat,  and 
land  on  the  Canadian  side,  near  the  Clifton 
House,  on  your  road  to  a  curiosil/  'n  its  way— 
the  Burning  Springs — shown  to  strangers  by  an 
old  native  of  Aberdeenshire,  (Scotland). 

Before  reaching  there,  however,  you  will  pass 
Table  Rock — a  view  from  off  which  will  interest 
you. 

Table  Rock,  of  which  we  give  an  illustration, 
is  situated  on  the  Canada  side  of  the  river,  near 
the  angle  where  the  Horse-Shoe  Fall  pours  over. 
It  is  a  crag,  which  projects  over  the  edge  of  llie 
precipice,  and  is  about  160  feet  above  the  river. 
It  is  now  much  smaller  than  in  former  years, 
large  portions  having  fallen  away  from  it  at  dif- 
ferent times.  Near  Table  Rock  there  is  another 
staircase,  which  you  may  descend  and  get  a 
view  from  behind  the  great  sheet  of  water  which 
falls  over  the  Horse  Shoe,  from  off  a  narrow 
ledge  of  rock,  called  Termination  Rock,*  which, 
together  with  the  ground  all  about  it,  shakes 
with  the  immense  power  of  the  water  pouring 
down  upon  it.  It  is  only,  however,  when  the 
water  is  not  very  full,  that  this  sight  can  be 
seen. 

A  favourite  time  with  many  for  visiting  the 
falls  is  at  sunset,  about  which  time  some  most 
beautiful  phenomena  are  to  be  seen.  Again,  tlie 
view  by  moonlight  is  considered  to  bevery  hne, 
and  presenting  totally  different  features  from 
any  thing  to  be  seen  during  the  day.  lu  winter 
time  also,  we  understand,  the  Falls,  together  with 
the  scenery  around  them,  present  sights  well 
worth  being  seen  by  every  tourist. 

To  reach  Burning  Springs  it  is  a  considerable 
walk  round  from  the  Clifton  House,  so  that 
iiiost  parties  engage  a  conveyance  thither.  The 
inclestrian,  however,  will  enjoy  the  walk  very 
much.  The  charge  at  the  Burning  Springs  is 
2")  cents  each. 

Bun>MNO  SpniNos. — From  the  sketch  we  give, 
readers  at  adistance  will  see  an  exact  represent- 
ation of  where  the  Spring  is  exhibited,  in  an 
old  wooden  "  shanty,"  pitch  dark,  but  lighted 
up  by  the  attendant, as  he  applies  a  light  to  the 


I,  AS  n 

it?en,  ' 


♦  Since  this  'vii  written,  wc  understand  that  Ter- 
mination Uock  i  been  washed  iiway— tlms,  wcfer, 
depriving  ail  in  future  of  obtaining  the  view  here  al 
ludeil  to. 


NIAOABA  FALLS. 


7T. 


or  the 

itream 
g  con- 
use  of 

roperty 
ove  the 

I  ndtlod 
of  visit- 

iew,  you 
ve  have 
)oat,  and 
3  Clifton 
its  way— 
era  by  an 

,  will  pass 

II  interest 

lustration, 
river,  near 
lours  over, 
edge  of  the 
e  the  river, 
met  years, 
)m  it  at  di'- 
e  is  anothei' 
and  get  a 
water  which 
ff  a  narrow 
och,*  which, 
it  it,  shakes 
iter  pouring 
iv,  when  the 
jight  can  be 

visiting  the 
e  some  most 

Again,  the 
be  very  line, 
laturcs  from 
.  In  winter 
together  with 

sights  well 

considerable 
trnse,  so  tlmt 

thither.  The 
he  walk  very 
\g  Springs  is 

Icoteh  we  gi«i 
lact  represent- 
Ihibited,  in  a" 
but  lightctl 

1  a  light  to  the 

Ltanil  that  Tel- 
l_  thus,  «■«'*"• 
fche  view  here  »' 


y 


THE  BURNING  SPRINGS,  NIAGARA. 


gas,  as  it  issues  up  through  an  iron  pipe  fixed  in 
a  barrel,  which  is  placed  amidst  the  water  3  or 
4  feet  underneath.  The  water,  which  is  charged 
with  sulphurated  hydrogen  gas,  rises  in  the  rock 
close  at  hand,  and  forces  its  way  up  through  the 
bed  of  the  stream,  which  is  there.  Sometimes 
it  burns  much  brighter  than  at  other  times,  the 
water  emitting  a  strong  smell,  similar  to  that 
of  some  mineral  springs  When  at  Burning 
Springs,  another  and  different  view  from  any 
hitherto  seen,  is  presented  of  the  River  Niagara, 
as  it  comes  down  from  Lake  Erie,  and,  in  sum- 
mer, the  scenery  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the 
Springs  is  beautiful  in  the  extreme. 

Leaving  the  Burning  Springs,  you  may  new 
proceed  to  the  battle-ground  of  Lnndy's  Lani). 
There  a  wooden  tower  is  erected,  for  the  benefit 
of  those  who  wish  to  ascend  and  obtain  a  majt- 
nificent  view  of  the  country.  On  the  top  of  this 
tower  one  of  the  heroes  of  the  Battle  of  Lundy's 
Lane  will  be  met  with,  in  the  shape  of  an  at- 
tendant, who  will  be  glad  to  point  out  to  you  all 
the  points  of  interest  connected  with  the  fight- 
ing between  the  Americans  and  the  British,  on 
those  very  fields  you  will  there  survey.  If  you 
happen  to  be  a  British  visitor,  the  faithful  at- 
tendant will  not  wound  any  national  prejudices 
you  may  have  regarding  who  was  most  success- 
ful on  particular  occasions  during  the  struggle, 
but  rather  flatter  them  by  leading  you  to  under- 
stand that,  of  course,  the  British  came  off  vic- 
torious. You  will,  however,  perhaps,  be  in 
some  doubt,  after  all,  as  to  that,  if  you  take  the 
ijme  dixit  of  this  military  chronicler,  when  you 


leorn  that  the  American,  who  preceded  or  fol- 
lowe'd  you  on  your  visit,  was  parted  company 
with  on  the  same  terms,  and  with  an  equally 
flattering  account  of  how  the  Americans  licked 
the  British,  and,  of  course,  also  won  the  battle! 
On  the  way  to  Lundy's  Lane,  you  may  pass 
through  the  pretty  little  village  of  Drummond- 
ville,  named  after  General  Drummond,  com- 
mander of  the  British  forces  ot  the  battle  refer* 
red  to.  From  Lundy's  Lane  you  may  now 
proceed  on  to  the  Suspension  Bridge  and  the 
Whirlpool.  Particulars  respecting  the  Suspen- 
sion Bridge  will  be  found  annexed,  with  illus- 
trations of  it. 

The  Whiklpool  can  be  seen  from  the  Canada 
side  of  the  river.  When  at  the  Suspension 
Bridge  you  proceed  along  the  top  of  the  em- 
bankment, through  fields  and  brushwood,  fol- 
lowing the  course  of  the  river,  till  its  course 
turns  at  a  right  angle  on  towards  Lake  Ontario. 
It  is  at  this  angle  of  the  river  where  the  whirl- 
pool is.  An  excellent  view  of  the  river  and 
scenery  along  its  banks,  and  around  the  whirl- 
pool, is  to  be  had  from  the  Canada  side  imme- 
diately above  it,  and  the  beauty  of  the  scene  there 
moy  tempt  you  to  prolong  your  rest  on  the 
wooden  seat  erected  there  for  the  wearied  trav- 
eller. 

The  visitor  who  expects  to  see  an  immense 
whirlpool  will,  we  think,  be  disappointed,  as  the 
Whirlpool,  so  called,  consists  of  a  series  of  eddies 
in  the  rapid  stream  as  it  reaches  the  end  of  the 
gorge  at  the  angle  of  the  river — more  remarka- 
ble for  being  raiued  up  in  the  centre  of  the 


78 


NIAGARA  FALLS  AND  ROUTES. 


stream,  than  for  any  great  similarity  to  an  im- 
mense whirlpool,  which  many  expect  to  see. 

The  best  view,  however,  of  the  Whirlpool  is  to 
be  had  at  the  edge  of  the  river,  on  the  American 
side,  exactly  opposite  to  the  point  mentioned 
above.  To  reach  there,  you  proceed  across  the 
Suspension  Bridge,  turn  to  your  left,  and  walk 
along  the  public  road  till  you  reach  Devaux's 
College — which  you  cannot  but  observe  as  you 
go  along.  There  you  turn  from  off  the  pub- 
lic road,  and  follow  a  narrow  road  through  a 
dense  wood,  until  you  reach  a  small  wooden 
house,  where  you  will  find  parties  ready  to  give 
you  all  information  respecting  the  path  down 
to  the  edge  of  the  river  below.  You  there  pay 
25  cents,  which  goes  to  the  support  of  Devaux's 
College — a  college  established,  at  a  cost  of 
$154,000,  by  a  Frenchman  named  Devaux,  for 
the  free  maintenance  and  education  of  100  boys. 
You  will,  in  all  probability,  be  pleased  with  your 
visit  to  the  Whirlpool.  Whilst  there,  you  may 
proceed  to  the  Devil's  Hole,  a  short  way  down 
the  river,  on  the  same  side,  and  which  consists 
of  a  chasm  of  about  200  feet  deep  on  the  bank 
of  the  river.  The  small  stream  which  pours 
over  the  precipice  above  there,  is  called  Bloody 
Run — named  so  in  consequence  of  the  colour 
given  to  it  on  one  occasion  by  the  blood  of  the 
British  troops  mixing  with  it,  during  an  en- 
gagement with  some  Indians  and  French  dur- 
ing the  war  there  in  1768. 

Brock's  Monument  forms  one  of  the  "lions" 
of  Niagara,  which  tourist?,  in  approaching  from 
Toronto,  per  steamer  and  rail,  will  observe  to 
great  advantage,  as  they  proceed  in  the  cars  from 
the  town  of  Niagara  to  Suspension  Bridge.  It 
stands  on  Queenstown  Heights  (Canada  side). 
Erected  to  the  British  general.  Sir  Isaac  Brock, 
who  fell  in  the  engagement  fought  there  in  1812. 
On  the  top  stands  the  statue  of  the  gallant  officer. 
Although  a  considerable  distance  from  the  Falls, 
(about  7  miles,)  yet  if  the  tourist  has  time,  the 
visit  to  it  will  repay  the  time  and  trouble,  as  a 
most  magnificent  view  of  the  river,  country 
round  about,  and  Lake  Ontario  is  there  obtained. 


Opposite  Queenstown,  on  the  River  Niagara 
is  Lewiston — famous  for  its  stupendous  suspen- 
slon  bridge — even  longer  than  the  one  further 
up  the  river,  being  1046  feet  long. 

Niagara  Falls.— In  addition  to  the  name  of 
the  celebrated  Falls,  the  town  in  the  Immediate 
vicinity  takes  also  the  name  of  Niagara  Falls- 
situated  in  the  State  of  New  York. 

As  is  well  known,  it  is  the  fashionable  resort 
of  all  who  desire  to  make  their  residence  on  the 
American  side  of  the  river.  The  hotels  are  on 
the  largest  scale,  and  characterized  by  great 
magnificence  and  comfort.  Trains  arrive  at 
and  depart  from  the  station  at  the  town,  to  and 
from  which  omnibuses  run  in  connection  with 
the  principal  hotels. 

The  town  on  the  American  side,  at  Suspen- 
sion Bridge,  Is  known  by  the  name  of  Niagara 
City. 

Travellers  for  the  Falls  should  check  their 
baggage  to  "  Niagara  Falls,"  if  they  Intend  resid- 
ing on  the  American  side ;  and  to  "  Suspension 
Bridge,  Clifton,"  if  on  the  Canadian  side— on 
which  side  there  are  excellent  hotels  also. 

The  large  Illustration  of  the  Falls  given  in  the 
accompanying  page,  was  taken  from  what  is 
considered  the  best  point  for  seeing  both  the 
American  and  Canadian  (or  Horse-Shoe)  Fal's 
together,  viz.,  near  the  Clifton  House,  on  the 
Canadian  side  of  the  river.  This  view  was 
taken  by  photoi^rcph,  by  M.  Hanungel,  Photo- 
grapher, Broaav-'py,  New  York,  last  summer, 
and  is  decidedly  the  best  and  most  correct  view 
of  the  Falls  we  ever  sow  oh  paper.  To  pre- 
serve, as  far  as  possible,  in  the  process  of  eu- 
grovlng,  all  the  details  of  the  great  original,  we 
have  had  M.  Hanungel's  immense  photograph 
re-photographed  on  a  reduced  scole  on  wood, 
by  Price's  patent  process,  and  engraved,  so  that 
we  con,  with  confidence,  refer  to  the  accompany- 
ing vie  w  of  the  Niagara  Falls  as  correct  in  every 
particular. 

The  other  illustrations  presented  have  also 
been  engraved  from  photographs  taken  there 
last  summer. 


...  ROUTES  TO  THE  FALLS.         -  •• 

There  are  several  routes  from  the  Atlantic  seaboard,  the  best  of  which  we  give,  with  the  distances  and  fare, 
as  near  as  can  be  ascertained ;  as  also  one  from  Quebec  through  Canada : — 


raOM  NSW  TORK. 

Ko.  L  Miles.      Cost. 

Steamer,  from  New  York  to  Albany 150  ...$1.6n 

Rail,  from  Albany  to  Rochester. 229. .. .  4.5S 

Rail,  from  Rochester  to  Niagara  Falls ...    76 ....  1 .52 

Total 45,'5....|7.60 

£1  lO*.  6d.  stg. 
Frora  New  Tork  to  Albany  the  Hudson  River  Rail- 
road can  be  taken ;  distance,  144  miles ;  fare,  $8.00. 

Ho.  2.  Miles.      Cost. 

N.  York  and  Erie  R.  R.  to  HomellsvUle . .  888. . .  .$0.76 

Rail,  from  HornelUviile  to  Buffalo 91  . . .  2.10 

Rail,  from  Buffalo  to  Niagara  Falls....  .    22....  0.60 

Total 446.... $9.48 

£1  ISw.  stg. 
O'.  pcv  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad  to  Rochester 
an    Buffalo  direct,  298  miles,  thence  as  above. 


FROM  NEW  YORK. 

No.  8.  Miles.  (;o8t. 
New  York  and  Erie  Railroad  to  Elmlra..  274....$6.llO 
Rail,  from  Elmira  to  Niagara  Falls 166....  4.10 

Total ...  440. ..$10.10 

£2  0».  M.  «tg. 

VROM  QUEBEC. 

Ho.  4.  Miles.      Cost. 

Rail,  to  Montreal 171.... $6.00 

Rail,  from  Montreal  to  Toronto 833 ....  lO.OO 

Rail,  from  Toronto  to  Niagara  Falls 81 . . . .  1.!>S 

Total 685. ..$1788 

£3  lis.  M.  lis. 

Frora  Toronto  the  steamer  can  be  taken  to  Niagara, 

(86  miles,)  on  Lake  Ontario ;  thence  rail  (14  miles)  to 

Suspension  Bridge.     Total  distance,  from  ToroDto, 

about  60  miles ;  cost,  $1.60  (6«.  stg.). 


R.  M.  GODDARD  &  CO., 
BANKERS, 

NIAGARA    FAI^LS,    N.   T. 


B.  H.  OODDABD. 


DANIBL  II0B8B. 


Importers'  k  Traders'  Bank,  New  York, 
Exchange  Bank,  Lockport,  New  York, 
Brown  «  Keep,  Bankers,  Buffalo,  New  York. 
Deposits  received ;  Exchange  on  New  York,  Albany 
and  Boston ;  Oollectlons  made  at  current  rates,  and 
promptly  remitted  on  day  of  payment.    Uncurrent 
money  bought  and  sold.    Honey  remitted  to  Great 
Britain  and  all  other  parts  of  Europe.    Land  War- 
rants bought  and  sold.    Also,  agents  for  the  sale  of 
passage  tickets  to  and  ft-om  the  principal  cities  in 
Kurope.    ^T"  K.  M.  GODDARD,  Notary  Public  for 
Niagara  County. 

The  Six  Nations  Indian  Store, 

FALLS  ST.,  NIAGARA  FALLS, 

(OPPOSITB  INTBBMATIONAL  HOTEL.) 

JKepf  by 

MPLS.    ID^VY, 

▲  large  Aacortment  of 
INDIAN  BEAD   UTORK, 

MOOSE  HAIR  &  PORCUPINE  QUILLS, 

And  other  Fanoy  Goods  and  Indian 
CuxloaitleB, 

manhfaotcbkd  bt  Indians  on  the  prehise8. 


L.  H.  F.  HAMII4TON, 

a-XJIIDEl, 

WILL 

CONDUCT    PAKTIES 

AND  GIVE  INFORMATION 

CONOKRNINO  ALL  POINTS  Of  DTIJEREST 

Around     IViag^ara    Falls. 

Refers  to  the  Officers  of  the  sereral  Hotels. 

JAMES  DA¥T  &  RR0THER8, 

(rOBHBBLT    OniDBS,) 

HAVE    ALWAYS    IN     READINESS 
CARRIAGES, 

TO    CONVEY    PARTIES    TO    ALL    THE    POINTS 
OF  INTEREST  IN  THE 

VICINITY  OF  NIAGARA  FALLS. 

y.  B. — Being  long  residents  of  this  place,  can 
give  strangers  all  desired  information. 

Inquire  at  the  Six  Nations  Indian  Store, 
opposite  International  Hotel,  Falls  Street,  or 
at  the  Niagara  House,  Main  Street. 


GREAT    WESTERN    HOTEL, 

SUSPENSION  BBIDGE, 

CANADA   SIDE. 


PROPRI  ETOR. 


1^  Trains  arrive  at,  and  depart  from,  the  Eailroad  Station 
opposite  tlie  Hotel. 


O.A.XlX%Z.A.a-SS      TO      TXXS      F-A-IiZiS, 

AND   DRIVES   IN  THE  VIOINITT. 


1  :u  i 

K 

ill* 


■'■'!  I 


-»  '.<• 


•;fc 


t  < 


r. 


r  ,rf^: 


TRIP  FROM  MONTRE/.L  TO  OTTAWA. 


79 


MONTREAL  TO  OTTAWA,  0.  W. 

This  beautiful  route  may  be  traversed  either  by  rail  from  Montreal  to  P'-e'wnvt  Junction, 
and  thence  by  rail  to  Ottawa,  as  described  elsewhere ;  or  it  may  be  taken  by  wi  y  of  rail 
to  Lachine,  steamer  from  Lachine  to  Carrillon,  rail  from  Carrillon  to  Grenville,  and  Gren- 
ville  to  Ottawa  by  steamer  again.  By  this  route  it  will  be  seen  that  there  ftre  several 
changes  to  be  made,  which  cannot  be  avoided,  on  account  of  the  rapids  on  the  nvcr,  which 
cannot  be  "  run"  by  the  steamer. 

This  route  is  one  so  little  known,  that,  notwithstanding  the  disadvantages  which  chang- 
ing so  often  presents,  we  have  thought  it  advisable  to  give  a  brief  account  of  the  trip  to 
Ottawa,  as  made  by  us  last  June,  addressing  ourselves  as  if  the  reader  were  going.  Pri<- 
ceeding  in  cab  or  omnibus  to  Griffintown  —  1^  miles  from  post-oflBce,  Montreal — you 
arrive  and  book  at  the  Lachine  Railroad  Depot ;  fare  through  to  Ottawa,  first  class,  f  3 ; 
second  class,  $2.  Strange  to  say,  no  baggage  is  "  checked  through,"  on  this  route  as  via 
Grond  Trunk  railroad,  or  the  other  lines  in  the  United  States. 

Started  on  the  cars,  therefore,  with  a  string  of  tickets  to  and  from  the  different  points  on 
your  way,  you  soon  reach  Lachine,  nine  miles  oflF.  At  Lacliine  you  change  cars,  and  step 
on  board  the  steamer  "  Lady  Simpson"  in  waiting,  and  once  under  weigh,  you  get  a  fine 
view  of  the  mighty  St.  Lawrence,  with  Lake  St.  Louis  close  ar,  hand. 

Not  long  after  the  steamer  starts,  breakfast  will  be  announced,  which  may  be  partaken 
of,  if  you  had  not  got  it  before  you  started  from  Montreal.  An  excellent  breakfast  for 
is.  10|(i  currency,  (Is.  6d,  stg.,)  or  37^  cents.  If  a  fine  morning,  you  will  be  delighted 
with  the  sail,  as  the  steamer  skims  along  the  shore  of  the  Island  of  Montreal,  till  she 
reaches  St.  Anne's,  at  the  extreme  corner  of  that  island.  At  St.  Anne's,  the  steamer  leaves 
the  St.  Lawrence,  and  passes  through  the  looks  there,  dnd  is  then  on  the  bosom  of  the  Ot- 
tawa. You  will  scarcely  be  able  to  imagine  it  to  be  a  river ;  in  reality,  it  forms  the  Lake 
of  the  Two  Mountains,  being  one  of  the  numerous  lakes  which  the  Ottawa  may  be  said 
to  be  a  succession  of. 

At  St.  Anne's  you  will  get  an  excellent  view  of  the  substantial  stone  bridge  of  the  Grand 
Trunk  Railway,  which  here  crosses  the  Ottawa,  and  which  forma  a  striking  contrast  to  the 
mistaken  policy  of  the  railway  companies  in  the  United  States  in  building  so  many 
"  rickety"  wooden  bridges — with  their  warnings  up  of  fines  of  so  much  if  you  trot  a  horse 
over  them — and  which  in  going  over  so  many  accidents  have  occurred.  Here,  possibly, 
you  may  observe,  against  one  of  the  piers  of  this  bridge,  a  portion  of  a  large  raft,  which,  in 
"running"  the  rapids  last  season,  became  unmanageable  and  dashed  up  against  the  bridge 
—scattering  the  raft  in  all  directions — to  the  great  loss  of  the  proprietor  of  it  Some  of 
tlie  logs  may  be  seen  yet,  resting  up  against  the  pier  of  the  bridge,  as  if  trying  to  clear  all 
before  them,  and  the  gigantic  pier  standing  up,  in  its  mighty  strength,  as  if  bidding  them 
float  quietly  past. 

St  Anne's  is  the  spot  where  the  poet  Moore  located  the  scene  of  his  celebrated  Canadian 
Boat  Song. 

CANADIAN  BOAT  SONG. 

BT  THOMAS  HOORE. 

Faintly  as  tolla  the  evening  chime, 
Our  voices  keep  tune  and  our  oars  keep  time ; 
Soon  as  the  woods  on  shore  look  dim, 
We'll  sing  at  St.  Anne's  our  parting  hymn. 

Row,  brothers,  row,  the  streaii.  runs  fast, 

The  Kaplds  are  near,  and  the  daylight's  past. 

Why  should  we  yet  our  sail  unfurl? 
There  Is  not  a  breath  the  blue  wave  to  curl ; 
But  when  the  wind  blows  ofif  the  shore, 
Oh  1  sweUly  we'll  rest  our  weary  oar. 

Blow,  breezes,  blow,  the  stream  runs  fast, 

The  Rapids  are  near,  and  the  daylight's  past. 


I  •  1^: 


%=!• 


If 


I 


80 


TBIP  UP  THE  OTTAWA. 


Ottawa's  tide  I  thl«  trembling  moon 
Shall  gee  ui  float  orer  thy  lurgei  loon. 
Saint  of  thli  green  Ule  I  hear  our  prayen, 
Oh  I  grant  lu  cool  heaveni  and  favoring  ain. 
Blow,  breetei,  blow,  the  itream  runs  fait, 
The  Rapid!  are  near,  and  the  daylight's  past. 


Started  from  St.  Anne'i  yon  shortly  reach  n  beantiful  expansion  of  the  Ottawa — which 
forms  here  what  is  called  Tbb  Lake  of  the  Two  Mountains — named  from  the  two  moun- 
tains which  are  seen  to  the  north,  rising  four  hundred  to  five  hundred  feet  high. 

After  sailing  a  short  time,  and  with  your  face  to  the  bow  of  the  steamer,  yon  will  ob- 
■erre,  to  the  right,  where  this  great  river — coming  slowly  and  silently  along — is  divided  by 
the  Island  of  Montreal  j  the  one  fork  of  the  river  which  you  observe  to  the  north-east,  wind- 
ing its  way  past  the  island,  after  which  it  makes  its  acquaintance  with  the  St.  Lawrence, 
to  the  north-east  of  Montreal  The  other  fork,  or  division  on  which  you  have  just  started 
from,  at  St  Anne's,  meets  the  St  Lawrence  there ;  although,  strange  to  say,  the  waters  of 
these  two  immense  rivers — as  if  not  relishing  the  mixture  of  each  other,  and  thus  forming 
one — continue  their  separate  and  undivided  distinctness  for  miles,  till  they  meet  with  such 
rough  treatment,  from  either  torrents,  wind,  or  waves,  that  they  join  issue,  and  form  at 
last,  one  immense  river  in  the  St  Lawrence,  in  which  the  beautiful  but  majestic  Ottawa  ia 
swallowed  up. 

In  the  last  report  on  the  Geological  Survey  of  Canada,  the  following  remarks  on  the  com- 
ponent parts,  and  other  peculiarities,  of  the  Ottawa  and  St  Lawrence  occur : — 

"  The  water  of  the  Ottawa,  containing  but  little  more  than  one-third  as  much  solid  mat- 
ter as  the  St.  Lawrence,  is  impregnated  with  a  much  larger  portion  of  organic  mcltttr, 
derived  from  the  decomposition  of  vegetable  remains,  and  a  large  amount  of  alkalies  uncom- 
bincd  with  chlorine  or  sulphuric  acid.  Of  the  alkalies  determined  as  chlorids,  the  chlorid 
of  potassium  in  the  Ottawa  water  forms  thirty-two  per  cent,  and  in  that  of  the  St  Lawrence, 
only  sixteen  per  cent.;  while  in  the  former,  the  silicia  equals  thirty-four  per  cent,  and  in 
the  latter,  twenty-three  per  cent,  of  the  mineral  matters.  The  Ottawa  drains  a  region  of 
crystalline  rocks,  and  receives  from  these  by  far  the  greater  part  of  its  waters;  hence  the 
salts  of  potash,  liberated  by  the  decomposition  of  these  rocks,  are  in  large  proportion.  The 
extensive  vegetable  decomposition,  evidenced  by  the  organic  matters  dissolved  in  the  water, 
will  also  have  contributed  a  portion  of  potash.  It  will  be  recollected  that  the  proportion 
of  potash  salts  in  the  chlorids  of  sea-water  and  saline  waters,  generally,  does  not  equal  more 
than  two  or  three  per  cent  As  to  the  St  Lawrence,  although  the  basin  of  Lake  Superior, 
in  which  the  river  takes  its  origin,  is  surrounded  by  ancient  sandstones,  and  by  crystalline 
rocks,  it  afterwards  flows  through  lakes  whose  basins  are  composed  of  paloiozoic  strata, 
which  abound  in  limestones  rich  in  gypsum  and  salt,  and  these  rocks  have  given  the  waters 
of  this  river  that  predominance  of  soda,  chlorine,  and  sulphuric  acid  which  distinguishes  11 
from  the  Ottawa.  It  is  an  interesting  geographical  feature  of  these  two  rivers,  that  they 
each  pass  through  a  series  of  great  lakes,  in  which  the  waters  are  enabled  to  deposit  their 
suspended  impurities,  and  thus  are  rendered  remarkably  clear  and  transparent" 

The  two  rivers  thus  not  mixing  at  once,  is  owing,  we  presume,  to  the  specific  gravity  of 
the  one  being  much  heovier  than  that  of  the  other.  Tlie  two  are  distinctly  seen  flowing 
down  together,  by  the  difference  in  their  color. 

The  lake  you  are  now  upon — if  a  fine  morning,  and  in  summer — will  be  as  calm  as  a  mill- 
pond,  and,  with  its  wooded  islands,  and  nicely-wooded  country  round  about,  forms  a  scene 
of  the  finest  character.  Each  turn  the  steamer  takes,  it  opens  up  with  it  new  beautiei 
Sometimes,  however,  the  lake,  now  so  placid  and  beautiful  to  look  upon,  is  raised  like  a 
raging  sea,  rendering  its  navigation  not  so  easy,  as  many  a  poor  raftsman  has  found  to  his 
cost,  whilst  navigating  his  treasure  of  lumber  to  Quebec  or  Lachine.  You  may,  possibly, 
see  some  of  these  rafts  of  lumber  as  you  pass  along.  Nowhere  in  the  whole  of  America, 
we  believe,  will  you  see  such  magnificent  and  valuable  rafts  of  lumber  as  on  the  Ottawa, 
The  raftfi  on  the  Delaware,  Ohio,  and  Mississippi,  which  we  have  seen,  are  nothing  to  com- 


TRIP  UP  THE  OTTAWA. 


81 


pare  to  them— either  in  lize  or  in  the  value  of  the  wood  of  which  they  are  oompoeed.    (See 
Lumber  and  Lumbermen.) 

Pasebg  onwards  on  the  lake,  you  will  observe  The  Indian  Yillagi:,  at  the  base  of  the 
Two  Mountains,  There  reside  the  remnants  of  two  tribes,  the  Iroquois  and  Algonquins, 
On  the  sandy  soil  behind  the  village,  the  Indians  have  their  games,  foot  races,  etc.,  etc. 
After  passing  there,  the  steamer  will  probably  stop  at  Vaddbxui,  at  the  head  of  the  Lake 
of  the  Two  Mountains.  Proceeding  on  firom  there,  the  steamer  will  steer  for  Point  Anglais, 
(English  Point,)  and  from  there  cross  over  to  the  settlement  of  Reoavd,  and  a  hill  of  the 
same  name,  on  the  river  Le  Graisse. 

After  enjoj^ng  the  beauties  of  the  scene  on  every  side,  yon  will  shortly  find  yourself  at 
Carrillon,  Opposite  Carrillon  is  situated  Point  Fortune,  the  station  which  leads  per  stage 
to  the  Caledonia  Springs,  unless  passengers  wish  to  go  there  horn  L'Original,  which 
you  will  reach,  by-aud-by,  by  taking  the  cars  at  Carrillon,  the  point  you  have  now 
reached. 

At  Carrillon  you  will  leave  the  steamer,  walk  up  to  the  train  which  is  in  readiness  to 
convey  you  from  there  to  Grenville.  On  alighting  from  the  steamer,  look  after  your  bag- 
gage— see  it  placed  on  the  cart  which  is  to  convey  it  from  there  to  the  train — and  then  see 
it  placed  on  the  train. 

You  will  have  a  few  minutes  to  wait  at  Carrillon,  during  which  time  you  can  be  survey- 
ing the  beauties  of  the  scene  around  you — and  get  a  peep  of  the  rapids  which  here  pass 
from  Grenville  to  Carrillon,  where  you  are. 

"All  aboard,"  as  the  conductor  says;  the  bell  on  the  engine  rings,  and  yon  are  on  the 
high  road  to  Grenville, 

This  road  passes  through  farms  in  all  stages  of  clearing — ^the  numerous  shanties  betoken- 
ing that  they  are  held  by  their  original  proprietors,  who  are  struggling  to  see  them  all 
cleared  some  day,  and  present  a  very  different  scene  from  what  they  do  at  present.  Pass- 
ing through,  therefore — dismal  enough  swamp— some  good  land — farms  cleared  and  un- 
cleared— you  arrive  at  Chatham  Station  (C.  E).  You  will  remember  that  you  are  now  in 
Canada  East — the  other  side  of  the  River  Ottawa,  all  the  way  up,  nearly  to  its  source,  being 
Canada  West ;  you,  no  doubt,  are  aware  that  Canada  East  is  inhabited  chiefly  by  French 
Canadians,  (Roman  Catholics,)  and  Canada  West  chiefly  by  British,  or  descendants  of 
such,  (and  mostly  Protestants,)  the  Scotch  people  forming  a  large  portion  of  the  population 
in  Canada  West  Passing  Chatham  Station — and  a  good  many  cleared  farms  in  its  neighbor- 
hood— you  shortly  reach  Grenvill'"  where  the  train  stops,  and  you  take  the  steamer 
"Phoenix."    Here  again  look  after  your  baggage,  and  see  it  on  board. 

At  Grenville,  you  cannot  fail  to  be  forcibly  struck  with  the  beauty  of  the  scenery  now 
disoloBcd  to  your  view.  Not  being  of  a  poetical  disposition,  we  regret  our  inability  to  do 
it  that  justice,  in  our  description  of  it,  to  which  it  is  entitled.  From  this  point,  the  steamer 
tnms  round,  to  start  on  towards  Ottawa,  68  miles  ofiF  (6^  hours).  To  our  mind,  this  is  the 
finest  scene  on  the  whole  trip.  The  Ottawa  here  forms  a  sort  of  bay,  with  exquisitely 
beautiful  scenery  all  round  it — on  one  side  a  range  of  hills,  stretching  along  as  far  as  the 
eye  can  carry,  wooded  to  their  tops.  The  scenery  reminds  us  of  the  vicinity  of  Ellen's  Isle, 
on  Loch  Katrine,  (Scot.,)  only,  that  on  the  Ottawa,  at  this  point,  the  hills  are  wooded — 
whilst  those  of  the  Scottish  lake  are  barren— or  covered  only  with  pasture  and  heather. 

Passing  on  from  this  charming  point  of  view,  the  steamer  now  goes  direct  up  the  river 
for  Ottawa  City,  making  several  stops  by  the  waj  :  the  first  is  Hartwick's  old  landing,  next, 
L'Original,  with  its  excellent  pier,  and  pretty,  quiet  little  town  in  the  distance. 

Proceeding  on,  you  will  pass,  on  the  right  hand  or  north  side  of  the  river,  the  lands  of 
the  Papineau  Seigniory,  belonging  to  L,  J,  Papineau,  of  1837  Canadian  rebellion  notoriety. 
This  gentleman,  we  believe,  still  strongly  adheres  to  his  republican  opinions,  and  is  not  a 
member  in  the  Canadian  legislature,  at  present.  Before  the  rebellion  alluded  to,  Mr.  Papi- 
neau held  the  office  of  Speaker,  and  at  the  time  of  the  rebellion,  it  is  said  government  was 
due  him  about  $4,000,  which,  on  the  restoration  of  peace,  etc,,  he  received  on  his  return 
from  exile,  notwithstanding  that  he  had  been  one  of  the  leaders  in  that  movement,  in  18S7. 


TRIP   UP  THE  OTTAWA. 


The  seigniory  extends  for  about  16  mllci,  and  ii  conaidcred  one  of  tlie  poorert  in  Canada. 
As  you  pasa  on,  you  will  observe  the  beautiful  range  of  hllU,  to  the  north,  which,  from  the 
diflferent  sizca  and  shapes  they  aBsume,  present,  with  their  shrubbery,  a  beautiful  fringe 
work,  to  the  seono  all  around.  Tlicse  hills  form  part  of  the  chain,  which  range  from 
lAbrador,  all  the  way  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Pairing  tlio  stopping  point  of  Montebello,  you  will  observe  Mr.  Papineau's  residence, 
embosomed  amongst  trees  and  shrubbery  of  beautiful  foliage.  It  is  called  Papineau's  Castle 
— Cape  Bt  Mario.  At  tliis  point,  the  steamer  turns  to  the  left,  leaving  the  hills  referred 
to,  beliind  you.  From  Mr.  Papineau's  house,  a  most  magnificent  view  of  the  river,  and 
surrounding  country,  must  bo  had — occupying  so  prominent  a  position,  at  thA  bend  of  the 
river,  which  there  forms  a  sort  of  bay. 

Proceediug  on,  you  will  now  observe  that  the  scenery  assumes  rather  a  different  aspect, 
but  still  beautiful  in  its  character.  You  sail  past  little  islands  wooded  all  over,  and  on  be- 
tween the  banks  of  the  river — which  in  some  places  become  very  flat,  with  the  river  ex- 
tending in  amongst  the  forest.  At  a  more  advanced  season  of  the  year,  the  river  is  lower, 
consequently,  much  of  the  water  previously  spread  over  a  great  portion  of  the  country,  re- 
cedes during  the  summer  months,  and  before  the  winter  season  sets  in,  a  heavy  crop  of 
hay  is  reaped.  For  nearly  eight  months  in  the  year,  however,  the  ground  is  thus  covered 
with  the  swelling  of  the  river,  and  of  course  only  fit  for  cultivation  during  the  hot  seaitun 
of  about  four  months'  duration. 

You  are  now  approaching  to  a  place  about  twenty-eight  miles  of  Ottawo — called  Thurso 
— which  presents  nothing  particular  but  an  immense  yard  full  of  sawn  lumber,  belonging 
to  the  greatest  lumbering  establishment  in  the  woi-ld — Pollok,  G.imour  &  Co.,  of  Glasgow, 
(Scotland,)  being  one  of  the  many  stations  which  that  firm  have  in  Canada,  for  can'yiii^'  on 
their  immense  trade.  From  off  immense  tracts  of  land,  which  they  hold  from  government 
for  a  mere  trifle — situated  in  different  districts  on  the  Ottawa — they  have  the  lumber 
brought  to  wharves  on  the  river,  made  into  rafts  and  then  floated  down ;  that  intended  for 
the  ports  on  the  St  Lawrence  and  United  States,  to  the  west  of  Montreal,  going  via  La- 
chine,  wliilst  the  greater  proportion  goes  via  the  route  you  have  been  travelling — over  tbe 
rapids  and  down  to  Lake  St.  Peter's,  on  the  St.  Lowrence,  till  it  finally  reaches  Quebec. 
There  it  is  sold  or  shipped  by  them  to  ports  in  Great  Britain,  large  quantities  of  it  finding 
its  way  to  the  Clyde  (Scotland).  Opposite  to  Thurso,  will  be  observed  what  is  called 
Foxe's  Point.  An  English  family  of  that  name  have  settled  there,  and  to  this  day  they 
appear  not  to  have  forgot  their  taste  for  neat,  well-trimmed  grounds,  fences,  etc.,  exhibit- 
ing many  of  the  characteristics  of  an  Englishman's  home.  Passing  on,  you  next  stop  at 
probably  the  whorf  for  Buckingliara,  (C.  E.,)  17  miles  inland.  Opposite  to  this  landing  is 
Cumberland,  (C.  W.) ;  passing  which,  you  will  shortly  reach  Gill's  wharf,  6  miles  from  Ot- 
tawa, and  the  last  stopping-place  previous  to  reaching  there. 

In  half  an  hour  or  so,  you  will  observe  the  bluffs  of  Ottawa  in  the  distance,  but  no  ap 
pearance  of  the  city,  it  being  situated  on  ground  high  above  the  level  of  the  river,  where 
you  land  at  To  the  left  you  will  notice  the  beautiful  little  waterfall  of  the  Rideau— a 
Niagara  in  miniature — with  its  Goat  Island  between  the  horse  shoe  and  straight  line  faU. 
It  falls  about  30  feet,  and  forms  one  of  the  prettiest  little  falls  to  be  seen  almost  anywhere. 
On  the  right  hand,  you  will  observe  a  cluster  of  wooden  shanties,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Gatineau,  which  there  joins  the  Ottawa,  and,  as  you  stond  admiring  the  beauty  of  the 
scenery  before,  behind,  and  around  you,  the  steamer  touches  at  the  wharf  of  Ottawa  City, 
From  the  deck  of  the  steamer,  you  will  have  an  excellent  view  of  the  suspension  bridge 
and  the  Chauderie  Falls  in  the  distance,  with  the  rapids  and  the  falls,  throwing  up  the 
spray  all  around,  forming  a  white  cloud  over  the  bridge.  At  the  wharf  you  will  find 
vehicles  waiting  to  convey  you  to  any  hotel  or  address  you  may  wish  to  go  to.  Oj  reach- 
ing th^  top  of  the  steep  incline  from  the  steamer,  you  will  then  obtain  a  first  sight,  per- 
haps, of  Ottawa  City,  which  was  to  have  been  the  seat  of  the  Canadian  Government — and 
which  may  be  yet — should  the  whim  or  interest  of  the  members  of  the  provincial  parlia- 
ment not  decree  otherwise. 


The  I 

Shcppai 

^^  The  8 

(2».  stg., 

will  be 

French-) 

Partie 

from  Ot 

one  of  th 

just  desc 

Now  Yor 

faction  tc 

For  bo: 

the  Uppci 

—extendi 


TRIP  UP  THE  OTTAWA. 


88 


The  Btcnmer  "  Lady  Simpson,"  from  Laohlne  to  Grcnvillo,  is  partly  owned  by  Its  captain— 
Shcppard. 
.  f  Tiio  Btcamer  "  Phoenix" — on  board  whleii  you  will  find  an  excellent  dinner  for  fifty  cents, 
(2».  stg.,) — is  commanded  by  a  very  civil  and  obliging  Scotchman  named  McLachlnn — who 
will  be  glad  to  point  out  to  you  the  beauties  of  the  river.  From  Orenvillo  to  Ottawa — a 
French-Canadian  pilot  takes  charge  of  the  steering  of  the  vessel. 

Parties  who  go  to  Ottawa  City — by  rail,  via  Prescott — as  described  elsewhere,  can  return 
from,  Ottawa  by  the  route  now  described,  and  we  have  no  doubt  they  will  be  pleased  with 
one  of  the  finest  river  trips  we  have  experienced  in  America.  The  scenery  of  the  Ottawa, 
just  described,  is  by  no  means  so  bold  in  character  as  that  of  the  noble  river  Hudson,  from 
New  York  to  Albany  and  Troy — still,  it  is  one  which  cannot  fall  to  afford  the  highest  satis- 
faction to  the  tourist 

For  bolder  scenery,  and  the  highlands  of  the  Ottawa — see  next  page  for  account  of 
the  Upper  Ottawa — being  a  continuation  of  tlie  same  river  from  Ottawa — away  north-west 
—extending  to  parts  as  yet  untrod  by  few,  if  any,  white  men — far  less  by  tourists. 


MONTREAL  TO  OTTAWA,  0.  W.  ^  ^ 

\  VIA  ORAND  TBUNK   BAILROAD, 

Takk  the  cars  on  the  Grand  Trunk  Railroad  from  station  in  Griffin  Town,  1^  miles  from 
post-ofiice,  Montreal.  Started  from  the  station,  you  proceed,  getting  a  fine  view  of  the  St. 
Lawrence  on  the  left,  the  mountain  on  the  right,  and  the  fine  landscape  stretching  beyond, 
till  you  reach  Point  Claire — 16  miles.  Leaving  there,  you  proceed  on  through  a  beautiful 
country  tin  you  reach  the  magnificent  bridge  which  crosses  the  river  Ottawa  at  St.  Anne's, 
going  over  which  you  get  a  hasty  glance  of  the  Ottawa  stretching  far  beyond  to  the  west, 
assuming  the  appearance  of  a  magnificent  lake,  situated  in  a  basin,  surrounded  by  finely- 
wooded  hills  In  the  background,  andr  Ichly-wooded  country  on  every  side  of  It.  Immedi- 
ately under  this  bridge  you  may  observe  the  rapids  rushing  along,  and  also  the  locks 
V '  TO  the  steamer  for  the  Ottawa  River,  from  Lachine,  passes  through  to  avoid  these 
— cnlled  "St.  Anne's  rapids" — from  the  name  of  the  village  close  by. 

I'ou  pass  on  to  Vaudreuil,  24  miles;  Cedars,  29  miles;  Coteau  Landing,  37  miles ;  River 
Benudette,  44  miles;  Lancaster,  64  miles;  Summerstown,  60  miles;  Cornwall,  68  miles; 
Moullnette,  78  miles ;  Dickinson  Landing,  77  miles ;  Aultsvllle,  84  miles ;  Wllllomsburg, 
92  miles;  Matilda,  99  miles;  Edwardsburg,  104  miles,  to  Prescott  Junction,  112  miles  from 
Montreal. 

At  Prescott  Junction,  you  change  cars,  and  take  those  on  the  line  from  Prescott  to  Ottawa, 
64  miles  distant,  stopping  at  eight  stations  between  these  points.  The  stranger,  if 
newly  arrived,  either  via  Quebec,  or  New  York,  from  Great  Britain,  or  continent  of  Eu- 
rope, will,  on  this  line,  get  the  first  glimpse,  most  likely,  of  "  bush  life,"  of  "  shanties,"  and 
"cleared,"  or  "partially  cleared"  lands.  The  line  being  a  succession  of  dense  forest, 
swamp,  and  partially  cleared  farms,  presents  few  or  no  interesting  features  to  the  tourist 
farther  than  those  mentioned.  Between  the  last  station  (Gloucester)  and  Ottawa  (11 
miles  off)  the  country  presents  a  much  more  cleared  appearance,  and  a  few  well-cultivated 
farms  will  be  seen  along  the  line  of  railroad,  untU  It  arrives  at  the  station,  close  to  New 
Edinburgh,  on  the  one  side  of  the  Rldeau  River,  with  Ottawa  on  the  other  side,  about  a 
quarter  of  a  mile  off. 

You  will  find  vehicles  in  waiting,  which  will  convey  yourself  and  luggage  to  whatever 
hotel  you  please.    Campbell's  Hotel,  Ottawa,  we  can  recommend. 

For  description  of  Ottawa,  see  elsewhere. 

After  you  have  visited  Ottawa,  its  river  above  the  town,  etc.,  etc.,  you  can  return  to 
Montreal,  via  steamer  on  the  River  Ottawa,  via  Grenville,  Lachine,  etc.,  (see  Montreal  to 
Ottawa,  via  Lachine  and  steamer,)  or  the  way  you  came. 


•  '11 


•'  t;::, 


84 


THE  UPPER  OTTAWA  AND  TRIBUTAEIES. 


UNITED  STATES  TO  OTTAWA,  0.  W. 

Pbescott  JuNcrnoN,  on  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway^  112  miles  from  Montreal,  is  the  nearest 
point  for  tourists  and  emigrants  from  the  United  Statea 

Prescott  is  approached  by  steamer  from  Ogdensburg,  opposite  side  of  the  river. 

Or  via  rail  to  Cape  Vincent,  thence  steamer  to  Kingston,  and  rail  to  Prescott. 

Or  via  steamer  all  the  way,  viz..  Cape  Vincent,  passing  through  the  Thousand  Islands, 
past  Brockville  on  to  Prescott. 

Or  via  steamer  to  Brockville,  thence  rail  to  Prescott  Junction. 

From  Prescott  to  Ottawa  proceed  per  rail,  as  mentioned  in  preceding  route.  See  "Mon- 
treal to  Ottawa,"  par  Grand  Trunk  Railroad. 

From  Suspension  Bridge  or  Niagara  Falls,  per  Great  Western  Rail  to  Toronto,  and  thence 
Grand  Trunk  Railroad  to  Prescott  Junction ;  thence,  rail.  Or  steamer  from  Lewiston  or  Nia- 
gara to  Toronto,  and  thence,  steamer  on  Canada  side,  or  by  the  American  line  of  steamers 
from  Lewiston  and  Niagara  direct  to  Brockville  V,   Ogdensburg. 


THE  UPPER  EIVER  OTTAWA. 

A  DESCRIPTION  of  the  lower  portion  of  the  Ottawa  we  have  given  elsewhere,  in  a  trip 
from  Montreal  to  Ottawa,  leaving  the  river  on  reaching  the  town  of  Ottawa, 

Fc  BL  uibentio  description  of  the  upper  portion  of  this  wonderful  river,  we  annex  pa^ 
ticulars  regaiding  it,  from  a  report  made  to  the  House  of  Assembly,  some  time  ago.  The 
description  of  the  river  which  follows,  commences  at  the  source  of  the  river,  and  proceeds 
on  towards  Ottawa,  till  it  reaches  the  point  we  left  off  at : 

The  length  of  the  course  of  the  Ottawa  River  is  about  TSO  miles.  From  its  source  it 
bends  in  a  south-west  course,  and  after  receiving  several  tributaries  from  the  height  of 
land  separating  its  waters  from  the  Hudson's  Bay,  it  enters  Lake  Temiscaming.  From  its 
entrance  into  this  lake  downward  the  course  of  the  Ottawa  has  been  surveyed,  and  is  well 
known. 

At  the  head  of  the  lake  the  Blanch  River  falls  in,  coming  about  90  miles  from  the  north. 
Thirty-four  miles  farther  down  the  lake  it  receives  the  Montreal  River,  coming  120  miles 
from  the  north-west.  Six  miles  lower  down  on  the  east,  or  Lower  Canada  bank,  it  re- 
ceives the  Keepawasippi,  a  large  river,  which  has  its  origin  in  a  lake  of  great  size,  hither- 
to but  partially  explored,  and  known  as  Lake  Keepawa.  This  lake  is  connected  with  an- 
other chain  of  irregularly-shaped  lakes,  from  one  of  which  proceeds  the  River  du  Moine, 
which  enters  the  Ottawa  about  100  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the  Keepawasippi,  the 
double  discharge  from  the  same  chain  of  lakes  in  opposite  directions,  presents  a  pheDom- 
enon  similar  to  the  connection  between  the  Orinoco  and  Rio  Negro  in  South  America. 

From  the  Long  Sault  at  the  foot  of  Lake  Temiscaming,  233  miles  above  Bytown,  and 
360  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  Ottawa,  down  to  Deux  Joachim  Rapids,  at  the  head  of 
the  Deep  River,  that  is  for  89  miles,  the  Ottawa,  with  the  exception  of  17  miles  below  the 
Long  Sault,  and  some  other  intervals,  is  not  at  present  navigable,  except  for  canoes.  Bc' 
sides  other  tributaries  in  the  interval,  at  197  miles  from  Ottawa,  it  receives  on  the  west 
side  the  Mattawan,  which  is  the  highway  for  canoes  going  to  Lake  Huron,  by  Lake  Nipis' 
sing.  From  the  Mattawan  the  Ottawa  flows  east  by  south  to  the  head  of  Deep  Giver 
Reach,  9  miles  above  which  it  receives  the  River  Du  Moine  from  the  north. 

From  the  head  of  Deep  River — as  this  part  of  the  Ottawa  is  called — to  the  foot  of  Upper 
Ailumette  Lake,  2  miles  below  the  village  of  Pembroke,  is  an  uninterrupted  reach  of  navi- 
gable water,  43  miles  in  length.  The  general  direction  of  the  river,  in  this  part,  is  south- 
east. The  mountains  along  the  north  side  of  Deep  River  are  upwards  of  1000/e«<i« 
height,  and  the  many  wooded  islands  of  Ailumette  Lake  render  tlie  scenery  of  this  part  of 
the  Ottawa  magnificent  and  picturesque — even  said  to  surpass  the  celebrated  Lake  of  the 
Thousand  Islands  on  the  St.  Lawrence. 


THE  UPPER  OTTAWA— AND  RIVER  SAaUENAY. 


86 


of  Upper 
h  of  navi- 
ia  Bouth- 
lOO /««<<« 
is  pftrt  of 
,ke  of  the 


Paesing  the  short  rapid  of  Allumettes,  and  turning  northward,  round  the  lower  end  of 
Allumettes  Island,  which  is  14  miles  long,  and  8  at  its  greatest  width,  and  turning  down 
south-east  through  Coulonge  Like,  and  passing  behind  the  nearly  similar  Islands  of  Calu- 
met, to  the  head  of  the  Calumet  Falls,  the  Ottawa  presents,  with  the  exception  of  one 
slight  rapid,  a  reach  of  60  miles  of  navigable  water.  The  mountains  on  the  north  side  of 
Coulonge  Lake,  which  rise  apparently  to  the  height  of  1500  feet,  add  a  degree  of  grandeur 
to  the  scenery,  which  is,  in  other  respects,  beautiful  and  varied.  In  the  Upper  Allumettes 
Lake,  1500  miles  from  Ottawa,  the  river  receives  from  the  west  the  Petawawee,  one  of  its 
largest  tributaries.  This  river  is  140  miles  in  length,  and  drains  an  area  of  2,200  square 
miles.  At  Pembroke,  9  miles  lower  down  on  the  same  side,  an  inferior  stream,  the  Indian 
River,  also  empties  itself  into  the  Ottawa. 

At  the  head  of  Lake  Coulonge,  the  Ottawa  receives  from  the  north  the  Black  River,  130 
miles  in  length,  draining  an  area  of  1120  miles;  and  9  miles  lower,  on  the  same  aide,  the 
River  Coulonge,  which  is  probably  160  miles  in  length,  with  a  valley  of  1800  square 
miles. 

From  the  head  of  the  Calumet  Falls,  to  Portage  du  FOrt,  the  head  of  the  steamboat  nav- 
igation, a  distance  of  80  miles,  are  impassible  rapids.  Fifty  miles  above  the  city  the  Otta- 
wa receives  on  the  west  the  Bonechere,  110  miles  in  length,  draining  an  area  of  i)80 
miles.  Eleven  miles  lower,  it  receives  the  Madawaska,  one  of  its  greatest  feeclers,  a  river 
210  miles  in  length,  and  draining  4,100  square  miles. 

Thirty-seven  miles  above  Ottawa,  there  is  an  interruption  in  the  navigation,  caused  by 
8  miles  of  rapids  and  falls,  to  pass  which  a  railroad  has  been  made.  At  the  foot  of  the 
rapids,  the  Ottawa  divides  among  islands. 

Six  miles  above  Ottawa  begins  the  rapids,  terminating  in  the  Chaudi^re  Falls,  Ottawa. 

The  greatest  height  of  the  Ch^udiere  Falls  is  about  40  feet. 

A  TRIP  TO  THE  RIVER  SAGUENAY. 

For  about  |12,  a  trip  can  be  enjoyed  to  and  from  one  of  the  most  magnificent  districts  in 
Canada — where  nature  appears  in  all  her  wild  and  secluded  grandeur. 

Tourists  take  the  steamer  from  Quebec,  which  sails  generally  every  Wednesday. 

To  quote  from  one  who  visited  this  district,  "  You  leave  in  the  morning,  and  passing 
down  the  St.  Lawrence,  put  in  at  several  places  for  passengers,  which  gives  an  opportunity 
of  seeing  the  habitans,  and  the  old-fashioned  French  settlements  of  St.  Thomas,  River 
Quelle,  Karaouraska,  and  many  others,  together  with  Orleans  Island,  Crane  Island,  Goose 
Island,  and  the  Pilgrims.  The  north  and  south  shores  of  the  river  are  thickly  studded  with 
parish  churches,  having  spires  of  tin  whicli  glitter  in  the  sun  like  shining  silver ;  these,  and 
the  whitewashed  farm-houses,  form  two  objects  characteristic  of  Lower  Canada.  By  sunset 
you  arrive  at  River  du  Loup.  The  water  is  quite  salt,  and  the  river,  expanding  to  the 
breadtli  of  20  miles,  gives  it  the  appearance  of  an  open  sea ;  and  it  is  much  frequented  as  a 
sea-bathing  place. 

"  Here  you  remain  all  night  on  board,  so  as  to  be  ready  for  an  early  start  at  dawn,  when 
you  stretch  across  for  the  north  shore,  steering  for  a  great  gap  in  the  mountains.  This  is 
the  mouth  of  the  Saguenay,  one  of  the  most  singular  rivers  in  the  world ;  not  a  common 
river,  with  undulating  banks  and  shelving  shores,  and  populous  villages:  not  a  river  pre- 
cipitous on  one  side,  and  rolling  land  on  the  other,  formed  by  the  washing  away  of  the 
mountains  for  ages ;  this  is  not  a  river  of  that  description.  It  is  perfectly  straight,  with  a 
sheer  ])veci|iicc  on  each  side,  without  any  Avindings,  or  projecting  bluffs,  or  sloping  banks, 
or  sandy  shores.  It  is  as  if  the  mountain  range  had  been  cleft  asunder,  leaving  a  horrid 
gulf  of  60  miles  in  length,  and  4000  feet  in  depth,  through  the  grey  mica-schist,  and  still 
looking  new  and  fresh.  1500  feet  of  this  is  perpendicular  eliff,  often  too  steep  and  solid  for 
the  hemlock  or  dwarf  oak  to  find  root ;  in  which  case,  being  covered  with  coloured  lichens 
and  moss,  these  fresh-looking  fractures  often  look,  in  shape  and  colour,  like  painted  fans, 
and  arc  called  the  Pictured  Rocks.   But  those  parts,  more  slanting,  are  thickly  covered  with 


.J  m}l 
-     -> 


?ii 


86 


RIVER  8AGUENAY. 


stunted  trees,  spruce  and  maple,  and  birch,  growing  •wherever  they  can  find  crevices  t« 
extract  nourishment :  and  the  bare  rootK  of  the  oak,  grasping  the  rock,  have  a  resemblance 
to  gigantic  claws.  The  base  of  these  cliffs  lie  far  under  water,  to  an  unknown  depth.  For 
many  miles  from  its  mouth,  no  soundings  have  been  obtained  with  2000  feet  of  line,  and  for 
the  entire  distance  of  60  miles,  until  you  reach  Ila-ha  Bay,  the  largest  ships  can  sail  with- 
out obstruction  from  banks  or  shoals,  and  on  reaching  the  extremity  of  the  bay,  can  drop 
their  anchor  in  80  fathoms. 

"  The  view  up  this  river  is  singular  in  many  respects ;  hour  after  hour,  as  you  sail  along, 
precipice  after  precipice  unfolds  itself  to  view,  as  in  a  moving  panorama,  and  you  some- 
times forget  the  size  and  height  of  the  objects  you  are  contemplating,  until  reminded  by 
seeing  a  ship  of  1000  tons  lying  like  a  small  pinnace  under  the  towering  cliff  to  which  she 
is  moored ;  for,  even  in  these  remote  and  desolate  regions,  induf  try  is  at  work,  and,  although 
you  cannot  much  discern  it,  saw-mills  liave  been  built  on  some  of  the  tributary  streams 
which  fall  into  the  Saguenay.  But  what  strikes  one  moat,  is  the  absence  of  beach  or  strand ; 
for  except  in  a  few  places  where  mountain  torrents,  rushing  through  gloomy  ravines,  have 
washed  down  the  detritus  of  the  hills,  and  formed  some  alluvial  land  at  the  mouth,  no 
coves,  nor  creeks,  nor  projecting  rocks  are  seen  in  which  a  boat  could  find  shelter,  or-  any 
footing  be  obtained.  The  characteristic  is  a  steep  wall  of  rock,  rising  abruptly  from  tho 
water — a  dark  and  desolate  region,  where  all  is  cold  and  gloomy ;  the  mountains  hidden 
with  driving  mist,  the  water  black  as  ink,  and  cold  as  ice.  No  ducks  nor  sea-gulls  sitting 
on  the  water,  or  screaming  for  their  prey ;  no  hawks  nor  eagles  soaring  overhead,  although 
there  is  abundance  of  what  might  be  called  '  Eagle  Cliffs ;'  no  deer  coming  down  to  drink 
at  the  streams ;  no  pquirrels  nor  birds  to  be  seen  among  the  trees ;  no  fly  on  the  water,  nor 
swallow  skimming  over  the  surface.     It  reminds  you  of 

-  ,  ^  .  ''.■•■■'  ■•■     '  ■■  ■»♦■';•■ 

,  '  That  lake  whose  gloomy  shore 

Sky-lark  never  warbled  o'er.'  *   ,'  'i 


One  living  thing  you  may  see,  but  it  is  a  cold-blooded  animal ;  you  may  see  the  cold  seal, 
spreading  himself  upon  his  clammy  rock,  watching  for  bis  prey.  And  this  is  all  you  see 
for  the  first  20  miles,  save  the  ancient  settlement  of  Tadousac  at  the  entrance,  and  the 
pretty  cove  of  L'Ance  a  I'Eau,  which  is  a  fishing  station. 

"Now  you  reach  Cape  Eternity,  Cape  Trinity,  and  many  other  overhanging  cliffs, 
remarkable  for  having  such  clean  fractures,  seldom  equalled  for  boldness  and  effect,  which 
create  constant  apprehensions  of  danger,  even  in  a  calm ;  but  if  you  liappen  to  be  caught  in 
a  tliunder-storm,  the  roar,  and  darkness,  and  flashes  of  lightning  are  perfectly  appalling, 
At  last  you  terminate  your  voyage  at  Ha-ha  Bay,  that  is,  smiling  or  laughing  bay  in  the 
Indian  language,  for  you  are  perfectly  charmed  and  relieved  to  arrive  at  a  beautiful  spot 
where  you  have  sloping  banks,  a  pebbly  shore,  boats  and  wherries,  and  vessels  riding  at 
anchor,  birds  and  animals,  a  village,  a  church,  French  Canadians  and  Scottish  Highlanders, 
and  in  short,  there  is  nothing  can  remind  one  more  of  a  scene  in  Argyleshire. 

"  Tlie  day  is  now  half  spent;  you  have  been  ashore,  looking  through  the  village,  examin- 
ing into  the  nature  of  what  oppears  a  very  thriving  settlement ;  the  inhabitants  seem  to  be 
all  French  and  Scotch,  understanding  each  other's  language,  and  living  in  perfect  amity. 
You  hear  that  Mr.  Price,  of  Quebec,  is  the  gentlemen  to  whom  all  this  improvement  is  due, 
Tliat  it  is  he  who  has  opened  up  the  Saguenay  country,  having  erected  many  snw-mills, 
each  the  nucleus  of  a  village,  and  that  a  trade  in  sawed  lumber  is  carried  on  to  the  extent 
of  100  ship  loads  in  the  season.  The  river  is  navigable  for  ships  as  far  as  Chieoutimi,  nhoiit 
70  miles  from  its  mouth.  An  extensive  lumbering  establishment  is  there,  and  the  timhcr 
is  collected  in  winter  through  all  the  neighbouring  country,  as  far  as  Lake  St.  John,  which 
is  60  miles  further  up,  and  is  the  grand  source  of  the  Saguenay. 

"  After  lioving  seen  and  heard  all  this,  you  get  on  board,  weigh  anchor,  pass  again  down 
the  jiver,  reviewing  the  solemn  scene,  probably  meeting  neither  vessel,  boat  nor  canoe, 
through  all  the  dreary  way,  and  arrive  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  iu  time  to  cross  to  River 


THE  FALLS  OP  MONTMORENOI. 


87 


vices  to 
nablance 
th.  For 
,  and  for 
ail  ■with- 
!an  drop 

111  along, 
ou  some- 
inded  by 
vlnch  she 
although 
•y  streams 
or  strand ; 
ines,  have 
mouth,  no 
er,  or.  any 
J  from  tho 
ins  hidden 
;ull9  sitting 
1,  although 
?n  to  drink 
5  water,  nor 

\ 


le  cold  seal, 

all  you  see 

nee,  and  the 

ging  cliffs, 
:ffect,  -which 
be  caught  in 
appalling, 
bay  in  the 
eautiful  spot 
ds  riding  at 
lighlauder?, 

age,  examin- 
a  seem  to  be 
;rfect  amity, 
ment  is  (iu«. 
ly  saw-mills, 
the  extent 
»utimi,  ahout 
„  the  timher 
John,  wliich 

again  down 
t  nor  canoe, 
ro99  to  River 


du  Loup,  where  you  again  find  a  safe  harbour  for  the  night.  Next  day  you  again  pass  up 
the  St.  Lawrence,  stopping  for  a  short  time  at  Murray  Bay,  a  beautiful  grassy  valley  on 
the  north  shore,  surrounded  by  wooded  mountains,  and  much  frequented  by  Quebec  fam- 
ilies, as  a  bathing  place.  Tou  arrive  at  Quebec  in  the  evening,  thus  taking  just  3  days  for 
your  excursion,  at  an  expense  of  about  f  12." 


V\, 


•^ 


FALLS  OF  MONTMORENCl,  NEAR  QUEBEC. 

Few  strangers  visit  Qaebec  without  going  to  seo  the  Falls  of  MontmorencL  These  Falls,  which  are  situated 
in  a  beautiful  nook  of  the  river,  arc  higher  than  those  of  Niagara,  being  more  than  two  hundred  and  fifty 
feet ;  but  they  are  very  nar.-ow,  being  only  some  fifty  feet  wide.  This  place  is  a  very  celebrated  focus  of 
winter  amusements.  During  the  frost,  the  spray  from  the  Palls  accumulates  to  such  an  extent  as  to  form  a 
cone  of  some  eighty  feet  high.  There  is  also  a  second  con-  of  Inferior  altitude,  and  It  Is  this  of  which  visit- 
ors malie  the  most  use,  as  being  less  dangerous  than  the  1  gher  one.  They  carry  "  tobogglns," — long,  thin 
pieces  of  wood — and  having  arrived  at  the  summit,  place  themselves  on  these  and  slide  down  with  immense 
velocity.  L&dies  and  gentlemen  both  enter  with  equal  spirit  Into  this  amusement.  It  requires  much  skill  to 
avoid  accidents  ;  but  sometimes  people  do  tumble  heels  over  head  to  the  bottom.  They  generally  drive  to 
this  spot  In  sleighs,  taking  their  wine  and  provisions  with  them ;  and  upon  the  pure  white  cloth  which  nature 
has  spread  out  for  them,  they  partake  of  their  dainty  repast  and  enjoy  a  most  agreeable  pic-nic.  One  does 
not  feel  In  the  least  cold,  as  the  exercise  so  thoroughly  warms  and  invigorates  the  system.  The  distance  of 
these  Falls  from  Quebec  Is  eight  miles. 


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OOJSTTENTS    OP   PART    III. 


l-lf  •?  ( 


PAOB 

Addington  Road,  free  lands 37 

Agriculture  of  Canada 84 

Alphabetical  list  of  cities,  towns  and  vil- 
lages   : 46 

Banks  in  Canada  and  agents 42 

Banks  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland. ...  42 

Canada,  general  information SI 

Consuls  at  Montreal 16 

Climate 84 

Conditions  of  ocoup3^g  free  lands. ...  89 

Crown  knd  agents 89 

Canadian  banks  and  agents 42 

Crops,  rotation  of 86 

Distribution  of  intestate  estates 46 

Expense  of  supporting  a  family 86 

Emigration  government  oiBcers 41 

Free  lands  of  government 87 

Free  lands,  conditions  of  occupation. . .  89 

Game  of  the  country 87 

Government  free  lands 87 

Government  land  agents 89 

Government  emigration  officers 41 

Hamilton,  C.  W 26 

Hastings  Road,  free  lands. 87 

Income  and  expenditure  of  province  ...  88 


FAOIt 

Kingston,  C.  W 28 

Laws  and  Municipal  Institutions. 32 

Log  house,  cost  of. 36 

Land  agents,  government 89 

Lands,  wild,  cost  of  clearing 86 

Montreal,  C.  E 11 

Money-order  office  system 44 

Naturalization 81 

Ottawa,  C.  W 17 

Offices  held  by  settlers '. . .  86 

Personal  intestate  estate 46 

Postal  regulations  in  Canada 46 

Quebec 7 

Rideau  canal  and  locks 21 

Religion 84 

Settlers,  information  for 86 

Sale  and  occupation  of  lands 40 

School  lands  for  sale 41 

Toronto,  0.  W 22 

Trinity  College, 22 

Taxes  payable 86 

Victoria  Bridge 18 

Wild  beasts,  u  troublesome 87 

Wages  to  agriculturists 86 

Work  during  winter 86 


Jilnetrationo. 


PAOB 

Quebec 7 

Montreal. — ^The  entire  City 12 

Great  St.  James  street. 15 

Place  d'Armes 16 

Beaver  Hall 16 

Bonsecour's  Market 16 

Victoria  Bridge 14 

Toronto.— The  entire  City. 22 

St.  Lawrence  Hall 22 

The  Normal  Academy 24 

King  Street 23 

Trinity  College 24 

Yonge  Street 23 

Crown  Lands'  Office,  and  Me- 
chanics' Institution 22 

Ottawa,— Lower  and  Central  Town. ...  18 


FAQH 

Ottawa. — Upper  Town 19 

"        The  Locks  on  the  Rideau  Canal  21 

Kingston ; 28 

London 27 


ILLUSTRATIONS  OF  CANADIAN  SCENERY 

Will  be  found,  on  reference,  as  follows: 

Montmorenci  Falls.    Part  IL 87 

Rapids  of  the  St  Lawrence.    Part  II. . .  44 

The  Thousand  Islands.    Part  II 48 

Descending  the  Lost  Channel.    Part  U.  42 

Niagara  Falls.    Partll 78 

Suspension  Bridge.    Part  II 70 

Burning  Springs,  Niagara  Falls.  Part  H  77 


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UP 


In  the  foil 
to  Canada,  c( 
vations. 

As  a  large 

inducements : 

(jtlier  parts  o 

idea  of  -what 

We  may  h 

for  almost  am 

ever  much  so 

been  disappoi 

ble  that  it  can 

ly  from  the  e£ 

offer  as  great  i 

In  future  e 

already  given, 

dition  of  the 

been  termed,  t 


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liifiiiHriJiiiii 


NOTES 


UPPEE  AND  LOWE^  CANADA. 


In  the  following  pages  of  this  part,  will  be  found  information  and  illustrations  relating 
to  Canada,  compiled  from  different  sources  of  information,  as  well  as  from  our  own  obser- 
vations. 

As  a  large  amount  of  information  bearing  upon  the  present  position  of  Canada,  and  the 
inducements  it  piesents  for  emigrants,  together  with  sketches  of  Canadian  life,  appears  in 
(jther  parts  of  this  work,  readers  are  referred  to  them,  so  that  they  may  form  a  proper 
idea  of  what  Canada  ia — in  1859. 

We  may  here  remark,  that  although  Canada  does  not  at  present  offer  inducements 
for  almost  any  description  of  emigrants,  excepting  those  of  the  agricultural  class,  and  how- 
ever much  some  parties  have — through  ignorance  of  the  country  and  its  requirements — 
been  disappointed  by  emigrating  there,  under  circumstances  like  the  present,  it  is  impossi- 
ble that  it  can  be  long  before  Canada,  like  other  sections  of  the  world,  will  recover  entire- 
ly from  the  effects  of  the  late  panic,  and  present  depressed  state  of  things  generally,  and 
offer  as  great  inducements  for  emigrating  thither,  as  ever  as  it  has  done  heretofore. 

In  future  editions  of  this  work,  we  purpose  adding  considerably  to  the  information 
already  given,  and  will  then  have  opportunities  of  publishing,  from  time  to  time,  the  con- 
dition of  the  country,  and  what  inducements  there  may  be  for  emigrating  to  what  has 
been  termed,  the  "  land  of  hope,  not  to  be  disappointed." 


f 


J;    ■  • '  tl 


j  '      f 


1! 


QUEBEC. 


CITY  OF    QUEBEC— CANADA  EAST. 


AssooiATitD  aB  Quebec  is  with  bo  mnny  Bcenes  of  military  glory,  of  sucoeBB  as  well  n*  defeat, 
it  must  at  all  times  posseBs  a  peculiar  interest  to  almost  every  one.    On  its  fields,  and 

around  its  bat- 
tlements, some 
of  tbe  bravest 
of  tbe  sons  of 
Great  Britain 
and  Ireland, 
America  and 
France,  have 
fallen,  and 
around  itit  cita- 
del, some  of  the 
Most  daring  ex- 
ploits have  taken 
place.  Standing 
on  a  bold  and 
precipitous  pro- 
montory, Quebeo 
has  not  inappn- 
priately  been 
called  the  "  Gib- 
raltar of  Ameri- 
ca," with  which 
the  names  of  the 
brave  Wolfe, 
Montcalm,  and 
Montgomery 
must  ever  re- 
main connrcted. 
The  citodel 
stands  on  what 
is  called  Cape 
Diamond,  3  5  0 
feet  above  the 
level  of  the  sea, 
and  includes 
about  40  acres  of 
ground.  The 
view  from  off  the 
citadel  is  of  the 
most  picturesque  and  grand  character.  There  will  be  seen  the  majestic  St,  Lawrenee, 
winding  its  couiso  for  about  40  miles,  whilst  the  background  of  the  panoramic  scene  is  filled 
up  by  extensive  plains,  running  backwards  to  lofty  mountains  in  the  distance,  with  Point 
Levi  opposite,  and  the  Island  of  Orleans  in  the  distance,  whilst  the  jnnction  of  the  River  St. 
Cliarles,  and  the  Great  River,  form  that  magnificent  sheet  of  water,  where  numerous  vci'-'els 
are  to  be  seen  riding  at  anchor  during  the  summer  season. 

A  walk  around  the  ramparts  of  the  citadel  will  well  repay  the  stranger,  by  a  magnifi- 
cent ciiauge  of  scene  at  every  turn  he  takes,    The  city  itself  bears  all  the  resemblance  of  a 


If  M 


III" 


m 


8 


t 


QUEBEC,    PLAINS  OP  ABRAHAM,   ETC. 


strongly  fortiflod  and  ancient  city,  and,  In  that  respect,  so  very  different  from  the  newly 
sprung-up  cities,  westward.  Tlie  streets  are  generally  narrow,  and,  in  some  parts,  very 
steep,  in  walking  from  Lower  Town  to  U|>pcr  Town,  more  particularly.  Lower  Town  in 
where  all  the  shipping  business  of  the  port  is  carried  on,  chiefly  lumber — in  export — and 
every  description  of  goods — in  import.  At  Quebec,  the  greater  portion  of  the  immense 
lun-.bcr-district  of  the  Otlawa  finds  a  market;  vessels  coming  to  Quebec,  in  ballast  and 
cargo,  return  with  the  logs,  staves,  and  deals  of  the  up  country.  The  population  of 
Quebec  is  largely  infused  with  French  Canadians,  and  in  passing  along  its  streets,  nothing, 
almost,  but  the  French  language  is  heard. 

In  the  Quebec  Exchange,  there  is  an  excellent  reading-room,  well  supplied  with  BritiHJi, 
American,  and  Canadian  papers,  and  which  a  stranger  may  visit  for  a  short  time,  free  of 
charge. 

The  tourist  will  find  a  cheap  and  useful  little  guide  to  Quebec,  published  by  Mr.  Sin- 
clair, bookseller,  there,  in  which  he  will  find  ful'  details  of  all  matters  of  interest  worthy 
of  being  visited  In  und  around  the  city.  From  it  we  avail  ourselves  of  the  following 
extract: — 

"  A  morning's  rann)lo  to  the  Plains  of  Abraham  will  not  fall  to  recoil  historical  recollec- 
tions and  to  gratify  a  taste  for  beautiful  scenery.     On  leaving  the  St.  Louis  Gate,  let  tlie 
traveller  ascend  the  counte'-carp  on  the  left,  that  leads  to  the  glacis  of  the  cltAdcl ;  and 
hence  pursuing  a  direction  to  the  right,  let  him  approach  one  of  the  Mnrtcllo  Towers, 
whence  he  may  enjoy  a  beautiful  view  of  the  St.  Lawrence.    A  little  beyond  let  him  ascend 
the  right  bank,  and  he  reaches  the  celebrated  Plains  of  Abraham,  near  the  spot  where 
General  Wolfe  fell.     On  the  highest  ground,  surrounded  by  wooden  fences,  con  clearly  be 
traced  out  the  redoubt  where  he  received  the  fatal  wound.     He  was  carried  a  few  yards 
in  the  rear,  and  placed  against  a  rock  till  he  expired.    It  has  since  been  removed.   Within 
an  enclosure  lower  down,  and  near  to  the  road,  is  the  stone  well  from  which  they  brought 
him  water.     The  English  right  nearly  faced  this  redoubt,  and  on  this  position  the  French 
left  rested.     The  French  array  orrlved  on  tlie  Plains  from  the  right  of  this  position,  as  it 
came  from  Bcauport,  and  not  from  Quebec ;  and,  on  being  defeated,  retired  down  tiie 
heights  by  which  it  had  ascended,  and  not  into  Quebec.     In  front  of  the  Plains  from  this 
position  stands  the  house  of  Marchmont.     It  Is  erected  on  the  sight  of  a  French  redoubt 
that  once  defended  the  ascent  from  Wolfe's  Cove.     Here  landed  the  British  army  under 
Wolfe's  command,  and,  on  mounting  the  banks,  corrled  this  detached  work.     The  troops 
in  tlie  garrison  are  usually  reviewed  on  the  Plains.    The  tourist  moy  fortlier  enjoy  a 
beautiful  ride.     Let  him  leave  by  St.  Louis  Gate  and  poss  the  Plolns,  and  he  will  arrive  at 
Marchmont,  the  property  of  John  Gllmour,  Esq.     Tlie  former  proprietor,  Sir  John  Harvey, 
went  to  considerable  expense  In  laying  out  the  grounds  in  a  pleasing  and  tasteful  manner. 
His  successor.  Sir  Thomas  Noel  Ilill,  also  resided  here,  and  duly  appreciated  its  beauties. 
Tlie  view  in  front  of  the  house  is  grand.     Here  the  river  widens,  and  assumes  the  appear 
ance  of  a  lake,  whose  surface  Is  enlivened  by  numerous  merchant-ships  at  anchor,  and  im- 
mense rafts  of  timber  floating  down.     On  leaving  Marchmont  he  will  pass  some  beautiful 
villas,  whose  park-like  grounds  remind  one  of  England,  and  from  some  points  In  wliieh  are 
commanded  views  worthy  of  a  pointer's  study.     Among  these  villas  may  be  mentioned 
Wolfesfield,  Spencer  Wood,  and  Woodfield.     The  last  was  orlglnolly  built  by  the  Catliolic 
Bishop  of  Samos,  and,  from  the  several  additions  made  by  subsequent  proprietors,  liad  a 
somewhat  Irregular,  though  picturesque  appearance.     It  was  burnt  down,  and  rebuilt  in  a 
fine  regular  style.     It  Is  now  the  residence  of  James  Gibb,  Esq. 

"  In  this  neighbourhood  is  situated  Mount  Hermon  Cemetery.  It  Is  about  three  miles  from 
Quebec,  on  the  south  side  of  the  St.  Lewis  road,  and  slopes  irregularly  but  beautifully 
down  the  cliff  which  overhangs  the  St.  Lawrence.  It  is  thirty-two  acres  in  extent,  and  the 
grounds  were  tastefully  laid  out  by  the  late  Major  Douglass,  U.  S.  Engineers,  whose  taste 
and  skill  had  been  previously  shown  in  the  arrangement  of  Greenwood  Cemetery,  n""" 
New  York." 


QUEBEC,  LAKE  ST.  CHARLES,   ETC. 


9 


Leaving  thi*  beautiful  locality,  the  walk  continues  to  the  woods,  on  the  edge  of  the 
iMiiks  rising  from  the  shore. 

The  tourist,  instead  of  returning  by  a  rond  conducting  through  a  wood  Into  St.  Louts 
Rond  for  Quebec,  would  do  better  by  continuing  his  ride  to  the  Church  of  8t.  Foy,  from 
which  Is  seen  below  the  St.  Charles,  gliding  smoothly  through  n  lovely  valley,  whose  iildet 
T\*e  gradually  to  the  mountains,  and  are  literally  covered  with  habitations.  The  village* 
of  I.orette  and  Charlosbourg  nru  conspicuous  objects.  Before  entering  th«  suburb  of  Stk 
Juiin,  on  the  banks  of  the  Hi  Charles  stands  the  Ueneral  Hospital,  desigi.ed,  as  the  name 
implies,  for  the  disabled  and  sick  of  every  description. 

A  day's  excursion  to  Indian  Lorctte  and  Lake  Bt.  Charles  would  gratify,  we  doubt  not, 
innny  a  tourist.  It  will  be  necessiiry  to  leave  by  6  o'clock,  a.  m.,  ond  to  take  provli^ions  for 
tlie  trip.  After  leaving  the  Palace  Gate,  the  site  of  the  former  intendant's  palace  ia 
puKKcd.     Mr.  Bigot  was  the  last  lnt*>nd<int  who  resided  In  it. 

The  most  pleasant  road  to  Lorette  Is  along  the  banks  of  the  St.  Charles.  On  arriving  at 
the  village,  the  best  view  Is  on  the  opposite  bank.  The  full  Is  In  the  foreground,  and  the 
church  and  village  behind.  The  villagers  claim  to  be' descended  from  those  Ilurons,  to 
whom  the  French  monarch,  in  1661,  gave  the  seigniory  of  Sillery.  In  the  wars  between 
the  French  and  English,  the  Ilurons  contributed  much  to  the  success  of  the  former,  as  they 
were  one  of  the  most  worlike  tribes  among  the  aborigines  of  this  continent  At  present, 
they  are  a  harmless,  quiet  set  of  people,  drawing  only  port  of  their  subsistence  from  fishing 
and  hunting,  A  missionary  is  maintained  by  government  for  their  religious  instruction, 
and  the  schoolmaster  belongs  to  the  tribe.  Here  may  be  purchased  bows  and  arrows,  and 
moccosins  very  neatly  ornamented  by  the  "quows. 

On  arriving  at  Lake  St.  Charles,  by  embarking  in  a  double  canoe,  the  tourist  will  have 
his  taste  for  picturesque  mountain  scenery  gratified  in  a  high  degree.  The  lake  is  four 
miles  long,  and  one  broad,  and  is  divided  Into  two  parts  by  projecting  ledges.  The  lake 
abounds  in  trout,  so  that  the  angling  tourist  may  find  this  spot  doubly  inviting.  On  the 
route  back  to  the  city,  the  village  of  Charlesbourg  ia  passed.  It  is  one  of  the  oldest  and 
most  interesting  settlements  in  Canada.  It  has  two  churches,  one  of  which  is  the  centre 
of  the  surrounding  farms,  whence  they  all  radiate.  The  reason  for  this  singular  disposal 
of  the  allotments,  arose  from  the  absolute  necessity  of  creating  a  ncighbourliood.  For  this 
purpose,  each  farm  was  permitted  to  occupy  only  a  space  of  three  ocres  In  front  by  thirty 
in  depth.  The  population  was  in  these  doys  scanty,  and  labourers  were  difficult  to  be  pro- 
cured. By  this  arrangement,  a  road  was  more  equally  kept  up  in  front  of  each  farm,  and 
it  was  the  duty  of  every  proprietor  to  preserve  such  road.  Another  odvantage  was  the 
proximity  of  the  church,  whence  the  bell  sounded  the  tocsin  of  alarm,  whenever  hostile 
attempts  were  made  by  the  Indians,  and  where  the  inhabitants  rallied  in  defence  of  their 
possessions. 

Within  the  citadel  are  the  various  magazines,  store-houses,  and  other  buildin  ^b  required 
for  the  accommodation  of  a  numerous  garrison ;  and  immediately  overhanging  the  precipice 
to  the  south,  in  a  most  picturesque  situation,  looking  perpendicularly  downwai  \e,  on  the 
river,  stands  a  beautiful  row  of  buildings,  containing  the  mess  rooms  and  barracks  for  the 
officers,  their  stables,  and  spacious  kitchens.  The  fortifications,  which  arc  continued  round 
the  whole  of  the  Upper  Town,  consist  of  bastions  connected  by  lofty  curtains  of  solid 
masonry,  and  ramparts  from  26  to  86  feet  in  height,  and  about  the  same  in  thickness, 
bristling  with  heavy  cannon,  round  towers,  loophole  walls,  and  massive  gates  recurring  at 
certain  distances.  On  the  summit  of  the  ramparts,  from  Cape  Diamond  to  the  Artillery 
Barracks,  is  a  broad  covered  way,  or  walk,  used  as  a  place  of  recreation  by  the  inhabitants, 
and  commanding  a  most  agreeable  view  of  the  country  tf^'^ards  the  west  This  passes 
over  the  top  of  St  John's  and  St  Louis  Gate,  where  therd  is  stationed  a  sergeant's  guard. 
Above  St  John's  Gate,  there  is  at  sunset  one  of  the  moat  beautiful  views  imaginable.  The 
St  Charles  gambolling,  as  it  were,  in  the  rays  of  the  departing  luminary,  the  light  still  lin- 
gering on  the  spires  of  Lorette  and  Charlesbourg,  until  it  fudes  away  beyond  the  lofty 
mountains  of  Bonhomme  and  Tiounonthuan,  present  an  evening  scene  of  gorgeous  and  sur 


ii:  flil 


'1  i 


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4    . 


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10 


QUEBEC,   rORTIFICATIONS,   ETC. 


passing  splendour.  Tlie  city,  being  defended  on  its  land  side  by  its  ramparts,  ia  protectod 
on  the  other  sides  by  a  lofty  wall  and  parapet,  based  on  the  cliff,  and  commencing  near 
the  St,  C(  ies  at  the  Artillery  Barracks.  These  form  a  very  extensive  range  of  buildings, 
the  part  with' a  the  Artillery  Gate  being  occupied  as  barracks  by  the  officers  and  men  of 
that  distinguished  corps,  with  a  guard  and  mess  room.  The  part  without  the  gate  is  used 
as  magazines,  store-npuses,  and  offices  for  the  ordnance  department. 

The  circuit  of  the  fortifications,  enclosing  the  Upper  Town,  is  two  miles  and  three-quarters; 
the  total  circumference  outside  the  ditches  and  space  reserved  by  government,  on  which  no 
house  can  be  built  on  the  west  side,  is  about  8  miles. 

Founded  upon  a  rock,  and  in  its  highest  parts  overlooking  a  great  extent  of  country — 
between  300  and  400  miles  from  the  ocean — in  the  midst  of  a  great  continent,  and  yet  dis- 
playing fleets  of  foreign  merchantmen  in  its  fine  capacious  bay,  and  showing  all  tlie  bustle 
of  a  crowded  seaport — its  streets  narrow,  populous,  and  winding  up  and  down  almost 
mcuntainous  declivities — situated  in  the  latitude  of  the  finest  parts  of  Europe — exliibitiiig 
in  its  environs  the  beauty  of  an  European  capital — and  yet,  in  winter,  smarting  witli  the 
co''  )f  Siberia — governed  by  a  people  of  different  language  and  habits  from  the  mass  of 
■  population — opposed  in  religion,  ond  yet  leaving  that  population  without  taxes,  and  in 
the  full  enjoyment  of  every  privilege,  civil  and  religious.  Such  are  the  prominent  features 
which  strike  a  stranger  in  the  City  of  Quebec!" 


MONTREAL. 


U 


CITY  OF  MONTREAL,  C.  E. 

The  stranger,  on  approaching  Montreal,  either  from  Quebec  by  the  steamer,  or  crossing 
over  from  the  opposite  side  of  the  river,  in  coming  from  the  States,  will  at  once  be  im- 
r)i-t'8sed  favorably  with  the  situation  of  the  city,  the  business-like  oppearance  it  presents, 
and  the  picturesque  scenery  by  which  it  is  surrounded. 

Montreal  is  tlie  most  populous  city  in  Canada,  and  in  every  respect  must  take  the  first 
rank  in  the  province.  It  is  situated  on  the  Island  of  Montreal — which  is  represented  as  the 
garden  of  Canada,  be'ng  tlie  richest  soil  in  the  province — at  the  head  of  ocean  steamship 
navigation,  and  beyond  which  no  large  sailing  vessels  go,  although  smaller  vessels  pass  on, 
via  the  canals  and  St.  Lawrence,  tO  the  west. 

The  city  is  built  of  a  gray  limestone,  having  very  much  the  appearance  of  Aberdeen 
gninite,  with  buildings  of  great  solidity  and  excellence  in  design.  The  chief  business  street 
is  that  of  Notre  Dame,  whilst  Great  St.  James  street  exceeds  it  in  handsome  buildings,  be- 
Bides  being  much  broader.     (See  engraving.) 

Tlie  wholesale  stores  are  situated  on  the  wharves  ale  \  :dd*i  the  river,  and  streets  running 
parallel  therewith. 

Montreal  is  the  port  at  which  arrives  the  great  bulk  of  the  importations  from  Great 
Britain  and  other  places  abroad,  being  there  either  re-sold  or  transhipped  to  all  parts  of 
Canada  East  and  West ;  consequently  a  large  wholesale  trade  is  carried  on  at  Montreal  in  all 
descriptions  of  goodsw 

In  the  conglomerate  mass  of  buildings  there  concentrated,  are  stores,  churches,  groceries, 
and  nunneries,  all  intermixed  with  each  other,  whilst  in  the  streets  may  be  seen  the  manu- 
facturer's cart  driving  alongside  of  the  Catholic  priest  in  hir,  "  buggy,"  the  merchant's  clerk 
hurrying  on  past  a  sister  of  charity  or  nnn  at  large,  and  Frenchmen,  Scotchmen,  Germans, 
and  Americans,  all  elbowing  each  other  in  the  busy  streets  of  the  city  par  excellence.  No 
better  .•^inple  of  this  heterogeneous  gatheriiiu;  is  to  be  seen  than  by  paying  a  visit  to  the 
Rue  Notre  Dame,  or  Bonsecours  JInrket,  where,  on  a  Saturday  night,  a  mixture  of  English, 
French,  German,  and  broad  Scotch,  will  fall  upon  the  ear  with  peculiar  effect, 

Alth'.nigh  one  of  the  finest  views  of  t  lie  city  ia  obtained  from  off  the  mountain,  undoubt- 
edly the  most  extensive  one  is  to  be  had  from  the  top  of  the  Catholic  cathedral,  in  the  Place 
d' Amies.  By  pnj'ing  l.v.  stg.  you  will  be  conducted  to  the  top,  and,  if  a  fine  day,  the  view 
is  such  as  will  well  repay  the  ascent. 

There  are  some  very  handsome  churches  in  Montreal.  At  Beaver  Hall,  St.  Andrew's 
Church  (Presbyterian),  and  the  Unitarian  Church  there,  form  two  of  the  most  prominent 
ill  the  city,  situated  as  they  are  on  a  considerable  elevation,  on  rising  ground.  The  public 
buildings  of  Montreal  are  substantial  and  elegant,  and  consist  of — 

PUBLIC    BUILDINGS. 

The  New  Couht  House,  on  Notre  Dame  street,  and  directly  opposite  to  Nelson's  Monu- 
ment, is  of  elegant  cut  stone,  in  the  Grecian  Ionic  style.  The  ground  plan  is  800  feet  by 
125  ffot ;  height,  70  feet. 

The  New  Post-office,  on  Great  St.  James  street,  is  a  beautiful  cut  stone  building. 

The  Mekciiants'  Exchange  IlEADrxo  Room,  situated  on  St.  Sacrament  street. 

The  Mechanic!*'  Institute,  a  very  fine  building,  situated  on  Groat  St.  James  street,  of 
piit  stone,  3  stories  high,  built  in  the  Italian  style.  The  Lecture  Room  is  60  by  80  feet, 
height  18  feet,  ncafly  and  tastefully  finished. 

Tin:  Mehcantile  Liuhauy  Association,  Odd  Fellows'  Hall,  opposite  the  above. 

The  Bank  ok  Montreal,  Place  d'Armes,  St.  James  street,  opposite  the  Cathcdrol,  an 
elegant  cut  stone  building  of  the  Corintliian  order.     (See  engraving.) 

The  Crrv  B A^K,  next  to  the  above,  in  the  Grecian  style,  of  cut  stone  and  worthy  of  note. 

The  Bank  of  British  North  America,  Great  St.  James  street,  next  the  Post-ofRco,  is  a 
handsome  building  of  cut  stone,  and  built  in  the  composite  style  of  architecture. 


:i,ii. 


1?   ■ 


A 


MONTREAL — VICTORIA  BRIDGE. 


18 

(See 


The  B0N8ECOUR8  Market,  on  St  Paul  and  Water  streets,  is  a  magnificent  edifice, 
engraving.) 

The  St.  Ann's  Market,  opposite  the  Grey  Nunnery. 

The  Grey  Nun.nery  is  situated  on  Foundling  street,  designed  for  the  care  of  foundlings 
and  infirm. 

The  Hotel  Dieu  Nunnery,  on  St.  Joseph  and  St.  Paul  streets,  designed  for  sick  and  dis- 
eased persons. 

The  Convent  op  the  Sisters  of  the  Saorko  Heart  is  situated  at  St  Vincent  de  Paul, 
9  miles  from  Montreal. 

Academy  of  the  Sisters  of  the  Congrkoation  de  Notre  Dame,  now  Maria  Villa,  about 
3  miles  from  Montreal,  was  formerly  the  residence  of  the  Governor-General. 

The  MoGill  College. — This  is  an  institution  of  very  high  repute,  founded  by  the  Hon. 
Jnmes  McGill,  who  bequeathed  a  valuable  estate  and  £10,000  for  its  endowment.  The 
buildings  for  the  Faculty  of  Arts  are  delightfully  situated  at  the  base  of  the  mountain,  and 
command  an  extensive  view. 

The  Museum  of  the  Natural  History  of  Montreal,  is  situated  in  little  St.  James  street, 
and  is  free  to  strangers. 

The  New  Cnr  Water  Works. — Th»«e  works  tap  the  St.  Lawrence  at  the  J^chine 
Rapids,  some  6  miles  above  the  city,  and  will  cost,  when  fully  completed,  *«»rly  $1,000,000. 
The  2  receiving  reservoirs,  for  supplying  the  city  are  about  200  feet  above  the  level  (A  the 
river,  and  hiM  20,000,000  gallons. 

The  Jail, — This  is  a  substantial  stone  building,  surrounded  by  a  high  wall,  and  is  worthy 
of  a  visit.     It  has  recently  been  erected,  at  an  expense  of  $120,000. 

The  General  Hospital,  on  Dorchester  street,  is  a  fine  out  stone  building,  and  is  one  of 
the  many  prominent  institutions  of  the  city. 

The  St.  Patrick's  Hospital,  at  the  west  end  of  the  same  street,  is  an  elegant  structure, 
and  occupies  a  commanding  position. 

The  Protestant  Orphan  Asylum,  situated  in  Catherine  street,  is  a  well-conducted  charity, 
sustained  by  the  benevolence  of  private  individuals. 

T«e  Ladies'  BK-xjcvoLENr  Institution,  for  the  relief  of  widows  and  half  orphans,  is  a 
large  three-story  building  in  Berthelot  street  It  is  managed  solely  by  a  committee 
/  ladies. 

Nelson's  Monument,  Jacques  Cartier  square,  Notre  Dnme  street. 

The  Laohine  Canal  is  among  the  public  works  worthy  of  note. 

Place  d'Armks  is  a  handsome  square,  between  Notre  Dume  and  Great  St.  James  streets, 
opposite  the  French  Cathedral. 

As  a  place  of  beauty  and  pleasure,  the  ride  from  the  city  to  Mount  Royal  will  attract 
the  traveller  at  all  times.  The  distance  around  it  is  9  miles,  commanding  one  of  the  finest 
views  of  beautiful  landscape  to  be  found  in  North  America ;  and  in  returning,  entering  the 
city,  a  view  of  the  St  Lawrence  and  of  Montreal,  both  comprehensive  and  extended,  that 
well  repays  the  time  and  expense. 

Mount  Royal  Ckmetkuv,  about  2  miles  from  the  city,  on  the  mountain,  is  o:k  <rf  the 
places  of  interest  about  the  city  which  many  parties  visit 

The  Champ  he  Mars  is  a  public  parade  ground,  situated  in  Gabriel  i»treet,  off  Notre 
Dame.  In  the  eveniiijiii,  sometimes,  the  military  bands  play  there,  to  a  large  concourse  of 
the  inhahitanti. 


4. 


TUB    VIOTORIA    BHIDUII. 

This  gigantic  undertaking  forms  one  of  the  most  interesting  and  wonderful  features  con- 
nected with  the  city,  at  Point  St  Charles. 

It  is  being  built  for  the  purpose  oi  enabling  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway  to  form  a  contin- 
uous railroad  communication  witli  the  railroads  of  the  United  States,  instead  of  pflBSSpgers 
liping  obliged  to  cross  the  river  in  steamers,  as  at  present 

The  width  of  the  river  where  the  bridge  Is  being  built  is  very  nearly  2  miles. 


I    ' 


H-3 


SOUTH  SIDE  OH 

The  first  building 
eral  I'ost-ofSce — 64 
slyle.  Tlie  ttilrd  bi 
Uh  North  America- 
two  of  the  finest  bii 
on,  is  the  Mechati 
square  bloclj,  with  t 
and  hall  for  lectures 


SHffii 


UONSKi 
This  Is  the  largest,  ii 
"le  city.  KriM'led  at 
l'"''lic  market  for  the 
inwrdlnsry  (,uantity 
n-li,  liesldes  c'olhliig, 
""'»i  gatherum  of  i 
Juinestic  purposes,  (J 
»■' a  police  station,  as  1 
luimicipal  government 
»Je   Built  in  the  Oru( 


I 


CITY  OF  MONTKKAL. 


16 


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SOOTH  SIDE  OF  GREAT  ST.  JAMES'  STREET. 

The  first  building  on  left  side  of  the  street  Is  the  Oen- 
eral  I'oatoSce— 64  by  100  feet— built  in  the  Italian 
style.  The  third  building  In  view  la  the  Bank  of  Brit- 
ish North  America — which,  with  the  Post-office,  forms 
two  of  the  finest  buildings  in  the  street.  Still  further 
on,  is  the  Mechanics'  Library,  a  subtantiul,  plain, 
square  block,  with  an  excellent  reading-room,  library, 
anil  hall  for  lectures,  etc. 


NORTH  SIDE  OF  GREAT  ST.  JAMES'  STREET. 

The  building  with  the  beautiful  fluted  columns  of  the 
Corinthian  order,  represented  above.  Is  the  Bank  of 
Montreal— one  of  the  finest  buildings  In  the  city.  The 
next  building  to  It  is  the  City  Bank  of  Montreal, 
an  establishment  with  a  much  plainer  exterior.  In  the 
Grecian  style.  81111  further  on,  are  some  very  elegant 
etorei*,  with  the  Wesleyan  Chapel  In  the  distance,  near- 
er the  far  end  of  the  street. 


B0NSE00UH9   MARKET. 

This  Is  the  largest,  and  one  of  the  finest  buildings  In 
"le  city.  Krei;ted  at  a  cost  of  ♦287,81)11.  TstHl  us  ii 
l'nl>llc  irarkct  for  the  most  part,  where  are  sold  an  ex- 
traordinary quantity  of  provislont,  VRMlHbles,  fruit, 
Wi,  lieside.s  c'othlng,  "Yankee  NdtlniiiiV"  and  an  vm 
'"«w  (/(itherum  of  almost  every  thing  ref|ulred  for 
il'jinestic  imrposes.  One  porllnnofthe  liu.lding  isused 
»s  a  police  sinllon,  im  well  as  olllces  connected  with  the 
iiiumdpul  Kovernment.  Il  is  situated  close  to  the  river 
I  *iiie   lluilt  in  ih«  (irecUn-Uoric  style  of  archlli-'ulure. 


IIAVMARKET    AND    BKAVER    HAM,. 


The  above  view  represents  the  Haymarket,  with 
lleavcr  Hall  In  the  back  rising  ground,  which.  In  Its 
number  of  handsome  churches,  presents  one  of  the 
finest  views  In  the  city—more  parllciilarly  In  «umnier— 
with  the  niouiii  Un  rising  up  behind,  and  llUViig  up  the 
back  ground  of  the  picture  with  the  luxuriant  foliage  of 
its  shrubbery.  Tli>  church  with  the  highest  spire  in 
the  abnvj  engraving,  is  that  of  St.  Andrew's  ((!hurrh 
of  Scotland).  The  one  sf-eii  in  the  i .  ■■  .^r  to  the  righ;. 
Is  a  very  handsome  churc!.,  imw  completing  for  itie 
Unitarian  congregation. 


Ill 


I  Mi 


16 


MONTREAL,   VICTORIA  BRIDGE,   ETC. 


The  current  <  i*  the  river  is  very  rapid — with  a  depth  of  from  4  to  10  feet,  excepting  in 
the  main  channel,  where  it  is  from  80  to  86  feet  deep. 

In  the  winter,  tlie  ice  in  formed  into  a  great  thickness,  and  frequently  immense  piles 
accumulate — as  high  as  80  to  40  feet  Thus  piled  up  in  huge  boulders,  the  water  rushes 
through  them  at  a  fearful  rate,  driving  the  blocks  of  ice  along,  and  crushing  all  before  them, 

The  bridge  will  consist  of  24  strong  piers,  standing  242  feet  apart,  excepting  the  centre 
span,  which  is  889  feet  wide.  They  are  all  perpendicular  on  three  sides,  and  slope  down 
to  the  water-edge  against  the  current,  so  as  to  withstand  the  force  and  action  of  the  float- 
ing masses  of  ice,  on  its  breaking  up.  Each  pier  is  estimated  to  withstand  the  force  of 
70,000  tons  of  ice  at  one  time. 

Resting  on  these  piers,  and  running  from  abutment  to  abutment,  is  the  bridge,  which 
consists  of  a  hollow  iron  tube,  22  feet  high,  and  16  feet  wide. 

The  centre  span  is  to  be  60  feet  above  the  average  level  of  the  water,  thence  sinking  to- 
wards each  end  1  foot  in  180,  thus  making  the  height  of  the  abutments  about  37  feet; 

The  estimated  cost  is  about  £1,250,000  stg.  The  weight  of  the  iron  in  the  tubes  will  be 
8,000  tons,  and  the  contents  of  the  masonry  will  be  about  8,000,000  cubic  feet.  The  whole 
will  be  completed  in  the  autumn  of  1869  or  spring  of  1860.  As  is  well  known,  the  engineer 
of  this  greatest  bridge  in  the  world  is  Mr.  Robert  Stephenson  of  Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 

The  whole  of  the  views  of  Montreal,  as  given  in  the  accompanying  pages,  were  taken  for 
this  work  by  Mr.  Notman,  photographer,  Montreal,  and  the  clear  and  sharp  photogriiplis 
supplied  by  him  for  the  purpose  of  engraving  from,  affords  the  best  evidence  of  his  being  a 
first-class  artist 

The  two  illustrations  given  of  Montreal  em1)race  the  entire  city,  and  presents  a  bird's-eye 
view  of  it  as  seen  from  the  mountain.  Being  engraved  from  photographs,  we  have  every 
confidence  in  saying  that  they  faithfully  represent  Montreal  as  it  is  in  1869.  To  understand 
the  position  of  the  city  as  it  is,  the  stranger  will  cast  his  eye  to  the  left-hand  corner  of  tlie 
upper  engraving  in  the  page,  and  poss  on  to  the  right.  The  lower  engraving  forms  a  con- 
tinuation of  the  upper,  continuing  from  left  to  right 

THE  FOREIGN  CONSULS  AT  MONTREAL. 

For  Belgium — Jesse  Joseph.  For  United  States — C.  Dorwin.  For  Denmark — Thomns 
Ryan.  For  Sardinia,  Hanover,  Spain,  ond  Prussia — Henry  Chapman.  Vice-Consul  for 
Norway  and  Sweden — H.  Chapman.  Vice-Consul  to  the  Oriental  Republic  of  the  Urii- 
guay— J.  M.  Grant 

NATIONAL    SOCIETIKS    AT    MONTREAL. 

The  St  George's  Society. — H.  Buhner,  president ;  R.  Birks,  treasurer. 

St  Andrew's  Society.— Willijim  Murray,  president ;  George  Templeton,  treasurer. 

Thistle  Society. — Alex»nder  Smith,  president ;  William  Reid,  treasurer. 

Caledonian  Society. — John  Fletcher,  president ;  J.  Craig,  treasurer. 

St  Patrick's  Society. — Dr.  Howard,  President ;  J.  E.  Mullin,  treasurer. 

St.  Jean  Baptiste  Society. — Hon.  J.  B.  Meilleur,  president 

German  Society. — Ernest  Idler,  president ;  G.  Rheinhardt,  treasurer. 

New  England  Society. — H.  Stepnens,  president;  P.  D.  Brown,  treasurer. 


1 


PHOTOGRAPHY. 
TT.   ISTOTM^Isr,    ARTIST, 

11  DE  BLEURY  STREET,  MONTREAL. 
First  Prize  for  Photographs.      First  Prize  for  •Imbrotypea. 

PHOTOGRAPHS,  UNTOUCHED  OR  COLORED,  IN  OIL,  WATER  COLORS,  OR  CRAYONS, 

FROM  FULL-LKNOTH  UF£  BIZE  TO  THE  SMALLEST  PRODUCED. 

AmbrotypeB  Colored  for  Frames  or  Cases,  Miniatures  of  every  description  for  Lockets, 
Brooches,  or  Rings.  Daguerreotypes  and  Paintings  copied  in  all  the  various  styles,  and 
increased  or  reduced  to  any  size  required.  Stereoscopic  Portraits  and  Groups,  in  cases  or 
pper  slides.  Views  Stereoscoped,  and  otherwise,  to  order.  Portraits  taken  and  finished 
in  Oils  or  Water  Color  without  the  aid  of  the  camera,  if  required.  Artists  and  Amateurs 
supplied  with  Stock  and  Apparatus,  and  the  Art  taught 

Speoimens  to  be  seen  at  Mr.  Notman's  Studio,  11  De  Bleury  Street 

Observe  tlie  Address  ;  no  Specimens  exhibited  autside. 


B.    DAWSOJSr    &    SON, 

BOOKSELLERS    Al^D    STATIOI^ERS, 

GREAT  ST.  JAMES  STREET,  MONTREAL. 


JA^MiES    STA-RKE    &    CO., 

ST.  FRANCIS  XAVIER  STREET,  MONTREAL. 


EDWIN    H.    LONGMAN, 

LoisriDoisr,    o.    "v/-. 

ARTIST  AND   PROFESSOR  OF  MUSIC, 

Organ,  Piano  Forte,  Flute,  Violin,  and  Singing; 

ALSO,   DBAWING  AND  FAIKTING. 

Photographic  Views  and  Portraits  taken  in  every  variety  of  style  ;  and  every  branch  of 
the  Art  taught  on  reasonable  terms.     A  variety  of  Views  of  the  city  constantly  on  hand 

for  sale. 

TAYLOR    &   WILSON, 
BOOKSELLERS    AND    STATIONERS, 

LONDON,   C.   W. 


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OTTAWA. 


OTTAWA,   CANADA  WEST. 


.17 


TiiK  notoriety  which  this  city,  in  embryo,  has  received  lately,  first  as  being  fixed  upon 
as  the  sent  of  government  for  Canada,  and  then  decided  against  as  such  by  the  provincial 
legislature, — although  it  had  been  acqiuesced  in  by  Her  Majesty  as  the  most  advisable 
locality — has  invested  it  with  a  significance  which,  otherwise,  it  would  not,  in  all  proba- 
bility, liave  obtained. 

Ottawa  is  the  new  name  given  to  the  town  of  Bytown,  by  which  it  has  long  been 
known,  as  the  centre  of  the  immense  lumber  district  of  the  River  Ottawa.  It  is  situated 
on  that  river,  where  the  Rivers  Ridea  and  Gatincnu,  and  the  Rideau  Canal,  all  meet. 

The  town  is  intersected  by  the  Rideau  Canal  and  bridge,  and  forms  three  districts,  viz, : 
that  of  Lower  Town,  on  the  east;  Central  Town,  on  the  west;  and  Upper  Town,  on  the 
north-west;  all  of  which,  however,  are  on  the  south  side  of  the  River  Ottawa,  and  in 
Canada  West,  the  River  Ottawa,  as  is  well  known,  forming  the  boundary  line  between 
Canada  East  and  Canada  West.  The  town  was  laid  out  under  the  command  of  Colonel  By 
of  the  Royal  Engineers,  who  constructed,  also,  the  Rideau  Canal.  Hence  tlie  original 
name  of  the  town  being  called  Bytown — although  now  called  Ottawa,  after  the  magnifi- 
cent river  on  which  it  stands. 

The  streets  are  all  wide  and  regularly  laid  out,  and,  so  far,  reflects  great  credit  on  the 
engineering  skill  employed.     Lower  Town  is  the  most  important  portion  of  the  town,  and, 
in  uU  probability,  will  become  the  chief  business  part,  as  the  population  and  business  in- 
creases.    The  two  principal  streets  of  Lower  Town  are  Rideau  street  and  Sussex  street. 
In  Rideau  street  there  are  several  substantial,  stone-built  stores  ond  dwellings.     In  Sussex 
street  there  are  also  a  few ;  the  majority,  however,  are  wooden  erections,  both  old  and 
new.    In  Central  Town  tlic  buildings  are  almost  all  of  stone,  presenting  one  excellent 
street,  called  Spark  street;  whilst  Upper  Town  exhibits  a  mixture  of  both  stone  and 
wooden  buildings  in  its  Wellington  street.     All  the  buildings  in  the  town  are  exceedingly 
plain,  but  substantially  built,  and,  being  built  of  gray  limestone,  resemble  very  much  in  np- 
poarance  some  of  the  streets  of  Montreal,  as  well  as  in  tlie  granite  city  of  Aberdeen  (Scot- 
land).  On  "  Barrack  Hill,"  the  highest  elevation  of  the  town,  are  situated  what  are  termed 
the  government  buildings — the  remains,  however,  we  should  say,  rather  than  of  actual 
buildings.     There  are  a  few  small  out-housos  and  offices — whieli  certainly  do  not  deserve 
the  name  of  government  buildings — with  sundry  small  cannon,  taking  their  ease  on  the 
ground  alongside  of  carriages,  which  have  evidently  seen  service  of  some  sort.    Tiicse  are  the 
"dogs  of  war,"  which  are  intended,  we  presume,  to  protect  the  town  against  all  invaders. 
On  Barrack  Hill  is,  however,  also  the  residence  of  tlie  chief  military  authority  of  the  place. 
Tlie  "  location"  of  these  buildings  and  the  "  gun  battery"  alluded  to,  is  certainly  one  of  the 
finest  we  have  seen  any  where,  either  in  Conada  or  tiic  United  States — equal,  in  some 
respects,  even  to  the  famous  citadel  of  Quebec.     In  the  rear  is  Central  Town,  whilst  Upper 
and  Lower  Town  are  completely  commanded  by  it  on  each  side,  whilst  in  front  is  a  pre- 
cipitous embankment  running  down,  almost  perpendicular,  to  the  river,  several  hundred 
feet,  thus  completely  sweeping  the  river  and  opposite  shore,  north,  cast,  and  west;  so  that, 
in  a  military  point  of  view,  Ottawa  certainly  occupies  one  of  the  finest  natural  positions  any 
where  in  Canada;  and,  in  that  respect,  is  the  key  to  un  immense  temtory  of  back  country, 
valuable  for  its  wood  and  minerals. 

The  strnngcf,  on  visiting  Ottawa  for  the  first  time,  is  apt  to  be  disappointed  that  he 
does  not  find  a  larger  "  city,"  and  one  more  advanced,  in  many  respects;  but  it  must  be 
recollected  that  it  has  been  forced  into  ]>ul)lic  notice  from  the  cause  we  have  already  al- 
huled  to,  and  obtained  a  publicity,  witli  which  parties  at  a  distance  are  apt  to  connect 
wrong  or  exaggerated  ideas;  and  if  the  town  is  not  larger  than  it  is,  the  fault  rests  as 
much  in  the  imaginations  of  individuals,  as  with  the  inlmbitnnts,  generally,  of  the  town 
itself,  who,  in  the  short  time,  since  Bj'town  became  a  place  of  note,  have  boon  doing  their 
utmost  to  make  it  "go  a-head."  In  the  desire  to  do  so,  however,  some  of  the  Inndlioldcrs 
there,  we  fear,  by  putting  very  high  prices  on  their  lots,  and  landlords  refusing  to  give 


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CHAUDIEBE  FALLS — BIDEAU   FALLS,  ETC. 


leases  at  reasonable  rates,  have  only  tended  to  defeat  the  very  object  Trhich  they,  and  all 
the  inhabitants  ought  to  have  in  viev,  viz.,  giving  every  facility  in  their  power,  and  offer- 
Ing  every  inducement  they  can,  for  parties  at  a  distance  to  locate  amongst  them.  In  fact, 
the  idea  that  Ottawa  was  selected  as  the  headquarters  of  the  government,  has  had  any 
thing  but  a  beneficial  effect  so  far,  in  some  respects,  upon  the  town;  but  there  is  the  conso- 
lation, that  whether  it  is  to  be  the  seat  of  government  or  not,  there  is  no  doubt,  thr'^  of 
necessity,  it  is  destined  to  become — it  maybe  gradually — the  centre  of  a  much  more  exten- 
sive trade,  a  town  of  much  greater  importance  than  it  is  at  present,  and  the  point,  round 
which  radiate  a  number  of  other  towns,  and  extensive  agricultural  districts,  of  which  Ot- 
tawa is  the  capital  and  centre,  and,  in  all  human  probability,  always  likely  to  remain  so. 
From  it,  a  large  wholesale  and  retail  trade  is,  and  must  always,  be  done — with  the  districts 
round  about ;  whilst,  as  is  well  known,  it  is  the  centre  of  a  district,  which,  for  extensive 
forests  of  fine  lumber,  has  no  superior  in  America. 

The  scenery  around  Ottawa  is  far  beyond  what  we  had  any  idea  of,  and  the  view  from 
the  Barrack  Hill,  is  one  of  surpassing  grandeur  and  extent,  combining  in  it  a  trinity  of 
river,  landscape,  and  fall  scenery,  which  few  places  can  boast  of. 

Looking  to  the  west — (see  engraving)^at  the  west  end  of  the  town  are  situat'  the 
celebrated  Chaudiere  Falls,  which  fall  about  40  feet,  and  the  spray  of  which  may  bu  i-n 
a  long  way  off,  ascending  iu  the  air. 

In  the  early  part  of  the  season,  {say  in  May,)  these  falls  are  not  seen  to  so  much  advan- 
tage, the  river  then  being,  generally,  so  much  swollen  with  the  immense  volume  of  water 
from  the  upper  lakes  and  the  tributaries  of  the  Ottawa.  Then  they  partake,  in  some  re- 
spects, more  of  the  character  of  huge  rapids.  Farther  on  in  the  season,  however,  they  ap- 
pear more  in  their  real  character  of  "  falls,"  and  are  a  sight  worth  seeing,  although  they 
are  being  very  much  encroached  upon,  by  lumber  establishments.  An  excellent  view  of 
tlie  falls,  as  well  as  of  the  rapids,  is  got  from  off  the  suspension  bridge,  which  crosses  the 
river  quite  close  to  them  At  the  eastern  suburb  of  Ottawa,  again,  called  New  Edin- 
burgh, there  is  a  little  Niagara,  in  miniature,  in  the  Rideau  Falls,  and  one  of  the  prettiest 
little  falls  to  be  seen  any  where.  Although  only  of  SO  feet  fall,  they  present  features 
of  interest  and  great  beauty. 

The  town  of  Ottawa  is  supplied,  in  many  parts,  with  gas.  Its  markets  afford  an  excel- 
lent supply  of  cheap  provisions,  whilst  the  purity  of  the  air,  from  its  elevated  position, 
renders  it  one  of  the  healthiest  towns  in  Canada. 

Emigrants,  in  looking  to  Ottawa,  will  do  well  to  remember,  that  it  is  only  the  agricul- 
tural labourer,  or  farmar  with  capital,  to  whom  its  locality  offers  inducements  at  present. 

Amongst  the  schemes  for  connecting  Canada  East  with  the  Western  States,  is  the  Ot- 
tawa Ship  Canal,  via  the  Ottawa  and  French  Rivers  to  Lake  Huron,  which,  if  successful  in 
being  established,  will  render  Ottawa,  more  than  ever,  one  of  the  great  entrepots  of  that 
route  and  traffic. 

The  communication  between  Ottawa  and  Montreal,  is  by  rail  via  Prcscott;  also  by  river, 
per  steamer  to  Qrenville,  rail  from  Grenville  to  Carrillon  j  thence,  steamer  to  Lachine  i 
thence,  rail  to  Montreal.  To  Canada  West,  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  via  rail.  To  Ogdensburg, 
via  roil  to  Prcscott,  and  steamer  across  the  St.  Lawrence,  Distances  : — from  Montreal,  126 
miles;  Quebec,  296  miles;  Toronto,  223  miles;  Kingston,  96  miles;  Prescott,  66  miles; 
New  York,  460  miles;  Boston,  486  miles.    Population,  about  12,000. 

For  the  information  of  emigrants  proceeding  to  the  newly-opened  districts,  where  free 
lands  are  to  be  had,  full  information  regarding  these,  with  routes  and  fares,  will  bo  found 
in  another  portion  of  this  work. 

The  views  of  Upper  Town,  and  Lower  and  Central  Town,  as  given  elsewhere,  are  from 
pencil  drawings  made  for  this  work,  by  Mr.  Eastman,  artist,  of  Ottawa.  All  who  know 
Ottawa  will  be  able  to  attest  to  the  very  faithful  manner  in  which  they  are  c.>ne,  and  that 
the  engravers  have  preserved  all  the  truthfulness  in  detail,  in  enabling  us  to  present,  for  the 
first  time,  we  believe,  complete  and  accurate  views  of  Ottawa,  Canada  West 


OTTAWA  BUSINESS  DffiEOTORY. 


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Agricultural  Implementi. 
Hat,  (vv  jjtGK,  Sparks  street 

Attorneyt  and  Barristers. 
Clkoo,  WnxiAM,  Rideau  street. 
Mabsan,  J.  B.  C,  Rideau  st    (See  adv't) 
Rnio  &  O'Connor,  Sussex  street. 

Bookseller, 
Brobib,  Jahes,  Sparks  street,    (See  adv't). 

Builder  and  Carpenter. 
Lano,  Edward,  Sparks  street.    Central  (See 
advertisement). 

Commissiot*  Mercluxnta. 
Heubaob,  Geohoe,  Rideau  street. 
Maeett,  Fbedebick,  Rideau  street, 

Confectioner  and  Baker. 
Scott,  Alexander,  Sparks  street 

Dry  Goods. 
(k.rsvuQBAU,    Barclay    <b   Lindsat,    Mains' 

Buildings,  Rideau  street 
HuNTON,  Thob.  and  Wk.,  Sparks  street 


Drug  Start, 
Van  Fxuon  <b  Co.,  Sussex  street  (Sne  «dv't), 

Oroesra, 
HuNTON,  T^os.  and  Wm.,  Bparki  itroei 
Marett,  Frederick,  Rideau  street 
Patterson,  Thomas,  Rideau  street 

Hardw  .r«  Mtrehant: 
Workman  ^  Oriffin,  Rideau  and  Wellington 

streets. 

Hotel, 
Campbell's  Hotxl,  Sparks  street  (See  adv't). 

Land  Agtttit, 
Austin,  W.  A.,  Central  Town.    (Bee  adv't). 
O'Connor,  0.  J.,  Wellington  St  (See  adv't). 
Preston,  G.  H.,  Rideau  street    (Boe  adv't), 

Milliner  and  Jhessmaktr, 
HoMPHRBTs,  Mas.,  Wellington  street 

TobaeeonUit.  ^', 

WiLoocK,  Thomas,  Sparks  street 


CAMPBELL'S  HOTEL, 
SPARKS    STREET, 

OTTAWA, 
J.  L.  CtlMPBELL.,  Prop''r, 

JAMES  RITCHIE, 

Bookseller  &  Stationeri 

SPARKS    STRBBT, 

OTTAWA  CITY,  CANADA  WEST. 

Agent  for  American  ind  English  Periodieals. 
VAN    FELSON    &    CO., 

wholesale  and  retail  dealers  in 

DROGS,  CHEMICALS,  PERFDMEEY,  PAINTS, 

AJN-D    OZZjS. 

SUSSEX  STREET,  opposrrB  York  St., 

OTTAWA. 

J.  B.  C.  MAESAN^ 
ATTORNEY    AT   LAW, 

RIDKAU   STREET, 

OTTAWA. 

EDWARD    LANG^ 

Carpenter  &  Builder, 

SPARKS  STREET, 
CENTRAL    OTTAWA. 


City  of  Ottawa,  Canada. 

G.  H.  PRESTON, 
LAin)  ft  GENERAL  AGENT. 

BROKER,  tLO^ 

AUCTIONEER  AND  COMMISSION  MERCHANT. 

OMce  and  Jioom*, 

XiZ3DSJV.T7     STREET. 

OTTAWA  LmrTOMCY. 

The  Subscriber,  being  oommisHioned  by 
most  of  the  heavy  lundholdors  of  the  City 
of  Ottawa  and  vicinity,  oitbrs  for  Halo  ovory 
description  of 

having  on  hand  every  variety  of  Town, 
Villa,  and  Village  lots,  Fanning  and  un- 
cleared land,  MiU  Sites,  &c.,  &o. 
High  Pereentage  to  Xoanr  Lmdm  on  Vlu 
donbted  Security  of  Beal  Xetato. 

Monty  M,tn$  on  mpprovt4  0§eurtty» 
W.   A.    AUSTIN, 

PBOVnrCIAL  LAND  BURTBTOR,  CIVIL  ■NQINHB, 
ARCBITICT,  ITO. 

OENTRAL  TOWN,  OTTAWA. 

CHAS.  O'CONNOR, 
LAND    AGENT,    4cG., 

WELLINGTON   RTREET, 
OTTAWA. 


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TORONTO,   CANADA  WEST. 


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CITY  OF  TORONTO,  0  W. 

Toronto  forms  the  Metropolis  of  Upper  Canada,  (or  Canada  West,)  the  second  city  in 
commercial  importance  in  the  entire  province,  and  at  present  is  the  seat  of  the  provincial 
legislature.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  west  shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  and  h&s  a  much 
more  prepossesang  appearance  when  viewed  from  a  steamer  on  the  lake,  than  when  ap- 
proached by  railway.  From  the  large  quantity  of  trees  and  shrubbery  interspersed  througli 
many  of  the  streets,  it  may  well  lay  claim  to  the  title  of  the  Forest  City  of  Canada.  Sit- 
uated as  the  city  is,  on  almost  a  dead  level,  it  presents  no  particular  features  further  tlian 
being  plentifully  studded  with  graceful  spires,  which,  with  the  wooded  hills  situated  in  the 
background,  completes  the  picture  of  a  beautiful  city. 

The  street  along  ude  of  the  shore  of  the  lake — recently  very  much  improved — is  termed 
the  Esplanade,  along  which  the  Grand  Trunk  Railroad  runs,  and  where  it  has  its  terminus. 


CnOWN-LANDS   OFHCE  AND  MECHANICS   INSTmiTE. 

In  one  portion  of  the  obove  building  are 
the  offices  of  the  Crown-land  Department, 
where  all  business  connected  with  the 
"Woods  and  Forests"  are  concjucted.  In 
another  portion  is  the  excellent  Mechanics' 
Institution  of  the  city,  situated  at  the  cor- 
ner of  Church  and  Adelaide  streets. 


BT.   LAWRENCE  HALU 

The  above  forms  one  of  the  most  imposing 
buildings  in  the  city.  The  basement  and 
first  floors  are  occupied  as  stores,  whilst  up- 
stairs there  is  a  large,  well-lighted,  and 
neatly  done-up  public  hall,  where  meetings, 
concMs,  etc.,  ore  held.  St.  Lawrence  Hall 
is  situated  at  the  east  end  of  King  street. 


King  St 
in  the  citj 
with  its  z 
ings,  form 
the  largest 
street,  viz.. 
House. 

As  in  most 
out  at  right 
The  prin 
lington  stre 
business  of  i 
We  may  i 
all  the  stree 
The  Provi 
cluster  of  re 
residence  of 
Majesty  in  C 
The  public 
have  engrave 
Trinity  Collt 
situated  the  I 
one  of  the  fin 
JielA    Beside 
new  General 
western  extrei 
Toronto  ma 
elegant  structi 
tliedral  and  tl 
present  that  g 
none,  we  shoul 
dationofthel 
Toronto  has 
ordinary  good 
"on,  and  the  re 
'ion,  affording 
«"  over  the  coi 


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TORONTO,  CANADA  WEST. 


28 


KINO  8TBEEI  (W£ST). 

King  street  is  the  principal  thoroughfare 
in  the  city.  It  is  fully  2  miles  in  length,  and 
with  its  many  handsome  stores  and  huild- 
ings,  forms  the  chief  promenade.  Two  of 
the  largest  buildings  in  the  city  are  in  King 
street,  yiz.,  St  Lawrence  Hall,  and  the  Bosain 
House. 


TONGB  STREET  (nOBTH). 

Yonge  street  rivals  King  street,  in  its  busy 
bustling  appearance,  and  although  the  stores 
are  not  so  elegaat  as  some  in  King  street,  yet 
a  large  amount  of  retail  business  is  trans- 
aoted  in  the  section  presented  above. 


As  in  most  cities  in  the  United  States,  the  streets  of  Toronto  are  long  and  spacious,  and  laid 
out  at  right  angles  to  each  other. 

The  principal  streets  for  wholesale  stores  are  the  lower  end  of  Yonge  street  and  Wel- 
lington street,  whilst  Upper  Yonge  street  and  King  street  are  the  chief  streets  for  retail 
business  of  all  sorts. 

Vfe  may  mention  that,  with  the  exception  of  spaces  here  and  there,  the  pavements  in 
all  the  streets  are  of  wood — plunks  laid  across,  and  nailed  down  to  sleepers. 

The  Provincial  Legislature  holds  its  meetings  in  Toronto,  in  the  government  buildings,  a 
cluster  of  red  brick  buildings  situated  at  the  west  end  of  the  city,  close  to  which  is  the 
residence  of  the  Governor-General,  Sir  Edmund  Walker  Head,  Bart,  representative  of  Her 
Majesty  in  Canada. 

The  public  buildings  of  Toronto  are  numerous,  and  some  of  them  very  handsome.  We 
have  engraved,  from  photographs,  four  of  the  principal  buildings,  viz. :  St  Lawrence  Hall, 
Trinity  College,  the  Normal  School,  and  Crown-lauds  Office,  in  which  building  is  also 
situated  the  Mechanics'  Institute.  Osgoode  Hall,  in  Queen  street,  when  completed  will  form 
one  of  the  finest  buildings  in  the  city.  There  the  Superior  Cour^  of  Law  and  Equity  are 
held.  Besides  those  named,  the  other  public  buildings  of  any  note  are  the  Postroffice,  the 
new  General  Hospital  and  the  Lunatic  Asylum — the  latter  an  immense  building  at  the 
western  extremity  of  the  city. 

Toronto  may  well  boast  as  being  the  city  of  churches  in  Canada,  from  the  number  of 
elegant  structures  it  contains,  of  all  denominations.  The  two  largest  are  the  English  Ca- 
thedral and  the  Roman  Catholic  Cathedral,  but  both,  being  without  spires  as  yet,  do  not 
present  that  graceful  apDcarance  which  even  some  of  the  smaller  churches  do,  although 
none,  we  should  suppose,  exceed  the  rich  and  handsome  interior  or  comfortable  accommo- 
dation of  the  English  Cathedral,  as  a  place  of  worship. 

Toronto  has  several  manufacturing  establishments,  some  of  them  extensive,  and  which,  in 
ordinary  good  times,  turn  over  a  large  amount  of  business ;  the  city,  from  its  central  posi- 
tion, and  the  ready  means  of  land  and  water  carriage,  now  extended  almost  in  every  direc- 
tion, affording  great  facilities  for  manufactures  as  well  as  merchandise  finding  their  way 
all  over  the  country. 


24 


TORONTO  AND  HAMILTON,   CANADA  WEST. 


TRINITY   COLLEGE. 

The  above  building  if«  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant in  the  city,  whether  as  regards  its 
character  as  an  educational  institution,  or 
the  magnificent  style  of  the  edifice,  which, 
when  completed,  will  certainly  be  one  of  the 
finest  in  the  city. 


TUB  NOBlfAL   AND  MODEL  8CH00L& 

The  above  building,  in  the  Italian  style  o 
architecture,  is  devoted  to  the  establishment 
known  as  the  Normal  and  Model  Schools, 
and  which  forms  the  head  of  that  invaluable 
system  of  public  education  pervading  the 
whole  province. 


As  we  have  said,  Toronto  forms  the  second  commercial  city  in  Canada,  and,  until  ihe 
panic  of  185Y  set  in,  enjoyed  a  large  and  steadily  increasing  trade.  Its  merchants  were  of 
the  most  enterprising,  active,  and  "  go  a-head"  character ;  consequently  probably  no  city 
in  America  has  experienced  the  efi^eets  of  the  panic  more  than  Toronto.  With  the  general 
revival  of  business,  we  have  no  doubt,  it  will  assume  its  wonted  activity,  although  it  may 
be  gradually. 

The  railways  centring  in  Toronto  are : — The  Great  Western,  to  Hamilton ;  Supension 
Bridge,  (Niagara,)  and  Windsor,  opposite  Detroit,  (Michigan). 

Tiie  Grand  Trunk,  to  Montreal  and  Quebec,  (east,)  and  to  Stratford,  (west). 

The  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Huron,  (now  called  the  Northern  Railroad,)  to  Collingwood. 


.:■»  fftm-) 


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26 


LONDON. 


LONDON,  CANADA  WEST. 

LuB  ita  nnmeiake,  the  great  Babylon  of  England,  London,  0.  W.,  is  in  the  County  of 
Middlesex,  and  also  on  the  River  Thames,  with  streets  and  bridges  named  yfter  those  of  the 
great  city.  There,  however,  the  similarity  ends.  It  possesses  some  excellent  publio  build- 
ings and  churches,  and  is  situated  in  the  centre  of  an  extensive  and  rich  agriouliural  dis- 
trict, which  furnishes  it  with  a  large  amount  of  trade  in  grain  and  other  agricultural  pro- 
duce. Previous  to  the  late  commercial  panic,  few  places  showed  greater  sip"  ojf  progress 
than  London ;  in  fact  it  went  ahead  too  fast,  like  many  other  cities  and  U  isequently 

it  has  felt  the  revulsion  all  the  more — and  every  department  of  buai  -^arly,  Imi 

suffered — to  revive  again,  we  hope,  when  business  becomes  more  buoyant  lly.    The 

town  is  lighted  with  gas,  and  supports  as  many  as  six  newspapers,  and  fi<  .  agencies. 

The  streets  are  wide,  and  laid  off  at  right  angles.     London      nne  of  the  'ul  statioDs 

on  the  Great  Western  Railroad  of  Canada,  on  the  section  fro       Tamilto  ndsor,  with 

a  branch  to  port  Stanley,  on  Lake  Erie,  from  which  there  is  u  communica- 

tion with  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

The  soil  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  London,  it  is  true,  is  sand  j  o  country  almost 

a  dead  level,  as  far  as  Windsor ;  but  you  cannot  travel  many  miles  iu  u  northern  or  soutti- 
ern  direction,  until  you  meet  with  an  undulating  country,  and  productive  farms,  whose 
proprietors,  of  course,  betake  themselves  to  London  for  sale  and  purchase— for  mart  and 
market 

Our  representation  of  London  is  from  one  of  several  photographs,  supplied  to  ya  by 
Mr.  E.  H.  Longman,  of  London,  C.  W.,  and,  from  the  excellent  ma  Mer  in  which  the^  ^re 
executed,  we  feel  pleasure  and  confidence  in  saying,  that  the  photographic  art  is  well  re- 
presented there  by  Mr  Longman— judging  from  the  specimens  he  has  supplied  to  us. 


HAMILTON,  0.  W. 

Hamilton,  one  of  the  cities  of  Canada  West,  is  situated  at  the  sonth-westem  extremity  of 
Burlington  Bay,  an  inlet  at  the  head  of  Lake  Ontario,  and  terminus  of  lake  navigation. 
The  site  on  which  Hamilton  is  built,  occupies  gradually  rising  ground  for  about  a  mile  and 
a  half  from  the  shore  of  the  lake  to  the  base  of  the  hill,  called  the  Mountain,  which  rises  np 
in  the  background.  It  wos  laid  out  in  1818,  and  has  spread  with  wonderful  rapidity — faster 
than  almost  any  other  town  in  Canada.  In  1841  the  population  was  only  about  8500,  while 
in  1860  it  had  increased  to  10,312,  and  now  has  reacned  to  nearly  80,000. 

Hamilton  is  the  centre  of  one  of  the  most  extensive  and  best  agricultural  portions  of 
Canada,  and  in  its  vicinity  are  to  be  seen  some  of  the  best  cultivated  farms,  not  long  re- 
claimed from  the  primeval  forest 

As  in  most  American  cities,  the  streets  are  laid  out  at  right  angles,  and  present  a  fine, 
spacious  appearance.  The  public  buildings,  banks,  churches  and  hotels,  whicn  are  amonsr^t 
tne  finest  in  the  province,  are  built  of  stone  and  brick.  Some  of  the  merchants'  stores  ex>  I 
any  thing  of  the  same  sort  in  Toronto,  or  even  Montreal,  and  are  carried  on  by  some  of 
the  largest  importers  in  Canada,  who  do  an  extensive  business  throughout  the  country. 

The  chief  business  streets — named  King,  John,  James,  York,  and  McNab  streeUJ— are 
situated  a  considerable  distance  back  from  the  shore. 

The  Gore  Bank  of  Canada  has  its  head-quarters  in  Hamilton,  in  addition  to  which  there 
are  five  or  six  other  Bank  agencies. 

The  finest  and  certainly  most  extensive  view  of  the  city  is  to  be  had  from  the  Mountain. 


DRUGS. 

JWINBR  A  CO..  Importers  and  Wholeiale  DrugRiiti,  receive  eonitantly,  direct  from  the  lourcei 
•    of  growth  and  manufacture,   all  the  staple  Drugi,  (.'hemlcals,  Perfumery,  Toilet  Soaps,  llrushvs. 
Combs,  Surgical  and  Dental  Instruments,  Glassware,  etc.,  etc.     Paints,  Oils,  Varnishes,  Naval  Htorvs,  Dye- 
ituSli,  Spices,  etc.,  etc.    J.  Winer  A  Co.  are  proprietors  of  Mott's  Febrifuge  Vvine  and  Garden's  Worm  Tea, 
and  also  keep  all  other  Patent  Medicines  in  stock,  at  miinur»cturers'  prices. 
Particular  attention  paid  to  keeping  articles  of  flrst  quality. 


loney  Broker,  Insurant,  and  fleaeral  Agent, 

KINO  STREET,  HAMILTON,  C.  W. 


M.  KIT.  UTARTniAN,  D.  D.  8., 

CORNER  OF  KINO  <b  JOHN  STREETS, 

HAMILTON,   C.  W. 

HILTOK  BKOTHEBS, 
HARDWARE  MERCHANTS, 

KING  STREET,  HAMILTON,  C.  W. 


JAMES    CAHILL, 
BARRISTER,  SOLICITOR,  &c., 

KINO  ST.,  (Eabt,)  HAMILTON,  C.  W. 


QEORQE  BARNES  Bl  CO., 
BOOKSELLEBS    ft    8TATI0NEBS, 

HAMILTON,  0.  W. 


jmkTEMi  K.  VAN  HOBMAK,  X.  D., 

Eclectic  Physician,  Accoachear,  and  Surgeon, 

COR.  OF  KINO  k  BOWERY  STREET, 

HAHILTON,  0.  W.  BOX,  478. 


99 


THE     "SFE10T-A.rrOFt,= 

A    POLITICAL,    COMMERCIAL    &,    GENERAL    NEWSPAPER, 

w  Published  at  Hamilton,  O.  W.,  hy  the  Proprietors, 

WILLIAM  GILLESPY  &  ALEXANDER  ROBERTSON. 

It  ii  imed  DAUT,  8EMI-WEEXLT  ft  VEEKLT,  and  has  the  largest  Oinnlation  of  any 
Canadian  Vewipaper  Weit  of  Toronto. 

From  the  particular  attention  paid  to  Commercial  Intelligence,  the  Sptctator  has  acquired  a  reputation 
for  reliability,  which  has  secured  for  It  the  patronage  of  the  Mercantile  Community  of  Western  Cunaila. 
The  geographical  position  of  the  City  of  Hamilton,  with  Its  superior  railway  connection,  affords  great 
facility  for  the  speedy  transmission  of  the  Daily  Sptetator  to  the  numerous  thriving  Towns  and  Villages 
between  the  Niagara  and  Detroit  Rivers, — an  advantage  of  which  the  proprietors  have  not  failed  to  avail 
themselves.  The  Semi-  Weekly  and  Weekly  editions,  (made  up  from  the  reading  matter  In  the  Daily,)  con- 
taining a  great  amount  of  news,  at  an  extremely  low  price,  enjoy  a  large  and  extended  circulation  among 
the  agricultural  classes,  and  those  not  Immediately  engrossed  with  the  cares  of  politics  or  commerce,  to 
whom  the  stimulus  of  a  dally  paper  Is  not  a  necessity. 

The  Spectator  (Dally,  Semi-Weekly  and  Weekly)  Is  therefore  an  excellent  medium  for  advertising.  The 
rates  charged  are  the  same  as  the  published  rates  generally  adopted  by  the  Canadian  press ;  except  for  the 
weekly  edition,  for  which  double  the  usual  rate  Is  charged,  on  account  of  Its  large  circulation  being  confined, 
almost  exclusively,  to  the  farming  community,  thereby  admitting  only  the  profitable  publication.  In  Its 
columns,  of  advertisements  suited  to  this  particular  class. 

The  Bates  of  Subscription  payable,  in  advance,  are — 

Semi-  Weekly,  in  clubs  of  6  or 

more $2.00  per  copy. 

Weekly,  in  clubs  of  10  or  more  1.00      " 

Parties  resident  in  Great  Britain  or  Ireland,  may  order  through  Messrs.  Algar  t  Street,  No.  11 

Clement's  Lane,  Lombard  Street,  London,  England. 

The  PiihllRhcrs 
carried  on  b>  them 
I  complete  of  the  kind  In  Canada— comprising  the  following  Departments,  viz : — 

Book  and  Job  Pbintimo,  including  the  publication  of  the  national  series  of  School  Books,  as  well  as  the 

I  execution  of  every  variety  of  plain  and  fancy  letter-press  printing;  Bookbindino,  (this  department  carried 

off  the  flrst  prlie  at  the  Provincial  Fair  In  1857,)  including  Blank  Bool<  manufacturing,  and  ruling  and  puglng 

by  the  most  Improved  machinery  ;  Lithoorapiiino  and  Coppbr-Platk  Enqbavino  and  Phintino,  embriielng : 

I  Invoices,  Cards,  Maps,  Plans,  Aiilngraphs,  Ac,  jcc,  with  every  variety  of  Mercantile  and  Bank  Forms; 

Staiionbrt,  enitirai'lng  a  stk'ct  and  vn -tcd  Stock  of  British,  American,  and  Canadian  made  papers,  &c.,  &c. 

^"  Ordn»  In  the  above  departments  executed  on  the  shortest  notice,  and  at  reasonable  charges. 
Spkciator  Offick,    J  O-IIjIjESI'TZ"    Ss    HOBBHTSOX^T, 

Hamilton,  0.  W.     )  rubliahtra  tf  Proprittor; 


Daily 

per  annum,  $6.00  per  copy. 

Semi- Weekly 

"        "         8.00 

Weekly 

"        "         1.60 

of  the  Spectator  also  beg  to  direct  public  attention  to  the  other  branches  of  business 
n  at  the  "  gPECTATOB"  ESTABLl.<«HMUNT,  which  Is  one  of  the  largest  and  most 


THS   8T.  OATBSIIZITS'S   OOITSTITUTIOITAL, 
An  Independent  Weekly  Conservative  Journal, 

18  published  every  Wednesday,  at  the  Proprietor's  Office,  St.  Paul  Street,  at  the  low  price  of  $2  a  year,  In 
advance.  Having  a  large  and  Influential  circulation.  Business  Men  will  find  It  a  most  desirable  adver- 
tising medium.  Plain  and  Fancy  JOB  I'UINTING,  of  every  description,  executed  In  the  best  style  of  the 
Art,  at  the  cheapest  rates,  and  on  the  shortest  notice.  Superior  facilities  for  Book,  Handbill,  Circular  and 
Card  Printing. 

JAMES  SETMOUR,  Editor  &  Proprietor,  St  Catherine's,  C.  W. 


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KINGSTON,    CANADA  WEST. 


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KINGSTON,  CANADA  WEST. 


29 


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§.5 


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view  of  the  surrounding  country  is  obtained.  Tliese  buildings,  besides  the  immense  Hull, 
which  is  used  on  all  public  occasions,  and  for  concerts,  etc.,  contain  the  common  council 
chambers,  city  offices,  commercial  news  room,  agency  of  the  bank  of  British  North  Ameri- 
ca, temporary  post-offico,  wholesale  stores  and  warehouses,  together  with  numerous  other 
offices,  etc.,  which  will  give  some  idea  of  its  proportions.  Its  average  cost  was  one  hundred 
and  twenty  thousand  dollars.  The  new  "  Court  House  ond  Joil,"  now  completed,  stands 
next  in  order,  and  is,  indeed,  an  ornament  to  the  city,  the  front  elevation,  with  its  six  mag- 
nificent pillars,  being  in  Grecian  Ionic  style,  and  the  design  extremely  chaste  and  elegant. 
Its  length  is  208  feet,  width  54  feet.  The  average  outlay  in  its  construction  was  nearly 
ninety  thousand  dollars.  The  lower  story  is  designed  for  public  offices,  above  which  are 
the  court  and  council  rooms,  consisting  of  the  assizes  and  county  court,  tlie  division  court, 
and  county  council  rooms,  etc.  In  rear  are  the  JaU  and  jailer's  dwelling,  forming  nn  extensive 
wing  to  the  main  building.  The  other  buildings  of  note  are,  tlie  Koman  Catholic  Cnthe- 
dral,  and  Regiopolis  College;  the  General  Hospital,  Queen's  College,  the  Grammar 
School;  St.  George's,  St.  Paul's,  and  St.  James's  Protestant  Churches;  St.  Andrew's  Church, 
Irish  Free  Church,  Chalmer's  Church,  Wesleyan  and  Primitive  Methodist  Cliurches,  Con- 
gregational Church,  Baptist  Church,  Apostolic  Church,  and  tlie  old  French  Roman  Catho- 
lic Cliurch,  now  used  as  a  nunnery.  The  new  Custom  House  and  Post-office,  recently  com- 
pleted, would  be  an  ornament  to  any  city.  Tlie  chief  public  institutions  are,  the  General 
Hospital,  House  of  Industry,  Hotel  Dieu,  Mechanics'  Institute,  etc.  There  are  two  daily 
newspapers — "The  British  Whig,"  the  first  daily  published  in  Canada  West,  and  "The 
News ;"  one  tri-weekly  in  the  Roman  Catholic  interest,  the  "  Herald ;"  and  four  weeklies, 
the  "  Chronicle  and  News,"  the  "  British  Whig,"  the  "  Commercial  Advertiser,"  and  the 
"  Tribune."  One  thing  must  not  be  overlooked  in  mentioning  the  lions  of  the  city — the 
Public  Park,  which,  in  a  few  years,  will  be  a  chief  source  of  healthful  recreation  to  the 
citizens. 

Kingston  has  long  been  known  for  its  safe  and  capacious  harbour,  which  is  well 
adapted  to  shelter  a  large  fleet  of  vessels,  besides  having  over  twenty  wharves,  some  of 
them  very  extensive,  and  furnished  with  capacious  warehouses  and  accommodations  for 
the  forwarding  trade.  The  shipping  trade  has  long  been  a  chief  feature  of  the  place.  In 
addition  to  the  ship  yards  at  Garden  Island,  opposite,  and  at  Portsmouth,  at  tlie  extreme 
west  end  of  the  city,  there  is  the  noted  Marine  Railway  of  John  Counter,  Esq.,  from  all  of 
which  have  been  launched  the  greatest  number  and  largest  tonnage  of  Canadian  vessels  in 
Canada  West     Kingston,  in  this  particular,  being  only  second  to  Quebec. 

A  branch  railroad  has  lately  been  made  across  a  portion  of  the  bay  below  the  Catara- 
qui  Bridge,  to  connect  with  the  city  from  the  main  depot,  coming  in  at  the  foot  of  Onta- 
rio street,  at  the  Tdte  du  Pont  barracks,  and  passing  thence  along  the  harbour  to  Shaw's 
wharf,  where  the  branch  or  city  depot  is  to  be  established.  Kingston  has,  also,  her  Crys- 
tal Palace,  at  the  outskirts  of  the  city,  in  wliich  the  County  Agricultural,  Horticultural, 
and  other  shows  are  held,  and  in  which  will  be  held  tlie  Provincial  Association's  great  An- 
nual Sliow  for  1859.  This  is  a  large,  handsome,  and  commodious  building,  which  speaks 
favourably  for  the  public  enterprise  of  the  Kingstoneso,  and  the  y»?omenry  of  the  county 
of  Fronteiiftc.  Not  the  least  remarkable  evidence  of  tlie  prosperity  of  the  farming  com- 
munity, is  the  large  markets  in  Kingston — larger,  perhaps,  than  any  others  in  Canada,  and 
attesting  greatly  in  favour  of  the  superiority  of  the  land  in  tlie  vicinity. 

Kingston  is  well  defended,  judging  from  her  martello  towers,  market  battery,  and  ex- 
tensive and  commanding  fortifications  at  Fort  Henry  and  Point  Frederick.  Towards  the 
west  end  of  the  city  are  numerous  handsome  private  residences,  fronting  on  Lake  Ontario. 
Still  further  on  is  tlie  private  Insane  Asylum,  at  "  Rockwood."  The  Penitentiary,  situated 
on  the  lake  shore,  is  a  great  attraction  to  strangers  visiting  Kingston.  It  is  surrounded 
with  walls  30  feet  high,  with  flanking  towers,  the  whole  covering  an  orea  of  about  twen- 
ty acres.  Inside  the  walls,  the  first  building  seen  is  of  a  cruciform  shape,  in  one  wing  of 
wliich  is  the  hospital ;  in  another,  the  dining-hall ;  above  these,  the  chupcl ;  and  under- 
neath, the  asylum  for  the  insane.  Tliw  north  part  is  the  dwelling-hoase  of  the  Warden 
and  other  officers,  with  a  beautiful  garden  attached ;  the  remainder  being  occupied  as  cells 
for  the  convicts,  Avho  are  all  well  car;'  for,  and  have,  with  their  own  hands,  erected  the 
walls,  workshops,  sheds,  cells,  etc.  .  A{>  the  back,  and  next  the  lake  side,  are  ranges  of 
workshops,  where  the  surplus  labour  \i  let  to  contractors. 

On  the  whole,  Kingston  seems  to  ke.>p  the  even  tenour  of  her  way  amongst  the  cities  of 
Canada  West,  with  a  creditable  steadiness  and  perseverance;  is  said  to  be  one  of  the  most 
healthy  localities  in  the  province;  with  a  population  of  about  13,000.  Kingston  is  repre- 
sented in  th?  Upper  House  by  the  Honourable  Alexander  Campbell,  and  in  the  Lower 
House  by  t'.io  Honourable  John  A.  Macdonnld,  the  ex-Preniicr ;  the  member  for  the  county 
being  the  Honourable  Henry  Smith,  Speaker  of  the  Legislative  Assembly. 

The  station  of  the  Grand  Trunk  Rnilioad  is  about  2  miles  from  the  city.  Omnibuses 
ply  to  ond  from  it,  in  connection  with  the  hotels. 


< 


UPPER  AND  LOWER  CANADA. 


Thk  following  infonnation  is  compiled  from  the  authorised  publioatloni  of  the  Oanadlan 
goTernment,  official  doomuents,  and  private  information  received  ;— 

GeooraphiOal  Position  and  Extent. — The  provinoe  of  Canada  embraoei  about  ARO,000  iqunre 
miles  of  territory,  independently  of  its  north-western  possessiong,  not  yet  open  fur  sottlemont ; 
it  is,  consequently,  more  than  one-third  larger  than  France,  nearly  three  timei  as  large  ai  Oreat 
Britain  and  Ireland,  and  more  than  three  times  as  large  as  Prussia.  The  Inhabited,  or  settled 
portion,  covers  at  least  40,000  square  miles,  and  is  nearly  twice  as  large  as  Denmark,  three 
times  as  large  as  Switzerland,  a  third  greater  than  Scotland,  and  more  than  a  tliird  the  size  of 
Prussia. 

Prior  to  the  year  1840,  Canada  was  divided  into  two  distinct  provinoos,  known  as  Upper  and 
Lower  Canada,  possessing  separate  legislative  bodies,  or  parliaments,  for  the  local  government 
of  each.  In  1840  these  provinces  were  united,  although,  for  some  purposes,  the  old  territorial 
divisions  still  exist.  Upper  Canada  is  that  part  of  the  now  united  provinces  which  lies  to  the 
weat  of  the  River  Ottawa ;  Lower  Canada  embraces  the  country  to  the  east  of  that  river. 

Tliis  extensive  province  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  British  possessions,  at  present  In  the 
occapation,  or  guardianship,  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company ;  on  the  south  and  oust,  by  the  states 
of  the  American  Union,  and  the  British  province  of  New  Brunswick.  The  western  boundary  of 
Canada,  west  of  Lake  Winnipeg,  is  yet  undefined.  The  River  St,  Lawrence,  and  Lukes  Ontario, 
Erie,  St.  Clair,  Huron,  and  Superior,  with  their  connecting  rivers,  form  the  division  between 
Canada  and  the  United  States. 

FoRH  OF  QovERNHBNT. — Canada  is  a  colony  of  Great  Britain,  but  is  as  {too  and  unfettered  on 
an  independent  nation.  The  mother  country  has  entrusted  to  the  Canadians  the  munagoment  of 
their  own  affairs.  The  Governor  of  Canada,  who  is  also  Governor-general  of  British  North  Amer- 
ica, is  appointed  by  the  British  Crown,  and  is  its  representative  in  the  colony.  He  nominates  an 
executive  council,  who  are  his  advisers  on  all  matters.  There  are  two  legislative  bodies,  called 
the  House  of  Assembly  and  the  Legislative  Council,  the  membL/a  of  which  are  elootcd  by  the 
people.    The  Legislative  Council  was  formerly  filled  by  the  nominees  of  the  crown. 

The  system  of  government  is  that  of  legislative  majorities  and  responsibility  to  electors,  in 
imitation  of,  and  as  similar  as  possible,  to  that  which  exists  in  Great  Britain,  All  pnblio  oflloes 
and  seats  in  the  legislature  are  open  to  any  candidate  possessing  the  confldonco  of  the  people, 
and  liolding  a  certain  limited  amount  of  property,  and  being,  at  the  time,  a  British  subject,  The 
elective  franchise  is  nearly  universal.  Every  man  paying  an  snnual  household  rental  of  00  dol< 
lars,  (£6  stg.)  in  the  cities  and  towns,  and  20  dollars,  (£4  stg.)  in  the  rural  districts,  Is  entitled 
to  vote. 

Naturalization  of  Aliens. — Under  the  provisions  of  the  12  Vict,  cap,  107,  sect  4,  as  amended 
by  the  18  Vict,  cap,  6,  foreigners  can  become  naturalized  after  a  residence  o{  Jlv*  j/eivn  in  Can- 
ada, by  taking  an  oath  as  to  such  residence,  and  the  oath  of  allegiance,  before  any  Justice  of 
the  Peace  of  the  place  of  bis  residence,  and  afterwards  obtaining  a  certificate  of  rcMldunoo  fVom 
such  v^ustice  of  the  Peace,  and  causing  it  to  be  presented  and  recorded  in  any  one  of  the  courts 
mentioned  in  the  sixth  section  of  the  12  Vict.  cap.  197,  upon  which  a  certificate  of  naturalization 
will  be  granted  by  such  court. 

Before  they  are  naturalized,  we  are  informed  that  foreigners  can  hold  and  transmit  real  otftate 
the  same  as  natural-born  subjects;  that  they  have  a  vote  at  municipal  elections,  although  not  at 
elections  for  members  of  the  provincial  legislature. 

The  British  government  maintains  a  small  force  in  Canada  and  the  neighboring  provinces,  for 
protection  against  foreign  invasion,  and  for  the  maintenance  and  preservation  of  the  furtllloa- 
tions  of  Quebec,  Kingston,  and  other  places,  in  the  event  of  a  foreign  war. 

Character  of  the  Population, — Canada  was  once  a  French  colony,  and,  until  it  was  ceded 
to  the  British,  possessed,  exclusively,  a  French  population.  In  that  part  of  the  province  which 
lies  to  the  east  of  the  Ottawa  River,  and  which  is  called  Lower  Canada,  the  people  ore  olilolly  of 
French  extraction.  West  of  the  Ottawa,  or  Upper  Canodo,  is  essentially  British,  The  popula- 
tion of  the  province  now  exceeds  2,500,000,  In  some  parts  of  Upper  Canada  there  are  large 
colonies  of  Germans  and  Dutch,  and  it  is  probable  that  not  less  than  80,000  Germans  and  Dutch 
are  settled  in  different  parts  of  the  upper  or  western  half  of  the  province. 


82 


POPULATION — LAWS  AND  MUNICIPAL   INSTITUTIONS. 


POPULATION  OF  CANADA  FOR  1856-1857. 


Names  of  Counties. 


Brant 

Elgin 

Prescott 

Russell  

Lambton 

Stormont  

Dundas 

Qlengary  

Carleton 

Leeds  

Orenville 

Norfolk 

Lanark  

Renfrew   

Frontenac  

Lennox 

Addington   

Hastings 

Prince  Gdward.. 

Haldlmand 

Northumberland..  I 

Durham    ) 

Peterborough 
Victoria  


::[ 


Total  estimated  Pop- 
ulation up  to  Jan.  1. 

1866.  18S7. 


26,872 

80,416 

1 14,028 

I    6,184 

■  17,796 

[18,044 

17,844 

22,886 

80,S40 

[89,064 

I  26,4.'56 

27,834 

128,824 

I  18,684 

21,684 

9,148 

I  18,688 

'  41,616 

22,6S6 

21,660 

I  86,124 

[88,466 

I  20,276 

I  16,762 


29.65T 
88,461 
16,422 
6,802 
19,669 
19,844 
19,624 
26,119 
88,694 
42,970 
29,101 
80,672 
81,706 
14,814 
28,852 
10,062 
20,666 
46,777 
24,921 
28,826 
89,736 
42,801 
22,008 
18,427 


Names  of  Counties 
and  Cities. 


Brought  forward... 

Ontario 

York   

Peel 

Slmcoe 

Wentwoith 

Halton 

Grey   

Wellington 

Huron 

Bruce  

Perth  

Waterloo 

Lincoln 

Wellaud  

Oxford 

Middlesex 

Kent 

Essex  

City  of  Toronto 

City  of  Hamilton  . . 
City  cf  Kingston... 

City  of  Ottawa 

City  of  London  . . . . 


Carried  up 56,632         62,006 

Total  estimated  population  of  Lower  Canada,  adding  one-scTen- 
teenth  for  one  year's  increase 


Total  population  of  Canada  in  1866  and  in  1857 |  2,880,881 


Total  estimated  Pop- 
ulation up  to  Jan.  1. 


1866. 


56,682 

86,520 

61,572 

27,568 

86,712 

81,644 

21,592 

[16,680 

[84,584 

[  82,684 

I    8,000 

26,562 

84,824 

188,700 

I  21,060 

40,908 

40,161 

28,800 

26,040 

46,500 

20,400 

16,160 

11,060 

18,600 


1,228,128 
1,162,703 


1867. 

62,006 
40,172 
67,720 
80,824 
89,288 
84,698 
28,761 
18,288 
88,088 
86,942 
9,240 
29,207 
87,766 
97,070 
28,166 
44,993 
44,167 
26,180 
28,644 
61,000 
22,440 
17,789 
12,155 
14,960 


1,860,928 
1,220,514 


2,571,487 


Laws  and  Municipal  Institutions. — The  laws  of  England  were  introduced  into  Upper  Ci  d- 
ada  in  1791,  and  prevail,  subject  to  the  various  alterations  made,  from  time  to  time,  by  the  local 
parliament.  The  laws  of  Franco,  as  they  existed  at  the  conquest  of  Canada,  by  Britain,  prevail 
in  Lower  Canada,  subject  also  to  the  alterations  effected  by  the  local  parliament.  The  criminal 
and  commercial  laws  of  England  prevail  there,  as  in  Upper  Canada.  The  parliament  of  Canada 
have,  and  exercise,  entire  control  over  the  province ;  the  imperial  government  never  interfere 
now,  unless  (which  scarcely  ever  occurs)  some  great  national  interest  is  involved. 

The  municipal  system  of  Upper  Canada  is  admirably  adapted  to  the  exigencies  of  a  young  and 
vigorous  country  ;  its  success  has  been  complete.  In  order  to  comprehend  it,  it  is  necessary  to 
state,  that  Upper  Canada  is  divided  into  counties,  forty -two  in  number ;  each  county  is  divided 
into  townships;  so  that,  on  an  overage,  each  township  is  about  ten  miles  square.  The  inhabit- 
ants of  a  township  elect  five  "  councillors,"  the  councillors  elect,  out  of  this  number,  a  presiding 
officer,  who  is  designated  the  "  town  reeve ;"  the  town  reeves  of  the  different  townships,  form 
the  "  county  council,"  this  Council  elect  their  presiding  officer,  who  is  styled  the  "  Warden."  Tlie 
town  council  and  county  council  are  municipal  corporations,  possessing  the  power  to  raise 
money  for  municipal  purposes,  such  as  making  public  improvements,  opening  and  repairing 
roads  and  bridges.  Repayment  is  secured  by  a  tax  on  all  the  property  in  the  township  or  county 
where  the  debt  is  incurred;  but  no  by-law  for  raising  money  can  be  enforced,  unless  it  has  been 
previously  submitted  to  the  electors  or  people.  Each  corporation  possesses  the  power  of  suing, 
and  is  liable  to  be  sued,  ond  their  by-laws,  if  illegal,  are  subject  to  be  annulled  by  the  Superior 
Courts  of  the  province,  at  the  instance  of  any  elector. 

Each  township  council  has  the  power  to  provide  for  the  support  of  common  schools  under 
the  provisions  of  the  school  law ;  to  construct  roads,  bridges,  water-courses,  etc.,  to  appoint 
path-masters  or  road-inspectors,  etc.  The  county  councils  are  charged  with  the  construction  and 
repairs  of  goals,  and  court-houses,  roads  and  bridges,  houses  of  correction,  and  grammar  schools, 
under  the  provisions  of  the  schooi-law  ;  to  grant  money,  by  loan,  to  public  works,  tending  to  the 
improvement  of  the  country,  ond  to  levy  taxes  for  the  redemption  of  the  debts  incurred,  subject 
to  the  proviso  before  mentioned,  namely,  the  vote  of  the  people.  Villages  not  having  a  popula- 
tion over  1000,  ore  govcrued  by  a  board  of  police,  and  ore  styled  police  villages;  possessing  over 
1000  inhabitants,  they  become  incorporated  villages,  ond  are  governed  by  a  council  of  five,  whose 
reeve  is  a  member  of  the  county  council,  ex  officio;  os  soon  b.6  a  village  acquires  o  population 
exceeding  three  thousand,  it  becomes  a  town  governed  by  a  mayor  ond  council,  and  is  represented 
in  the  county  council  by  a  town  reeve,  ond  deputy  town  reeve.    When  the  number  of  inhabit- 


CANADA — INCOME  AND   EXPENDITURE — EDUCATION. 


38 


ants  exceeds  10,000,  it  may  be  created  a  city,  and  is  governed  by  a  mayor,  alderman,  and  coud- 
cilmeu.    All  town  reeres,  wardens,  mayors,  and  aldermen,  are,  ex  officio,  justices  of  the  peace. 

REVENUE    AND    EXPENDITURE    FOR    1856. 


Revenue,  1856.     . 

£ 

Customs 1,028,906 

Excise    20,532    8 

Revenue  from  Public  Works.     M,T65    7 

Territorial Z^MO    6 

Bank  ImposU    22,142  14 

Casual  Revenue 89,604  12 


«.  d. 
2 
8 

e 

9 

2 
7 


-Total  Currency £1,288,666  18    4 


Expenditure,  1856. 

£       ».  d' 

Interest  on  Public  Debt 225,228  Ifi    7 

Civil  Government 56,080  10    8 

Administration  of  Justice.. .  114,254    8    6 

Provincial  Penitentiary 13,939  11    2 

LegUlature 117,444  17    4 

Education 97,514    1    6 

Agricultural  Societies 17,955  18    8 

Hospitals  and  other  Charities  88,756  18  10 

PuhUc  Works 92,787  16    6 

Militia 86,107  14  11 

Maintenance  of  Lighthouses  27,994    4    1 

Emigration 6,888  18    7 

Pensions 9,820    8    0 

Indian  annuities 8,755    0    0 

Sinking  Fund,  &c 6t),84S  14    S 

Miscellaneous 126,897    0  11 

Total  Currency £1,060,714  18    9 


Educational  Institutions. — Upper  and  Lower  Canada  enjoy  separate  school  laws,  adapted  to 
the  religious  elements  prevailing  in  either.  Each  township  in  Upper  Canada  is  divided  into  sev- 
orcU  school  sections,  according  to  the  requirements  of  the  inhabitants.  The  common  schools  are 
supported  partly  by  government,  and  partly  by  local,  self-imposed  taxation,  and  occasionally,  by 
the  payment  of  a  small  monthly  fee  from  each  scholar.  The  total  amount  expended  on  educa- 
tional purposes  in  Canada,  during  1856,  was  £97,514  1«.  6i.,  currency.  In  long-settled  rural  dis- 
tricts, each  school  section  is  now  distinguished  by  a  handsome  brick  school-house,  furnished  with 
nitips,  authorized  school  books,  and  elementary  philosophical  apparatus.  The  salaries  of  teachers 
vary  from  £130  stg.  to  £40  stg.  in  country  parts,  and  from  £280  stg.  to  £75  stg.  in  cities  and 
towns.  All  common-school  teachers  must  pass  an  examination  before  a  county  board  of  educa- 
tion, or  receive  a  license  from  the  provincial  normal  school,  empowering  them  to  teach,  before 
they  can  claim  the  government  allowance. 

The  provincial  normal  school  is  a  highly  effective  and  useful  institution,  for  the  training  of 
teachers,  and  annually  sends  forth  from  1J)0  to  150  young  men  and  women,  who,  having  been 
uniformly  instructed  in  the  art  of  conducting  a  school  and  communicating  knowledge,  are  grad- 
ually establishing,  in  Upper  Canada,  a  system  of  common-school  education  of  great  promise. 

The  free  school  system  is  gaining  ground  in  many  parts  of  Canada  ;  the  principle  it  involves 
implies  the  support  of  common  schools,  open  to  all,  by  a  general  tax,  and  the  non-exaction  of 
fees.  Any  school  section  may  adopt  it  by  the  vote  of  the  majority  of  its  inhabitants.  Separate 
schools  for  Roman  Catholics  are  sanctioned  under  certain  regulations. 

Tlie  grammar  schools  are  65  in  number,  with  3720  pupils.  They  are  intended  to  form  a  con- 
necting link  between  the  common  schools  and  the  universities.  Teachers  must  be  graduates  of 
some  university;  they  receive  an  allowance  from  government  in  addition  to  fees.  The  ac^a.nt 
raised  for  grammar-school  purposes,  in  1855,  was  £12,000  sterling. 

Besides  a  richly-endowed  provincial  university,  supplied  with  a  complete  staff  of  highly  com- 
petent professors  and  lecturers,  there  are  several  other  universities  and  colleges  in  Upper  Can 
ada,  in  connection  with  d-^'—pnt  religious  denominations.  The  standard  of  education  adopted 
in  some  of  the  Canadian  universities,  assimilates,  as  closely  as  possible,  to  that  established  in 
the  time-honoured  institutions  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  and  the  ranks  of  the  professorial 
staffs  arc  generally  supplied  from  tiie  same  unfailing  sources.  All  the  expenses  of  a  full  uni- 
versity course  in  Toronto  need  not  exceed  £00  sterling  per  annum,  board  and  tuition  included. 
To  the  Provincial  University,  and  to  the  University  of  Trinity  College  in  connection  with  the 
Clnirch  of  England,  scholarships  are  attiiched,  which  vary  in  value,  from  £18  stg.  to  £40  stg. 
per  annum.  These  are  awarded  (at  annual  examinations)  to  successful  candidates  competing 
fur  them. 

In  Lower  Canada  a  system  of  education  in  some  respects  similar  to  that  which  has  just  been 
described  exists,  and  is  rapidly  obtaining  favour  among  the  people.  The  superior  schools  there, 
however,  are  of  a  very  high  order,  and  many  of  the  seminaries  attached  to  religious  houses  are 
well  endowed,  and  omply  provided  with  eflicient  professors  and  teachers. 


I     n't »    ■ 


i4 


'Jj 


Si 


RELIGION — ^AGRICULTURE — CLIMATE. 


Rblioion. — Among  Canadians  there  is  perfect  toleration  in  religious  matters.  While,  how- 
ever, all  religions  are  respected  by  law  and  by  the  people,  there  are  strict  distinctions  jealously 
preserved  between  churches  of  different  denominations. 

The  prevailing  religious  denominations  may  bo  thus  classified,  according  to  the  census  of 
1851,  from  which  an  idea  nmy  be  formed  of  the  present  strength  of  each  leading  religious  body: 
—Church  of  England,  268,S92  ;  Church  of  Scotland,  75,587;  Church  of  Rome,  914,571 ;  Free  Pies 
byterians,  93,885  ;  other  Presbyterions,  82,783  ;  Wesleyan  Methodists,  114,839 ;  Episcopal  Metho- 
dists, 49,443 ;  all  other  Methodists,  52,449 ;  Baptists,  49,846 ;  Lutherans,  12,107,  etc.,  etc.  In  Upper 
Canada  the  Roman  Catholics  form  about  one-sixth  of  the  whole  population,  and  in  Lower  Can- 
ada about  five-sixths. 

AoRicuLTURAL  CAPABILITIES  OP  THE  SoiL. — In  the  vallcys  of  some  of  the  larger  rivers  of 
Upper  Canada  wheat  has  been  grown  after  wheat  for  thirty  years;  the  first  crops  yielded  an 
average  of  40  bushels  to  the  acre,  but,  under  the  thoughtless  system  of  husbandry  then  pursued, 
the  yield  diminished  to  12  bushels  to  the  acre,  and  compelled  a  change  of  crop,  which  soon  liiul 
the  effect  of  restoring  the  land  to  its  original  fertility.  But  this  system  of  husbandry  has  ef- 
fected its  own  cure,  and  led  to  the  introduction  of  a  more  rational  method  of  cultivating  the  soil. 
Years  ago,  w'hen  roads  were  bad,  and  facilities  for  communicating  with  markets  few  and  far  be- 
tween, wheat  was  the  only  saleable  produce  of  the  farm,  so  that  no  effort  was  spared  to  cultivate 
that  cereal  to  the  utmost  extent.  Now,  since  railroads,  macadamized  roads,  and  plank  roads 
have  opened  up  the  country,  and  agricultural  societies  have  succeeded  in  disseminating  much 
useful  instruction  and  information,  husbandry  has  improved  in  all  directions,  and  the  natural 
fertility  of  the  soil  of  the  old  settlements  is,  in  great  part,  restored. 

The  average  yield  of  wheat  in  some  townships  exceeds  22  bushels  to  the  acre,  and  where  the 
least  approach  to  good  farming  prevails  the  yield  rises  to  thirty,  and  often  forty  bushels  to  the 
acre.  On  new  land  fifty  bushels  is  not  at  all  uncommon ;  and  it  must  not  be  forgotten,  that 
Canadian  wheat,  grown  near  the  city  of  Toronto,  won  a  first  prize  at  the  Paris  exhibition.  It 
may  truly  be  said,  that  the  soil  of  what  may  be  termed  the  agricultural  portioi.  of  Canada,  ^v'.iich 
comprises  four- fifths  of  the  inhabited  portion,  nnd  a  vast  orea  still  in  the  hands  of  the  govern- 
ment and  now  open  to  settlement,  is  unexceptionable;  and  when  deterioation  takes  place,  it  is 
the  fault  of  the  farmer,  and  not  of  the  soil.  In  Upper  Canada  the  yield  of  wheat  one  year  con- 
siderably exceeded  20,000,000  bushels ;  and  the  quality  of  Canadian  wheat  is  so  superior,  tliat 
the  American  millers  buy  it  for  the  purpose  ot  mixing  with  grain  grown  in  the  United  States, 
in  order  to  improve  the  quality  of  their  ttour. 

The  most  erroneous  opinions  have  prevailed  abroad  respecting  the  climate  of  Canada,  The 
BO-called  rigour  of  Canadian  winters  is  often  advanced  os  a  serious  objection  to  the  country,  hy 
many  who  have  not  the  courage  to  encounter  them, — who  prefer  sleet  and  fog,  to  brilliant  skies 
and  bracing  cold,  and  who  have  yet  to  learn  the  value  and  extent  of  the  blessings  conferred  upon 
Canada  by  her  world-renowned  "  snows." 

It  will  scarcely  be  believed  by  many  who  shudder  at  the  idea  of  the  thermometer  falling  to 
zero,  that  the  gradual  annual  diminution  in  the  fall  of  snow,  in  certain  localities,  is  a  subject  of 
lamentation  to  the  farmer  in  Western  Canada.  Their  desire  is  for  the  old-fashioned  winters,  with 
sleighing  for  four  months,  and  spring  bursting  upon  them  with  marvellous  beauty  at  the  beghi- 
ning  of  April.  A  bountiful  fall  of  snow,  with  hard  frost,  is  equivalent  to  the  construction  of 
the  best  macadamized  roads  all  over  the  country.  The  absence  of  a  sufticient  quantity  of  snow 
in  winter  for  sleighing,  is  a  calamity  as  much  to  be  feared  and  deplored,  os  the  want  of  rain  in 
spring.    Hoppily,  neither  of  these  deprivations  is  of  frequent  occurrence. 

The  climate  of  Canada  is  in  some  measure  exceptional,  especially  that  of  the  peninsular  por- 
tion. The  inlluenue  of  tho  great  lakes  is  very  strikingly  felt,  in  the  elevation  of  winter  temper- 
atures, and  in  the  reduction  of  summer  heats.  East  and  west  of  Canada,  beyond  the  inllueiice 
of  the  lakes,  the  greatest  extremes  prevail, — intense  cold  in  winter,  intense  heat  in  summer,  ami 
to  these  features  may  be  added  their  usual  attendant,  drought. 

Perhaps  the  popular  standard  of  the  adaptation  of  climate  to  the  purposes  of  agriculture,  is 
more  suitable  for  the  present  occasion,  than  a  reference  to  monthly  and  annual  means  of  tem- 
perature. Much  information  is  conveyed  in  the  simple  narration  of  fad's  bearing  upon  fruit  cul- 
ture. From  the  head  of  Lake  Onti»rio,  round  by  the  Niagara  fronti-er,  and  all  along  tlie  Canadian 
shores  of  Lake  Erie,  the  grape  and  poach  grow  with  luxuriance,  and  ripen  to  perfection  in  the 
open  air,  without  the  slightest  artificial  aid.  The  island  of  Montreal  is  distinguished  even- 
where  for  the  fine  quality  ot  its  apples,  and  the  island  of  Orleans,  below  Quebec,  is  equally  cele- 
brated for  its  plums.  Over  the  whole  of  Canada,  the  melon  and  tomato  acquire  large  dimensions, 
and  ripen  fully  in  the  open  air,  the  seeds  being  planted  in  the  soil  towards  the  latter  end  of 


GF»-iSRAL  INFORMATION  FOR  SETTLERS. 


85 


April,  and  the  fruit  gathered  in  September.  Pumpkins  and  squashes  attain  gigantic  dimensions; 
they  have  exceeded  250  pounds  in  weight  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Toronto.  Indian  corn,  hops, 
and  tobacco  are  common  crops,  and  yield  large  returns.  Hemp  and  flax  are  indigenous  plants, 
and  can  be  cultivated  to  any  extent  in  many  parts  of  the  province. 

The  most  striking  illustration  of  the  influence  of  the  great  lakes  in  ameliorating  the  climate 
of  Canada,  especially  of  the  western  peninsula,  is  to  be  found  in  the  natural  limits  to  which  certain 
trees  are  restricted  by  climate.  That  valuable  wood,  the  black  walnut,  for  which  Canada  is  so 
celebrated,  ceases  to  grow  north  of  latitude  41°  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  but,  under  the  influence  of 
the  comparatively  mild  lake-climate  of  peninsula  Canada,  it  is  found  in  the  greatest  profusion, 
and  of  the  largest  dimensions,  as  far  north  as  latitude  43*. 

The  following  information  is  from  the  pen  of  Mr.  E.  Widdcr,  Commissioner  of  the  Canada 
Company,  and  will  be  found  to  contain  some  information  of  interest  and  utility  to 


SETTLERS  AND  SHALL   FARMERS. 

Prick  of  Clearing  Wild  Lands,  and  how  Clearbd.— The  clearing  of  wild  land  is  always  to 
be  understood  as  clearing,  fencing,  and  leaving  it  ready  for  a  crop,  in  ten-acre  fields,  the  stumps 
and  roots  of  the  trees  alone  being  left  to  encumber  the  operations  of  the  farmer.  The  price  va- 
ries greatly,  according  to  circumstances,  but  may  be  quoted  at  present,  as  £5  cy.,  per  acre.  The 
payment  is  always  understood  to  be  made  in  cash,  except  a  special  written  bargain  to  the  con- 
trary 18  entered  into.  Timber  is  now  becoming  scarce  and  valuable  in  some  locations,  and 
near  the  railway,  the  value  of  the  timber  is  equal  to  the  cost  of  clearing  the  land. 

Rotation  of  Crops,  etc. — As  wheat  (the  boast  of  Canada)  succeeds  best  on  a  new  fallow, 
(newly  cleared  and  burnt  laud  being  so  called,)  it  is  always  the  first  grain  crop.  Farmers  with 
capital,  seed  the  fallow  down  with  grasses,  and  wait  five  or  six  years ;  but  the  farmer  with  lim- 
ited means,  puts  the  land  into  crop  the  next  year,  either  with  potatoes  or  spring  grain  ;  then 
follows  wheat  again,  every  alternate  year,  until  he  has  power  to  clear  enough  new  land  for  his 
wheat  crop  each  year, — when  the  old  land  is  laid  down  in  meadow,  and  otherwise  cropped,  with- 
out much  attention  to  the  usual  general  rules  of  good  farming,  until  the  stumps  rot  sufficiently 
to  admit  of  the  free  use  of  the  plough.  The  best  English  and  Scotch  farmers  then  adopt  the 
customary  three  or  four  field  system,  or  otherwise  wheat,  and  winter  and  summer  fallow,  each 
alternate  yeor.  The  first  crops  are  always  put  in  with  the  harrow  alone.  It  is,  however,  almost 
impossible  to  speak  positively  in  regard  to  this  question,  as  it  seems  to  be  quite  a  matter  of  con- 
venience, or  perhaps,  caprice,  as  to  the  manner  in  which  the  cultivation  shall  proceed.  We  have 
farmers  from  all  parts  of  Great  Britain,  Ireland,  Europe,  and  the  United  States,  and  each  person 
assimilates  bis  practice,  as  much  as  possible,  to  the  customs  to  which  he  has  been  used — or  thinks 
best  for  the  country. 

Produce  of  Crops. — The  produce,  per  acre,  of  all  crops  varies  much  from  year  to  year  in 
Canada,  owing  to  the  late  and  early  frosts.  It  is,  however,  generally  considered,  that  the  follow- 
ing is  a  fair  average  of  ten  years,  on  all  tolerably  cultivated  farms : — Wheat,  25  bushels ;  barley, 
80  bushels ;  outs,  40  bushels ;  rye,  30  bushels ;  potatoes,  250  bushels  per  acre.  Swedish  turnips, 
mangel  wurtzcl,  and  other  roots  of  a  similar  kind,  are  not  generally  sufficiently  cultivated  to  en- 
able art  average  yield  to  be  given ;  but  it  may  very  safely  be  said,  that,  with  similar  care,  culture 
and  attention,  the  produce  will  not  be  less  per  acre  than  in  England.  Flax  and  hemp  are  now 
coming  rapidly  into  notice,  as  an  additional  resource  to  the  agriculturist, — the  quality  of  both 
articles  is  excellent,  and  the  quantity  obtained  affords  a  profitable  return — the  climate  and  soil 
being  well  adapted  for  their  growth.  Tobacco  has  also  been  raised  in  considerable  quantities, 
particularly  in  the  western  extremities  of  the  province. 

Land  Carriage.— That  is,  the  hire  of  a  team  of  two  horses,  wagon  and  driver,  which  will 
take  18  cwt.  of  load,  may  generally  be  reckoned  at  8d.  per  mile,  to  the  journey's  end — supposing 
the  team  to  come  back  empty ;  cheaper  land  travelling  than  this,  can,  however,  often  be  obtained 
by  making  a  bargain. 

LoQ  House,  or  Shanty. — A  comfortable  log  house,  16  feet  by  24,  with  two  floors,  with  shin- 
gled roof,  £18 ;  log  barn,  24  feet  by  40,  £15 ;  frame  house,  same  dimensions,  £80  ;  do.  barn, 
£100,  suitable  sheds,  etc.,  £40.  Tables,  10».  to  17«.  6d;  stump  bedsteads,  10»  to  20«.  each; 
chairs,  per  dozen,  £1  5».  Boilers,  saucepans,  kettles,  knives  and  forks,  etc.,  etc.,  about  50  per 
cent  over  the  usual  sterling  retail  prices  in  England.  It  must  be  borne  in  mind,  that  the  settler 
very  seldom  spends  money  in  erecting  his  buildings,  they  being  generally  built  by  himself,  with 
the  assistance  of  his  neighbours,  and  added  to,  as  his  wants  and  increasing  prosperity  may  from 
time  to  time  require.    The  cost  of  household  furniture,  or  rather  the  quantity  required,  varies 


86  WORK   DURING  WINTER — PRODUCE— WAGES — FOXES,   ETC. 

with  the  ideas  of  almost  every  tamily.  In  most  cases,  the  household  furniture  of  a  new  settler 
will  not  be  found  to  exceed  in  value  £15 ;  sometimes,  not  half  that  sum  ;  and  is  often  manuluu- 
tured  by  the  settler  himself. 

Frost— WHEN  it  Comes  and  Goes.— The  time  of  the  setting  in  of  the  frost,  and  of  its  deporl- 
ufe,  varies  in  Canada  extremely  in  different  years.  But  no  prudent  man  ought  to  calculate  on 
being  able  to  do  any  thing  in  the  open  field  after  the  middle  of  November,  or  much  before  the 
first  day  of  April.  Fodder  must  be  provided  for  cottle  sufficient  to  last  till  the  middle  of  Miiy, 
08  although  a  surplus  may  be  led,  owing  to  the  early  setting  in  of  spring,  yet  cases  have  been 
known  of  great  distress  prevailing  from  want  of  proper  attention  on  this  head. 

Farmers'  Avocations  during  Winter. — The  new  settler's  avocations  during  the  winter  months 
arc  generally  confined  to  taking  care  of  his  cattle  and  chopping, — that  is,  felling  and  cutting  up 
the  trees  ready  for  burning  in  the  spring.  The  underbr\ish  must  be  cleared  off  before  the  huow 
fulls.  The  fiimily,  when  industrious,  find  their  time  fully  employed  in  spinning,  and  otiicr 
female  occupations ;  and,  when  it  is  considered,  that  in  the  newest  settlements  almost  every  ar- 
ticle of  convenience  or  luxury  must  be  made  at  home,  or  dispensed  with,  by  poor  settlers,  it  may 
easily  be  imagined  tliut  the  duties  of  a  farmer's  wife  and  grown-up  daughters  arc  numerous  and 
unceasing — for  in  proportion  to  their  industry  and  abilities  will  bo  their  domestic  comfort  and 
happiness.  In  the  summer,  from  the  scarcity  of  labour,  all  assist  in  the  fields— the  child  of  even 
five  years  old  being  usefully  and  healthily  employed  in  some  occupation  befitting  his  ago  and 
strength.  Amongst  too  man}'  Canadian  farmers,  however,  the  winter  is  a  season  of  idleness  and 
enjoyment — a  great  portion  of  it  being  spent  in  amusement  and  visiting,  to  the  manifest  neglect 
of  their  farms  and  impoverishment  of  themselves  and  families. 

The  Descriptions  or  Fruit  and  Garden  Produce  in  Canada  West. — All  the  fruits  generally 
found  in  England  thrive  remarkably  well  in  Canada  ;  but  the  plum,  apple,  strawberry,  rasp- 
berry, and  melon,  attain  a  luxuriance  of  growth  and  perfection  unknown  in  England,  The 
melon,  planted  in  the  open  ground,  in  most  years  produces  excellent  crops.  In  many;]),acc3 
vines  prosper  well.  Peaches  are  indigenous  south  of  the  parallel  of  iH',  or,  if  not  absolutely 
indigenous,  grow  rapidly  from  the  stone,  and  bear  fruit  within  u  few  years ;  although  good  and 
rich  flavoured,  grapes  and  peaches  are  seldom  met  with,  owing  to  their  culture  being  neglected. 
The  same  observations  apply  to  all  garden  produce,  which  will  attain  a  degree  of  luxuriance  un- 
known, perhaps,  in  Britii'n,  with  fur  less  care  and  culture. 

Wages  of  Male  and  Fkmalb  Servants,  and  Prices  of  Job  Work,  such  as  Carpenters  and 
OTHER  Tradesmen. — These  have  varied  considerably,  but  the  average  wages  are  as  follows:— 
Form  servants  per  month,  with  board,  £4  ;  ditto,  without  board,  £5.  Female  servants,  £1  and 
£1  5«.  per  month.  Day  labourers,  is.  to  5«. — in  harvest,  10».  without  board.  The  wages  of  car- 
penters and  other  tradesmen  vory  considerably  according  to  the  ability  of  the  workmen ;  they 
all  range,  however,  between  G».  Sd.  and  12".  Qd.  per  day — taking  these  as  the  lowest  and  hijjliest 
prices.  These  are  the  rates  of  wages  to  servants  and  workmen  who  are  experienced  in  the  work 
of  the  country.    Newly-arrived  emigrants  do  not  get  so  much.* 

Taxes  payable  by  the  Settlers,  and  Offices  they  are  liable  to  be  called  on  to  srrve.— 
Great  alterations  have  lately  been  made  in  the  laws  relating  to  assessments — the  power  being 
now  vested  in  the  municipal  councils,  elected  by  the  people,  to  impose  what  rates  they  please. 
Each  county,  township,  town,  or  incorporated  village,  elects  its  own  council,  and  may,  therefore, 
be  said  to  tax  itself.  All  the  taxes  raised  by  the  council  ore  expended  within  the  several  local- 
ities. There  is  a  small  tax  for  the  provincial  lunatic  asylum,  and  some  other  public  buiidinss, 
imposed  by  the  legislature.  It  is,  perhaps,  useless  to  go  into  particulars,  as  almost  every  mu- 
nicipality varies  in  the  amount  of  taxes  imposed.  The  ollices  which  settlers  are  liable  to  be 
called  on  to  serve  are  numerous,  but  are  much  sought  after,  as  they  are  considered  to  confer 
distinction,  and  frequently  emolument  on  the  holders,  who  may  be  said  to  be  members  of  a  local 
government,  in  which  is  vested  the  levying  of  taxes,  and  administering  the  moneys  collected  froiii 
the  settlers,  for  all  purposes  connected  with  their  welfare,  viz.,  the  roads,  bridges,  schools,  and 
improvements,  and  its  other  municipal  affairs,  in  none  of  which  does  the  provincial  government 
now  interfere. 

TnB  probable  Expense  of  supporting  a  Family  of  five  or  six  grown  Per.sons,  until  thet 
COULD  GET  SUFFICIENT  FROM  THE  Land  TO  SUPPORT  TiiEMSKLVES. — Information  from  several  per- 
sons has  been  received  on  this  head  ;  the  amount  must  necessarily  vary  according  to  tlie  wants 
and  usages  of  the  family.    Many  persons  will  do  with  one-half  of  what  others  require;  and  it  is 


*    NoTg.— The  wages,  at  present,  fSeptember,  1SJS8,)  are  only  about  one  half  of  the  above  rates,  on  account 
of  the  general  depression  In  commerce,  and  the  low  prlcea  obtained  by  farmers  for  grain. — Ed. 


CANADA — THE  GOVERNMENT  FREE  LANDS. 


87 


impossible,  therefore,  to  gi^e  any  decided  information  on  this  point ; — the  prices  of  produce  and 
provisions  given,  will  enable  each  individual  to  judge  for  himself.  Support  for  a  family  israrelj 
required  for  more  than  twelve  months,  in  which  time,  an  industrious  family  should  be  able  to 
raise  a  crop  for  themselves. 

Arb  Wild  Bbasts  TrooULKSOiiB  to  New  Sbttlbhs  ?— No.  Some  severe  seasons,  wolves  in 
remote  settlements,  may  annoy  the  farmer,  but  to  a  small  extent.  Sheep  are,  however,  in  the 
more  settled  districts,  generally  protected  by  a  fold ;  and  the  farmer  may,  now  and  then,  lose  a 
stray  hog  by  the  bears — but  many  men  have  been  settled  for  ten  years  in  the  province,  without 
seeing  either  wolf  or  bear.  All  wild  animals  are  getting  scarcer  every  year,  as  the  country  be- 
comes settled. 

The  common  Game  or  the  Country. — The  game  in  some  parts  is  plentiful,  and  consists  of 
deer,  wood  grouse,  (called  partridges,)  quails,  rabbits,  (called  hares,)  and  a  great  variety  of  wild 
ducks  and  geese.  Wild  turkeys  are  numerous  in  the  western  section  of  Canada.  Fish  are  also 
most  abundant  in  all  the  lakes  and  rivers,  and  excellent  of  their  kind ;  but  an  observation  mtide 
by  an  old  farmer  and  weolthy  settler,  may  be  added  to  the  answer,  aa  it  is  a  very  true  one,  viz : 
—That  a  new  settler  can  earn  a  quarter  of  beef,  in  the  time  which  it  takes  him  to  hunt  for  a  quar- 
ter of  venison. 

GOVERNUENT  FREE  LANDS. 

The  following  information  is  compiled  from  a  circular  issued  by  the  Canadian  govern- 
ment, as  well  as  from  a  pamphlet  issued  by  Mr.  F.  P,  French,  the  government  land  agent, 
on  the  Opeongo  Road  : — 

The  Provincial  Government  have  recently  opened  out  THREE  GREAT  LINES  OP  ROAD,  now  In  course 
of  completion,  and  have  surveyed  and  laid  out  for  settlement  the  lands,  through,  and  In  the  vicinity  of  which 
those  roads  pass. 

The  roads,  as  advertised  by  the  agents  of  the  government— appointed  to  the  respective  localities  to  afford 
Information  to  the  settler— are  known  as  "  THE  OTTAWA  AND  OPEONGO  ROAD,  "  THE  ADDINGTON 
ROAD,"  and  "THE  HASTINGS  ROAD."  ,  . 

THE   OTTAWA  AND   OPEONGO   ROAD 
Commences  at  a  point  on  the  Ottawa  River,  known  as  "  Perrall's,"  a  little  above  the  mouth  of  the  Bonchere 
River,  and  runs  In  a  westerly  direction,  passing  through  the  northerly  part  of  the  County  of  Renfrew. 

This  road,  and  the  country  through  which  It  passes,  now  open  for  settlement,  Is  easily  accessible,  and  the 
agent  for  the  granting  of  lands  In  this  district,  la  Mr.  F.  P.  French,  who  resides  at  Mount  St.  Patrick,  near 
Renfrew,  on  the  Opeongo  Road,  a  few  miles  from  the  lands  which  are  to  be  granted.  To  reach  the  section 
of  the  country  under  Mr.  French's  charge,  the  settler  must  go  from  MONTREAL  up  to  the  Ottawa  River,  to 
A  place  called  Bonchere  Point,  and  thence  by  land  some  twenty-flve  or  thirty  miles  westward  to  the  township 
of  Grattan,  in  which  Mount  St.  Patrick  Is  situated. 

The  distance  from  Ferrall's  Landing  to  the  village  of  Renfrew  Is  but  7  miles,  and  a  stage  Is  on  this  road  In 
summer,  which  conveys  passengers  for  about  2«.  6rf.  each.  Thus,  from  Quebec  to  Renfrew,  a  distance  of  807 
miles,  may  be  travelled  at  a  cost  of  £1  in.  6d.  sterling.  At  Renfrew,  the  emigrant  la  within  16  miles  of  this 
agency,  (Mr.  French's,)  and  he  will  have  no  difficulty  In  procuring  a  mode  of  conveyance  to  take  him  there, 
and  hence  along  the  Opeongo  Road,  should  he  be  unable  or  unwilling  to  walk.  The  first  of  the  free  lots  Is  20 
miles  from  the  Ottawa  River,  and  as  the  entire  length  of  the  Opeongo  Road  Is  99  miles,  it  thus  leaves  79  miles 
upon  which  free  grants  are  being  given.  This  road  commences  at  Ferrall's  Landing,  on  the  Ottawa,  crosses 
the  Bonchere  at  Renfrew,  and  then  taking  a  north-westerly  course.  It  runs  midway  between  the  Bon- 
chere and  Madawaska  Rivers  on  to  Lake  Opeongo.  It  Is  Intended  to  connect  this  with  a  projected  line  of 
road  known  as  "  Bell's  Line,"  leading  to  the  Lake  Muskako,  and  Lake  Huron,  by  a  branch  which  will  diverge 
from  the  Opeongo  Road,  In  the  township  of  Brudenell,  at  a  distance  of  about  53  miles  from  the  River  Ottawa, 
forming,  with  "  Bell's  Line,"  a  great  leading  road,  or  base  line,  from  the  Ottawa  to  Lake  Muskako,  171  miles 
In  length,  passing  through  the  heart  of  the  Ottawa  and  Huron  territory,  and  opening  up  for  settlement  a  vast 
extent  of  rich  and  valuable  land. 

The  Bonchere  and  Madawaska  Rivers — between  which  this  road  runs — are  important  tributaries  to  the 
Ottawa,  and  contribute  a  large  quota  of  the  very  best  timber  that  annually  passes  down  that  river  to  the 
Quebec  market.  Over  40  miles  of  the  road  are  now  good  for  wagons,  and  as  the  remaining  portion  will  be 
repaired  next  spring,  settlers  can  easily  take  In  their  families  and  supplies  at  all  periods  of  the  year.  For 
some  years  past,  settlers  have  been  occasionally  locating  themselves  on  the  wild  lands  of  the  Crown,  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  this  road,  and  as  there  are  besides  over  120  of  the  free  lots  at  present  conceded,  those  who 
come  In  future  will  experience  no  dilBculty  in  obtaining  prompt  gratuitous  assistance  to  erect  their  shan- 
ties, and  temporary  accommodation  while  they  are  being  put  up.  Twelve  men  can  build  a  good  shanty  in  a 
day— the  timber  of  which  It  Is  constructed  being  always  to  be  had  on  the  spot.  The  best  possible  feeling 
prevails  among  the  settlers,  and  no  kindness  that  any  one  of  them  can  render  is  ever  denied  to  the  stranger, 
no  matter  from  what  country  he  halls,  or  at  what  altar  ho  kneels.  Settlers  are  permitted  to  select  their  own 
lots,  those  coming  first  having  first  choice.    The  lots  are  all  posted  and  numbered. 


'■I 


! 


88 


THE  ADDINGTON  AND  HASTINGS  ROAD  FREE  LANDS. 


Ai  jtt,  the  n«krMl  TlllkgM  to  the  road  are  Renfrew,  Douglai,  and  Eganville.  Renfrew  U  dlitant  18  mllei 
from  the  flnt  free  lot  on  the  ewt  end.  Some  18  mllet  further  up— that  la  26  mllei  weet  of  Renfrew— Douglat 
b  within  12  miles;  and  again,  14  mllet  farther  weat,  Eganville  U  ntxteen  mllei  from  the  road.  At  each  of 
theae  villagea  there  la  a  poat-ofllce,  and  alao  mllla  and  atorea,  where  all  neceaaary  auppllea  can  be  obtained. 
In  Renfrew,  there  la  a  Catholic  church,  a  kirk,  and  a  free  church,  (I'reabyterlan,)  In  each  of  which  there  la 
iervlce  once  a  fortnight.  In  Douglaa,  a  Methodtat  minlater  realdea,  and  hu  hoi  prayer*  there  and  at  Kgan- 
rllle  each  alternate  Sunday.  There  la  alao  a  Catholic  church  two  milea  from  Douglaa,  and  another  at  Kgan- 
TlUe ;  in  the  former  the  clergyman  oflSclatei  once  a  month,  and  at  the  latter  twice  a  mouth  during  the  nuro- 
mer,  and  once  a  month  during  the  winter.  At  Mount  St.  Patrick,  and  8  mllea  from  the  eaat  end  of  the  road, 
there  la  alao  a  poat-ofllce  and  a  Catliollo  church :  a  clergyman  atteada  once  a  month. 

The  free  lota  on  the  eaat  end  of  the  road,  for  12  mllea,  lie  within  the  recently  organized  townahlp  of  Qrat- 
tan,  which  la  already  pretty  well  aettled.  No  achoola  have  as  yet  been  cstabllihed  on  the  road,  but  there  U 
no  doubt  that,  ere  long,  churchoa  will  be  erected,  and  achool  sectlona  defined,  In  thU  province,  the  "  Volun- 
tary System"  obtains  In  regard  to  all  churches,  but  the  achoola  are  liberally  aided  by  the  govemment. 


THE  ^  '^OINGTON  ROAD, 

Commencing  In  the  township  of  Anglesea,  In  the  northern  part  of  the  county  of  Addlngton,  near  the  village 
of  Flint's  Mills,  In  Kaladar,  runs  almost  due  north  to  the  River  Madawaska— a  distance  of  86  miles — and  la  to 
be  continued  thence  for  the  distance  of  26  miles,  till  It  Intersects  the  Ottawa  and  Opeongo  Road. 

The  agent  for  the  granting  of  the  land  in  this  district  is  Mr.  E.  Perry,  who,  for  that  purpose,  is  now  resi- 
dent at  the  village  of  FLINT'S  MILLS.  The  outlines  of  five  townships  of  very  superior  land  are  already 
surveyed  and  ready  for  settlement  within  the  limits  of  the  agency  lying  north  of  lake  Masaanoka,  and  be- 
tween it  and  the  River  Madawaska.  The  townships  are  called,  respectively,  Ablnger,  Denbigh,  Ashley,  Effing- 
ham, Angleaea,  and  Barrte. 

The  direct  route  to  this  section  is  by  way  of  KINGSTON,  Canada  West,  thence  to  NAPANEE,  either  by 
rail  or  steamboat,  and  thence  north  to  (he  township  of  Kaladar,  and  the  village  of  FLINT'S  MILLS,  where 
Mr.  Perry  resides.  ;  .  i. , 

THE  HASTINGS  ROAD.  < 

The  government  agent  ia  M.  P.  Hayes,  who  resides  at  the  village  of  Madoc,  from  whom 
we  have  received  the  following  particulars  respecting  the  district : — 

The  Hastings  Free  Grant  Road  commences  on  the  northern  boundary  Une  of  the  townships  of  Madoc,  13 
miles  from  the  village  of  the  same  name  where  my  office  Is.  The  latter  is  distant  from  Belleville,  80  mllei ; 
the  road  ia  good  between  these  points,  and  there  is  a  stage  carrying  the  mail  each  way,  daily.  Fare  11.00. 
The  stage  leaves  Belleville  every  morning  at  8  o'clock,  and  arrives  at  Madoc  at  4  In  the  afternoon. 

The  tract  of  country  through  which  the  first  forty  miles  of  the  Hastings  Road  runs,  presents  a  very  varied 
aspect.  It  la.  In  general,  hilly  and  stony,  with  patches  of  good  level  at  intervals.  The  soil  Is  a  sandy  loam 
mixed  with  clay  In  some  places,  and  In  others  with  vegetable  mould  of  more  or  less  richness.  This  portion 
of  the  road  Is  now  pretty  well  settled,  and  a  large  number  of  the  lots  in  the  township,  on  both  sides  of  the 
road,  are  being  taken  up  by  actual  settlers.  The  crops  of  the  present  season  were  most  excellent  all  along 
the  road,  the  wheat  having,  so  far,  in  these  back  settlements,  esce.ped  the  ravages  of  the  "  weevil,"  which 
has  of  late  been  so  destructive  to  that  crop  in  other  townships.  Continuing  along  the  Hastings  Road  in  s 
northerly  direction,  through  the  tract  of  rough  land  to  which  I  have  Just  referred,  we  have  a  fine  level,  or 
rather,  gently  undulating  country,  between  the  ^'jranches  of  the  Madawaska  River,  emptying  Into  the  Ottawa. 
This  tract  of  good  land  extends  for  a  breadth  of  18  or  20  miles  in  a  north  and  south  direction,  and  extendi 
east  and  west  to  a  considerable  distance.  The  timber,  chiefly  hard  wood.  Is  large,  straight,  and  thrifty.  The 
soil  Is  a  mixture  of  vegetable  deposit  with  sandy  loam,  and  the  crops,  of  every  description,  have  been  satis- 
factory for  the  last  two  seasons.  This  tract  is  Intersected  also  by  a  new  line  of  road,  opened  by  the  govern- 
ment during  the  present  season,  and  connecting  the  Hastings  Road,  at  the  Junction  of  the  townships  of  Wicli- 
low  and  Monteagle,  with  the  Opeongo  Road,  a  distance  of  46  miles. 

The  climate  of  this  part  of  Canada  is  decidedly  healthy,  probably  the  most  so  of  any  part  of  the  conti- 
nent of  America,  and  this  consideration  should  enter  very  largely  into  the  account  on  a  comparison  with 
other  territories. 

The  country  is  rapidly  filling  up  with  a  good  class  of  settlers,  and  in  the  ordinary  course,  the  lands  which 
are  given  free  this  year,  will  be  worth  four  or  Ave  dollars  an  acre  In  the  course  of  four  or  five  years. 

In  addition  to  the  free  grants  on  the  Hastings  Road,  the  government  is  opening  a  range  of  townships, 
fourteen  in  all,  namely  seven  at  each  side  of  the  road.  These  townships  are  ten  miles  square,  and  contain 
each  about  600  lots  of  100  acres.  Two  townships  are  already  open  for  sale  at  eight  cents  per  acre,  and  the 
remainder  will  be  brought  into  the  market  very  soon. 

Emigrants  should  put  themselves  Immediately  in  communication  with  the  govemment  agent.  From  him 
they  will  always  receive  valuable  and  reliable  advice. 

In  order  to  facilitate  the  settlement  of  the  country,  and  provide  for  keeping  In  repair  the  roads  thus 
opened,  the  government  has  authorized  free  grants  of  land  along  these  roads,  not  to  exceed  in  eacli  case, 
ONE  HUNDRED  ACRES,  upon  application  to  the  local  agei^ts,  and  upon  the  following  conditions:— 


CONDITIONS  OF  OBANTINO   FREE   LANDS  IN   CANADA. 


8tf 


OONDITIONa 

That  t))e  lettler  be  eighteen  yean  of  age. 

That  he  take  poiacwion  of  the  liiriil  allotted  to  him  within  one  month,  and  put  in  a  atate  of  oultlTatton,  at 
leaat  twelve  aorea  of  the  land  In  the  courae  of  four  years— build  a  houae,  (at  leaat  20  by  28  feet,)  and  realda 
on  the  lot  until  the  condltlona  of  aettlement  are  duly  performed  ;  after  which  accompllahment  only  ahali  tht 
bCtllcr  have  the  right  of  obtaining  a  title  to  the  property.  Famlllea,  comprlalng  aeveral  aettlen,  entitled  to 
lands,  preferring  to  reside  on  a  single  lot,  will  be  exempted  from  the  obligation  of  building  and  of  residenoe, 
(except  upon  the  lot  on  which  they  live,)  provided  that  the  required  clearing  of  the  land  be  made  on  eaoh 
lot.  The  non-accomplishment  of  these  condltlona  will  cause  the  immediate  loaa  of  the  assigned  lot  of  land, 
which  will  be  sold  or  given  to  another. 

The  road  having  been  opened  by  the  government,  the  settlers  are  required  to  keep  It  In  repair. 

The  local  agenta,  whoae  namea  and  placea  of  abode  have  already  been  given,  will  furnish  every  Informa- 
tion to  the  Intending  aettler. 

The  LOU-UOUSG  required  by  the  government  to  be  built,  is  of  such  a  description  as  can  be  put  up  In  four 
(lays  by  Ave  men.  The  neighbours  generally  help  to  build  the  log-cabin  for  newly-arrived  settlers,  without 
charge,  and  when  this  la  done,  the  cost  of  the  erection  is  small  the  roof  can  be  covered  with  bark,  and  the 
spaces  between  the  logs  plastered  with  clay  and  whitewashed.  It  then  becomes  a  neat  dwelling,  and  warm 
as  a  stone  house. 

The  lands  thus  opened  up,  and  offered  for  settlement,  are,  in  sections  of  Canada  West,  capable,  both  aa  to 
■oil  and  climate,  of  producing  abundant  crops  of  winter  wheat,  of  excellent  quality  and  full  weight,  and  also, 
crops  of  every  other  description  or  farm  produce,  grown  In  the  best  and  iongeat  cultivated  districts  of  that 
portion  of  the  province,  and  fully  as  good. 

There  are,  of  course,  In  auch  a  large  extent  of  country  as  that  referred  to,  great  varieties  In  the  character 
and  quality  of  land— some  lots  being  much  superior  to  others ;  but  there  Is  an  abundance  of  the  very  beat 
land  for  f.  -^<ng  purposes.  The  lands  iu  the  neighbourhood  of  these  three  roads  will  be  found  to  be  very 
ilmllar  In  .  jllty  and  character,  and  covered  with  every  variety  of  timber— some  with  hard  wood,  and  some 
with  heavy  pine. 

Water  for  domestic  use  Is  every  where  abundant ;  and  there  are,  throughout,  numerous  streams  and  falls 
of  water,  capable  of  being  used  for  manufacturing  purposes. 

The  heavy-timbered  land  la  almost  always  the  best,  and  of  It  the  ashes  of  three  acres — well  taken  care 
of,  and  covered  from  wet — will  produce  a  barrel  of  pqtash,  worth  from  £6  to  £7  currency.  The  capital  re- 
quired to  manufacture  potash  is  very  small,  and  the  process  is  very  simple  and  easily  understood. 

The  expense  of  clearing  and  enclosing  heavily-timbered  lands,  valuing  the  labour  of  the  settler  at  the 
highest  rate.  Is  about  FOUR  POUNDS  currency  per  acre,  which  the  first  wheat  crop,  if  an  average  one,  will 
nearly  repay.    The  best  timber  for  fencing  is  to  be  had  'a  abundance. 


HI'X 


CANADIAN  GOVERNMENT   AGENTS   AND   LANDS. 

Emigrants  desirous  of  purchasing  any  of  the  Crown  lands  in  Upper  or  Lower  Canada,  may  obtain  the  full- 
est information,  as  to  the  price  and  quality  of  the  lands  for  sale,  in  their  respective  counties,  by  applying 
to  the  undermentioned  Crown  Land  Agents,  viz. : — 

Prices  of  Lands  range  from  1«,  to  lOs.  per  acre. 


CROWN  LAND  AGENTS  IN  CPPEK  (WKSTKRU)  CANADA. 


Cotmties. 


ReiidmoM. 


AgenU. 

Stormont,  Dundas  and  Glengary, ....  Samuel  Hart Cornwall. 

Preacott  and  Russell N.  Stewart  Vankleekhlll. 

Carleton John  Ourie Ottawa, 

Lanark G.  Kerr Perth, 

Renfrew AV  lliiam  Harris Renfrew, 

Leeds  and  Urenvllle W.  J.  Scott Prescott, 

Frontenuc,  Lenox  and  Addlngton Allan  McPherson Kingston. 

llasllnKs  Francis  McAnnany Belleville, 

I'rince  Edward N.  Kallard Picton. 

Northumberland  and  Durham Vacant  Port  Hope. 

I'eterboro'  and  Victoria Walter  Crawford Peterboro'. 

York,  Peel  and  Ontario...   Vacant  Toronto, 

^imcoe John  Alexander Barrie. 

Waterloo H,  S.  lluber Berlin. 

Wellington Andrew  Gedtles  Elora. 

Grey William  Jackson Durham,  (Bentlnck  P.  0.) 

Wentworth ...T.  A.  Ambrldge Hamilton, 

Halton Vacant  Milton. 

Lincoln,  Ilaldemand  and  Welland . . ,  Henry  Smith  Smithville. 

Oxford JohnCarrol Beachville, 

Suffolk Duncan  Campbell Simcoe. 

Middlesex  and  Elgin John  B.  Askin London, 

Kssex D.  Moynahan Sandwich. 

Kent  and  Lambton J.  B.  Brooke Raleigh. 

Huron 0  Wldder Goderich. 

I'ef'h John  Sharman Stratford, 

Jiruce Alexander  McNab Saugeen, 


I 


% 

9 
1 

r 


40 


CANADIAN  GOVERNMENT— LAND  AGENTS,  ETC. 


CROWN  LAKD  AMNTt  IN  LOWIR  (NAITIRN)  CANADA. 
NOITII   or    RIVER    0TT4WA. 


Ag*nt«.  Ruidtnc*. 

rohnI<Tnoh AllumtttM  IiUnd  

rranfola  X.  ButUn Urand  0«lutnet  Itltnd  . . 

O.  M.  Juilgion OUrendon 

AlmA  I.RfnntRlne Aylmer 

Donald  McLean Lochabir 

B.  W.  Murray  Ducklngham   

««o.  Kalnei Ortnylna  

Thomai  Uarron ArgcnUuU 

Andraii.  LaTRUi* gl.  JlrAma 


CoufUy, 

.Part  of  County  of  Ottawa, 
•do. 
do. 
do. 

t 


Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


.1 


.Two  Mountalni. 
.  Do,         do. 
.Tarrabonne. 


[■•■ 


0<(.  par  aora. 


NORTH   or    RIVER   IT.   LAWRKNCR. 


Alaxandar  Daly Rawdon  Lalnatar.  ^  k^ 

Wllltam  MorrUon Berthlar   Barthlar.  'i 

Vacant  Thraa  lllvart Ht.  Maurloa.  t .' 

Ainable  Bochet Pt,  Anne  La  Parade.'. PsrU  of  Champlaln  and  Portneuf. 

lunace  P.  liity 8t.  Haymond  Part  of  Portneuf. 

McLean  Stewart Quebec Quebec.  ;  ^ 

Kd.  Tremblay Murray  Bay Part  of  flaguenay.  I ,.  _„  ..„  6 

JohnKanaT: Grand  Bale Do.            ^l».p«rAcra  jj 

aOUTH  or   RIVCR    IT.  LAWRIXCI  AND   WIST  Or   RIVER    OHAVDIIRI   AND   KINNIBEO    ROAD. 

Joaliua  8.  Lawto Ilantlnirdoil Beauharnolf . 

Wm.  Planting Baby vllle IIuiitlnKdon.  [Stanatead 

Ortn  J.  Kamp Prellghiburg BhelTorii  and  part  of  MUitmiuol  and 

John  Palton gherbrooke  Part  of  Hherbrooke,  Drumnuind  an<l 

Oharlea^O.  Sheppard Wendorer  Part  of  Drummond.  [titani tead. 


N.  A.  Beaudet Arthabaika 

George  A.  Bourgeoli  . . . , , St.  Or^golre 

J.  T.  Le  Bel ; . .  .Oarthbay 

F.  X.  Pratle Stanfotd 

John  Hume Leeda 

Jean  0.  0.  Arcaud 8t.  Joaeph  de  la  Heauce 

Oyprlen  Blanchet St.  Franfola        Do. 

Andrew  Uoas Frampton 


Do. 

Do 
.  Part  of  Bherbrooke  and  Drummond. 
.Part  of  Drummond  and  Nioolat. 
.Partof  Magantlo.  > 

Do. 

Do. 

Do.  and  Dorcheiter. 


ThaHf 
the  folloi 

The  pri 

itilment 

and  contl 

Ant  Ave  J 

•orved  un 

thereafter 

cenae  of  o 

•attler  to  t 

aorea  to  b« 

All  emlgr 

of  Canada, 

direct  amtg 

•etllera  Info 

In  any  part 


SOUTH   or   RIVBR   IT,   LAWRENCE  AND  EAST   Or   RIVER    CHAUDIERB. 

Andrew  Ron Frampton Part  of  Megantio,  Dorchester  k  Belle- ' 

8.  V.  Larue St.  Charles,  River  Boyer R.  Bnyer  Apart  Bellechaaae.  [chaiue. 

Pran^nU  Tttu St,  Thomas L'Islet  and  part  of  Bellechaaae. 

Florence  Degulae Ste.  Anne  La  Pocatlire Part  of  Kamouraaka. 

J.  B.  Lepage Ulinouakl    Part  of  Kamouraska  and  Gaapd. 

Louis  N.  Oauvrean lale  Verte Part  of  Kimouakl. 

Joa.  A.  La  Bel New  Carllale Bonaventure.       K.  _„  ..,. 

John  Eden GaspS  Basin Partof  Gasp6.     ]      P"  *"'• 


> 


TERMS  OP  BAI.B  AND   OCCUPATIOK. 

NOTICE  Is  hereby  given  that  future  sales  of  Crown  lands  will  be  at  the  prioa*  and  on  the  terms  specified 
In  the  respective  localities  mentioned  Oelow  : — 

West  of  the  counties  of  Durham  and  Victoria,  at  seven  shtUlags  and  sixpence  per  acre,  payable  In  ten  an. 
nual  Instalments  with  Interest,  one  tenth  at  the  time  uf  aale. 

last  of  the  county  of  Ontario,  within  Upper  Canada,  four  shtlUngs  per  acre.        —  :••,.-   - 

In  the  county  of  Ottawa,  three  shillings  per  acre.  "'      "■ 

From  thence,  north  of  the  St.  Lawrence  to  the  county  of  Saginaw,  and  south  of  the  St.  Lawrence  In  the 
district  of  Quebec,  east  of  the  Chaudlire  River  and  Kennebec  Road,  one  shilling  and  sixpence  per  acre. 

In  the  district  of  Quebec,  west  of  the  River  Chaudlire  and  Kennebec  Road,  two  shillings  per  acre. 

In  the  district  of  Three  Rivers,  St.  Francis,  and  Montreal,  south  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  three  ahllllngs  per 
acre. 

In  the  district  of  Gasp^  and  county  of  Saguenay,  one  shilling  per  acre. 

In  all  cases  payable  In  five  annual  instalments,  with  Interest,  one-fifth  at  the  time  of  aale. 

For  lands  enhanced  In  value  by  special  circumstances,  such  extra  price  may  be  fixed  as  His  ExciuiKOr 
THE  GovBRNOB'GiiiKRAL  In  Council  may  direct. 

Actual  occupation  to  be  Immediate  and  contlnuoua,  the  land  to  be  cleared  at  the  rate  of  five  acrea  uana- 
ally  for  every  hundred  acres  during  five  years,  and  a  dwelling  house  erected  not  less  than  eighteen  feelb; 
twenty-six  feet. 

The  timber  to  be  subject  to  any  general  timber  duty  that  may  be  Imposed.  ^  .    ■  . 

The  sale  to  become  null  and  void  In  case  of  neglect  or  violation  of  the  conditions. 

The  settler  to  be  entitled  to  obtain  a  patent  upon  complying  with  all  the  conditions.        ~_ '    ' 

Not  more  than  two  hundred  acres  to  be  sold  to  any  one  person. 


CANADA  LANDS  FOR  SALE — KMIORATION  OFFICES. 


41 


■OHOOL  LANM  roR  HALB. 


11 


The  Hchool  l»ndi  In  tha  oounUw  of  Ilruoi,  Ony,  and  Huron,  ar*  now  open  for  Mi«  to  MtutI  Mttlon  on 
the  following  tcrnii,  rli.  :— 

The  price  to  be  ten  thllllngi  per  acre,  payable  In  ten  equal  annual  Initalmenti,  with  Intereat :  the  flnt  In- 
italment  tn  b«  paid  upon  receiving  niilhorlty  to  enter  upon  the  land.  Actual  occupation  to  be  Immediate 
and  contlnuoui ;  the  land  to  be  cleared  at  the  rate  of  Ave  acres  annually  for  every  hundred  acre*  during  tlM 
flnt  Ave  yean ;  a  dwelling  houie,  at  leait  eighteen  feet  by  twenty-ilx,  tn  he  erected  ;  the  timber  to  b«  re- 
lorved  until  the  land  hae  been  paid  for  In  full  ami  patented,  and  to  be  eubjeol  to  any  general  timber  duty 
thereafter ;  a  llcenie  of  occupation,  not  aulKiiitl)le  without  permlulon,  to  be  granted ;  the  lale  and  th*  II- 
cenie  of  occupation  to  become  null  and  vuld  In  ca>«  of  neglect  or  violation  of  any  of  the  condttlnni ;  the 
■ettler  to  be  entitled  to  obtain  a  patent  upon  complying  with  all  the  condltlona  ;  not  more  than  two  hundred 
acres  to  be  lold  to  any  one  perion  on  thue  termi. 

All  emlgranti  who  require  Information  as  to  the  beat  routea  and  cheapest  ratea  of  conveyance,  to  any  part 
of  Canada,  ahould  apply  to  tha  emigrant  agenta  atatloned  at  Quebec,  Montreal,  or  Torc.-ito,  who  will  also 
direct  emigranta,  In  want  of  employment,  to  placea  where  they  may  obtain  It,  Tha  agenta  Will  also  glre 
lettlera  Information  aa  to  the  beat  and  safeat  mode  of  remitting  money  to  their  relations  or  friends  residing 
In  any  part  of  Qreat  Britain  or  Ireland. 


4     I'D 


BOUTI  TO  TBI!   GOTERNMBMT  TREB  tAVDB  ON  TIIS  OPBONOO   KOAD. 


raoM. 


Hontreal . 


Ottawa  City  , 
Aylmer 


OORVKTANOa. 


Ottawa  City,        I   Grand  Trunk  Railway 

(Lake  Uytown.)    )   .....  Steamer  and  Railway 
Aylmer Stage  or  wagon 


Onslow. 

FItsroy 

Arnprlor 

Bristol 

Sand  Point 

lionuhere  Point. .. 
Ferrall'a  LaniUng  . 
Portage  du  Fort . , 
Pembroke 


Htaamar 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


and  Stage 


MILM. 

BTO. 

181 

8«. 

II 

6«. 

9 

2«. 

34 

88. 

80 

8«. 

40 

4f. 

41 

4».  6d. 

4A 

4».  M. 

fiO 

B». 

ta 

6«. 

60 

6«. 

90 

e«. 

|3.flO 
1,60 
0.50 
0.S0 
0.78 
1.00 
1.191 
I.19{ 
1.1» 
1.20 
1.00 
1.80 


'i  j 


M 


'■[% 


I  specified 
In  ten  so- 


■ence  In  th* 
Ir  acre. 
Icre. 
hUUnp  P«' 


ExcBU-M"" 

lacreaiMO- 
Iteenfeeltir 


Portage  du  Fort. 

Fltzroy  and  Arnprlor. 

Bonchere  Point,  or  Fcrrall'i 
Landing. 


To  Townthlpa  of  Onalow,  Brtatol.  and  Clarendon Land  at  Onslow. 

"  Litchfield  and  upper  townahlps  on  the  north  side  of  the 

Ottawa 

"  Fltaroy,  Huntly,  Packenham,  Ramitay,  McNab,  Renfrew, 

Bromley 

"  Ilorton,  Bagot,  Admaston,  or  to  Mount  St.  Patrick,  In ' 

the  townahip  of  Urattan,  the  residence  of  Mr.  French, 

the  agent  for  the  Opeongo  Road,  88  miles  from  Fer- 

rall's  Landing , 

The  newly-surveyed  townships  of  Sebaatopol,  Brudenell,  Algona,  and  Rolph,  each  10  miles  square,  are  now 
open  for  settlement,  dlstn-ve  about  20  miles  from  Mount  St.  Patrick.  Emigrants  proceeding  to  any  of  the 
above  placea,  will  receive  every  Information  respecting  the  lands  open  for  sale  In  these  respective  localltlei, 
ttom  the  following  Crown  Land  Agents : — At 

CLARENDON MB.  P.  B.  HEATH. 

CALUMBTTB "     F.  X.  BA8TIBN. 

ALUMETTE •'      JOHN  LYNCH. 

RENFREW "     WM.  HARRIS. 

MT.  ST.  PATRICK "     T.  P.  FHENOH. 

GOVERNMENT  EMIORATION   OFFICERS  IN   CANADA.  '.      " 

QDRBEC A.  0.  BUCHANAN,  Chief  Agent. ' 

MONTREAL A.  CONLAN.  ,     .• 

OTTAWA  CITY FRANCIS  CLEMOW. 

KINGSTON ALLAN  McPHEUSON,  Crown  Land  Agent. 

TORONTO A.  B.  HAWKE,  Chief  Emigrant  Agent,  Upper  Canada. 

HAMILTON T.  C.  DIXON. 

Who  will  furnish  emigrants,  on  application,  with  advice  as  to  the  rouf  ;s,  distances,  and  rates  of  convey- 
Mce,  also  respecting  the  crown  and  other  lands  for  sale,  and  will  direct  emlgi'ants  In  want  of  employment 
to  where  It  may  be  procured. 


42 


BANKS  IN  GREAT  BRITAIN,    IRELAND,   AND  CANADA. 


BANKS  IN  GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND, 
■.4  5       With  their  agents  in  Canada,  upon  whom  they  draw,  and  grant  letters  of  credit. 
Bankers  in  Britain.  Draw  and  give  Utters  of  credit  upon 

London,  Glyn,  Mills  &  Co Bank  of  Upper  Canada  and  agents. 

"        City  Bank Bank  of  Toronto  and  agents. 

"        Joint  Stock  Bank Commercial  Bank  mid  agents. 

"        Union  Bank Montreal  Bank  aiiu  agents. 

"       Glyn,  Mills  &  Co Quebec  Bank  and  agents. 

"  "        "        "        City  Bank  of  Montreal  and  agents. 

"  "        "        "        Gore  Bank  and  agents. 

"        Bosanquct  &  Co Niagara  District  Bank  and  agents. 

"        Glyn,  Mills  &  Co Bank  du  Peuple,  Montreal,  and  agents. 

"  "        "        "        Ontario  Bank  and  agents. 

"        British  North  America  Otu  branches  and  agents. 

Liverpool,  Bank  of  Liverpool Montreal  Bank  and  agents. 

Edinburgh,  British  Linen  Cjinpany Bank  of  Upper  Canada  and  agents. 

"  "  "  *'  Montreal  Bank  and  agents. 

"  Commccial  Bank Commercial  Bank  of  Canada  and  agents. 

"  Union  Bank Gore  Bank  and  agents. 

Glasgow,  British  Linen  Company Montreal  Bank  and  agents. 

"        Clydesdole  Bank Commercial  bank  of  Canada  and  agents. 

Dublin,  Boyle,  Low,  Pim  &  Co "  "  "  "         " 

"      National  Bank  of  Ireland City  Bank  of  Montreal  and  agents. 

By  reference  to  the  above,  and  also  to  the  List  of  Banks  in  Canada  with  their  Agencies,  it  will 
at  once  be  seen  with  whom  the  banks  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  have  correspondents,  in  dif- 
ferent parts  of  Canada,  and  through  whom  money  can  be  remitted  or  received. 

BANKS  IN  CANADA.   WITH  THEIR  AGENCIES. 

For  Banks  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  who  are  agensfor  the  following,  set  List  of  Banks  in  Great 

Britain  and  Ireland,  preceding  this. 


PlAl 

ritrt  nop 


Port  Stnn, 
I'resicott . , 
Qite/iec . . . 


Sarnia  ... , 

Snidt  St«  Jk 
Slieibrooke 
.^imcoe 

SmUhamptc 
Stdnnteaa  . 

St.  Catharij 
(t 

iSt.  Mary's. . 
St.  Thomas, 

'itratford. . . 

Three  River 


Toronto . 


Tienfon., 
ly/iitl'!/  ... 
n'vodatock. 

Wiiulsor . . , 


PLACES.  KAMES  OP  BANKS.  OFFICERS. 

Barrie Upper  Canada  K.  Lally,  Agent. 

"  Toronto  Angus  Uussell.Agt. 

Belleville Upper  Canada  E.  llolden,  Agent. 

"  Commercial      A.  Thompson,  M'r. 

"  Montreal  O.  McNlder,  M'r. 

Berlin Upper  Canada  u.  Davidson,  Agt. 

Bowmanville Ontario  I).  Fislier,  Cashier. 

"  Upper  Canada  O.  Mearns,  Agent. 

"  Montreal  G.  Dyett,  Miiniiger. 

Bradford City  Dank        A.  McMuster,  Agt. 

Brantford 11.  N.  AmericaJ.  C.  Oeddes,  M'r. 

"  Upper  Canada  T.  R  Sl.'ortt,  Agent. 

"  Montreal  A.  (irier,  ManHger. 

BrockviUe Upper  Canada  H.  ¥.  Church,  Agt. 

"  Commercial     J.  llancroft,  M'r. 

"  Montreal  F.  M.  Holmes,  M'r. 

(Jhatham U|)per  Canada  G.  Thomas,  Cash'r. 

"  Commercial      T.  McCrae,  Agent. 

"  Ciore  A.  Cliiirteris,Agent. 

Chippeirn Upper  Canada. I.  Macklem,  Agent. 

Gohvnrg Montreal  C.  H.  Vnrgan,  M'r. 

"  Toronto  J.  P.  Wallace,  Agt. 

Cormcall UpperCanaila  J.  F.  I'ringle,  Agt. 

"  Montreal  W.  Mattlre,  Agent. 

Dniii/dH H.  N.  America  Wm.  I.asli,  Agent. 

£ll/in Zimmkkman'h    J.  W.  Dunklee,  Ca. 

(Jiilt Gore  .1.  Davidson,  Agt. 

"  Commercial      W.Cooke,  Manag'r. 

Goderich Upper  Canada. I.  McDonald,  Agt. 

"  Montreal  Jl.  .McCutchon,  Ag. 

Gurlph (lore  T.  Sandllands,  Agt. 

"  .Montreal  R.  M.  Moore,  Agt. 

Ifamilton GoiiK  W.  <).  Crawford,  C. 

"  Upper  Canada  A.  .Stow,  Cashier. 

"  li.  .\.  America  O.  II.  Taylor,  M'r. 

"  Montreal  A.  Mllroy,  Manag. 

"  Commercial     V.'.  U.  Park,  M'r. 


FLACES.  HAMR8  OF  BANKS.  TJ  XERS. 

IngersoU Commercial     W.  ni.  Sage,  Agent. 

"  Niagara  Dist't,  C.  K.  Cliadwiek,  Ag. 

Kingston Co.mmkrciai      C.  S.  Ross,  Cashier. 

"  Ur  ler  Canada  W.  G.  Hinds,  Cash. 

"  D.  N.  Americas.  Taylor,  Maniig. 

"  Montreal  A.  Drummond,  .M'r. 

Liiidfij/ ",)per  Canada  J.  M^Kibhon,  Agt. 

London pper  Canada  J.  Hamilton,  Cii.sh. 

"  13.  N.  America  T.  Christian,  M'r. 

"  Commercial     J.  G.  Harper,  M'r. 

"  Montreal  W.  Dunn,  .Manager. 

"  Gore  C.  Monsarratt,  Ag. 

Montreal Montrrai,        D.  Davidson,  Cash. 

"  City  Dank        F.  McCulloch,  Ca. 

"  i)c  Pedplb       D.  H.  Lemoine,  Ca. 

"  Molson's  W.  Saelie,  Cashier. 

"  Upper  Canada  E.  T.  Taylor,  M'r. 

"  B.  N.  America  R.  Cassels,  Manag. 

"  Commercial      T.  Kirby,  Manager. 

"  Quebec  Bank  du  Peuple,  A, 

"  Provincial        J.  D.  Nutter&Co.,A. 

Neicva^tle Toronto  S.  Wllmot,  Agenl. 

Niagara Ui)per  Canada  T.  McCormlck,  Ag, 

A'irolet Quebec  I..  M.  Cresse,  Agl. 

Onk-ritle Toronto  J.  T.  M.  Burnslde,  A 

Onhtntti Ontario  J.  B.  Warren,  M'r. 

Otttnca Upper  Canada  K.  S.  Cassels,  Agt. 

"  B.  N.  America  A.  C.  Kelly,  Agent. 

"  Montreal  P.  P.  Harris,  M'r. 

"  Quebec  H.  V.  Noel,  Agent. 

Paris Gore  J.  Nimmo,  Agent. 

Peith Commercial     A.  Leslie,  Agent 

"  Montreal  J.  Mclntyre,  Agent, 

Peterbro' Commercial     W.  Cluxtoii,  .\genl, 

"  Toronto  James  Hall,  Agent, 

"  Montreal  R.  Nicholls,  Agent, 

Plcton Montreal  J.  Gray,  Agent. 


Between  any  t' 
I'repayment 

On  letters  dep. 
sanie  place,  . 
Is  \d. 

ftuni  Canada  t( 
(t 


lOWBIl  PROVISCKS 

^'en  Brunswick 

^uva  Sc.jtia  . . 
rriiice  i;,|.  isin, 
^e»■fo^n(lland 

!\vment  opti 

JlntLsh  steamer 

spi!cl.ally  so  add'] 

Wanijw  of  til.' 

and  Iiirf.,  for  ti„ 

clia-ied  at  the  pri 

1°  tlu.   p,-l„.,i 

"le  Province  ar 

railway  m,ii|  d.. 

"ifices"  can  h,.  , 

'"""len'-e  as  m^u' 

".;•  inuniier.     U 

"ll'-e  ear  can  1 

"'""ps,   no  rail, 

""lect  postage,  „ 


BANKERS  IN   CANADA — POSTAL   REGULATIONS. 


43 


FLAOm,  NAMES  OF  BANKS.  OFFICERS. 

r<trt  Hope Upper  Canada  J.  Smart,  Agent. 

"  Toronto  J.  E.  Wulsli,  Agent. 

"  Commercial     W.  F.  Harper,  M'r. 

"  Montreal  K.  Richardson,  Ag. 

"  Molson's  D.  Smart,  Agent. 

J'ort  Stanley Commercial     E.  E.  Warren,  Agt. 

I'rescott ,  Commercial     J.  Patton,  Agent. 

Quebec Quebec  C.  Oethiiigs,  Caali. 

"  Upper  Canada  J.  V.  Itnidslmw,  M. 

"  B.  N.  America  F.  W.  AVood,  M'r. 

"  Jlontreal  J.  Stevenson,  M'r. 

"  Commercial     

"  City  Bank        ■ 

"  l)u  Peuple        Quebec  B'k,  Agts. 

Samia Upper  Canada 

"  Commercial      G.  W.  Thomas.Agt. 

f!iiiilt  Ste  MaHe  . .  B.  N.  America  J.  Ballenden,  Agt. 

Sheibrooke City  Bank        W.  Kltchie,  Agent. 

Simeoe (lore  D.  Campbell,  Agt. 

"  Montreal  8.  Head,  Agent. 

SttiMampton.   . .  .Upper  Canada  A.  McNiibb,  Agent. 

^titnstead Provincial       J.  W.  Peterson,  Ca. 

St.  CatliaHne'e  . .  .Niagara  Dist.  J.  Smart,  Cashier. 
"  Upper  Canada  T.  L.  llelliwell,  Ca. 

St.  Mary's Commercial      T.  D.  Tlmms,  Agent. 

St.  Thoimia Co.  Elgin  B'k.  E.  Ermatinger,  M'r. 

"  Montreal  E.  M.  Yarwood,M'r. 

'Stratford Upper  Canada  J.  C.  W.  Daly,  Agt. 

"  Commercial      U.  C.  hee,  Agent. 

Three  Rivers 'pper  Canada  -De  Moulin,  Agt. 

"  B.  N.  Amfii-'caW,  Sc  igall,  Agt. 

"  Montreal  M.  Ste , ;  nson,  Agt. 

"  Quebec  J.  McDougall,  Agt. 

Toronto Upper  Canada  T.  (}.  Ridout,  Cash. 

"  Toronto  A.  Cameron,  Cash. 

"  B.  N.  America  W.  Gr.  Cassels,  M'r. 

"  Commercial      C.  J.  Campbell,  M'r. 

"  Slontreal  H.  C.  Barwlck,  Jl'r. 

"  City  Bank        T.  Woodside,  M'r. 

"  Quebec  W.  W.  Ransom,  M. 

"  Du  Peuple        E.  F.  Whittemore,A 

"  Molson's  J.  Glass,  Agent. 

Trenton Montreal  J.  Cumming,  Agt. 

Whitby Montreal  T.  Dow,  Agent. 

W'ooilntoek Gore  J.  Ingersol,  Agent. 

"  Montreal  W.  P.  Street,  Agt. 

^Yilu.ls(n' Upper  Canada  T.  E.  Trew,  Agent. 


Foreign  Agents. 

AGENTS.  PLACES.        AGENTS  FOR. 

Head  Offlce.  London  (Eng.)       B.  N.  America 

Glyn,  Mills  &  Co.  "  "  Upper  Canada 

City  B'k  of  London,      "  "  Toronto 

Lon.  Joint  St'k  B'k.      "  "  Commercial 

Union  B'k  of  Lond.      "  "  Montreal 

Glyn,  Mills  k  Co.  "  "  Quebec 

Glyn,  Mills  &  Co.         "  "  City  Bank 

Glyn,  Mills  &  Co.  "  "  Gore 

Bosanquet&Franks      "  "  Niagara  Dlst. 

Glyn,  Mills  ",  Co.         "  "  Du  Peuple 

Glyn,  Mills  &  Co.         "  "  Ontario  Bank 

Bank  of  \Avev\ioo\.Lt«erpool  (Eng.)  .Montreal 
British  Linen  Co.    Edinburgh  (Sco<.)Upper  Canada 
British  Linen  Co.  "  "     Montreal 

Com.  Bank  of  Scot.  "  "     Commercial 

Union  Bank.  "  "      Gore 

British  Linen  Co.    Glasgow  {Scot.)  .  .Montreal 
ClydsdaleB'k'gCo.        "  "  Commercial 

Boyle,  Low  &  Pim.Dublin  {Ireland.)CommeTc\n\ 
National  B'k  Irel'd.      "  "         City  Bank 

J.  G.  King  &  Sons.  ^Teic  York Upper  Canada 

Bank  of  Commerce.        "  Toronto 

U.  Bell,  F.  H.  Grain,        "  B.  N.  America 

&  C.  F.  Smith,  Ag'ts. 

Merchants'  Bank.  "  Commercial 

Bank  of  Commerce.        "  Montreal 

Maitland  &  Phelps.        "  Quebec 

B'k  of  the  Republic.        "  City  Bank 

Ward   &  Co.,   and       "  Gore 

Merchants'  Bank. 

B'koftheRepuldio.        "  Du  Peuple 

B'k  of  the  Republic.        "  Ontario  Bank 

Merchants'  Bank.   Moston Montreal 

Blake,  Hoare  &  Co.      "  Upper  Canada 

Merchants'  Bank,         "  Commercial 

N.  Y.  State  Bank.   Albany Upi)er  Canada 

N.  Y.  State  Bank.         "  Commercial 

N.  Y.  State  Bank.         "  Gore 

L.  Wright's  Bank.   Osioego UpperCanada 

L.  Wright's  Bank.         "  Commercial 

L.  Wright's  Bank.         "  Toronto 

Rochester  City  D'k.lioc/iester UpperCanada 

U'k  of  B.  N.  Amer.^X  John  (y.  B.)  ..B.  N.  America 
Com.  Bank,  N.  B.  "  "  Quebec 

B'k  of  B.  N.  Amer.//(i«/i7a!  IN.  S.)...\i.  N.  America 
B'k  of  B.  N.  Amer.iSY.  John  Lv.  F.)  ..B.  N.  America 
Central  Bank.  Fre<.lericion{K.B).<i,\iLe\>ec 


}i*i 


POSTAL  REGULATIONS  IN  CANADA. 


Postage  Rates  on  Letters. 

Between  any  two  places  in  Canada,  M.  per  \  oz. — 

Prepayment  optional. 
On  letters  deposited  at  an  offlce  for  delivery  in  tiie 

simie  place,  called  Drop  or  Box  Letters,  the  rate 

Krom  Canada  to  United  States,  6rf. — Prepav't  op'iial. 
"  California         9(7.  do. 

"  Oregon  9rf.  do. 


LOWKK  PROVlNCHn. 


Via 
]  Qir'Ik'i'  nnii 
'Itilifiix. 


PortlHnd  aiid 
St.  Jul  1,. 


New  Urunswick . . . | 

XovaSciitia 

Priijce  I'M.  Island .  | 
Xcwfoundlniid  . . . 


8(7. 
8'?. 


8rf. 
8(/. 


Via 
liosl'ii  A  ll'i 
Ciiimrd  St'r, 


^''■ 

'ix.^^l-  _ 

P.i.\Tnent  optional.  Letters  to  be  forwarded  by 
BrilUh  steamer,  from  Boston  or  New  Y^  rk,  must  be 
spdciiilly  so  addressed. 

Ptiiinps  of  the  denomination  of  1^7.,  3(f.,  6(f.,  7i''., 
and  lil(/.,  for  tlic  prepiiytr'  o  of  letters,  can  be  pur- 
cliii.<ed  lit  the  princlpiil  otV.ces. 

To  tlie  priiuipal  railway  iiiiill  trains  t  rnughout 
tlie  I'nivinoe  arc  iitliiclied  jiost-.-ifliie  curs,  Ciin-ying 
Tiiilwuy  mall  clfrks,  and  at  tln'se  "  Tnivelliiiff  Post- 
ollici's"  can  be  posted  .it  cai-h  station  such  eorres- 
Imiidence  as  may  be  too  late  for  uiailinp  in  tlie  orclin- 
sry  m;innur.  Letti'vs,  Imwevcr,  mailed  in  tin-  pcist- 
ofUi'c  cur  can  be  prepiiid  mil.v  by  using  postage 
stumps,  no  railway  niiiil  olork  being  pennitted  to 
Mllect  postage,  or  to  receive  prepayment  lu  money. 


Oreat  Britain  and  Ireland. 

By  British  (Cunard)  mail  steamers,  from  New  York 
or  Boston,  10(/.  currency  (8rf.  sterling). 
B.v  Canadian  mail  steamers,  from  liuebec  (in  sum- 
'  nicr),  li't.  currency  ((!</.  sterling). 
!      When  letters  are  sent  by  the    mails jXor  England, 
rill  the  United  States,  wliether  for  a  Hrnlsb  or  Cana- 
dian packet,  a  United  States  transit  rate  of  'Hd.  cut- 
I  rency  per  J  ounce  is  chargeable  in  addil'  ■,!, 
1      (Letters  to  be.  sent  via  Marseilles  must  be  so  ad- 
'  dressed.) 

Registration  of  Letter.i. 

I      Persons   transmittlne   letters    which    they    dealre 
should  pass   through   the   post    as    "  registered   let- 
ters,"' nuist  observe  that  no  record  is  taken  of  any 
(  letter  unless  specially  handeil  in  for  registration  at 
the  lime  of  posting.     Upon  all  such  letters,  with  the 
exception  of  those  addressed  to  the  United  States, 
'  ](/.  must  be  prepaid,  as  a  registration  charge.     If  ad- 
I  dresod  to  the  United  States,  the  ordinary  postage 
•  rate  on  tlie  letter  to  that  country  niwt  be  prepaid, 
and  ill  addition  a  registration  charge  of  Mr?,  per  let- 
ter.    Till'  registry  thus  elTectc^l  in  Canada  will  be  car- 
I  ried  on  by  the  United  States  posl-olliee,  until  the  let- 
ter arrives  at  its  destination, 

lu  like  manner,  letters  addressed  to  Canada  may 

be  registered  at  the  place  of  posting  in  the  United 

States,  and  tlie  registry  made  there  will  aeoompany 

j  the  letter  to  the  place  of  delivery  in  Canada, 

'       A  certillcate  of    registration   will  be   given   by  0 

postmaster,  if  required. 

It  must  be  iliatinctly  understood  by  parties  who 


1.11 


i\if^ 


u 


POSTAL  AND  MONEY-ORDEa  REGULATIONS. 


arall  themselves  of  the  prlTllege  of  registration,  that 
■uch  reKistration,  wl  h  the  ccrtTflcate  and  receipt,  are 
merely  Intended  to  afford  the  means  of  tracing  the 
course  of  such  letters  through  the  post,  and  of  ascer- 
taining tlielr  delivery  at  destination,  and  will  not  be 
hiild  fi)  imply  any  liability  on  the  part  of  the  postal 
dopartment  to  ma1<e  good  any  loss,  or  alleged  loss, 
arising  upon  the  miscarriage  of  any  such  letter  or  its 
contents. 

£ooh  Po!"  iclth  Englamd. 

The  rates  and  regulations  are  as  follows ; — 
A  booli  i)acket  inuy  contiiln  any  number  of  separate 
books,  publicatioos,  works  of  literature  or  art,  alman- 
acs, majis,  prints,  or  printed  letters,  and  any  quan- 
tity of  paper,  vellum,  or  parchment  (to  the  exclusion 
of  written  letters  whether  seaLd  or  open),  and  the 
books,  maps,  etc.,  may  either  be  written,  printed,  or 
pl.iin,  or  any  mixture  of  the  three,  and  may  be  either 
British,  colonial,  or  foreign. 
The  rates  of  postage  on  such  book  packets  are : — 

%.         Cur. 
s. 
For  a  packet  not  exceeding  4  oz.  weight  0 
"   exceed'g4o2.,andnotexceed'g Jib.  0 
"         "       *lb.  "  lib.  1 

"         "        lib.  "  IJlbs.  1 

"         "      H  lbs.  "  2  lbs.  2 

"         "        2  lbs.  "  ajlbs.  2 

"         "      2*  lbs.  "  8  lbs.  8 

— and  so  on,  increasing  6rf.  sterling  for  every  addition- 
al half  pound  or  fraction  of  half  a  pound. 

The  following  conditions  must  be  carefully  observed, 
aa  prescribed  by  the  imperial  post-office : — 

Every  book  packet  must  be  either  without  a  cover, 
or  in  a  cover  open  at  the  ends  or  sides. 

It  must  not  contain  any  written  letter,  open  or  seal- 
ed or  any  sealed  enclosure  whatever. 

No  packet  must  exceed  two  feet  in  length,  breadth, 
or  width. 

The  postage  of  book  packets  must  be  paid  in  ad- 
vance, by  postage  stamp. 

Should  a  book  packet  be  posted  unpaid,  or  with  a 
prepayment  of  less  tlian  three  pence,  or  be  enclosed 
In  a  cover  not  open  at  the  ends  or  sides,  or  should  It 
exceed  the  dimensions  specified,  such  packet  cannot 
be  forwarded. 
All  book  post  matter,  Intended  to  be  sent  to  the 


d. 

«. 

d. 

8- 

-0 

4 

6- 

-0 

7* 

U- 

-1 

8 

6  = 

-1 

10+ 

0  = 

-2 

« 

6  = 

•  8 

1* 

0  = 

-8 

9 

United  Kingdom  from  Canada,  must  be  forwarded  (• 
Quebec  for  transmission,  either  via  Halifax,  or  In 
summer  by  Canadian  steamer. 

Books  cannot  be  forwarded  except  at  letter-postage 
rates  by  the  malls  sent  to  England  through  the  United 
States. 

The  book  postal  regulations  between  Canada  and 
Great  Britain  apply  also  to  matter  between  Canada 
and  France, 

Nmespapert. 

All  newspapers  printed  and  published  within  this 
Province,  and  addi'Msed  from  the  office  of  jmhU- 
cation,  are  transmitted  from  the  post-offlce  where 
mailed  by  the  publisher,  to  any  other  post-offlce  In 
Canada,  or  to  the  United  Kingdom,  or  to  any  British 
province,  colony,  or  possession,  or  to  France,  or  the 
United  States,  free  of  Canadian  pontage. 

Newspapers  received  from  the  United  States  are 
charged  one  halfpenny  each  on  delivery  In  Canada, 
with  the  exception  only  of  esrehange  papers,  ad- 
dressed to  the  editors  or  publishers  of  Canadian 
papers,  which  pass  free. 

England  to  Canada  (Cunard  line),  \d.  on  delivery; 
Id.  also  to  be  prepaid  In  England. 

England  to  Canada  (Canadian  line),  \d.,  to  be  pre- 
paid In  England. 

To  foreign  countries,  at  rates  of  charge  prescribed 
by  Imperial  post-office. 

Transient  newspapers  posted  In  Canada,  (Including 
all  newspapers  not  sent  from  the  office  of  publication 
to  regular  su'jscribers,)  when  addressed  to  any  place 
in  riinndd  or  British  North  America,  the  United 
Kingdom,  the  United  States,  or  elsewhere,  must  In  all 
cases  be  prepaid  by  postage  stamp,  otherwise  they 
cannot  be  forwarded. 

Transient  newspapers  for  any  place  In  Canada, 
British  North  America,  the  United  Kingdom,  France, 
or  United  States,  ^l.  each. 

Transient  periodicals  for  any  place  In  Canada, 
British  North  America,  or  the  United  States,  if  not 
overs  oz.  In  weight,  \ri.  each ;  If  over 8  oz.  in  weiglit, 
2(/.  each— to  be  prepaid  by  postage  stamp. 

Printed  circulars,  prices  current,  or  handbills,  and 
other  printed  matter  of  a  like  description,  and  books, 
bound  or  unbound,  are  charged  at  a  rate  of  \d.  per 
oz.,  or  fraction  of  an  ounce,  whether  sent  singly  or 
in  packets  to  one  address. 


MONEY  ORDER  SYSTEM  IN  CANADA. 


In  Canada,  Money-Order  Offices  are  classed  and  conducted  as  follows : — 


1.  Money-order  post-offices  are  divided  into  first 
and  second  class. 

2.  Both  classes  may  draw  for  any  sum  on  one  order 
up  to  £100  upon  first-class  offices,  and  for  any  sum 
up  to  £50  on  one  order,  upon  second-class  offices. 

8.  When  ilioney  orders  exceeding  £25  in  aggregate 
amount  are  issued  in  one  day,  and  to  the  same  per- 
son, by  one  or  more  officers,  upon  a  secon''-cla8s 
office,  the  postmaster  of  the  office  drawn  up  will 
be  at  lll)erty  to  defer  the  payment  of  such  ord  ?s  for 
three  days. 

4.  Tlie  money  orders  shall  be  made  out  upon  forms 
«ui)piied  by  the  head  office,  and  no  order  will  he 
valid  or  payable,  unless  given  upon  the  regular 
printed  tcrmn. 

6,  Persons  applying  for  money  orders  will  be  re- 
quired to  state  the  ])articulars  upon  a  form  of  appli- 
cation |;.ovided  for  that  purjiose. 

6.  If  in  consequence  of  error  or  misapprehension  In 
giving  the  nftme  of  the  place  of  payment  of  a  money 
order,  tlie  |iurchuscr  should  desire  to  have  the  same 
chiniri'd,  the  Issuing  postmaster  will  take  back  the 
flrbt  Older  and  i.ssue  anotlier,  for  which  he  will  charge 
CommUsion,  as  on  a  new  transaction. 

7.  When  a  mistake  in  the  name  of  the  payee,  or 
person  wlio  is  to  receive  the  money,  has  been  made 
by  tlie  applicant  for  a  money  order,  the  erroneous 
order  may  also  be  taken  back,  and  a  new  one  granted, 
for  wliich  a  second  uommission  will  likewise  be 
exacted. 

8.  Parties  procuring  money  orders  will  plea.He  to 
examine  them  carefully,  to  see  that  they  are  properly 


filled  up  and  stamped.  This  caution  will  appear  suf- 
ficiently important  when  it  is  underst-.d  that  an 
order,  defective  in  any  important  respect,  will  throw 
difficulties  In  the  way  of  Its  payment. 

9.  When  a  money  order  is  presented  for  payment 
at  the  office  on  which  It  Is  drawn,  the  postmaster,  or 
clerk  employed,  will  use  all  proper  means  to  assure 
himself  that  the  applicant  is  the  party  named  and 
Intended  In  the  advice,  and,  upon  payment  of  the 
order,  will  be  careful  to  obtain  the  signature  of  the 
payee  to  the  receipt  at  foot. 

10.  M'h'in  through  illness  or  other  insuperable  diffi- 
culty, the  payee  is  prevented  from  presenting  the 
order  in  person,  the  postmaster  will  be  at  liberty  to 
accept  a  written  order  on  the  back,  in  favour  of  a 
second  jierson,  |)rovided  always  that  such  written 
order  is  satisfactorily  proved  to  be  genuine. 

11.  Any  niniiey-ordcr  post-olHce  may  repay  an 
order  Issued  by  Itself,  but  only  to  the  parly  who 
obtained  it.  The  charge  or  commission,  liowever, 
shall  not  in  any  case  be  refunded. 

VI.  Tlie  cliarges  or  commissions  for  orders  will  be  on 
follows : — 

0   3 


Under  and  up  to  £2    IOk 

Over   £2  10«.  not  exceeding  £6   Ot. 


£5   0«. 

£7  Kit. 
£10  (is. 
£12  l(l«. 
£15  Os. 
£1T  10«. 


£7  10« 

£10    {)s 1  0 

£12  10« 1  8 

£15    0« 1  •> 

£1T  10» 1  9 

£20    0« 8  0 


LAWS  BEGAKDING  THE  PROPERTY  OF  INTESTATES. 


Over  £20  0«.  not  exceeding  £22  10« 
«    £22  10«.  "  £26    " 

"    £28   OS.  "  £80 

"    £80   0».  "  £86 

«    £86    0«.  "  £40 

«    £40   0«.  "  £46 


0« 

....     8 

o« 

....     8 

o« 

....     8 

o« 

....     4 

0« 

....    4 

«.  d. 
8 
6 
0 
6 
0 
6 


45 


I.  A 


Over  £40  0«.  not  exoeading  £A0  0*. . . ; 0   0 

ffhui  far  for  ordeiii  on  ilrat  uiiil  HKcnnd-olui  offlcet, 

and  by  additional  oninniUaloiii  or  il'^  Ixitween  every 

£6  from  £60  up  to  £1UU  (or  ordart  uii  lliit-olau  offloas 

only. 
N.  B.  No  half-pence  to  be  Introduotd  lu  the  orders, 


M    ,.\.'' 


I 


^  _,,  .  ,;,/    i'  (,.:■■'    ■  >''.i  ^  -/j     -•  ■'  "*''  ;!'•■'■■•  ''  '  ,i'-' ■''■■ 'D   '.,"''1    .   >'!'.(..:> 

DISTRIBUTION  OF  PERSONAL  ESTATE  OP  INTF,STATIW. 

[accordinq  to  thx  lawi  or  oanada  wrst,] 

If  the  intestate  die,  leaving  wife  and  child,  or  children — his  personal  repraaentatlvei  take  thui :    One- 
third  to  wife,  rest  to  child  or  children :  if  children  dead,  then  to  their  repreaentatlvei,  (that  l«,  their  lineal  de- 
fendants,) except  such  child  or  children  (not  heb^  at  law)  who  had  estate  by  settlement  of  Intestate,  In  his 
lifetime,  equal  to  the  other  shares. 
Wife  only— half  to  wife,  rest  to  next  of  kin  in  equal  degrees  to  Intestate  or  their  legal  reprtKiituttve*, 
No  wife  or  child — all  to  next  of  kin  and  to  their  legal  representatives. 
Child,  children,  or  their  representatives— all  to  him,  her,  or  them. 

Children  by  two  wives— equally  to  all.  ' 

If  110  child,  children,  or  representatives— all  to  next  of  kin  in  equal  degree  to  tntestat*. 
Child  or  grandchild— half  to  child,  half  to  grandchild.  ^i  :  , 

Husband — whole  to  him.  .  .    ,         ,,     ,  .^ 

Father  and  brother,  or  sister — whole  to  father.  '  '  '     .  , 

Mother  and  brother,  or  sister — whole  to  them  equally. 

Wife,  mother,  brother,  sisters,  and  nieces— half  to  wife,  residue  to  mother,  hrotlier,  sUleri,  and  niMes, 
Wife,  mother,  nephews,  and  nieces — two-fourths  to  wife,  one  fourth  to  mother,  and  oiio-foiirlh  to  nephews 
and  nieces. 

Wife,  brothers  or  sisters,  and  mother— half  to  wife,  (under  statute  of  Oar,  II,)  half  to  brothers  and  tlsters, 
and  mother. 
Mother  only — the  whole  (It  being  then  out  of  the  statute). 

Wife  and  mother — half  to  wife,  and  half  to  mother.  .  " 

Brother  or  sister  of  whole  blood,  and  brother  or  sister  of  half  blood — equally  to  both. 

Posthumous  brother  or  sister,  and  mother — equally  to  both. 

Posthumous  brother,  or  sister  and  brother,  or  sister  born  in  lifetime  of  fathei-— .equally  to  botlk 

Father's  father  and  mother's  mother — equally  to  both. 

Uncles'  or  aunts'  children,  and  brother  or  sister's  grandchildren— equally  to  all.  '  • 

Grandmother,  uncle,  or  aunt — all  to  grandmother.  ^ 

Two  aunts,  nephew,  and  niece — equally  to  all. 

Uncle  and  deceased  uncle's  child — all  to  uncle. 

Uncle  by  mother's  side,  and  deceased  uncle  or  aurt's  child — all  to  uncle. 

Nephew  by  brother,  and  nephew  by  half-sister — equally  per  capita. 

Nephew  by  deceased  brother,  and  nephews  and  nieces  by  deceased  sister — eaoh  In  equal  ihtrM  ptf  oapUa, 
ViiuoX, per  stirpes. 

Brother  and  grandfather — whole  to  brother. 

Brother's  grandson,  and  brother  or  sister's  daughter — to  daughter. 

Brother  and  two  aunts — to  brother. 

Brother  and  wife — half  to  brother,  half  to  wife. 

Mother  and  brother — equally. 

Wife,  mother,  and  children  of  a  deceased  brother  (or  sister) — half  to  wife,  one-fourth  to  mother,  one-fourtli 
per  utirpes  to  deceased  brother  or  sister's  children. 

Wife,  brother  or  sister,  and  children  of  a  deceased  brother  or  sister — half  to  wife,  one-fourth  to  mother,  ot 
sister  per  capita,  one-fourth  to  deceased  brother  or  sister's  child  per  stirpes. 

Brother  or  sister,  and  children  of  a  deceased  brother  or  sister — half  to  brother  or  sistes  ptr  oilpitd,  half  to 
children  of  deceased  brother  or  sister  per  stirpes. 
Orandfather  and  brother — all  to  brother. 

Non.—PcrBonal  property  is  held  hyman  mid  wifo  in  common.  This  community  exiita  l>y  law,  unlouthmtt)rtAiitArrln|{itron1rnci,ol(0out«il 
before  tlie  miirrliiRe,  which  expreialy  itipulntea  that  there  shall  b«  no  community,— TVtad'ii  on  M«  law  of  Mitrriagt  in  Zowir  Vanaiia,  tf 
Janti  AriMlTong. 


Mi 


h* 


'    -  -f 


■!:  I 


"**:.li 


1 


46 


CANADA:   CITIES,   TOWNS,   AND  VILLAGES. 


:  CITIES,  TOWNS,   AND  VILLAGES, 

"^''  IN    UPPER  AND   LOWER  CANADA, 

Alphabetically  arranged,  witli  name  of  Town  or  Village  firat,  then  the  County  (Co.)  it  is 
in,  followed  by  the  name  of  Township  (Tp.).     Thus,  for  example : — 
•' Abehfoylk,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wellington,  Tp.  Piislinch." 

Jg^  C.  K        denotes  Canada  East. 
C.  W.  "        Canada  West. 

Ca  "       County. 

Tp.  "       Township. 

G.  T.  It,        "        Grand  Trunk  Railroad. 
G.  W.  R.       "        Great  Western  Railroad, 
Towns  having  Money  Order  Offices  may  be  known  by  their  names  being  printed  in 
black  letter  thus,  ALUANSVILLE. 
All  the  places  mentioned  have  PosT-0FFICK^^,  unless  where  mentioned  to  the  contrary. 
In  addressing  letters  to  parties  in  any  town  or  village,  they  should  be  addressed — 
1st  Christian  and  Surname  in  full. 
2d.    Name  of  Township. 
8d,    Name  of  County. 

4th.  "  Canada  West,"  or  "  Canada  East,"  which  is,  of  course,  synonymous  with  "  Upper 
Canada"  and  "  Lower  Canada." 

For  rotes  of  postage  to  and  from  Canada,  see  elsewhere  in  this  work,  headed  "  f  ostal 
Regulations." 

51^"  To  find  out  the  distance  of  any  one  place  fiom  another,  on  the  lines  of  the  G.  T.  R, 
(Grand  Trunk  Railroad),  G.  W.  R.  (Great  AVestern  Railroad),  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron, 
and  Ontorio,  Simcoe,  and  Iluron  Railroads,  see  the  Distance  Tables  of  these  lines,  given 
elsewhere. 


A. 


ABBOTT'S  CORNEK,  C.  E.,  Co.  Mlsslaqnol,  Make  for 
"  Conipton"  on  the  (1.  T.  K.     Populatldii  about  KM). 

ABHOTTSFORl),  C.  E.,  Co.  Uouvllle,  St.  Ilillalre  on 
the  (i.  T.  U.  is  the  Station  best  uvaliable.  I'opula- 
tion  about  KM). 

ABERCKOMBIE,  see  St.  Adele. 

ABEKCORN,  C.  E.,  Co.  Brome,  Conipton  on  the  G.  T. 
K.  is  the  nearest  ytalion.     I'opuhition  about  50. 

ABERDEEN,  see  Rapides  des  Jnaclilius. 

ABERKOYLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Weliington,  Tp.  I'usllnch. 
Uo  to  Guelph,  a  main  Station  on  the  (!.  T.  R.  I'op- 
ulalion  about  llX). 

ABINODO.V,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lincoln,  Tp.  Cnlstor.  Be- 
tween tlie  Great  Western  an(i  tlie  BulTiilo  an<l  Lalfe 
Iluron  Railways ;  for  the  G.  W.  R.  route  take  Grims- 
by Station  on  the  Hamilton  ami  Niagara  Section, 
or  "Canflehi"  Station  on  tlie  Buffalo  and  Lake  Hu- 
ron Line.     Population  about  SO. 

ACTON,  C.  E.  (alias  Aeton  Vale),  Co.  Bagot.  A  Tele- 
graph .Station  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

ACTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  HaltoM,  Tp.  Esqueslng.  A  Station 
on  the  (K  T.  R.     Population  about  ■'ilH). 

ADAMSVILLE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Brome.  Make  for  "  Comp- 
ton"  Station  on  the  G.  T.  R.     Population  about  100. 

ADARE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Huron,  Tp.  Blddulph.  Go  to 
"Stratford"  on  the  G.  T.  R.     Population  about .50. 

ADDINGTON  ROAD,  C.  W.    See  Free  (irants  of  Land. 

ADDISON,  C.  W.,Co.  Leeds,  Tp.  EllzabethtoHn, close 
to  BrockviUe,  a  main  Station  on  the  G.  T.  R.  Pop- 
ulation about  150. 

ADELAIDE  Tp.,  C.  W.,  Co.  Middlesex.  Go  to  "  Mount 
Brydges"  on  the  G.  W,  R. 

ADJALA  Tp.,  see  Athlone,  Ballyroy,  and  Koenans- 
•.  iile,  Villages  and  Poat-ollices  Hltliiiitliat  Township. 

AD.MASTON  Tp.,  C.  W.,  Co.  Renfrew.  Steamer  from 
Aylmcr  on  the  Ottawa,  nearest  Station  Ottawa  City, 
connected  at  Prescott  with  the  G.  T.  R. 

ADOLPHUSTOWN  Tp.,  Co.  Lennox.  Station  Ernest- 
town  on  the  G.  T.  R.    Also  Kingston  or  Belleville 


for  Bay  of  Quintd  Steamer  plying  both  to  and  from 
Ailolphustnwn  in  summer. 

ALBION  Tj).,  C.  W,,  Co.  Peel.  Go  to  Brampton,  a 
main  Station  on  G.  T.  R. 

ALDBOKOIJGH  Tp.,  C.  W.,  Co.  Elgin.  Go  to  New- 
bury Station  on  the  G.  W.  R. 

ALDERSHOTT,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wentworth,  Tp.  Flanilioro', 
Go  to  Dundas,  {I.  W.  R.     Population  about  Sn. 

ALEXANDRIA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Glengary,  Tp.  LochlcL 
Make  for  Lancaster  on  U.  T.  R.  Population  about 
700, 

ALFRED  Tp.,  C.  W.,  Co.  Prescott.  On  South  Sliore 
of  Lower  OMawa.  Lancaster  is  the  nearest  (}.  'I'.  1!. 
Station,  and  Steamers  touch  at  Original  and  llawkn- 
bury  on  Ottawa  for  Ottawa  City  and  Montreal. 

ALGONA.     See  Crown  Lands  for  sale. 

ALLANBITRtl,  C.  W.,  Co.  WeUan.l,  Tp.  Tlinrolil 
Go  to  Thorold  on  the  G.  W.  R.,  or  to  Port  Diilliousio 
for  Steamer  to  Toronto  and  all  other  parts  Kast, 

ALLAN  PARK,  Co.  Grey,  Tp.  Bentlck.  Make  for 
"Gui'lph,"  thence  by  Stage  to  Owen's  Sound.  Or 
for  Ciilllngwood  by  the  Northern  Rail  from  Torontn, 
anil  Steamer  Canadian  to  Owen's  Sound  and  duwn 
by  Stage. 

ALLAN'S  CORNERS,  C.  E.,  Co.  ClmteaiK|iiay,  Tp. 
Durham.  Go  to  Montreal,  and  thence  liy  Cliaii)- 
plain  and  t.  Lawrence  Railway.  Poiiula'ion  almul 
Oil. 

ALLANSVILLE.  C.  W.,  Co.  Wellington,  Tp.  PcH. 
Go  to  "Guelph"  on  G.  T.  R. 

ALLISONVXLLE,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Prince  Edward,  Tp.  Anic- 
liiisburg.  Steamers  |)ly  down  from  Trenlnn  iiinl 
Iiilleville,  both  Stations  on  tlif  G.  T.  It.  Ip  Innii 
King!'ton  and  Montreal  on  the  same  ItalhviO' S"'- 
timi.  For  Iiuid  journey  go  to  "  Hrightim  or  Tnn- 
ton"  Stations  on  (J.  T.  R.,  and  thence  to  Carrying 
Place,  Tp.  Murray.     Population  about  ."iO. 

ALLCMKTTE  ISLAND,  C.  W.,  Tp.  Renfrew.  An 
Island  on  U;.per  Ottawa  River  near  Terminus  of 


CANADA:   CITIES,   TOWNS,   AND  VILLAGES. 


47 


|.   TlinroW 
Diilhousii! 

Jts  Kiist. 
Make  for 
(11111(1,    Or 

In  Tornntc, 

1 1111(1  down 

li(l\iii.v,  T|i. 
1  liy  ClKiiii- 
llioii  iilimit 

Tp.  P0(^. 

Jl,  Tp.  Am<?- 
Iciitcii  ami 

IiilwiO'  I'l''' 
(ir  Trcn- 
1(1  Carrying 

ifrew.    An 
L'riiiinuj  of 


projected  Brookvllle  and  Arnprlor  Rallnray.  May- 
be reached  from  Aylmer,  0.  K  On  the  North  Shore 
of  Ottawa  River  by  Steamer  In  connection  with 
Stages  tor  Ottawa  Katlway,  which  Joins  the  U.  T.  I(. 
at  I'rescott.  Also  called  Adams. 
ALMA,  0.  W.,  Co.  Wellington,  'fp.   Peel.     Go  to 

(luelph,  see  AllansvlUe.    Population  lUxiut  70. 
AMNA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Bruce,  Tp.  Huron.   25  miles  from 

(tdderlch.     Population  about  fiO. 
ALMIKA,  0.  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  Peel.    Go  to  Sciirboro' 
Station  on  the  G.  T.  11.    Or  Toronto,  whence  Stage 
iliiUy.    Population  about  60. 
Al-NWICK  Tp.,  0.  W.,  Co.  Northumberland.     Moke 
f(ir  llarwood,  a  Station  on  the  Cobourg  and  Peter- 
borough Line,  which  connects  with  the  G.  T.  K.  at 
Cobourg. 
ALTON,  C!.  W.,  Co.  Peel,  Tp.  Caledon.    Go  to  George- 
town, a  Station  on  the  G.  T.  It.    Population  about 
200. 
ALTONA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Ontario,  Tp.  Pickering.     "  Port 
Union  or  Frenchman's  Bay     are  nearest  Flag  Sta- 
tions, but  Whitby  main  Station  may  be  jirefevuHe, 
ail  on  the  G.  T.  K.    Population  about  200. 
ALVINSTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lambton,  Tp.  Brooke.     Go 
to  "  Olencoe,"  on  the  G.  W.  R.,  Hamilton  and  VVind- 
sor  Section.     Population  about  60. 
AMKLIASUURG  Tp.,   C.   W.,   Co.   Prince    Edward. 
Daily  Steamer  down  from  IleiieviUe,  and  up  from 
Kingston,  both  Stations  on  the  G.  T.  R.   Population' 
about  loo. 
AMHERSTBURG,  C.  W.,  Co.  Essex,  Tp.  Maldon. 
On  Iiiike  Erie.     Make  fur  Windsor  Terminus  of  the 
0.  W.  R.,  and  proceed  by  River  or  Road.    Popula- 
tion about  2500. 
AMllKKST    ISLAND,   Tp.,    C.   W.,   Co.   Addlngton. 
Cross  Bay  of  Quiiite  from  Erneaton,  or  lake  Steam- 
er from  Kingston.    Both  "  Erncston"  and  Kingston 
are  Stations  on  the  G.  T.  R.     Population  iibout  100. 
AMIKNS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Middlesex,  Tp.   Lobo.      Take 

ticket  for  "Komoka"  on  the  G.  W.  R. 
ANCIENNE  LORRETTE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Quebec.    On  the 
North  Shore  of  St.  Lawrence.     "  Point  Levi"  Sta- 
tion, on  the  G.  T.  R.  to  Quebec,  Is  on  the  opposite 
shore.    Population  elilelly  Huron  Indians. 
ANCASTER  Tp.,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wentworth.     Take  ticket 
for  Uundas  G.  W.  R.  Hamilton  Section,  and  go  on 
by  daily  Stage. 
ANUUS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Simcoe,  Tp.   Essa.     Es.sa  is  a 
gtulion  on  the  Ontario,  Simcoe  and  Huron  Railway. 
Population  about  160. 
Al'l'LKUY,  C.  W.,  Co.  Halton,  Tp.   Nelson.     Make 

for  Wellington  Square,  a  Station  on  G.  W.  R. 
AI'TO,  C.  W.,  Co.  Sluicoe,  Tp.  Vespra.    Take  ticket 
forSunnidale  Station  on  Ontario,  Simcoe  and  Huron 
Uailway  from  Toronto.     Population  about  25. 
AULINUl'ON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Simcoe,  Tp.  Adjala.     Try 
Maiton  Station,  on  G.  T.  R.,  Toronto  and  Stratford 
Section,  and  stage  thence  to  Mono  Mills  and  to 
SImi.i  Centre.     Population  about  SO. 
AKNPIUOU,  C.W.,  Co.  Renfrew,  Tp.  McNab.  Steamer 
from  Aylmer  in  connection  with  railway  to  and  from 
Ottawa  City,  connected  again  at  I'rescott  with  G.  T. 
1!.    Also  connected  by  stage  with  Hrocjivilie  Station 
on  tlie  same  railway  section,  via  Perth,  and  Smith's 
Kails.    IV,iulali(in  about  2Til. 
AllliAN,  C.  W.,  Co.  lliucc,  Tp.  Arran.     Go  to  Col- 
lingwood  by  (iiitario,  Simcoe  and  Huron  Railway, 
f.oni  Toronto,   thence    by   Steamer   Canadian    to 
Owen's  Sound.     Or  by  Guelph  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  and 
tlienee  bv  stage. 
AIITE.MKSIA,  Tp.,  ('.  W.,  Co.  Grey.   Make  for  Sunni- 
(lale  Station  on  the  Ontario,  Simcoe  and   Huron 
Uailway,  and  thence  go  west. 
Alt'l'llAliASKA,  ('.  E.    A  Telegraph  Station  on  the  G. 

T.  K.    i'opulation  about  l."i(i. 
AUilli:ii,  Tp.,  C.  W.,  Co.  Welliiiglnn.   Go  to  Guelph 

by  U.  T.  K.,  and  tlience  iioiili  by  stage. 
AUVA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Middlesex,  Tp.  I.o.idon.  Go  to 
London,  a  niaiii  Station  on  the  G.  W.  R.  I'opuia- 
tion  about  2011. 
ASllllUKN,  ('.  W.,  Co.  Ontario,  Tp.  Whitliy.  Go  to 
Wliilhy  main  Station  on  G.  T.  K.  Population  about 
■m. 

ASIIFIELD,  Tp.,  C.  W.,  Co.  Huron.  Go  tn  Stratford 
by  t>.  T.  li.,  and  thence  bv  Goderich  Stage. 

Asill  ItOVK,  V.  W.,  Co.  Hallon,  Tp.  Kstpiesing.  Pro- 
ceed from  Georgetown,  a  Station  on  G.  T.  I{.  Pop- 
ulation about  60. 

ASPUOUEL    Tp.,  C.  W.,  Peterborough.    Make  for 


Cobourg,  on  0.  T.  R.  Thence  for  Peterborough  by 
the  Junction  Railway,  and  Passage  Uoat  on  Rice 
Lake. 

ATHELSTON,  C.  B.,  Co.  Huntingdon.  Rouse's  Point 
I.",  the  nearest  Railway  Station  on  the  Soutli,  and 
Montreal  on  the  North.  It  lies  between  Lake  St. 
Francis  and  the  Champlaln  and  St.  Lawrence  Rail- 
way.    Population  about  SO. 

ATHKRLEy,  V.  W.,  Co.  Ontario,  Tp.  Mara.  Book  by 
Ontario,  Simcoe  and  Huron  Railway  for  Belie  Ewart, 
and  on  by  steamer,  direct.  In  winter,  go  to  Barrle, 
and  thence  by  stage  to  Orlilla.   Population  about  70. 

ATHLONE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Simcoe,  Tp.  Adjala.  Try 
Maiton  Station,  G.  T.  R.,  and  on  by  stage  to  Mono. 
Population  about  820. 

ATHOL,  C.  W.,  Co.  Glengarry.  Go  to  Lancaster  Sta- 
tion, en  6.  T.  R.    Population  about  100. 

AUBURN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Huron,  T->  Colborne.  Go  to 
Stratford  on  G.  T.  R.  Also  on  the  Bulfaio  and  Lake 
Huron,  and  go  on  by  Goderich  Stage. 

AUULEY,  C.  W.,  Co.  Ontario,  Tp.  Pickering.  "  Port 
Huron,"  and  "  Frenchman's  Bay,"  on  G.  T.  R.,  are 
nearly  equl-dlstant  Stations. 

AUGHRIM,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lambton,  Tp.  Eiipbemia. 
liook  for  Glencoe  Station,  on  G.  W.  R.  Population 
about  25. 

AULTSVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Stormont,  Tp.  Osnabruck. 
Make  for  "  Dickenson's  Landing,"  a  Station  on  the 
G.  T.  R.     Population  about  150. 

AURORA,  C.  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  Whitchurch.  A 
Telegraph  Station  on  the  Ontario,  Simcoe  and  Hu- 
ron Railway.    Population  about  450. 

AVON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Middlesex,  Tp.  N.  Dorchester.  Go 
to  "  E(lwardsburg,"  a  Station  on  the  G.  W.  R. 
Population  about  50. 

AVON  BANK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Perth,  Tp.  Downle.  Get  to 
Stratford  Junction  Station  of  the  G.  T.  R.,  and 
Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  Railway. 

AYLMER  EAST,  C.  E.,  Co.  Ottawa,  Tp.  Hidl.  On 
north  shore  of  River  Ottawa,  connecting  point  for 
Upper  Ottawa  District  willi  Ottawa  City.  Take 
ticket  for  Ottawa  tMly,  connected  at  I'rescott  with 
G.  T.  R.,  and  thence  on  by  stage  to  Aylmer.  Pop- 
ulation about  1500. 

AYLMER  WEST,  C.  W.,  Co.  Elgin,  Tp.  Malahide.  On 
London  and  Port  Stanley  Railway,  connected  at 
London,  C.  W.,  with  the  G.  W.  R.  Population 
about  600. 

AVLWIN,  Tp.,  C.  E.,  Co.  Ottawa.  North  of  Ottawa 
River  ;  Steamer  direct  from  Montreal.  Population 
about  100. 

AYR,  C.  W.,  Co.  Waterloo,  Tp.  Dumfrie.s.  Go  to 
"Gait,"  now  connected  by  Branch  Railway  with 
G.  W.  R.,  and  UuCTaio  and  Lake  Huron  Railways  at 
Paris — which  see.     Population  about  1000. 

AYTON,  (!.  W.,  Co.  Grey,  Tp.  Normanby.  Go  to 
(iuelpli,  and  on  bv  Stage  through  Fergus,  Elora, 
Mount  Forest.    Guelph  U  on  the  O.  T.  R. 


B 

BABY'S  POINT,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lambton,  Tp.  Sombra. 
Reached  from  Chatham  Station,  on  the  (K  W   R. 

BABYVIiiLE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Naiderville,  Tp.  Sherrington. 
Which  is  a  Station  on  the  .Montreal  and  Plattsburg 
Railway,  H2  miles  from  Montreal. 

BADEN, 'C.  W.,  Co.  Waterloo,  South  Riding,  Tp.  Wil- 
niot.  In  the  same  township  as  Petersburg.  St"tlon 
on  the  G.  T.  R. 

BAGOT,  C.  W.,  Tp.  In  Co.  Renfrew.  North  of  Perth, 
on  llneof  Brockville  and  Arnjirior  Extension.  Pres- 
ent nearest  Station,  Ottawa  City,  on  Branch  Rail- 
way, connected  at  Prescott  with  the  G.  T.  R. 

BAGOT,  C.  E.     See  (irande  Bale. 

BA(ilOTVII,LE,  C.  K,  Near  Chicoutlmi,  on  the  Sague- 
nay  R.  Go  by  Steamer  Saguenay,  from  Quebec, 
or  St.  Thomas,  C.  E,,  the  Eastern  Teriniims  of  the 
G.  T.  R.,  below  Quebec,  thence  by  same  Steamer. 

BALLINAFAD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wellington,  South  Riding, 
Tp.  Erin.   Go  to  Georgetown  Station  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

BALLYCROY,  C.  W.  See  Athione,  both  being  in  Tp. 
of  Adjala. 

BALMORAL,  C.  W.,  Co  Ilaldimand,  Tp.  Wiilpole. 
Near  Cook's  Station,  on  the  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron 
R'ilway. 

BALTIMORE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Northumberland,  Tp.  Ham- 
ilton.   A  Station  on  the  Cobourg  and  Peterborough 


■        ■  (■  ."V;     'f 


Ik^l 


mi 


r^^:A 


UU 


46 


CANADA:   CITIES,   TOWNS,   AND  VILLAGES. 


Railway,  which  ia  connected  at  Oobourg  with  the 

0.  T.  K.    S  miles  from  Cobourg. 

BANDON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Huron,  Tp.  Hullott,  Go  to 
Stratford,  by  tlie  liuffulo  and  Lake  Huron,  or  O. 

1.  R. 

BARFORD,  C.  E.    See  Coaticook. 

BARNETT,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wellington,  Tp.  Nlohol.  Go  to 
Guelph,  on  the  G.  T.  K. 

BAUNSTON,  C.  K.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  Stanatead.  Near 
Coallcook  Station,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  bordering  on 
Vermont  Stale. 

BARRtE,  C.  W.    A  Tp.  In  Co.  Frontenae.    Nearest 

-  Poat-ofttce  at  Kaladar,  the  adjoining  Township.  This 
Township  is  now  being  settled.  It  Is  best  approach- 
ed from  Napanee,  a  Station  on  the  0.  T.  R.,  Mon- 
.treal  and  Toronto  Section.  The  price  of  the  land  is 
4a.  per  acre.    See  Crown  Lands  for  Sale, 

BARRIE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Slmcoe,  Tp.  Vespra.  County 
Town  and  Main  Station  on  Ontario,  Slmcoe,  and 
Huron  Railway  from  Toronto  to  Colllugwood.  C6 
miles  from  Toronto.    Population  about  2600. 

BARTON,  C.  W. 

BARTONVILLE,  0.  W.,  Co.  Wentworth,  Tp.  Barton. 
Near  Ontario  Station  on  the  G.  W.  R, 

BATH,  C.W.,Co.Addington,Tp.Erriestown.  Wliich 
is  a  Station  on  the  6.  T.  R.    Population  about  600. 

BASTARD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Leeds,  containing  the  Villages 
and  Post-offices,  Delta,  Forfar,  PblllpsviUe,  which 

gpp  ]*cgp6CtlV6lv 

BATISCAN,  0.  E.'  A  Tp.,  Co.  Champlaln.  On  the 
River  St.  Maurice,  which  bisects  the  St.  Maurice 
Territory  from  Its  confluence  with  the  St.  Lawrence 
below  Lake  St.  Peter  at  Three  Rivers,  at  which  Port 
the  St.  Lawrence  Steamers  call.  The  Government 
have  formed  a  road  from  Three  Rivers  to  the  Grand 
Plies,  on  the  St.  Maurice  River,  whence  Steamers 
ply  for  the  Upper  St.  Maurice,  touching  at  Butlscan. 

BATISCAN  BRIDGE.  Higher  up  the  St.  Maurice  than 

B&ttsCAIl     wlllcll  8fi6 

BATTEUSEA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Frontenae,  Tp.  Storrington. 
Try  Kingston  City,  as  nearest  Main  Station,  or 
Kingston  Mills  and  Gauanoque,  all  on  the  G.  T.  R. 
Population  about  100. 

BAYFIELD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Huron,  Tp.  Stanley.  Go  to 
Stratford  Station  of  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  and 
G.  T.  R.    Population  about  800. 

BAYIIAM,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  Elgin,  on  the  shore  of 
Lake  Erie.  Go  to  Port  Stanley,  connected  by  Rail- 
way Branch  with  G.  W.  R.  at  London,  C.  W. 

BEACHVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Oxford,  West  Riding,  Tp. 
Oxford  We.st.  A  Station  on  the  G.  W.  R.  ^S  miles 
west  of  Hamilton  City.    Population  about  600. 

BEAMSVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lincoln,  Tp.  Clinton.  A 
Station  on  the  O.  W.  R.    22  miles  from  Niagara. 

BEAR  BROOK,  Co.  Russell,  Tp.  Cumbcriand.  Goto 
Gloster  Station  on  the  Ottawa  Railway,  which  con- 
nects with  the  O.  T.  R.  at  Presoott. 

BEAUHARN0I8,  C.  E.  An  Electoral  District  on  the 
South  Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  nearly  opposite 
the  confluence  of  the  Ottawa  River  and  the  Cedars 
Station,  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

BEAUMONT,  C.  E.,  Co.  Bellechasse,  on  the  South 
Shore  of  the  St.  Laurence,  opposite  the  Isle  of  Or- 
leans, below  Quebec.  Nearest  Station,  Point  Levi, 
on  the  G.  T.  R. 

BEAUPORT,  C.  E.,  Co.  Quebec.  East  of  Quebec  City. 
Nearest  Station,  Point  Levi,  on  the  South  Short  of 
the  St.  Lawrence,  Terminus  of  the  G.  T.  R. 

BEAVERTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Ontario,  Tp.  Thorah.  Go 
to  Belle  Ewart,  on  Ontario,  Slmcoe,  and  Huron 
Railroad,  from  Toronto,  and  thence  by  Steamer  on 
Lake  Slmcoe.  In  Winter  by  Hallwsy  from  Port 
Hope  to  Lindsay,  which  connects  at  Port  Hope  with 
O.  T.  R. 

BECANCOUR,  C.  E.,  Co.  Nlcolet.  On  South  Shore  of 
the  St.  Lawrence,  opiiosite  Three  Rivera,  which  Is 
the  nearest  Steam  Packet  Station. 

BECKWITH,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Lanark,  South 
Riding.    See  Carleton  I'lace  and  Franktown. 

BEDFORD,  C.  E.,  Co.  Mlssisquoi,  Tp.  Stanbrldge, 
JIake  for  River  Richelieu  by  Steamer  from  Montre- 
al. If  by  Rail  by  Rouse's  Point  ou  the  Champluin 
and  St.  Lawrence  R. 

BELFAST,  C.  W.    See  Ashfleld. 

BELFOUNTAIN,  C.  W.    See  Caledon. 

BELLAMY'S  MILLS,  C.  W.    See  Ramsay. 

BELLE  RIVIERE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Two  Mountains.  Near 
confluence  of  Ottawa  River  with  the  St.  Lawrence. 
Qo  by  Ottawa  Steamer  '.'om  Montreal. 


BELLEVILLE,  0.  W.,  Go.  Hastings,  Tp.  Thurlow. 
County  Town.  Main  and  Telegraph  Station  on  G. 
T.  R.  Section.  220  miles  from  Montreal,  and  118 
from  Toronto.    Population  about  7000. 

BELL  EWART,  C.  W.,  Co.  Slmcoe,  Tp.  Innlsfll.  A 
Station  of  tlie  Ontario,  Slmcoe,  and  Huron  Railway, 
and  for  the  Lake  Slmcoe  Boats.  &0  miles  from  To- 
ronto.   Population  about  600. 

BELL'S  CORNERS,  Co.  Carleton,  Tp.  Nepean.  Try 
"Gloster,"  or  Ottawa  Stations  on  the  Railway 
Branch  from  Prescott,  on  the  G.  T.  R.  Populatiou 
about  70. 

BELMONT,  0.  W.,  Co.  Elgin,  Tp.  South  Dorchester. 
Go  to  Edwardsburg,  a  Station  on  the  G.  W.  R. 

BELMORE,  0.  W.",  Co.  Huron,  Tp.  Turnberry.  Go  to 
Stratford,  present  Terminus  of  G.  T.  R.  and  BulTulo 
and  Lake  Huron  Railway.    Population  about  140. 

BELtEIL,  C.  E.,  Co.  Vercheres.  On  South  Shore  of 
St.  Lawrence.  Try  Longuiel  or  St.  Hyacinthe  Sta- 
tions on  the  G.  T.  R.    Population  about  800. 

BENMILLER,  C.  W.    See  Auburn. 

BENNIE'S  CORNERS,  0.  W.,  Co.  Lanark,  Tp.  Ram- 
say.  Try  North  Gower  Station,  on  Ottawa  and 
Prescott  Branch  from  the  G.  T.  R.  Population 
about  75. 

B  E  NTI NC  K ,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  Grey.  Go  to  Col- 
Itngwood  by  the  Ontario,  Slmcoe,  and  Huron  Rail- 
way, and  thence  by  Canadian  Steomer  to  Owen's 
Sound,  and  down  l»y  Stage ;  or  to  Guelph,  on  the 
G.  T.  R.,  and  up  by  Stage  for  Owen's  Sound. 

BERKELEY,  0.  W  Co.  Grey,  Tp.  Holland.  For 
Route  see  Bentinck. 

BERLIN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Waterloo,  North  Riding,  Tp, 
Waterloo  North.  A  Telegraph  Station  on  the  G.  T. 
R.    64  miles  from  Toronto. 

BERTHIEU  EN  BAS,  C.  E.,  Co.  Montmagny.  A  Sta- 
tion on  the  G.  T.  R.,  Quebec  and  St.  Thomas  Sec- 
tion. 42  miles  below  Quebec.  Population  about 
1600. 

BERTHIER  EN  HAUT,  0.  E.,  Co.  Berthler.  On 
the  North  Shore  of  St.  Lawrence,  at  head  of  Lake 
St.  Peter.  Reached  by  Quebec  and  Montreal 
Steamers. 

BERWICK,  0.  W.,  Co.  Stormont,  Tp.  Finch.  Go  to 
Dickinson's  Landing,  a  Station  on  G.  T.  R,  Popu- 
lation about  160. 

BERTIE.    See  Fort  Erie. 

BERVIE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Bruce,  Tp.  Kincardine,  which  see, 

BEVERLEY,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Wentworth,  con- 
taining Copetown,  Rockton,  Sheffield  Villages  and 
Post-offices,  which  see. 

BEWDLEY,  C.  W.,  Co.  Northumberiand,  Tp.  Hamil- 
ton. Go  to  Port  Hope,  a  Main  Station  on  the  G.  T, 
R. ;  also  a  Lake  Port,  frequented  by  the  Steamera. 
Population  about  100. 

BIC,  C.  E.,  Co.  Rimouskl.  A  Port  on  the  Lower  91. 
Lawrence,  on  the  South  Shore,  opposite  Island  of 
St.  Ceclle.     Population  about  8000. 

niDDULPII.     See  Adare. 

BINBROOK,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Wentworth,  near  to 
the  Jordan  Station  on  the  G.  W.  R.,  Hamilton  and 
Niagara  District. 

BIRMINGHAM,  C.  W.,  Co,  Frontenae,  Tp.  Pittsburg. 
Kingston  City  and  Kingston  Mills  are  the  Stations, 
the  latter  only  a  Flag  Station,  both  on  the  G,  T,  li. 
Population  al)out  200, 

BISHOP'S  MILLS,  C.  W,,  Co.  Grenville,  Tp.  Oxford. 
Go  to  Oxford,  a  Station  ou  the  Ottawa  and  Prcacott 
Branch  of  the  G.  T,  R, 

BLAIN  VILLE  TERREBONNE,  C,  E,  See  St,  Thcrese 
de  Ulalnvllle. 

BLACK  CREEK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Welland,  Tp.  Willoughby. 
Go  to  Rldgeway  on  the  BufTalo  and  Lake  Huron 
Railway. 

BLANDFORD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Oxford,  See  Woodstock, 
Ratho,  etc, 

BLANDFORD,  C,  E.,  Tp,  in  Arthabaska  Co,  Go  to 
Somerset  Station  on  the  G,  T,  R. 

BLANSHARD,  C.  W.  See  Fish  Creek,  St.  Mary's, 
lilanshard. 

BLESSINGTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Hastings,  Tp.  Tyendluaga, 
where  there  is  a  Station  of  the  G.  T.  R. 

BLOOMFIELD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Prince  Edward,  Tp.  Halle- 
well.  Situate  on  Bay  of  Qulnte,  and  readied  by 
Steamer  daily  from  Kingston  and  Belleville,  both 
Stations  ou  the  G.  T.  R. 

BLOOJISUURG,  C.  W.,  Co.  Norfolk,  Tp.  Townscnd. 
Go  to  Onondaga  or  Paris,  both  Stations  ou  the  liul- 
falo  and  Lake  Huron  Railway. 


CANADA:  CITIES,  TOWNS,  AND  VILLAGES. 


4» 


Go  to 
Popu- 


Lower  St. 
Islaud  of 


1  St.  Therese 

WiUoughby. 
Lake  Huron 

Woodstock, 
Co.  On  '» 
St.  Jlary's, 

Tyendinaga, 

rt,  Tp.  Hallo- 
reached  by 
Ueville,  both 

Townscncl 
I  ou  the  But- 


BliYTHHr,  0.  W.,  Co.  Huron.    North  of  Stratford  Ter- 
minus of  G.  T.  R. 
BOBOAYGEON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Victoria,  Tp.  Verulam. 
Go  to  Port  Hope,  on  the  G.  T.  K.,  and  thence  by 
Branch  Railway  to  Lindsay.   Population  about  200. 
BOLTON,  C.  W.     See  South  Bolton. 
BODMIN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Huron,  Tp.  Morris.    North-west 
of  Stratford  Station,  on  the  G.  T.  K.    Population 
about  80. 
BOMANTON,  0.  W.,  Co.  Northumberland,  Tp.  Ham- 
ilton.   Go  to  Port  Hope  on  thu  G.  T.  K.,  and  thence 
by  Lindsay  Railway,  open  to  Omemee. 
BOND  HEAD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Slmcoe,  South  Riding,  Tp. 
Tecumseli.     Go  to  Bradford  on  the  Ontario,  Slm- 
coe, and  Huron  Hallway  from  Toronto.    Population 
about  250. 
BOUGARD'S  CORNERS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Prince  Edward, 
Tp.  Marysburg,  on  Bay  of  Quinte.  Take  the  Steamer 
from  Kingston  or  Belleville  on  G.  T.  R.    Population 
about  30. 
B08ANQUET,  C.  W.    A  Tp.  In  Co.  Lambton.    Go  to 

Stratford  ou  G.  T.  R. 
B08C0BEL,  C.  E.,  Co.  Shefford,  Tp.  Ely.    Go  to  Dur- 
ham Station  on  the  G.  T.  R.     Population  about  100. 
BOSTON,  C.  W.    A  Village  In  Townsend  Township, 
Norfolk  Co.  See  Bloomsburg.  Population  about  180. 
BOTHWELL,  C.  W.,  Co.  Kent,  Tp.  Zone.    A  Station 
on  the  G.  W.  R.,  Hamilton  and  Windsor  Section, 
about  40  miles  west  of  London,  0.  W.    Population 
about  500. 
BOUCHEKVILLE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Chambly.    Go  to  Lon- 
gueil  Station  on  the  G,  T.  R.,  close  to  Montreal. 
Popiilation  about  800. 
BOUKG    LOUIS,   C.  E.,  Co.  Portncuf.      On  North 
Shore  of   St.  Lawrence — no  nearer  Station  than 
Point  Levi,  the  Quebec  Terminus  of  the  G.  T.  R. ; 
may  be  reached  by  Montreal  and  Quebec  Steamers 
at  Portneuf,  on  the  River  St.  Lawrence.  Population 
about  100. 
BOWEN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lennox,  Tp.  Richmond.    Go  to 

Napanee  on  the  G.  T.  R.    Population  about  260. 
BOWMANVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Durham,  Tp.  Darling- 
ton.   A  Slain  Station  on  O.  T.  R.    48  miles  from  To- 
ronto.   Population  about  4000. 
BOWMORE.    See  Nottawasaga. 
BRADFORD,  0.  W.,  Co.  Simcoe,  Tp.  W.  GwilUm- 
bury.    A  Main  Station  on  the  Ontario,  Slmcoe  and 
Huron  Railway  from  Toronto.    42  miles  from  To- 
ronto.   Population  about  600. 
BRAMPTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Peel,  Tp.  Chinguacousy— 
County  Town.     A  Main  Station  on  G.  T.  R.     22 
miles  from  Toronto.    Population  about  2000. 
BRANCHTON,  C.W.,  Co.  Brant,  Tp.  Dumfries,  (south.) 
Go  to  Paris  by  the  G.  W.  R.,  or  Buffalo  and  Lake 
Huron  Railway.     Population  about  100. 
BRANT.    An  Inland  County  In  Canada  West,  Inter- 
sected by  the  G.  W.  R.  and  the  Buffalo  and  Lake 
Huron  Railway.      The  G.  W.  R.  skirts  it  on  the 
North,  and  the  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  bisects  into 
nearly  equal  halves.    Wentworth  County  bounds 
It  on  the  East,  Oxford  on  the  West,  Waterloo  and 
Oxford  on  the  North,  and  Norfolk  and  Haldlmand 
on  the  South. 
BRANT,  C.  \V.    Tp.  In  Co.  Bruce.    Go  to  Guelph  by 
6.  T.  R.,  Toronto  and  Stratford  Section,  thence  by 
Stage. 
BRANTFOUD  EAST,  C.  W.    See  Calnsvllle  and  Rose- 
bank. 
BRANTFORD,  C.  W.    A  Tp.  In  Co.  Brant.    A  Main 
Station  on  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  Railway.    8 
miles  from  Paris  Junction  of  the  G.  W.  R.    Popu- 
lation about  8000. 
BRESbAW,  C.  W.,  Co.  Waterloo,  Tp.  Waterloo.     Go 

to  Berlin  on  the  G.  T.  R. 
BRKWEU'S  .MILLS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Frontenac,  Tp.  Pltts- 
Imrg.     King!4ton  Mills  Station  Is  nearest  Kingston 
City,  and  the  p^ost  frequented.    Both  on  G.  T.  R. 
Population  a  'lui  150. 
BRKWSTEK,  C.  ."'.    A  Post-offlce  lu  Bruce  Co.    See 

Hay. 
BRIBGENOUTH,  C.  W.,  Co.  Peterboro',  Tp.  Smith. 
A  little  North  of  Peterborough.     Go  to  Cobourg  on 
the  G.  T.  K.,  and  thence  by  Railway  to  Peterbo- 
rough.    Population  about  50. 
BUIDGEPOllT,  C.  W.      A  Village  In  Waterloo  Co. 

See  Petersburg.    Population  al>out  500. 
BRIGHTON,  e.  W.,  Co.  Northumberland,  Tp.  Mur- 
ray.   A  Station  on  the  G.  T.  K.     Population  about 
1500, 


BRITONVILLB,  0.  E. ,  Co.  Argenteull,  Tp.  Morin.  On 
North  Shore  of  Lower  Ottawa,  reached  by  Steamer 
from  Montreal. 

BRISTOL,  0.  E.  A  Tp. ,  Co.  PonUac.  On  North  Shore 
of  Ottawa  above  Aylmer  East,  (which  see,)  reached 
by  Upper  Ottawa  Steamers.    Population  about  80. 

BROCK,  0.  W.  A  Tp.,  Co.  Ontario.  Equl-dlstant 
from  G.  T.  R.  at  Whitby,  and  from  Bradford  and 
Holland  Landing  on  the  Ontario,  Slmcoe  and  Huron 
Railway. 

BROCK'S  CREEK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Elgin,  Tp.  Aldborough. 
Go  to  Newbury  on  G.  W.  R. 

BROCKVILLE,  0.  W.,  Co.  Leeds,  Tp.  EUzabeth- 
town.  County  Town.  A  Main  Station  on  G.  T.  R. 
129  miles  from  Montreal.    Population  about  5000. 

BROME,  0.  E.  An  Electoral  Division.  Nearest  Stft- 
tlons.  Ascot  and  Sberbrooke,  G.  T.  R. 

BROMLEY,  C.  W.    A  Tp.,  Co.  Renfrew.    See  DouglW). 

BROMPTON  FALLS  AND  BROMPTON,  C.  W.,  Co. 
Richmond.  Station  on  the  G.  T.  R.  This  Is  the 
Station  for  St.  Francis  Mills.    Population  about  40. 

BRONTE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Halton,  Tp.  Trafalgar.  A  Sta- 
tion on  the  G.  W.  K.  IS  niiles  iiom  Hamilton. 
Population  about  500. 

BROOKE,  0.  W.  A  Tp.,  Co.  Lambton.  Go  to  Glen- 
coe  on  G.  W.  R. 

BROOKLIN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Ontario,  Tp.  Whitby.  Go 
to  Whitby  or  Oshawa  on  G.  T.  R.  Population  about 
600. 

BROUGHAM,  0.  W.,  Co.  Ontario,  Tp.  Pickering.  Go 
to  DulBn's  Creek  or  Whitby  (as  the  main  Station)  on 
the  G.  T.  R.    Population  about  150. 

BROUGHAM,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  Renft-ew.  See 
Mount  St.  Patrick. 

BROUGHTON,  C.  E.  A  Tp.,  Co.  Megantlc.  Go  to 
Somerset  on  the  G.  T.  R.    Population  about  800. 

BROWNSBURG,  C.  E.,  Co.  Argenteull  On  North 
Shore  of  Lower  Ottawa.  May  be  reached  from 
Montreal  by  Steamer.     Population  about  100. 

BROWN'S  CORNERS,  C.  E.  A  Post-offlce  in  Picker- 
ing Tp.,  which  see. 

BROWNSVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Oxford,  Tp.  Dereham. 
Go  to  Ingersoll  by  the  G.  W.  R.  Population  about 
160. 

BRUCE,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  County  of  same  name.  Go 
to  Guelph,  thence  North  by  Stage  from  Guelph  Sta- 
tion G.  T.  R.  for  Saugeen  District. 

BRUCEFIELD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Huron,  Tp.  Stanley.  Near 
Goderlch.  Go  to  Stratford  Terminus  of  G.  T.  R. 
Population  about  200. 

BRUCE  MINES,  0.  W.  On  Lake  Huron.  There  is  a 
Post-oHlce,  and  In  Summer  a  Steamer  from  Colllug- 
wood  from  the  Terminus  of  the  Ontario,  Slmcoe 
and  Huron  Railway,  from  Toronto  for  the  Sault 
St.  Slarle.    Population  about  500. 

BUCKINGHAM,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  on  North  Shore  of  Ot- 
tawa River,  Co.  Ottawa.  Nearest  Station,  Ottawa 
City,  connected  by  Branch  Railway  from  Prescott 
with  G.  T.  R.  Also  a  landing  on  Ottawa  River.  17 
miles  from  landing.  Approached  by  Steamer.  Pop- 
ulation about  250. 
BURFORO,  0.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  Brant.  Go  to 
Princeton,  a  Station  on  the  G.  W.  R.  About  T 
mil""  "'est  of  Paris. 

BUHGiC^-'VILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Oxford,  Tp.  Norwich. 
Try  Woodstock  on  the  G.  W.  R. 

BURNBRAE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Northumberland,  Tp.  Sey- 
mour. North  of  BelleviUe,  a  Main  Station  on  G. 
T.  R. 

BURNSTOWN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Renfrew,  Tp.  McNab. 
Reached  by  Ottawa  City,  which  is  connected  with 
G.  T.  R.,  at  Prescott,  by  way  of  Upper  Ottawa 
Steamers  from  Aylmer  East,  which  see. 

BURRITT'S  RAPIDS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Carieton,  Tp.  Marl- 
borough. Go  to  Oxford,  a  Station  on  the  Prescott 
and  Ottawa  Branch  Railway,  from  the  G.  T.  R.,  at 
Prescott,  or  Kingston,  thence  by  the  Ridean  Canal 
Steamers  through  Smith's  Falls,  etc. 
BURY,  C.  E.    A  Tp.  in  Compton.    For  Post-office, 

etc.,  see  Robinson. 
BUTE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Megantic,  Tp.  Somerset.     Go  to  Som- 
erset on  G.  T.  R.    Population  about  100. 
BUTTON  VILLE,  C.  W.    See  Markham.    Population 

about  50. 
BUXTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Kent,  Tp.  Raleigh.  Go  to  Chat- 

ham  on  the  G.  W.  R.    Population  about  500. 
BYRON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Middlesex,  Tp.  Westminster.    Go 
to  London  on  the  G.  W.  R. 


I        I 


•    >4 


50 


CANADA:   CITIES,   TOWNS,   AND  VILLAGES. 


o 

CACOUNA,  C.  B.,  Co.  Temlscouata.  On  South  Shore 
of  Lower  St.  LHwrence.  Tlie  Siiffneimy  Steamers 
touch  liere  durlnK  aunimer,  to  and  from  Quebec,  St. 
Thomas ;  the  Eastern  Terminus  of  Die  G.  T.  It., 
below  Quebec,  Is  the  nearest  Railway  point. 

COfSARKA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Durham,  Tp.  I'artwrlght. 
North  of  Ilowmanvllle.  Go  to  Uowmanvllle  on  the 
6.  T.  R.,  Montreal  and  Toronto  Section. 

OAINSVILLB,  0.  W.,  Co.  Brant,  Tp.  East  Brantford. 
A  Station  on  the  BuDTulo  and  Lake  Huron  Railway, 
9  miles  from  Paris  Junction. 

OALNTOWN,  0.  W.,  Co.  Leeds,  Tp.  Yonge.  Go  to 
Mallory  Town  on  G.  T.  R.,  Montreal  and  Toronto 
Section. 

CAI8T0R,  C.  W. ;  CAI8T0RVILLE,  0.  W.,  Co.  Lin- 
coln, Tp.  Calstor.  Go  to  Reamsvllle  on  the  O.  W. 
R.,  Hamilton  and  Niagara  District,  or  to  Cook's 
Station,  on  the  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  Rallwa.v. 

CALAHOGIK,  C.  W.,Co.  Renfrew.   Anew  I'ost-offlce. 

CALEDON,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  Peel.  Go  to  Bramp- 
ton or  Georgetown,  both  Stations  on  the  O.  T.  R., 
Toronto  and  Stratford  Section. 

CALEDON  EAST,  C.  W.  A  village  In  Caledon  town- 
ship, which  see. 

CALEDONIA,  C.  W.  A  Station  on  the  Buffalo  and 
Lake  Huron  Railway,  24  miles  from  Paris  Junction. 
See  Canboro'. 

CALEDONIA  FLATS,  C.  W.  CALEDONIA  SPRINGS, 
C.  W.,  Co.  Prescott,  Tp.  Caledonia.  (Jo  to  Lancas- 
ter Station  on  G.  T.  R,,  Montreal  and  Toronto  Sec- 
tion. 

CALUMET  ISLAND,  C.  E.,  Co.  Pontlac.  An  Island 
on  Upper  Ottawa  River.  See  Aylmer  East,  for 
Railway  and  Steamer  connection. 

CAMBRAY,  C.  W.,  Co.  Victoria,  Tp.  Fenelon.  Go  to 
Port  Hope  by  G.  T.  R.,  Montreal  and  Toronto  Sec- 
tion, and  thencu  to  Lindsay,  by  way  of  Omemee. 

CAMBUIDtiK.     See  Casselman. 

CAMDEN  EAST,  C.  ^V.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Addlngton.  Go 
to  Napanee,  a  Station  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  Montreal  and 
Toronto  Section. 

CAMPBELLFORD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Northumberland,  Tp. 
Seymour.  Go  to  Belleville,  on  tlie  G.  T.  R.,  or  to 
Trenton,  on  same  Hallway  Section.  Population 
about  176. 

CAMPBELL'S  CROSS,  a  Tp.  of  Chlng-aacousy,  Co. 
Peel,  near  Brampton,  which  see.  Population  about 
200. 

OAMPBELLVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Halton,  Tp.  Nassaga- 
weya.  Go  to  Rockwood  on  the  G.  T.  R.  Popula- 
tion about  200. 

CANBORO,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Haldlraand.  Go  to  Cale- 
donia, a  Station  on  the  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron 
Rallwav. 

CANFIELD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Haldlmand,  Tp.  Cayuga. 
Station  on  the  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  Railway, 
for  the  Town  of  Cayuga,  about  30  miles  from  Paris 
Junction.     Population  about  50. 

CANESTOGA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Waterloo,  Tp.  Woolwich. 
Go  to  Berlin  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

OANNIFTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Hastings,  Tp.  Thurlow. 
Make  for  Belleville  on  the  G.  T.  R.  Population 
about  9()0. 

CANNING,  C.  W.,  Co.  Oxford,  Tp.  Blenheim.  Go  to 
Princeton  or  Paris  (v  the  G.  W.  R.  Population 
about  2.')0. 

CANNINOTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Ontario,  Tp.  Brock.  North 
of  any  Railway  Station ;  Whitby  on  the  G.  T.  R.  Is 
the  nearest  point  at  present.    Population  about  1.50. 

CANTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Durham,  Tp.  Hope.  Omemee 
on  the  Port  Hope  and  Lindsay,  connected  with  the 
G.  T.  U.  at  Port  Hope,  the  nearest  Railway  point. 
Population  about  200. 

CAPE  COVE,  C.  E,  Co.  Gasp^,  Tp.  Pcrc6.  On  the  En- 
trance of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  below  Oasp6 
Bay,  reached  by  trading  vessels.  Population  about 
400. 

CAPE  RICH,  C.  W.,  Co.  Grey,  Tp.  St.  Vincent.  The 
Steamer  from  Colllngwood  (which  see)  touches  there 
daily.     Population  about  100. 

CAPE  ST.  KINACE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Monfmagny.  Oo  to 
St.  Thoraa,s  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  present  Eastern  Terminus 
Quebec.     Population  about  2Si)0. 

CAPE  SANTE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Portneuf,  Tp.  Portneuf. 
Below  Three  Ilivers  on  the  north  shore  of  St.  Law- 


rence Rlrer,  between  Montreal  and  Quebec,  and 
reached  by  Steamers  on  that  route. 

CARILLON,  C.  E.,  Co.  Argenteull,  Tp.  Chatham,  on 
the  East  shore  of  Lower  Ottawa  River,  reached  by 
Steamer  from  Montreal  and  Ottawa  City.  Poimla- 
tlon  about  2,50. 

CARLETON,  C.  E.,  Co.  Bonaventure,  Tp.  (^irleton. 
On  the  Bay  of  Challeurs,  opposite  New  Brunswick 
Coast;  traders  from  (Juebec.  Population  about  lodil. 

CARLETON  PLACE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lanark,  Tp.  Iletk- 
with,  will  be  bisected  by  Brockvllle  and  Arnprlnr 
Railway.  Go  to  Perth,  connected  with  Brock  villc, 
a  Main  Station  on  the  G.  T.  It.    Population  about 

mi 

CARLINGFORD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Perth,  Tp.  Pullarton.  (!o 
to  Stratford  Terminus  of  the  G.  T.  R.  Populatlun 
about  50. 

CARLISLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wentworth,  Tp.  East  Flam- 
boro.  Flamboro  Is  a  Station  on  the  G.  W.  R.,  neiir 
Hamilton.  Hamilton  and  Windsor  Section.  Popu- 
lation about  1,50. 

CARLOW,  C.  W.,  Co.  Huron,  Tp.  Colborne.  Oo  to 
Stratford  Terminus  of  the  G.  T.  R.  Population 
about  1(H). 

CARLUKE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wentworth,  Tp.  Ancasttr. 
Go  to  Dundas  on  the  G.  W.  R. 

CARRADOC,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Middlesex  Co.  See 
Mount  St.  Brydges  anil  Strathroy,  etc. 

CARP,  C.  W.,  Co.  Carleton,  Tp.  Huntley,  near  south 
shore  of  River  Ottawa,  above  Ottawa  City.  Popu- 
lation about  100. 

CARRONBROOKE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Perth,  Tp.  Logan,  on 
line  of  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  Extension  to 
Ooderich.     Population  about  100. 

CARTHAGE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Perth,  Tp.  Mornlngton. 
Lies  north-east  of  Stratford,  which  may  be  reached 
bv  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  Railway,  or  O.  T,  11. 

CARTWRIGHT,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  Durham.  Situ- 
ate north  of  Bowmanvllle  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  '^lontreal 
and  Toronto  Section. 

CASH  EL,  C.  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  Markham.  Reaoheil 
by  Stage  from  Scarboro'  Station,  on  the  G.  T.  K.,  or 
hv  Stage  from  Toronto  dallv.    Population  about  SO. 

CASHMERE,  0.  W.,  Co.  Middlesex,  Tp.  Mosa.  (io  to 
(ilencoe  on  the  G.  W.  R.  Also  called  Cauton. 
Population  about  100. 

CASSELMAN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Russell,  Tp.  Cambridge,  fio 
to  Dickinson's  Landing,  on  the  O.  T.  R.  Canibriilgc 
Town.shlp  lies  north. 

CASTLE  BAR,  C.  E.,  Co.  Arthabaska.  Go  to  .\rtlia- 
baska,  on  the  G.  T.  R.     Population  .ibout  100. 

CASTLEFORD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Renfrew,  Tp.  Horton,  on 
the  south  shore  of  Ui)per  Ottawa  River,  In  neigh- 
bourhood of  Ottawa  and  Opeongo  Road,  See  Ajl- 
mer  East,  for  best  route. 

CAS TLEMORE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Peel,  Tp.  Gore  of  Toronto. 
Oo  to  Weston  or  Malton,  on  the  G.  T.  U.  (Ilrst  Sta- 
tions out  of  Toronto). 

CASTLETON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Northumberland,  Tp.Cr.im- 
ahe.  Go  to  Brighton,  on  the  G.  T.  11.  Population 
about  600. 

CAUGHNAWAGA,  C.  E.,  Co.  Lapralrle,  Tp.  ?ult  St, 
Louis,  on  south  shore  of  f^t.  Lawrence,  opjiosite  Mon- 
treal, near  Terminus  of  Champlain  and  St,  I,«w- 
rence  Railway.  An  Indian  Village,  i)  miles  from 
Montreal.     Population  about  1200. 

CATCHCAKT,  C.  W.,  Co.  Brant,  Tp.  Burford.  (ioto 
Brantford,  on  the  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron,  or 
Princeton,  on  the  G.  W.  K. 

CAVAGNOIL,  C.  E.,  Co.  Vandreull.  Go  to  Viindreuil 
Station,  on  G.  T.  R.    Population  about  Tioo. 

CAVAN,  C.  W.  A  Tp,  in  Co.  Durham,  north  of  Port 
Hope,  on  line  of  Lindsay  Railway,  conmited  at 
Port  Hope  with  G.  T,  U.     Population  nt)inil  '.Till. 

CAYUGA,  C.W,  A  Tp.  in  Co.  llaMimanil,  Ian- 
field  Is  the  Station  frequented,  on  the  liiijlalo  ami 
Lake  Huron  Railway.     Population  about  "ml, 

CEDARtiKOVE,  C,  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp,  Maikliiiin,  do 
to  Scarborough,  on  the  G.  T.  R.  Population  about 
100. 

CENTRE  AUOCSTA.     See  Augusta. 

CENTREVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Addlngton,  Tp.  Camdtn 
East.  Go  to  Napanee,  on  the  G.  T.  K.  Population 
about  800. 

CHAMHLY,  C.  E,,  Co,  Chambl,v,  Tp.  West  Clianibl.v, 
near  LoMgucil,tlie  Canada  Terminus  of  the  O.T.  li. 
Population  about  000. 

CHAMPLAIN,  C.  K,,  Co,  anil  Tp.  at  the  head  ofVM 
Champlain,  near  the  Boundary.      Go  to  .Vocri 


oanada:  cities,  towns,  and  villages. 


51 


See 


'.  of  Toronto. 
U.  (.first  Sta- 


rforil.    Ooto 
;e   Huron,  or 

,  to  Viimlreuil 

it  r>iin. 

fiorth  of  Port 
1  ooniii'i'tecl  lit 

nliiuit  -I'A 
iimiiii'l.    fan; 
lliilViilo  ami 
lout  7i«>. 
Iliirklium.    fio 
luliitiou  about 


^  Tp.  Ciuiii'tii 
'     I'oinilalion 

i'oit  Cliaiiiljlj'i 
lofllieO.T.l'' 

■  headoflaks 
|Uo  to  Moern 


Junction,  47  miles  from  Montreal,  on  the  Montreal 
and  PattBbiirg  Line  of  Hall,  ropulutlou  about 
'2000. 
ClIAULESnOUllO,  C.  E.,  Co.  Quebec,  on  North  Shore 
of  St.  Lawrence.  Oo  by  Ht.  Lawrence  Stearaera  to 
Quebec,  or  by  Uall  to  Point  Levi,  on  the  U.  T.  K. 
Pouulallnn  about  2&(M). 
niAKLKSTON,  t;.  W.,  Co.,  Leeds,  Tp.  Eacott.    Go  to 

Lan(l»downc,  by  G.  T.  U. 
CIl.VllLEVILLE,  Oo.  (irenvlUe,  Tp.  Augusta.     Go  to 

I'leHcolt,  on  the  G.  T.  It.     Population  about  100. 
Cll AKLOTTENWUKG,  C.  W.     A  Tp.  In  Glengary  Co.. 
but  not  a  Pust-olUce,  skirted  by  the  G.  T.  U.,  and 
containing  Sumnieratown,  Martintown,  and  St.  Ha- 
iihael  We»t,  Villages  with  Post-olBces,  which  see. 
njlAKLOTTEVlLLE,  C.  W.    A  Tp.  In  Norfolk  Co.,  but 
not  a  Post-ofllce,  on  Lake  Erie,  with  KorrestvUle, 
Normandale,  and  Silver  lUU  Villages,  and  Post- 
ollices  within  It.     Refer  to  either. 
ClIATEAUOUAY,  C.  E.     A  Co.  on  South  Shore  of  St. 
Lawrence,  bisected  by  the  Champlain  and  St.  Law- 
rence Uallway.    Go  to  Montreal.    Population  about 
Goo. 
CHATEAU    RICHEIl,  C.  E.,  Co.   Montmorencl,   on 
North  Shore  of  St.  Lawrence,  within  the  Island  of 
Orleans.   Go  to  Quebec  by  Steamer,  or  by  Uall  from 
Point  Levi,  G.  T.  U.     Population  about  IWO. 
CHATHAM  EAST,  0.  E.,  Co.  Argenteull.     On  North- 
east Shore  of  Lower  Ottawa.    Iluached  by  Steamers 
from  Montreal  and  Vandreull,  both  Stations  on  the 
6  T.  K.     Population  about  ilUOO. 
CHATHAM  WEST,  C.  W.,  Co.  Kent,  Tp.  Ualelgh, 

on  the  G.  W.  R.  Population  about  tllWO. 
CHATSWORTn,C.W.,C(  Grey, Tp.  Hollaad.  Goto 
CoUlugwood  by  Ontar!  j,  Slmcoe,  and  Huron  Rail- 
way from  Toronto,  and  thence  to  Owen's  Sound  by 
Canadian  Steamer,  or  to  Guelpli,  on  the  G.  T.  R., 
and  thence  by  Stage  north. 
CHELSEA,  C.  E.,  Co.  Ottawa,  Tp.  Hull.    See  Aylmer 

East.    Population  about  800. 
CHELTENHAM,  C.  W.,  Co.  Peel,  Tp.  Chlnguacousy. 
Situated  north  between  Urampton  and  Georgetown, 
both  on  the  G.  T.  R.    Either  will  do.     Population 
abou.  200. 
CUEKKY  CREEK,  C.  W.,  Co.  SIracoe,  Tp.  Innlsfll, 
Craigvale,  or  Belle  Ewart,  are  the  nearest  Stations 
on  the  Ontario,  Slmcoe,  and  Huron  Railway.    The 
latter  preferable.     Population  about  125. 
CllEUTSEY,  C.  E.    A  Tp.  in  Co.   Montcalm.     On 
North  shore  of  St.  Lawrence,  on  the  River  du  lac 
Oudreau,  about  40  miles  north.    This  River  unites 
with  the  Riviere  L' Assumption,  which  flows  Into  the 
St.  Lawrence  a  little  east  of  the  Isle  of  Montreal. 
Go  to  Montreal.     Population  about  800. 
CllKSTERt'IELD,  0.  W.,  Co.  Oxford,  Tp.  Blenheim. 
Oo  to  Drumbo   Station,  on  tlie  Buffalo  and  Lake 
Huron.    Or  to  Paris,  the  junction  point  of  that 
Railway  and  the  G.  W.  R. 
CHICHESTER,  0.  E.     A  Tp.  In  Co.  Pontiac.     On 
North-west  shore  of  River  Ottawa,  within  Ahimette 
Isliind.    See  Aylmer  East,  route  to  Upper  Ottawa. 
CHltOUTI.Ml,  C.  E.    District  of  the  Saguenay,  08 
miles  above  the  confluence  of  that  River  with  the 
St.  Lawrence,  and  the  farthest  point  of  steam  com- 
munication up  f^e  Saguenay.    The  Steamer  plies 
from  Quebec.     Population  about  lOilO. 
CIIIN'GUACOUSY.      A  Tp.  in  Co.  Peel,  comprising 
the  town  of  Brampton,  Campbell's  Cross,  Chelten- 
ham, which  see. 
CHIPPAWA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Welland,  Tp.  Stamford.    Is 
tlie  Terminus  of  tlie  Erie  and  Ontario  Railway,  con- 
nected at  Niagara  witli  tlie  G.  W.  R.    Population 
about  1200. 
CHURCHVILLE,  C.  VV.,  Co.  Peel,  Tp.  Toronto.    Go 
to  Mimico  or  Port  Credit  Stations,  on  the  O.  W.  R., 
also  by  Stage  from  General  Wolfe  Inn,  Toronto  City 
via  Etobicoke,  etc.     Population  about  250. 
CLAUEMONT,  C.  W.,  Co.  Ontario,  Tp.  Pickering.   Go 
to  Port  Union,  on  G.  T.  R.,  Montreal  and  Toronto 
Section. 
CLAHENCE,  ('.  W.    A  Tp.  in  Co.  RusseH,  on  South 
shore  of  Ottawa,  below  Ottawa  City,  reache<l  by 
Steamer  from  Ottawa  and  Montreal.     See   also 
Prescott. 
CLAIIENOEVILLE,  0.  E.,  Co.  Iberville.      On  East 
shore  of  River  Richelieu.    St.  HiUalre,  on  the  G.  T. 
R.,  the  ne.i'  'St  Station.    Population  about  200. 
CLARENDON,  C.  E.  and  Clarendon  Centre,  aTp.  and 
Village  In  Co.  Pontiac,  on  North  Shore  of  Upper 


Ottawa.    For  steamboat,  see  Aylmer  Eut.    Popu- 
lation about  15l> 

CLAKEVIEW,  0  VV.,  Co,  Addlngton,  Tp.  Sheffield. 
North  of  Napanec  ;  choose  that  Station  or  Klngstoa 
City,  both  on  the  G.  T.  R.    Population  about  70. 

CLARKE,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  the  c:o.  of  Durham,  In 
which  U  Newcastle,  a  Station  on  the  G.  T.  U. 

CLAUDE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Peel. 

CLEAR  CREEK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Norfolk,  Tp.  Houghton. 
On  North  Shore  of  Lake  Erie,  Port  Staidey  U  the 
nearest  Station  now  connected  at  Loudon,  0.  W. 
with  G.  W.  R. 

CLEARVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Kent,  Tp.  Oxford.  Go  to 
Bothwell,  on  G.  W.  R.    Population  about  100. 

CLIFFORD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wellington,  Tp.  Mlnto.  Go 
to  Guelph,  on  the  G.  T.  R,  Stage  communication 
from  Guelph. 

CLIFTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Welland,  Tp.  Stamford.  Go  to 
Clifton  UoDse  Station,  on  the  Erie  and  Ontario 
Railway,  connecting  with  the  G.  W.  R.  at  Suspension 
Bridge.    Pop\ilation  about  lOOO. 

CLINTON,  C.  W.,  a  Tp.  in  Lincoln  Co.,  but  no  Poit- 
oflice,  for  which  see  Beamsvllle. 

CLINTON,  0.  W.,  Co.  Huron,  Tp.  Tuckersmlth.  Go 
to  Stratford  by  the  BulTalo  and  Lake  Huron,  on  G. 
T.  R.  Section,  and  take  Godcrlch  stage,  which 
passes  near. 

CLOVER  HILL,  Co.  Slmcoe,  Tp.  Essa.  See  Essa  Wr 

CLUNAS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Elgin,  Tp.  Dorchester,  Sou 
Go  to  London  or  Ingersoil,  as  the  best  frequented 
Stations,  if  not  the  nearest,  both  on  the  G.  W.  R. 

COATEICOOK,  C.  E.,  Co.  Stanatead;  a  Telegraph 
Station  on  the  G.  T.  R.    Population  about  800. 

COBDEN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Renfrew,  Tp.  Ross.  On  south 
bank  of  Upper  Ottawa  River.  On  line  of  Brockville 
and  Arnprlor  Extension.  See  Aylmer  East  for 
Upper  Ottawa  route.    Population  about  75. 

COBOURG,  C.  W.,  Co.  Northumberland,  Tp.  Ham- 
ilton. A  large  town,  and  main  and  Telegraph  Sta- 
tion, on  G.  T.  R.,  connecting  point  for  Peterborough 
Branch  Railway.    Population  about  7000. 

CODUINGTOX,  C.  W.,  Co.  Northumberland,  Tp. 
Brighton.  Go  to  Brighton,  a  Station  on  the  G.  T. 
R.    Population  about  75. 

COLBORNE,  a  Tp.  In  the  Co.  of  Huron,  but  no  Post- 
ofllce,  comprising  the  following  villages,  with  Post- 
ollices,  which  see,  viz. :  Auburn,  llennmller,  Carlow. 

COLBORNE,  C.  W.,Co.  Northumberland,  Tp.  Crama- 
he.  A  Station  on  the  G.  T.  ]{.,  14  miles  east  of 
Cobourg.    Pojmlatlon  about  llOO. 

COLCHESTER,  C.  VV.,  B  Tp.  in  Essex  Co.,  on  the 
shore  of  Lake  Erie.  By  way  of  Detroit  River,  the 
Terminus  of  the  G.  W.  R.,  at  Windsor,  may  be 
readily  reached. 

COLDSPRINGS,  0.  VV.,  Co.  Northumberland,  Tp. 
Hamilton.  Go  to  Cobourg  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  and 
thence  by  the  Peterborough  Branch.  Population 
about  1200. 

COLDSTREAM,  C.  VV.,  Co.  Middlesex,  Tp.  Lobe,  In 
which  Is  Komoka,  a  Station  of  the  G.  W.  R. 

COLDWATEU,  C.  W.,  Co.  Slmcoe,  Tp.  Medonte.  In 
summer  go  to  Belle  Ewart,  and  thence  by  Steamer 
to  Orillla,  14  miles  distant.  In  winter  go  to  Barrle ; 
Belle  Ewart  and  Barrle  are  on  the  Ontario,  Slmcoe 
and  Huron  Rail,  from  Toronto. 

COLEBHOOK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Addlngton,  Tp.  Camden 
East ;  the  Railway  Station  Is  Napanee,  on  the  G.  T. 
R.    Population  about  125. 

COLERAINE,  C.  VV.,  Co.  Peel,  Tp.  Toronto  Gore.  Go 
to  Mlmlco  or  Port  Credit,  on  the  G.  W.  R.  Popula- 
tion about  50. 

COLINVILLE,  C.  VV.,  Co.  Lambton,  Tp.  Moore,  In  the 
Port  Sarnla  District,  London  being  the  nearest  Rail 
Station  on  the  G.  W.  R. 

COLLINGWOOD,  C.  VV.,  Co.  Slmcoe,  Tp.  Nottawasa- 
ga.  Terminus  of  the  Ontario,  Slmcoe  and  Huron 
Railway,  97  miles  from  Toronto.  Population  about 
2000. 

COLLINGWOOD,  C.  VV.  A  Tp.  in  Slmcoe  Co.,  west 
of  Nottawasaga.  Not  a  Post-office  of  itself,  but 
comprising  Cralglelth,  which  see. 

COLLIN'S  BAY,  C.  W.,  Co.  Frontenao,  Tp.  Kingston. 
A  Station  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  7  miles  west  of  Kingston. 
Population  about  100. 

COLUMBUS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Ontario,  Tp.  Whitby.  Go  to 
Whitby  on  the  G.  T.  It.    Population  about  850. 

COMBER,  C.  W.,  Co.  Essex,  Tp.  Tilbury  West.  Go 
to  Baptlste  Creek,  on  the  G.  VV.  R.  Populatlou 
about  60. 


'' 


!      Mil 


52 


CANADA ; 


CITIES,  TOWNS,    AND   VILLAGES. 


OOMRn'8  MIMA  0.  W.,  Co.  Adillnnton,  Tp.  BriiM- 1 
town.     (Id  to  Kriieatowii  ur  NHpaneu,  on  the  U.  T. 
R.     I'ntuilntloii  Hhuut  'i«M). 

COMPTON,  ('.  K.     A  Tp.  *iul  Rl«ctnr»l  Dtvlilon, 
apil  niiilii  ICnIlway  Htntlon  on  tlio  ().  T.  K.,  110  nillvi  I 
from  MiiiiliDitl.     I'opiilHtlim  uhout  'ittyl  I 

CONt'OUl),  C.  W,,  «'o.  York,  Tp.  Vaiinhan.    Oo  to  I 
Thunililll  .Station,  on  the  Ontario,  HImcoe  and  Huron 
Railway,  from  Toronto, 

CONRY,  I'.  W.,  Co.  I'erth,  Tp.  DownlB.  Oo  to  Strat- 
fbril  on  the  (),  T.  R. 

CONSKCON,  f.  W.,  Co.  I'rincc  Fdward,  Tp.  llllller, 
on  I.Hkc  Ontario.  Oo  to  Murriiy  Carry  tug  I'laoe, 
Nfari'Kt  8tiition,  llrlghton,  on  the  (1.  T.  K.,  with 
wliloh  ntn^ea  connect.     Population  aliout  (MMI. 

CONKrANCK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Huron,  Tp.  llullett.  Oo  to 
8trntroril  on  tlu-  O.  T.  It.,  nnil  nUo  the  Termlnua  of 
the  lluITalo  und  Lake  Huron  Rail,  whence  the  ex- 
tenalon  to  Ooderlch  through  this  townahip  will 
ahortly  he  ooinpleled. 

CONTKKCiKMU,  C.  K.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  Verchurei.  On 
the  aouth  Kliore  of  the  ft.  I>Hwrence,  Jual  below 
Montreiil,  where  g<i  bv  Rail  or  Steamer. 

C00K8IIIRK,  C.  K.,  Co.  Compton,  Tii.  Kiiton.  Go  to 
Shrrhrooke  on  the  O.  T.  R.     Population  about  XOO. 

COOKSTOWN,  C.  W.,  Oo.  Wmcoe,  Ti>.  Tecu  meth, 
Oo  to  Holland  Landing,  on  the  Ontario,  8imcoe  and 
Huron  Ridl,  from  Toronto.     Population  about  lAt). 

COOKSVILLK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Peel,  Tp.  Toronto.  Dally 
itage  from  Oeneriil  Wolfe  Inn,  City  of  Toronto, 
through  Kloblcoke;  also  atage  from  Port  Credit  Sta- 
tion, O.  W.  R.     Populatl<in  about  8(M). 

COPKTOWN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wentworth,  Tp.  Heverley. 
A  Station  on  O.  W.  K.,  11  inlleu  weat  of  Hamilton. 
Populiitlon  about  iW. 

CORNWALL,  C.  W.  County  Town  of  Stormont.  A 
luiiln  Station  of  0.  T,  R.,  1)8  nillea  from  Montreal. 
Population  about  2.VN). 

COKl'NN  A,  v.  W.,  Co.  Lambton,  Tp.  Moore.  In  Port 
Sarnia  District,  on  St.  Clair  River.  Present  nearest 
Statlun,  Lon<lon,  on  the  U.  W.  R.  Population 
about  tm 

COTKAU  DIT  LAO,  C.  K.,  Oo.  Soulangea.  On  north 
aliore  of  St.  Lawrence.  See  Coteau  Landing.  Popu- 
lation about  (KM). 

COTKAU  LANDING,  C.  K.,  Co.  Soulangea.  A  Station 
on  the  O.  T.  R. 

COTK  DKS  NRIOKS,  0.  K.,  Co.  Ilochelaga.  On  the 
Island  of  Montreal.  To  which  city  go  by  Rail  or 
Steamer.     Population  about  'iiKI. 

OOURVAL,  C.  K.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  Yamaaka.  For  Poat- 
ofllce  and  route  aeo  St.  Zephlrlm. 

COVKY  HILL,  C.  K.,  Co.  Huntingdon,  Tp.  Hem- 
mlngford.  On  aouth  shore  of  St.  Lawrence,  (Lake 
St.  Krancia,)  nearly  opposite  G.  T.  R.  Station,  U. 
Beuudelte. 

COX,  C.  K.  A  Tp.  In  Bonaventure.  For  Poat-offlce, 
etc.,  see  New  Carlisle. 

COWANSVILLK,  C.  K.,  Co.  Mlaalsquol,  Tp.  Durham. 
In  which  la  the  Durham  Station  of  the  G.  T.  It. 
Population  about  'i!)0. 

CRAIGLEITH,  C.  W.,  Co.  Crey,  Tp.  Colllngwood. 
See  Colllngwood.    Population  about  SO. 

ORAIOVALE,  C.  W.,  Co.  SImcoe,  Tp.  Innlafll.  A 
Station  on  the  Ontario,  SImcoe  and  Huron  Railway. 
For  Post-olflce  see  InniaflL 

CRANBOURNE,  C.  K.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  Dorchester, 
aoine  .10  miles  south  of  the  G.  T.  R.  Population 
about  .*>•)(). 

CRA.MAIIK,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  Northumberland. 
For  Po»t-otnce8,  see  Caatleton.  For  Rail  Station, 
aee  Brighton. 

CREDIT,  V.  W.,  Co.  Peel,  Tp.  Toronto.  Go  to  P<yrt 
Credit,  on  the  G.  W.  R. 

CRKKK  BANK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Waterloo,  Tp.  Woolwich. 
Oo  to  Schant?.,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  Toronto  and  Strat- 
ford Section.     Population  about  80. 

CRKKMOUK  MILLS,  C.  W.,  to.  SImcoe,  Tp.  Nottawa- 
s.tga.     Sec  Nottawaaaga.    Population  about  BO. 

CROMARTY,  V.  W.,  Co.  Perth,  Tp.  Illbbert.  Go  to 
Stratford,  (}.  T.  R.  Terminus. 

CROSBY'S  CORNERS,  C.  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  Mark- 
ham.  Go  to  Thornhlll,  by  daily  Stage  from  Yonge 
Street,  Toronto,  or  by  Ontario,  SImcoe,  and  Huron 
Railway. 

CROSSHILL,  C.  W.,  Co.  Waterloo,  Tp.  Wcllesley. 
Go  to  Petersburg,  on  the  G.  T.  R.  Population 
about  60. 

CROSS  POINT,  C.  E.,  Co.  Bonaventure,  Tp.  Restl- 


gouohe.  On  border*  of  New  nrnnawlok,  near  Ray 
of  Chaleura.  On  the  propoa«<l  line  of  Hall  con- 
necting the  Grand  Trunk  Rail  with  Halifax.  Popu- 
lation about  HtMI. 

CROTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Kent,  Tp.  Cannlen.  40  milea 
from  Chatham,  on  the  G.  \V.  R.  Also  called  John- 
ston'* Cornera.     Population  about  Nl. 

CROTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Norfolk,  Tp.  MIddleton.  \i 
mllea  from  SImcoe,  anil  MT  ndiea  front  nrantford. 

CROWLAND,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Co,  Welland.  Goto 
Port  (^olburne,  on  the  Uulfalu  and  Lake  Huron 
Railway. 

CROWN  LANDS.    See  Government  Landa  for  Sale. 

CROYDON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Addiiigton,  Tp.  Camden  Kast. 
Go  to  Napanee,  on  the  G.  'I,  R.  Populatlen  about 
KM). 

CCLROSS.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  Bruce.  For  Poat-offlcea, 
etc.,  ace  Tecawater. 

CULLODKN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Oxford,  Tp,  Dereham.  Go 
to  Ingeraoil,  on  the  ().  W.  R.    Population  ali.Mit  I.VI. 

OCMBERLAND.  A  Tji.  In  Co.  Ruaaell.  I'or  Puat- 
oftloe,  etc,  aeo  Bear  Brook, 

CIMM1NSVILLK,C.  W.,Co.  llalton.Tp.  Nelson.  Oo 
to  Wellington  Sipiarc,  on  the  G.  W.  R.  Populatluo 
about  l.'M). 

CUMNOCK,  V.  W.,  Co.  Wellington,  Tp.  NIcliol.  Go 
to  Guelph,  on  the  G.  T.  It. 

CtlMHKRLAND,  C.  W.,  Co.  Ruaaell.  IT  mllea  Inland 
from  landing  ofaame  name  on  Ottawa  River,  where 
Steamer  calla.     Population  about  'i(<0. 


D. 

DAILLEBOUT,  C.  E..  Oo.  Jolilelte,  Tp.  De  Ramaay, 
On  North  Shore  ntl*l.  Lawrence,  In  th*.>  St.  Maurice 
District,  near  the  head  of  the  Aasumpllon  Ulver, 
wiilch  (lows  Into  the  St.  Lawrence,  near  tin  Isle  of 
MnntreaL   Go  to  Montreal.    Poiiuiatlnn  abiliit  KSIM. 

DAILLKVILLK,  C.  K.,  Co.  Argenteull.  Rear  nf 
Chatiiam  Tp.  On  Lower  Ottawa  District.  Norlli- 
eaat  Sliore  of  that  River.  Steaniera  from  Moutroiii 
touch  at  front  of  Chatham.     Populatii:n  about  i(Ml. 

DALHOUSIK,  0.  W.  A  Tp.  In  (lo.  Laiuirk.  For  Post- 
otllce,  etc.,  aee  McDonald's  Corners. 

DALHOITSIK  MILLS,  V.  W.,  Co.  GluiiKar.v,  Tp. 
Lochlel.  Go  to  Lancaater,  on  G.  T.  R.  Populatiuii 
about  IfiO. 

DANVILLE,  0.  E.,  Co.  Richmond,  Tp.  Shipton. 
Richmond  Junction  of  the  G.  T.  R.  Is  In  Shipton 
Townahip.    Population  about  'ifM. 

DARLING,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  Lttinirk.  For  Po»t- 
olllce,  etc.,  see  Tallock. 

DAKLlSiGTON,  V.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  Durham.  For 
Poat-olllce  and  Hallway  Station,  aeu  Bownuiiiville. 

DARTFORD,  0.  W.,  Vo.  Northumberland,  Tp.  l'erc.v. 
Go  to  Harwood  or  Gore's  Landing,  on  PcterborouRh 
Branch  from  Cobourg,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  thence  by 
Passage  Boat  on  Rice  Lake  to  Dartford.  Popula- 
tion about  76. 

DAWN,  0.  W.  A  Tji,  In  Co.  Lambton.  For  I'ost- 
olBce  and  Station,  see  Croton. 

DAWN  MIU,S,  C.  W.,  Co.  Kent,  Tp.  Gore  of  Cam- 
den. Try  Thaincsvlile,  on  the  p.  W.  R.  Popula- 
tion about  200. 

DE'AIITECIL,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  Portneuf.  For 
Poat-ofllce,  see  Ecureulls. 

DEALTOWN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Kent,  Tp.  Raleigh.  Oo  to 
Chatham,  on  the  G.  W.  R.     Population  about  .V). 

DECEW8VILLE,  0.  W.,  Co.  Ilaldlmand,  Tp.  Cayufjii. 
Go  to  CanHeld,  on  the  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  It. 
Population  about  lOt). 

DELAWARE,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  Middlesex.  Lon- 
don Is  the  main  point,  or  Komoka,  both  on  the  0. 
W.  H.     Population  nl)0ut  i2.^0. 

DELTA,  C.  W.,  Co,  Lee<ls,  Tp.  Bastard.  Oo  to  Lanils- 
downe,  on  the  G.  T.  R.     Population  about  25(». 

DELHI,  C.  W.,  Co.  Norfolk,  Tp.  MIddleton.  lies 
South  of  the  O.  W.  R.,  Brantford  and  Loiulon  are 
about  equl-distanl. 

DELKKY'.  A  Tp.  on  River  Richelieu.  See  Napier- 
viiie  for  Post-olllce,  etc. 

DEMORESTVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Prince  Edward,  T|). 
Sophiaaburg.  Situated  on  the  Bay  of  IJuinte. 
Kingston  from  the  East,  and  Ilellevllle  from  llie 
West,  arc  the  nearest  Stations,  both  on  the  (i.  T.  K. 
The  Bay  of  Qulnto  Steamers  touch  dally  at  all 
Ports  within  tiie  Bay.     Population  about  'WD. 

DENISTON,  0.  W.,  Co.  Frontenac,  Tp.  HInchiiibrooke. 


CANADA:   0ITIK8,  TOWNS,    AND  VILLAGES. 


6a 


f.    For 

Oo  to 
Jnut  W. 
(('iiyupii. 
(iiroii  H. 

.     Lon- 
the  (i. 

|n  Lands- 

lies 
lulon  are 

Napl"- 

lard,  Tp, 
(liilnto. 
troni  tli8 
Ju.T.ll. 
Ily  at  all 
■no. 
Inbrooke. 


flltukled  North  Above  Portlnnil.    do  tn  KliiKiiton, 

nil  tlio  (>.  T.  K.     At  wlilcli  nlnn  all  Lnku  Untartci 

mill  Hi.  LHwrt'iiou  HIiMiiiiont  tiiiicli. 
DKKAMHAV,   0.   H.    A  T|i.  Ill   llngot  Cu.     Hue  8t. 

Sliiiiiii  ilu  YttiiiiuikH. 
UKIIA.MWAY,  0.  K.,  Co.  Jnllutto.     Heo  DiUlUlioiit. 
UKKHY,  0.  W.     A  Tp.  In  Oo,  Oroy,    Hfo  Kllnyth,  for 

I'.iKt  nlllrc,  oto. 
DEREHAM.     A  T|i.  In  Oo.  Oxforil,  0.  W.,  South  nf 

liiK'Taoll,  n  Htntloii  on  the  (I.  W.  It. 
DKimV  \VK«T,  C,  W.,  Co.  I'eel,  T|).  Toronto.     Try 

I'.irtCrcillt,  iiiitlif  (>.  W.  II.     l><>|iiilntion  ithoiit  t(NI. 
UM(  IIAMHAUI.T,  0.   K.     Tp.  In  Oo.  I'lirtlivuf.     *)n 

the  North  Hhoru  of  Ht.  LAwrencu.    Hi-o  Do  Autcull 

or  lit'i  Kcnroulla.    I'opiiliitlon  ahoiit  IHIHI. 
DKVUN,  0.   W.,  Oo.   Huron,  Tp.   Oahorne. 

Hinitroril,  on  tlio  It.  T.  It, 
UKWITTVlLLlJl,  C).   K.,   'Ju.   Iluntlngilon. 

8outli    Hliore    of    Ht,    Lnwrenvu,   opponlto 


T.  U. 


do  to 
On  the 

OotUAU 

Population 


Go  to 
Oo  to 


Oo 


On 
the 


lianilliiKi  u  Station  on  the  O. 
HlldUt  2IHI. 

DICKKNHON'H  I,ANI)INO,  0,  W,,  Co.  Htormoiit,  Tp. 
Uanahriick.  A  Stnlinn  on  the  O.  T.  H.  77  inllcn 
from  Montreal.  Population  about  noo, 
DlNdl.K,  0.  W.,  ('o.  Ilriii'c,  Tp.  Huron,  (io  to  Htrut- 
ford,  from  tliunco  tliu  llulfnlo  ami  l<»ke  Huron  Kx- 
teiiHlon  to  (loilerlch  will  aiiHlat. 
DIXUN'H  OOKNKIIH,  0.  W.,  (d.  Uundaa,  Tp.  Matilda, 

III  whloh  la  Matilda  Htatloii,  on  the  0.  T.  K. 
DONKOAIi,   (!.    W.,   Co.    Perth,   Tp.    Kliiiii. 

Htratford  Termlhua  of  Ihu  O.  T.  K. 
DOON,  0.  W.,  Oo.  Waterloo,  Tp.  Waterloo. 

I'eteraburK,  on  the  (J.  T.  K. 
DOK(!IIK.><TKIl  NOKTII,  (!.  W.    A  Tp.  In  Oo.  Mlddle- 

aux.    ()<)  to  KdwiirilHliui'g,  on  the  (1.  \\.  It. 
D0I10IIK8TKK  80UTII,  C,  W,     A  Tp.  In  Oo.  Klgln. 

Kor  I'oat-oHlcea,  etc.,  aeo  lielinont,  Olunaa,  etc. 
UOUtlllKllTY,  C.  W.,  Oo.  Perth,  Tp.  N.  K.  Hope. 

to  Htratford  Termlnua  of  the  0.  T.  It. 
DOUUhAS,  0.  W.,  Oo.  Keiifrcw,  Tp.   Ilromley. 
Ottawa    Upper    District,  on   Houtli   Hhoru   of 
ItlviT.    Hue  AylnuT  Kaat.     Population  aliniit  12*1. 
DUUUliAH,  0.  K.     Hce  DoiikIiu  Town,  for  Poat-olllcu, 

I'tu.     Population  about  li(M). 
DUU0LA8   TOWN,  0.  K.,  Oo.  Ottspe,  Tp.   Douglas. 
Uu  Houth  Shore  of  Ht.  Lawrence,  art  It  flows  Into  the 
Oulf— communluatlon  by  trading  veaaela.    Popula- 
tion about  8(M). 
DOWNKYVIU.K,  0.  W.,  Co.  Victoria,  Tp.  Emily.   Oo 
to  Port  Hope,  on  the  O.  T.  It.,  and  thence  by  Port 
Hope  and  Lindsay  Hall,  now  open  aa  far  as  Onieince. 
I'lipulatlon  about  IIMI. 
DOWNIE,  C.  W.     A  Tp.  In  Oo.   Perth,     For  Poat- 

oftlce,  aee  Avon  Bank,  ScbrlngvlUc. 
DllAYTON,  0.  W.,  Co.  Wellington,  Tp.  Peel.     Oo  to 

Guelph,  on  the  O.  T.  It.    Population  about  ISO. 
Dkii?l)EN.  f.  W..  Co.  Kent,  Tp,  (lore  of  Camden. 
Uo  to  Thaineavlllc,  on  the  O.  W.  K.    Population 
about  8(M). 
DllEW'S  MILLS,  C.  E.,  Oo.  Btanatead.    Go  to  Coatl- 
cook  in  same  Township,  a  Station  on  the  G.  T.  K. 
Population  about  6U. 
DRUMBO,  0.  W.,  Co.  Oxford,  Tp.  Blenheim.     A  Sta- 
tion on  the  Buffalo  and   Lake  Huron  Uallway,  9 
miles  north-west  of  Paria  Junction. 
DRU.\IMOND,  C.  W.   A  Tp.  in  Lanark  Co.    See  Perth 

for  I'oiit-ofBce,  etc. 
DRU.MM0NDV1LLE  EAST,  C.  E.,  Co.  Drummond,  Tp. 
Orantliam.    Go  to  Acton  or  Upton,  on  O.  T.  It. 
Population  about  85(). 
DRUMMONDVILLE,  WEST,  C.  W.,  Co.  Welland 
Tp.  Stamford.    Go  to  Stamford,  on  the  Erie  and 
Lake  Ontario  Hallway,  ft-oiii  Huspenalon  Bridge  on 
0.  W.  R.    Population  about  TOO. 
DUART,  (J.  W.,  Co.  Kent.    A  new  Post-offlce. 
Dl'DSWELL,  C.  E.     A  Tp.  in  Wolfe  Co.     (io  to  Wind- 
sor, on  the  G.  T.  R.     Population  about  KM). 
DUMONTIER,  0.  E.     A  Tp.  on  North  Shore  of  Lake 

St.  Peter.    For  Post-oflice,  etc.,  see  St.  Leon. 
DUMMEK,  0.  W.    A  Tp.  in  Peterboro'  Oo.    For  Post- 

ollice,  see  Warsaw. 
DIMKRIES  NOKTII,  C.  W.   A  Tp.  in  Co.  Brant.   For 
Villages,  Towns,  and  Post-oBices  within  it,  see  Ayr, 
Gait,  Gkiimorris,  lionville. 
DL'MKIUES  SOUTH,  0.  W.    A  Tp.  in  East  Riding  of 
Co.  Brant.  For  Towns,  Post-oftlces,  etc.,  see  Brunch- 
town,  Uarrlsburg,  Paris,  St.  George,  Brant. 
DUNANY,  C.  K.,  Oo.  ArgenteuU,  Tp.  Wentworth.    On 


North-east  Shore  of  Lower  Ottawa  River,  Steamer* 
pasM  from  Montreal. 

DIJNHAIt,  C.  W.,  Co.  Diiiiilaa,  Tp.  Wllllainabuig.  Oo 
to  WlUlanishurg,  Htutlim  on  the  G.  T.  H.  Popula- 
tion about  l*M), 

DlINIIAItT(»N,  0.  W.,  Oo.  Ontario,  Tp.  Pickering. 
Try  Krenfhman'a  Bay,  on  G.  T.  R.  Population 
about  7(1. 

DIINDALK,  0.  W.,  Co.  drey.  Tp.  Mehincthon. 
Brampton,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  la  the  moat  freiiueiited 
Htallon  In  that  District.     Population  about  llHi. 

Dl'NDAH,  0.  W.jCo,  Wentworth, Tp.  West  Flaniboni. 
A  Station  on  the  G.  W.  It.,  b  miles  from  Hamilton. 
Population  about  'UAM. 

DUNDEE,  0,  E.,Co.  Huntingdon,  Tp.  Oodinanchei- 
ter.  On  South  Shore  of  River  Ht.  Lawrence,  opiin- 
slte  Coteau  Landing,  on  the  0.  T.  It.  Po|iulation 
about  I'iA. 

DUNIIAM,O.R  ATp.lnCo.  Mlaalaquol  TryCoatl- 
cook,  on  the  (I.  T.  it.,  other  Stations  niiiy  be  e(pii- 
dlalant,  such  as  Acton,  Durham,  etc.,  to  the  north- 
ward. 

DUNNVILLE.O.  W.,(V  llaldlmand,Tp.Moulton.  A 
Station  on  BulTalo  and  Lake  Huron  Railway,  4ft  miles 
south  <if  Paris  Junction.     Population  about  IfMM). 

DUNWICH,  0.  W.  A  Tp.  In  t:o.  Elgin.  For  Poat- 
ulHces,  Vill.igea,  etc.,  see  lona,  Largie,  Port  Talbot- 
vllle,  Tyrconnel. 

DURHAM,  C.  E.,  Oo.  Drummond.  A  Htatlon  on  the 
G.  T.  It.,  ID  miles  from  Richmond  Junction.  Popu- 
lation about  m\. 


E 

EARDLBY,  0.  K.  A  Tp.  In  Ottawa  Vo.  i  fronting  the 
North  Shore  of  River  Ottawa,  above  llull  Tp.  See 
Aylmer  East. 

EAST  (  LIFTON,  0.  B.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  Compton.  Qo 
to  Compton  Station,  O.  T.  It. 

EAST   FARNHAM,  (!.  E.     A  Tp.  in  Co.  Droni".     A»- 

'  cott  and  Compton  Stations  of  the  G.  T.  It.  are  equi- 
distant. 

EAST  FRAMPTON,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Dorchester. 
Becancour  Station  on  the  0.  T.  R.  is  nearest  Rail 
point. 

EAST  GLENELO,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  Grey.  Oo  to 
Guelph  on  the  0.  T.  It.,  thence  by  stage  on  Owen 
Sound  route. 

EAST  IIAWKE8BURQ,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  Prescott, 
fronting  the  South  Shore  of  River  Ottawa,  and  pusaed 
by  steamers  between  Montreal  and  Ottawa. 

EAST  HEREFORD,  0.  E.  A  Tp.  In  Compton.  Oo  to 
Coatloook  on  the  (t.  T.  It. 

EAST  HOLLAND,  C.  W.,  Co.  Grey,  Tp.  Holland.  Go 
to  Collingwood  by  Ontario,  Simcoe  and  Huron  Rail 
from  Toronto,  and  thence  to  Owen  Sound  by  Cana- 
dian Steamer. 

EASTON'S  CORNEIIS,  0.  W.,  Co.  Grenvilie,  Tp.  Wol- 
ford.  Go  to  Brockvlllo  on  the  O.  T.  It.,  and  thence 
by  stage  on  Perth  route.     Population  about  lUO. 

EAST  NIS80URI,  0.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Oxford.  For 
Post-offlce,  etc.,  see  Lakeside. 

EAST  ORO,  0.  W.,  Oo.  Simcoe,  Tp.  Oro,  fronting 
West  Shore  of  Lake  Simcoe.  Oo  to  Barrie  by  the 
Ontario,  Simcoe  and  Huron  Railway  from  Toronto. 

EAST  WILLIAMSBURG,  C.  W.,  Co.  Dundas.  A  Tp. 
and  Station  on  the  O.  T.  R.  Usually  called  Wll- 
llainsburg — which  see. 

EAST  WOOD,  0.  W.,  Co.  Oxford,  Tp.  South  Oxford. 
Go  to  Ingersoll  on  the  O.  W.  R. 

EATON,  0.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Compton.  Go  to  Lennox- 
vllle  or  Watervllle  on  the  G.  T.  It. 

EDEN,  0.  W.,  Co.  Elgin,  Tp.  Bayham,  fronting  Lake 
Erie.  Port  Stanley,  which  see,  Is  the  nearest  Rail- 
way point. 

EDEN  MILLS,  0.  W.,  Co.  Wellington,  Tp.  Eramoea. 
Go  to  Rockwood  on  the  O.  T.  U. 

ED.MONTON,  0.  W.,  Co.  I'eel,  Tp.  Chlnguacousy,  Qo 
to  Brampton  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

EDWARDSHURG,  C.  W.  A  Station  on  the  G.  W.  R., 
(not  a  Post'Olllce,)  lu  miles  east  of  London,  C.  W. 
Population  about  800. 

EDWARDSBURG,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Oo.  Grenvilie.  A 
Station  on  the  O.  T.  R.,  CS  miles  east  of  Kingston, 
C.  W. 

EGANVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Renfrew,  Tp.  Grattan.  A 
back  Towusblp.    The  Brockville  and  Arnprlor  ex- 


'■'il 


-IB! 

5  i*^i^-  ImRB'^' 

'-,•{ 

i 

'Hl'^ 

im 


f-  ^ 


64 


CANADA:   CITIK8,   TOWNS,   AND   VILLAGES. 


(enalnn  will  cntne  within  14  inlleii ;  proceed  l>y  lip- 

fier  Uttawa  HteHiiien — fur  which  lee  Ayliiier  KuHt. 
■npulatlon  kbonl  116. 
K(ll,lN(lTt)N,  C.  W  ,  «'o.  York,  Tp.  York.     Five  miieB 
frcirii  Tnniiilo  City,  up  Viinne  atrect,     do  liy  Thorn- 
hill  or-^il  Toll  (Ltlii  Oiiiiilhiiii. 
EU.M()NI>VII.I,K,  »  .  W.,(,'o.  Huron,  Tp.  Tuckemmllli. 
Uii  to  Htruiroril  Junction  of  the  llutritio  huiI  Luke 


T.  K. 


Huron  Hnil  (I 
EtJItKMONT,  0.  W 

on   lliu  (I.  T.    It 

(<ounil  Konil. 
KKKIUD,  C.  U'.,  Co.  Mlilillenex. 
W. 


A  Tp,  In  Co.  Orey.    (In  to  (luelph 
and  tliuticv  liy  Htngu  on  Uwen 


A  Tp.,  and  l^tntlon, 
K.,  2()  nillen  weit  of 


and  I'liNt-olllce  on  the  U, 
London. 

KLDKItSLIK,  V.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  Hruce.  Post-offlce, 
I'lil.sley— which  nee  for  routo,  etc. 

KiaxJN,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  Victoria.  «o  to  Port 
Hope  on  the  0.  T.  K.,  and  thence  hy  Undsay  Uranch 
Hallway,  partly  open. 

KUil.N,  C.  \V.,  Co.  I.eedii,  Tp.  South  Cronhy.  Oo  to 
Kin|{'<ton  City  on  the  (1.  T.  It.    Pnpulalhm  about  HO. 

KI,((INHI;KU,  C.  W.,  Co.  Krontcnac,  Tp.  Kingston. 
8ee  KIkIii.     Population  about  lilO. 

EI.IZAllKTHTOVVN,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  LcmIs.  For 
ToHOH  anil  Poatolllci'i, see  llrockvlllc,  Addison,  etc. 

EIJ.KS.MKKK,  (  .  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  Hcarboro'.  Uo  to 
Hi'arlioro'  Station,  on  the  (1.  T.  It. 

ELMCK,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  Perth.  For  Poit-offlce, 
etc.,  see  KInkora. 

RDM  A,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  Perth.  Go  to  Stratford 
Junction  of  the  lIulTalo  and  Lake  Huron  anil  O.  T.  It. 

ELM(Hl»)VK,  C.  W.,  Co.  SImcoe,  Tp.  Vjntu.  Oo  to  Kam 
Station,  on  Ontario,  Stnicoe,  unit  Huron  Hallway. 

ELORA,  C.  W.,  Co.  WelllnKton,  Tp.  PllkhiKton.  do 
to  duulph  by  the  d.  T.  R.,  whence  Htageii  dally  con- 
nect.    Population  about  12(M). 

ELY,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  In  ShelTord.  Divided  Into  North 
and  South  Ely,  which  see  j  also  see  lloscobel. 

EMHRd,  ('.  W.,  O.xford  Co.,  Tp.  West  Zorra.  Oo  to 
Woodstock,  on  the  O.  W.  K.     Population  about  FKHI. 

ELZKVIK,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  Hastings.  For  Post- 
ofDces,  etc.,  see  Queensboro. 

EMILY,  C.  W.    A  Tp.  in  Co.  Victoria.    See  Lindsay. 

ENNIS,  V.  W.,  Co.  Lanibton,  Tp.  Eunlskillen.  do  to 
Tbamesvllle,  on  the  O.  W.  H. 

ENNIHKILLEN  WEST,  C.  W.    See  Ennls. 

ENNISKILLEN  EAST,  C.  W.,  Co.  Durham,  Tp.  Dar- 
lington. Oo  to  Bowmanvllle,  on  d.  T.  H.  Popula- 
tion about  2U0. 

ENTKHPHLSE,  V.  W.,  Co.  Addington,  Tp.  Camden 
East.  Oo  to  Napanee,  on  the  d.  T.  K.  Population 
about  'J(K). 

EPSO.M,  C.  W.  A  Post-offlce  In  Tp.  Reach,  Ontario 
Co.,  which  see.    Population  about  \M. 

ERAMOSA,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Wellington.  Oo  to 
llockwood,  a  Station  on  the  O.  T.  H. 

EHIN,  V.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Wellington.  OotoGuelph, 
on  the  G.  T.  R.     Population  about  SIM). 

EHNESTOWN,  C.  W.  [For  Post-ofllce,  sec  Bath.]  A 
Tp.  In  Co.  Addlngton,  and  a  Station  on  the  d.  T.  H. 
See  also  Comer's  Mills  and  SwitzervlUe,  in  same 
Township. 

ERHOL,  C.  W.,  Co.  tambton,  Tp.  Plympton,  near 
Port  Sarnla.  Present  nearest  Hallway  jjolnt,  Lon- 
don, on  the  0.  W.  U.,  and  Stratford,  on  the  ItufTalo 
and  Lake  Huron  and  d.  T.  R.    Population  about  50. 

ESUER,  C.  F^  A  Tp.  on  North  Shore  of  Ottawa 
River,  Co.  Pontiac.  For  Post-ofllce,  see  Fort  Wil- 
liam. 

EStiCESIXG,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Ualton.  Go  to 
Georgetown,  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

ESSA,  V.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Slracoe.  A  Railway  Sta- 
tion on  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Huron  Hall  from  To- 
ronto, with  the  following  Post-oBlces  and  Villages, 
which  see : — Angus,  Cloverhlll,  West  Essa,  and  Elm- 
grove. 

-    —     A  Tp.  In  Co.  York.     Dally 

Go  to  Mimico  Station,  on  the 


ETOBICOKE,  C.  W. 

Stage  from  Toronto. 
G.  W.  H. 
EUPHRASIA,  C.   W 


A  Tp.  in  Co.  Grey.  Go  to 
ColUngwood  by  the  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Huron 
Railway  from  Toronto. 

EVERTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wellington,  Tp.  Eramosa.  Go 
to  Rockwood,  on  the  (I.  T.  R.  Poi)Ulation  about  101). 

EXETER,  C.  W.,  Co.  Itrucc,  Tp.  Stephen,  fronting 
Lake  Huron,  adjoining  Saugeen.  Steam  from 
Godericli,  Detroit,  and  Windsor  by  Ploughboy,  or 
cruss  by  laud  from  Owen  Sound,  for  Steamer  for 


ColUngwood  Termlnui,  on  Ontario,  Slmoo*,  and 
Huron  Hall  for  Toronto.    Population  about  dOU. 


F. 

FAIRVIEW,  0.  W.,  Co.  Oxford,  Tp  Zorra.  do  to 
Woodstock,  on  the  d.  W.  H. 

FALKIRK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Middlesex,  Tp.  Williams.  l,oi|. 
dun,  on  the  d.  W.  R.  la  the  present  nearest  Rallmiy 
point.  The  Kxlen^ll1n  of  the  0.  T.  R.  to  Port  Sur. 
nla  will  bisect  the  T)>.  of  Williams. 

FAKMKHSVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Leeds,  Tp.  Yonge.  Ljn 
or  Mallory  Town,  on  the  G.  T.  K.,  are  the  neari'»t 
Stations.    Populatiiin  about  MtH). 

FAKNHAM,  C.  E.  See  Katt  Farnliam,  Adamsvlllc, 
etc.,  for  Post-offlces. 

FARNHAM  CENTRE.  See  East  Farnham.  Faridium 
Centre  has  a  Post-olllce.     Population  about  loii. 

FENELON,  0.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Victoria.  For  Poat- 
olllces,  see  Cambray,  Fenelon  Falls. 

FENELON  FALLS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Victoria,  Tp.  Fenel.in. 
do  to  port  Hope,  on  (1.  T.  R.,  thence  make  fur 
Lindsay  by  Railway,  partly  open  as  far  as  Omeinuo. 
Population  about  150. 

FENWICK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Welland,  Tp.  Pelham.  Oo  to 
Jordan,  on  the  G.  W.  R. 

FERGUS,  C.  W.,  (Jo.  WeUlngton,  Tp.  Nlchol.  Dully 
Stage  to  and  from  Ouelpli,  a  main  Station  on  llie 
G.  T.  R.     Population  about  1000. 

FERGUSON'S  FALLS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lanark,  Tp.  Drum- 
niond.  Go  to  Perth.  Daily  Stage  from  Urockvllle, 
a  main  G.  T.  K.  Station.  Extension  Railway  In 
progress. 

FERHALL'S  LANDING,  C.  W.  On  the  South  ghnre 
of  River  Ottawa,  near  the  mouth  of  Hiver  llmi- 
chere.  This  is  reached  by  Steamer  from  AyliiuT 
East,  and  is  the  Point  for  the  Ottawa  and  Opeongu 
Road  Settlement.  See  Mount  St.  Patrick.  Popula- 
tion about  fit). 

FEHMOY,  C.  W.,  Co.  Frontenac,  Tp.  Bedford.  Goto 
Kingston  City,  on  the  0.  T.  R. 

FINCH,  V.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Stormont  Co.  For  Poll- 
otfice,  etc.,  see  Berwick. 

FINGAL,  C.  W.,  Co.  Elgin,  Tp.  Southwold.  Go  to 
Port  Staidey,  on  Lake  Erie,  connected  with  Lon- 
don by  Branch  to  the  G.  W.  R.  Population  about 
6lK). 

FISH  CREEK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Perth,  Tp.  Blanshard.  Oo 
to  Stratford  G.  T.  R. 

FITCH  BAY,  C.  E.,  Co.  Stanstead.  Go  to  Ooatlcook, 
on  the  O.  T.  R. 

FITZALAN,  C.  E.,  Co.  Argenteull,  Tp.  Arundell.  On 
North  Shore  of  Lower  Ottawa,  near  Montreal,  nlilcb 

FITZROY  HARBOUR,  0.  W.,  Co.  Carleton,  Tp.  Kllz- 
rny.  On  Upper  Ottawa.  See  Aylmer  East,  whenoe 
Steamers  plv  to  and  fro. 

FLAMBOKO  EAST,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Wentworth  Co. 
For  Piwt-oflice,  see  Carlisle. 

FLAMBORO  WEST,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Wentwortli. 
For  I'list-oflice,  etc.,  see  Strabane. 

FLINT,  C.  W.,  Co.  Addlngton,  Tp.  Kaladar.  The 
Post-ofllce  under  this  name,  in  this  newly-setlkil 
District,  hn»  been  discontinued.  Napanee  U  the 
Station  1...  the  G.  T.  R.  Montreal  and  Toronto  Wj- 
trlct  by  'vii!  :li  this  place  is  reached  through  Nc»- 
bur-„  (  ml'.ts,  Keller's  Comers  9  miles,  Canidon  ami 
Shellie?d  iload  1  mile,  Tamworth  5  miles,  wliitli  l» 
about  '  t  ndlea  from  Kaladar  Town.«hlp,  whero  the 
Addlngion  Road  Free  GrantJi  of  Land  commence. 

FLOHENt  E,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lambton,  Tp.  Eupheniiu.  Uo 
to  Bothwell,  on  the  G.  W.  R. 

FLOS,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Simcoe  Co.  Go  to  Barrle  or 
Sunnldale,  both  Stations  on  the  Ontario,  Simcoe, 
and  Huron  Rail  from  Toronto. 

KOXTIIILL.  A  Po.st-onice  in  Pelham  Tp.,  Co.  Wel- 
land.   See  Fenwick. 

FORCASTLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Ontario,  Tp.  Thorah.  Make 
for  Beaverton  by  Belle  Ewart,  on  the  Ontario,  Sim- 
coe, and  Huron  Railway,  and  thence  by  Steamer. 

FOHESTEK'S  FALLS,  0.  W.,  Co.  Renfrew,  Tp.  RosJ. 
On  Upper  Ottawa  River.  For  Steamer,  see  Aylmer 
East.    Population  about  25. 

FORESTVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Norfolk,  Tp.  Chnrlottevllle. 
On  shore  of  Lake  Erie.  No  Hallway  Station  can  be 
named  as  adjacent.  Try  Port  Maltland  on  ine 
BuBfalo  and  Lake  Huron  Line.  Population  about 
100. 


KORPAH,  0. 

Lansdowne, 

Illation  Hbiii 

KOIll'COCLti 

I'll  North  SI 

."er  Aylmer 

KOIir  ERIE, 

<  anadlaii  Ti 

Hall,  oppiinli 

KOUT  WILLM 

liH-y,  above  i 

fOHT  WIUAJ 

.North  Shore 

For  route,  ae 

KOIK.VIEH,  0 

•ill  to  Cornw 

Ion. 

F0.\    UIVKR,  ( 

Hay,  near  di 

fniiii  (Quebec. 

FO.x.'JAMBAUL'l 

Niirili  Shore  i 

"f  liiicliec.     a 

KIIA.MITON,  C. 

CralK's  Road  ( 

FKA.NKFOHD,  ( 

to  llellevllle  oi 

FKANKTOWN, 

Back  from  Pe 

K.\lenalon  to  A 

Piifiulatlon  abt 

FIIA.NKVILLE,  i 

Kllley.    See  Fr 

niKDEKICKSUL 

For  Post-olUce, 

KKKDKRICKSHU 

I'osl-olllce.     do 

FREE  QRANT! 

merit  Free  Lant. 

I'KKKLTON,  C.  W, 

(io  to  Dundas  i 

ISii. 

f'HKMUJHfl,  C.  W 

to  Ilei'lln  on  the 

KltKLKillSBURG, 

mands.    Neartli 

adjacent  Statloi 

iipproxlinate.     1 

t'KK.VCH  VILLAd 

•cy.    (io  to  Dai 

about  2r>l). 

i'lmt  VILLAGE, 

'"  Kiclimond  on 

lions.     Populatio 

HIXAKTON,  C.  W 

fold  on  the  0.  T. 

Fl'U'O.V,  C.  VV., 

(irliasby  on  the  0 


CANADA:   CITIKS,   TOWNH,   AND   VILLAGES. 


bii 


FOItrAK,  0.  W.,  Co.  Le«<li,  T|>.  Uiintiird.     Back  of 

I.itii»cl(iwne,  wlilcli  li  It  Htal  Inn  uti  the  (>,  T.  K.     Pop- 

uliitliin  hIidiiI  fio. 
KOIir  (;()|;|,()N(1K,<'.  K.,  Cn.  I'onlUo,  Tp.  Maiinflclil. 

On  North  Hliiiro  of  OtiHWn.  itliiivr  Culiiiiiet  Ulmiil. 

Ser  Ayhnrr  K»»t.     I'cipulntidii  nhiiiit  'r>. 
lOlir  KUIK,  C.  \V.,  Co.   Wflliiiiil,  Tp.   llcrll.'.     The 

Citiiiiilhiii  Teriiiliiiiii  of  the  lliill'iih)  hikI  l.nke  lliiiDn 

Hull,  oppoHlle,  hikI  !I  iiiIIcii  finin,  lliiiralo  l>y  riteiimer. 
Kllltr  Wll, 1,1AM.     Kii  route  fur  lluiliioirn  Uay  Tunl- 

lory,  iiliovtf  Hiiult  £*t.  M«rle. 
KdUT  H  ll,l,IAM,  0.  K.,  Co.  I'onlUc,  T|>.  K»her.    On 

North  Shore  of  Upper  Ottiiwu,  froiilliiK  the  river. 

K'jr  route,  see  Aylnier  Kiist. 
FOlllNIICIl,  C.   >V.,  Co.   I'rencott,  Tp.  I'lHfitii((etiel. 

lio  to  CoiDwull  on  the  U.  T.  It.    I'upulutlon  about 

1(111. 
F0.\   KIVKR,  C.  K..  <;o.  Oaipe.     Klows  Into  Uaape 

lliiy,  neikr  Uulf  or  Ht.  Lawrence.    Tradint;  veaaeln 

from  iliieheo.     Population  almut  XHI. 
FO.SXAMUAULT.     A   Tp.   in   I'orlneuf  District.     On 

Niirih  ^4llor«  of  8t,  Lawrence,  uhout  2U  miles  went 

uf  Hiiehec.    Sec  8t.  CalherlneV,  ('.  K. 
KUA.Ml'TON,  C.  K.     A  Tp.  in  Dorchester  Co.    «o  to 

('raid's  Uoail  on  the  (I.  T.  K. 
FKANKKOUD,  C.  W.,  Co.  llaatlnKS,  Tp.  Sidney.     Oo 

to  llellevllle  on  the  (i.  T.  K.     I'npuliitlon  about  ((.%(). 
FIIANKTOWN,  C.  VV.,  Co.   l.utiark,  Tp.  Ileckwilh. 

lluck  from  Perth.     On  the  line  of  the  llrockville 

Kxlenslon  to  Arnprlor.     See  Perth  and  ilrockvilie. 

Population  about  IM. 
FKANKVU.LK,  C.  W.,  Oo.  Leeds  and  (Irenvllle,  Tp. 

KItley.    See  Franktown.     Population  about  UN). 
FUKDKUrCKSIlUKU,   C.  W.,   V».   Norfolk.      A   Tp. 

Fur  Poat-olllce,  etc.,  see  Windham. 
FKKDKUICKSIIUUG,  C.  \V.,  Co.  l,ennox.     A  Tp.  and 

I'ost-olllce.    Go  to  Krnestown  on  the  U.  T.  It. 
FREE   GRANTS   OF  LAND,  C.  W.    See  Uovern- 

iiii'iit  Free  Lanit  and  lloutes. 
FKKKLTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wentworth,  Tp.  W.  Piamboro'. 

Uu  to  Duudas  on  the  U.  W.  it.    Population  about 

1511. 
FIlKIUUllO,  C.  W.,  Co.  Waterloo,  Tp.  Waterloo.    Oo 

lo  Iterlin  on  the  U.  T.  It.     Population  about  100. 
FItKMCillSlllJlttt,  C.  E.,  Co.  Mi».fi8(iuoi,  Tp.  St.  Ar- 

m»n<ld.    Near  the  boundary  line  of  the  States.     No 

adjacent  Station  can  be  named.    Sec  Coaticook  as 

npproxhimte.     Population  about  8tK). 
FKKNCIl  VILLAUK,  C.  K.,  Co.  Drummond,  Tp.  Klng- 

»oy.    (lo  to  Danville  on  the  U.  T.  It.    Population 

ulxiut  'OM. 
FItO.ST  VILLAGE,  C.  E.,  In  Tp.  and  Co.  Shefford.    Oo 

lu  Hiclnnond  on  the  (S.  T.  It.,  Junction  of  two  Sec- 

tlonH.     Population  about  l.'iil. 
Fl  l.hAUTON,  C.  W.,  a  Tp.  in  Perth  Co.    Go  to  Strat- 
ford on  the  G.  T.  it.     Population  about  100. 
FULTO.N,  C.  W.,  I'o.  Lincoln,  Tp.  Calstor.     Go  to 

(iriiiuby  on  the  G.  W.  B. 


G 

OAINSnOIlOUOH.     A  Tp.  in  Co.  Lincoln,  but  no 

I'ostodlcc  under  that  title.    See  St.  Ann's,  Lincoln. 

GALT,  C.  W.,  Co.  Waterloo,  Tp.  Dumfrie!<.  A  Sta- 
tion on  the  Gait  and  Preston  Junction  of  the  G.  W. 
K.,  Joining  the  main  line  at  Paris,  G.  W.  K.  Popu- 
l»lion  about  8000. 

CANANOeiUE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Leeds,  Tp.  Leeds.  A  Sta- 
tion on  the  G.  T.  R.,  18  miles  east  of  Kingston.  Pop- 
ulation, about  1,SOO. 

tiAKAFUAXA,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Wellington.  Go 
to  (iuelph  on  the  G.  T.  It. 

IIAHTIIIIV,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  In  Wolfe.  Go  to  Danville 
on  the  O.  T.  It. 

O.VSl'K  ItASlN,  C.  E.  On  South  Shore  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence, near  tlie  Gulf.  Traders  from  Quebec.  Poj)- 
ulatlou  about  551). 

(IKNTILLY,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  In  Nlcolet.  Fronting  the 
i^oulh  !<hore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  about  5  miles  be- 
low Three  llivers,  (on  the  opposite  shore,)  where 
the  Quebec  and  Montreal  Steamers  touch.  Popula- 
tion about  (iOO. 

GEORGETOWN  0.  W.,  Co.  Halton,  Tp.  Esquesing. 
A  Station  on  the  G.  T.  It.    Population  about  12(Kl. 

CEORGEVILLE,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  In  Stausteud.  Go  to 
Coaticooke  or  Compton,  on  the  G.  T.  K.  On  tlie 
MaifoR  Lake  witli  Steamer  plying  to  Newport.  Pop- 
ulaliou  about  !J50. 


OKORGINA.  0.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  York,  frnntlng  Lakr 
SImcoe.  Go  to  Holland  Landing  on  the  Ontario, 
HImi'oe,  and  Ilnroo  Kail  from  Toronto. 

GILIlElirS  MILLS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Prince  Edward,  Tp. 
Sophiasburg,  (lo  to  Hrllvvlllu  for  down,  and  to 
Kingston  for  up,  Stvamcm  plying  on  thL  Ilay  of 
(jnlnlCi.  llellevtllo  and  Kingston  are  both  Stulious 
on  the  (1.  T.  It.,  Montreal  and  Toronto  Section. 

GLANKOIll),  ('.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Co.H.ntworth.  Goto 
Onondaga,  on  the  Hutlalo  and  Lake  Huron,  or  to 
Ontario,  on  the  (1.  W.  It. 

GLENCOE,  C.  W.  Co.  Middlesex,  Tp.  Ekfrld.  ASla- 
tlon  on  till!  G.  W.  It.     Population  about  150. 

GLENELG,  C.  W.  ATp  In  Co.  (iriy.  GotoGuelph, 
on  the  G.  T.  K.,  Toronto  and  Stratford  Section, 
thence  by  O'Noll  s  Owen  Sound  Stages. 

OLENLOVD,  C.  E.,  Co.  Megantlo,  Tp.  Invcrnew.  Go 
to  Somerset,  on  the  G.  T.  II. 

GLENI.YON,  C.  W.,  Co.  llruce,  Tp.  Carrlck.  Oo  to 
GuL'Iph  as  for  Glenelg,  which  see.  Population 
about  40. 

OLEN  MonniS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Hrant.Tp.  Dumfries.  Go 
to  Paris  Junction  of  Gait  and  Preston  0.  W.  it., 
and  llufTalu  and  Luke  Huron  italiway.  Pupulatluo 
about  KHI. 

OLEN  WILLIAM,  C.  W.,  Co.  Halton,  Tp.  Esquesing. 
Oo  to  Georgetown,  on  the  O.  T.  R.  Population 
about  HJ^I. 

OLOUCESTEK,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  Carleton.  (Not 
a  Post-otllce.)  A  Station  near  Ottawa  (JIty,  on  the 
Ottawa  and  Prcscott  Hallway. 

OOilLE'S  COltNEitS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Oxford,  Tp.  Blen- 
heim. Oo  to  Drumbo,  on  the  Buffalo  and  Lake 
Huron,  or  Paris  Junction  of  G.  W.  it. 

QODERICH,  C.  W.  A  Tn.  In  Co.  Huron.  See  no- 
tice elsewhere.     Population  about  400O. 

OOU.MANCHESTElt,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  In  Huntingdon, 
fronting  South  Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence.  In  and 
near  which  are  the  following  Villages  and  Post- 
olllces,  vh. :  Dundee,  Aniset,  Huntingdon,  and  La 
Guerre,  which  see. 

GOLDEN  CHEEK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lumbton,  Tp.  Boaan- 
quet,  fronting  Lake  Huron.  In  Port  Sarnia  DU- 
trlct.     At  present  go  to  Stratford  by  G.  T.  It. 

GOODWOOD,  C.  W.,  ('o.  Ontario,  Tp.  Uxbrldge.  Go 
to  StoulTvllle  by  Stage  from  Tcronto  City  dally,  at 
2  P.  M.,  or  to  Scarboro',  on  the  u.  T.  K.,  Montreal 
and  Toronto  Section,     Population  about  100. 

OOKE,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  In  Argenteull.  (Not  a  Post- 
ofllce.)    See  Laketleld.     Population  about  10(M). 

OOKE  OF  TORONTO,  <".  W.  A  '(p.  in  Co.Peel.  See 
Castlemore,  Coleralnt   KIchvi-w.  •  i.d  TuUainore. 

OOKE'S  LANDING,  C.  W.,  Co  .'■orUmiBberland,  Tp. 
Hamilton.  A  Station  on  the  Cubuurg  and  Peter- 
boro'  Hallway.  From  Cobourg  on  the  O,  T,  It. 
Population  about  i^O. 

GOH.MLEV'S,  C.  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  Markham.  Go  by 
3touirviile  Stage  from  Toronto  City  daily,  at  2.30 
P.  ,M. 

GOKRIE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Huron,    A  new  Post-ofHce. 

GOSFIELD,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  Essex,  fronting  Lake 
Erie.    Go  by  0.  W.  It.  to  Buptlste  Creek. 

GOSPORT,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lennox,  Tp.  Adolphustown, 
fronting  Bay  of  (^ulnte.  Go  to  Ernestown,  on  the 
(}.  T.  it. 

GOULBt'HN.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Carleton,  For  Post- 
otllce,  etc.,  see  Asliton. 

00Ui,D,  C,  E.,  Co.  Compton,  Tp,  Llngwlck,  Oo  to 
Windsor  or  Sherbrooke,  on  the  G,  T.  R,  Popula- 
tion about  loo. 

GOUROCK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wellington,  Tp,  Guelph, 
Ouelph  is  a  Main  Station  on  the  G,  T.  K. 

GOWER  POINT,  C.  W.,  Co.  Renfrew,  Tp.  Westmeuth, 
fronting  Cpper  Ottawa  Shore.  For  Route  see  Ayl- 
nier East. 

GRAHA.MSVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Peel,  Tp.  Chlngua- 
cousy.  In  which  Is  Uranipton,  a  Main  Station  on 
the  G.  T.  It.     Po|)ulation  about  l.')!!. 

GRANBY,  C.  E.  lii  Co.  Sheirord.  In  Southern  por- 
tion of  ShelTord.  Try  Upton,  on  the  G.  T.  R.  Pop- 
ulation about  400. 

GRANDE  BAIE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Chicoutlml,  Tp.  Bagot.  Is 
reached  in  Summer  by  Steamers  from  Quebec.  Vo\y 
ulation  about  750. 

GRAND  GREVE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Gnspe.  Within  Oaspe 
Bay.  Steamers  to  Shcdiac  and  Traders  from  Que- 
bec afford  means  of  transit. 

GRANDE  LIGNE,  C.  E.  Query,  on  Lake  St.  John's, 
above  Ciiicoutiiui. 


■1 


n 


m 


cavada:  cities,  towns,  and  villages. 


GUAND  niVER,  C.  E.,  Co.  Gnspe.  Ncnr  St.  Michel. 
On  (iiilf  of  St.  Ijiwrenoe,  into  which  It  llow». 
lilvcs  imiiu's  to  a  I'ost-i.illoi"  iiiiil  S'ettlcniciit.     I'op- 

lltlttioll  HllDllt   1  IAD. 

OKANTllAM.  A  Tp.  In  L'ncoln  Co.  Kor  Towns, 
VUlagi'.s,  «Mil  I'osl-ollli'i'S,  sec  Drunnuonilvllli.,  I'oit 
Diilliciuslc,  anil  St.  CalhaHne's,  Wist. 

OKATTAN',  C.  \V.  A  Tp,  In  Co.  Itcniicw.  For  Post- 
ollUct,  sec  Knanvlllc,  llenilville ;  see  also  Crown 
IiHiiils  and  Free  (iran's. 

♦  illKKNUANK,  I'.  \V.,  Co.  Ontario, Tp.  Reach.  Go  to 
Whllby,  on  the  (1.  T.  R. 

GUKK.NUCSII,  Co.  I.ccils,  A  I'ost-olUce.  Sec  BiucK- 
villc.     Population  about  TO. 

GKKKSOt'K,  C.  \V.  A  Tii.  In  Co.  llnice.  Go  to 
Gnclpli,  thence  t).v  Saugcen  Road,  tiuelph  U  on  G. 
T.  R. 

ORKKN  POINT,  C.  W.,  Co  Prince  Eilwurd.  See  So- 
phlasliurK. 

ORKKNSVll.I.E,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wcntworrh,  Tp.  yWU 
Khimhoro'.     Go  to  Uundas,  on  the  (i.  \V.  R. 

OUKENWdOI),  C.  W.  Co.  Ontario,  Tp.  Pickering, 
which  sec      po|>Miatlon  a')ont  )!(H(. 

GRKNVII,I,i;.  ('.  K.  A  Tp.  In  Argcntculi.  On  Lower 
Ottawa  River,  near  .liinclion  with  St.  Lawrence. 
Go  to  Vanilreull,  on  the  G.  T.  R.  Section,  or  to 
Montreal  City  for  Steamer,     Population  about  "Oil. 

OKKV,  I'.  \V.  A  Tp.  ill  Co.  Huron.  For  Route,  see 
Greenock  above. 

GKIER:"ILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Grey,  Tp.  St.  Vincent.  Go 
to  Mealor  I  hy  Canadian  Steamer  from  ColUng- 
wood,  by  Ontario,  SImcoe,  anil  Huron  Railway  from 
Toronto,     t' ipniatlon  about  .'>(). 

GRIMSBY,  C.  W.,  Co,  Lincoln.  A  Tp.  and  Station 
on  the  G.  W.  R.  S.'.-t! m.     Population  about  intHI. 

GROXDlNEl',  '■.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  I'ortncuf.  On 
North  Sliore  of  St.  Lawrence,  Ketween  Three  Uivers 
uni!  tjueb'  c,  at  whiili  the  Steamers  and  Tnidei.-. 
touch.     i'oi)ulatlon  about  IKK). 

OROVESKNI),  C.  W.,  to.  Elgin,  Tp.  Malahlde,  front- 
ing Lake  Erie.  G.i  to  London  ami  to  Port  Stanley 
bv  liraMch  Railway.     Lonilon  is  on  :'.  \V.  R. 

GUELPH,  C.  W.,  Co.  Welllnglon,  A  Town,  Town- 
ship, and  Main  Station,  with  Telegraph,  on  G.  T.  R. 
Toronto  and  Stratford  Section.  From  Toronto  47, 
and  Hamilton  III)  miles.     Popnl.ition  about  .'^(MK). 

Gl'YS^nORO',  C.  W.,  I  o.  Norfolk,  Tp.  Houghton, 
fronting  Lake  Erie.  Port  Sarnia  is  nearest  Railway 
point  nbic!;  !■  connected  with  G.  W.  R.  at  London. 

GWILLIMHCRY  WEST,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  SImcoe 
(South).     See  Unidfonl. 

OWILLIMBCRY  EAST,  C.  W.  A  Tp  in  \ork.  See 
Holland  Landing,  Newhind,  (Jue^nsville,  and  Slia- 
ron, 

GWILLIMRIRY  NOIf.f,  C.  V.'  A  Tp.  in  York, 
fronting  Luke  Sinicue.     See  K  jwlck. 


HAGERSVII,LE,  C.  W.,  Co.  HHldlmBnd,  Tp.  Oneida. 
Trv  Middii'port,  on  the  Bull'alo  and  Lake  Huron 
Railway. 

HALDIMAND,  C.  W.,  Co.  Norihiunberland.  A  Tp. 
In  which  is  Grafton,  a  Station  on  tlie  (i.  T.  R. 

HALIFAX,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Megantic.  Go  to  Arthn- 
baska,  on  tlie  G.  T.  It. 

HALLOWELL.  A  I'l).  fronting  the  Hay  of  (Julnte. 
For  principal  Village  ai.d  Post-oHlce,  see  Itloom- 
fleld. 

HALL'S  MILLS,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Middlesex,  Tp.  Westmin- 
ster.    See  London. 

HAM,  C.E.     ATp.inWolfe.     Goto  Danville.  G.  T.  R. 

HAMi;i"R(l,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lennox,  Tp.  Fredericks- 
burg.    (!o  to  Napaiiee,  on  the  (i.  T.  R. 

HAMILTON,  C.  W.  A  (  lly  In  the  Tp.  of  Barton 
aioi  Co.  of  Wenlworth.  The  Main  Station  and 
Cblef  Ollice  of  the  (ireat  Uistern  Railway  to  and 
from  Toronto,  Suspension  Hrldge,  and  Windsor  from 
the  West. 

HAMH/ro.S,  C.  \V.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  Northumberland, 
for  which  see  Coliourg,  ll.'iilimore,  llewdley.  Cold- 
springs,  and  Harwoods,  Towns,  Vlllaires,  and  Post- 
ollices  ,'iluated  wilbin  it. 

HAMPTON,  C.  W,,  Co,  Durban;,  Tp,  Darlington.  Go 
to  Ilownninville,  on  the  G,  T.  U.  Population  about 
6lM). 

HANNON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wentworth,  Tp.  Ghinford,  which 


HANOVER,  0.  W.,  Co.  Grey,  Tp.  Bentlnck,  which 

see.    Population  about  too. 
HARLEM,  C.  W,,  Co,  Leeds,  Tp.  Hastard.     Go  to  Mai- 

lory  Town,  o  i  <i.  T.  R.     Population  about  IfXI. 
HARPCR!IEV,C.  W.,  Co.  Huron,  Tp.McKlllop.    Ho  to 

Stratford,  by  G.  T.  R.,  or  llulfalo  and  Laki;  Huron, 

thence  bv  (ioderlch  Stage.     Population  at)out  '211(1, 
HARltlETSVlLLE,  C.  W,,  Co.  Middlesex,    I'p.   Dor 

Chester.     Go  to  Edwanlsbnrg  or  London,  on  G.  W. 

R.     Popula'Inn  about  1(10. 
HARItlNtiTON   EASr,  C.  E.       A  Tp.  In  Argentenll. 

On  North  Slu're  of  Lower  Ottawa,  near  conlluenco 

nlih  SI.  liaivrence.     Go  to  Montreal.     Population 

about  2.^(l. 
HARUINtiTON  WE.ST,  0.  W.,  Co.  Oxford,  Tp.  West 

Zorra.     Go  to  Woodstock,  on  the  G.  W.  R.     Popu- 
lation about  1)0. 
HARRISHURG,  (LW.,  Co.  Hrant.Tp.  South  Dumfries. 

A  Station  on  t'e  (L  W.  H.,  and  Junction  of  Preston 

and  (iait  lialUvav.     Population  about  800. 
HARRISTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wellington,  Tp.  MInto.    do 

to  (lu"lph,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  and  thence  by  Stage 

north. 
HAKROWSMITH,  C.  W.,  Co.  Frontenac,  Tp.   'ortland. 

Go  to  Napaiiee,  on  (1.  T.  R.     Population  about  l.'iO. 
ilARTFORD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Norfolk,  Tp.  Townsend.    See 

Waterford. 
HARllOrt ,  Co.  Essex.     A  new  Post-olllco. 
HARWICH,  (;.  W.     ATp.  luKeut.     Go  to  Chatham, 

on  the  G.  W.  R. 
HARWOOD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Northmnberland,  Tp.  Ilaniil- 

toll,     (to  to  Itaitimore,  on  Cobourg  and   Peterbo- 
rough Railway  from  Cobourg,  on  G.  T.  R. 
HASTINliS.     .S'cMadoo. 
HASTINGS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Peterboro,  Tp.  Aspboilel,   (io 

to  Peterboro  Terminus  of  Branch  from  U.  T.  K. 

Populathni  about  200. 
rIATLEY,  C.  E.    A  Tp.  In  Stanstead.     (ioto  tlomp- 

ton,  on  the  G.  T.  R. 
H AWKESHURV,  C.  W.,  Co.  Prcscott.     A  Tp.  frcntiiig 

Short  of  liower  Ottawa  River.     Station  for  Oitiiwa 

Steame!  uom  .MonlreaL     Population  about  IsOd. 
HAWKsroNE,   C.    W.,    Co.    .«liiicoe,  T]).  .)io.      On 

North  Shore  of  Lake  SImcoe,  above  Barrie.    Go  lo 

Barile,  which  see.    I'opulation  about  100. 
HAWKSVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Waterloo,  Tp.  Welleslty. 

Go  to  Ptternburg,  on  tlie  G.  T.  R.     l'oi)ulation  about 

I'-'fi. 
HAY,  C.  V,'.    Tp.  in  Co.  Huron,  fronting  Lake  Huron. 

Go  to  Stratford. 
HAVSVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Waterloo,   Tp.  M'llinot,  In 

which  Is  Petersburg  Station  on  the  G.  T.  R.    Popu- 

latloii  about  800. 
HKADFORD,  C.  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  Markham,  which 

see.     Population  about  ift. 
HEADVILLE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Drummond,  Tp.  (iranthani. 

Go  to  Acton,  on  the  tl.  T.  K.     Population  about  In". 
HECK'S  CORNERS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Grtnvllle,  Tp.  South 

(lower,  which  see. 
HEIDELBIRG,  C.   W.,  Co,  Waterloo,  Tp,  Wonlnich, 

Go  to  Berlin,  on  the  G.  T.  li.    Population  alieut  2i.i. 
HEMMING FO'tD,  C.   E.     A  Tp.  hi  lluiitingdnn,    A 

Station  on  the  Plattsburg  Railway,  41  niilia  from 

Montreal.     Population  about  700. 
HEN1)ER.><0N'S  CORNERS,  0.  W.,  Co.  Victoria,  Tp. 

Eiiillv,  wliieh  see. 
HENRVVILLE,  V.  E.,  Co.  H)ervllle,  Tp.  Saliicvok 

Go  to   Rouse's  Point.      Tills  Village   lies  east  of 

River  Richelieu.     Po|mlatlon  about  (ioo. 
HEHk.MAN'S  corners,  0.  E.,  Co.  Huntingdon,  Tp, 

Hiiu'Iiinlirooke,  between   St.  Lawrence  and  Kivt'i' 

Richelieu.     See  Denlston. 
HKREKORD,  C.  E.     A  Tp.  In  Compton.     Go  io  Coall- 

cook,  on  the  G.  T.  R. 
HIllllKRT      SeeCromartv. 
HKillLAND  ('I;EEK,  C."W.,  Co.  York,  Tp,  Scarl")' 

rough,  in  which  is  Scarborough  Statioi ,  ontheU.T. 

R.     Population  a'  out  25(1. 
HILHER,  C.  W.     A  Tp.  in  Prince  Edward.    Oo  to 

Trenton,  on  the  t(.  T.  R.     I'opulation  about  I'W, 
HILLSltOlU),  C.  W.,  Co.  Lainliton,  Tp.  Plynipton,  near 

Port  Sarnia,  connecte  I  with  G.  T.  R,    t  Striitlonl, 
I      to  which  place  proceed.     J'opiiiation   M.iait  HHJ, 
'  HILLSIICUG,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wellington,  Tp.  Krln,    C* 
■      to  Acton,  on  the  G.  T.  R.     Population  about  O'lO. 
I  HILTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Northumberland,  Tp.  llilfc'lil"". 
I      in  wliich  is  a  Station  (Brigliton),  on  the  t.    T.  I' 
I      Population  aboi  »  (iO. 
1  HINCHINBROOKE,  C.  E.    A  Tp,  in  Huntingdon,  lor 


Post-ofll 

lierdiiia 

HOLLAM 

route,  se 

also  Post 

HOLLAN 

limbury. 

Huron  R 

ronto.    I- 

HOLLEN,  ( 

Go  to  Gin 

IIOL.MESVI 

HOLVllooi 

Lake  Hur 

see. 

HOPE,  0.  W 

ton,  Perri 

Post-ollice 

HOPETOWiN 

Shore  of  I, 

East,  for  n 

HORNBY,  C. 

Acton,  on  ( 

HOirrtJN,  0, 

River  Ottav 

Post-onices, 

IIOl'tillTON 

Lake  Erie. 

Station,  will 

HOWAltD,   (J 

Ih-idgetown, 

HOWKK,  C. 

ville,  on  the 

Population  i 

HO  WICK,  C. 

a  Post-oliice, 

IIL'IIBKI.L'S  F 

III'LL,  C  E. 

Ottawa,  on  t 

»■«,  C.  \Y.     I 

liLI,l,ETT,  V.  ' 

Ihaiidon  and 


INDIANA,  C.  W 

[0  Middleport  oi 

■'"pulation  aboi 
IMILIN  REsKUV 

Tp,,  of  which 

which  see 
IXDUN  RKSERVI 

Sm-oe,  Tyendin 

INDL'STliy,  ('.  K 

»f  a  Lawrence 

flows  ii^o  the  S( 
,  Jlontrcal,  p„„„ 
INGERSOLL,  ('• 

Popiilalion  about 

Parilculans. 


.^,^ 


CANADA:    CITIES,  TOWNS,   AND   VILLAGES. 


57 


Poflt-offlccfi,  VIllaRCR,  etc.,  see  Athdston,  Dcnlston, 
IlfnIiuiui'H  (.■"niers. 

HOI.I-ANI),  »'.  W.  A  T|i.  In  tlie  Co.  of  (iicy.  For 
rmiti',  Hce  Owuii  Smiiiil,  Ik'i'kuley,  uiid  t'lmtNWortli, 
also  I'lwt-ollicfs  111  Tt). 

HOLLAND  LANDING,  Co  York,  Tp.  I':iist  (hrll- 
llinlmry.  A  Stiilloii  on  the  Ontario,  Sl'iu'iie,  iind 
Huron  llallwiiy  I'miii  Toronto.  )54  mill's  rroiii  To- 
ronto.    l'o|inlatio:)  aliont  IKHI. 

HOI-LKN,  0.  W.,  Co.  Wi'llliigton,  Tp.  Miirylioroiigli. 
Oo  to  (hiulpli,  on  (K  T.  K.,  and  tliunci;  by  Huge. 

IIOLMESVIIJX     See  (iodriieli. 

IIOI.YIIOOD,  V.  ^V.,  Co.  Itrucf,  Tp.  KInloss,  nuar 
Lakt;  Ihiron.     About  'iOmlk'S  from  (Joderlcli,  which 

HCL'. 

HOl'K,  0,  W.,  Co.  nurluim.  A  Tp.  In  which  arc  Can- 
ton, I'errytowM,  a'ld  Kll/.abellivUle,  [Villages   and 

I'ost-olllccs,]  which  (ce. 
HOl'KTOWN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lanark.    A  Tp.  near  South 

Shore  of  Upper  Ottawa,  near  Kltzroy.    See  Aylmer 

East,  for  route.     Population  about  i(K). 
HOKNUY,  V.  W.,  Co.  Ualton,  Tp.  Ksqueslng.    Go  to 

Acton,  on  O.  T.  K.     Population  about  100. 
UOItTON,  C.  W.      A  Tp.   fronting  South   Shore  of 

Kiver  Ottawa,  In  wlilcli  are  Uenfrew  and  Castleford, 

I'ost-olllces,  which  see. 
IIOlKiUTON,  V.  W.      A  Tp,  In  Co.  Norfolk,  fronting 

Lake  Erie.    Port  Stanley  la  the  nearest  Hallway 

Slallnii,  which  see. 
HOWAKU,   C.   W.,  Co.   Kent.    A  Tp.   in  which  is 

llridgctown,  wlilrh  see. 
HOWICK,  C.  E.,  Co.  Chateanguny.    Go  to  Napler- 

vllle,  on  the  Plattsliurg  and  St.  Lawrence  Railroad. 

Population  about  loi). 
HOWKK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Huron.       A  Tp.  in  whlct  Is 

a  I'osl-oflice,  Llsadell,  which  see. 
HUIIUEI.L'S  FALLS,  (^).Carleton.     See  Aylmer  East. 
HULL,  C.  K.     A  Tp.  and  I'osl-olllce  of  Itself.  In  Co. 

Ottawa,  on  the  oi)poslte  side  of  the  Kiver  at  Otta- 

WR,  C.  \V.     Populiilloii  about  i'jl). 
HLLLEI'T,  C.  W.    A  Tp.  In  I'o.  Huron,  in  which  are 

lli'iiiMlon  and  Constance,  us  I'ust-oQlces,  etc.,  which 

IIULLSVILLE,  V.  W.,  Co.  llaldlmand,  Tp.  Walpole. 

(io  to  Caiiboro  uu  liuifalo  and  l/iike  Huron  Uall- 

wav. 
IIU.MBEH,  C.  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  Etoblcoke.    Oo  to 

Miinico  on  ().  \V.  It.,  also  Conksvllle  stage  from 

Wolfe  inn,  Toronto. 
HU.MUEKSTONE,  C.  \V.     A  Tp.  In  AVelland  Co.  near 

Welland  Canal,    (io  to  Uldgewuy  on  UulTalo  and 

Lake  Huron  Kallway. 
IIU.NTEIM'OWN,  C.  E.    A  Tp.  In  Maskinonge.    On 

North  Shore  of  I-ake  St.  Peter,  (St.  Lawrence,)  be- 
tween  Jlontreal    and  Three   Itivers,   reached    by 

sleiiiners.    See  St.  Maurice  District. 
HUNTINGDON,  C.  E.,  on  South  Shore  of  Lake  St. 

Francis,  nearly  opposite  the  Coteau  Landing  Station 

of  the  (i.  T.  II.     Po|)ulatlon  about  7(10. 
ULNTlNtiDON,  C.  W.     A  Tp.  In  Co.  Hustings.     For 

I'ost-ollice,  etc.,  see  Ivanhoe. 
UUNTlNliVlLLE,  V.  E.,  Co.  Klchmond,  Tp.  Ascott, 

wliich  Is  a  station  on  the  t!.  T.  U.    Population  about 

lIH). 

IIUXTI.EV,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Carleton.  Oo  to  Ot- 
tawa City  by  Ih-anch  Hallway,  from  Prescott,  on  the 
(i.  T.  II.    Population  about  ItMI. 

HUSTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wellington,  Tp.  Maryborough 
Oo  to  ijuelph  on  the  O.  T.  K.    Population  about  75, 


INDIANA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Haldlmand,  Tp.  Seneca.    Oo 

to  Miililleport  on  IlnlTalu  and  Lake  Huron  Ualiway. 

I'lpulation  about  3(H). 
INIllAN  UEt-EUVE,  (^o.  Olengary.    The  name  of  a 

Tp.,  of  which  Athol  Is  the  Vili'iije  and  Post-ollicc, 

which  see 
1XDI.\N  UE.XERVES.    See  Mara,  Rama,  etc.,  on  Lake 

flm"oe,  Tyendinaga,  on  the  (i.  T.  K.,  etc.    The  In- 

ilian  De|):irtnient  have  an  olTlce  in  Toronto. 
INDUSTRY,  C.  E,,  in  County  Jolllet,  on  North  Shore 

of  ,'<t.  Lawrence,  on  Klvlere  L' Assumption,  which 

flows  ir^o  the  St.  Lawrence  near  Isle  Jesus.    Oo  to 

Montreal.     Population  about  15(10. 
INGERSOLL,  C.  W.,  Co.  Oxford,  Tp.  North  Oxford. 

Popnlaiinii  about  UbOO.    See  elsewhere  for  further 

panlculars. 


INKERMAN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Pundas,  Tp.  Mountain.  Go 
to  .Matilda  on  the  U.  T.  R.     Population  about  500. 

INNEUKIP,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Oxford,  Tp.  East  Zona.  Oo 
to  Woodstock  or  Princeton,  both  Stations  on  the  O. 
W.  U. 

INNISFIL,  C.  W.  A  Township  In  Co.  Slmcoc,  bisected 
by  the  Ontario,  Slincoe,  and  Huron  Hail  from  Tor- 
onto, (io  to  Lefroy,  Ilelle  Ewart,  and  Cralgvllle 
Stations  on  :hat  line  within  the  Township.  I'opula- 
tlon  about  Inn. 

IN'NISVi;  !,E,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lanark,  Tp.  Drunimond. 
Above  the  town  of  Perth.  (Io  to  Iliockville  by  0. 
T.  H.,  and  tlience  by  Stage  direct  to  I'erth. 

INVEHHI'HON,  i\  W.,  Co.  llruco,  Tp.  llrucc, fronting 
Lake  Huron,  (io  to  Owen  Sound,  which  see.  Pop- 
ulation about  50. 

INVEHSE,-<S,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  In  Megantlc.  (io  to  Som- 
erset or  Stanfold  on  thts  (i.  1'.  R.  Population  about 
150. 

ION  A,  ('.  W.,  Co.  Elgin,  Tp.  Dunwlch.  Oo  to  Ekfrld  on 
(i.  W.  R.,  and  thence  South.     Poiml.itlon  about  '200. 

IKELANI),  ('.  E.  A  Tp.  In  Megantlc.  For  Post-offlcei 
and  Villages,  see  Jlaple  (irove.  New  Ireland. 

IHONHILL,  ('.  E.,  Co.  Hrome.  Ascott  on  the  0.  T.  R. 
appears  to  be  the  nearest  Station. 

ISLAM)  OF  MONTHEAL,  ('.  E.  On  the  St.  Lawrence. 
See  also  Post-ofllces  and  Villages  within  It.  Long 
Point,  Aux  Trembles,  St.  Ann,  and  Montreal  City, 

ISLAY,  C.  W.,  Co.  Victoria,  Tp.  Fenelon.  k^ee  Lind- 
say. 

ISLE  OF  ORLEANS,  C.  E.  On  St.  Lawrence,  below 
IJuebec,  to  which  go  by  Steamer,  or  to  Point  Levi 
on  U.  T.  H. 

ISLE  AUX  COUDRES,  C.  E.  On  the  St.  Lawrence, 
(io  to  (Inebec,  and  thence  b;-  Steamer  Saguenay. 
Pojxilatlon  about  800. 

ISLE  AUX  ORUES,  C.  E.,  Co.  Lllet.  Oo  to  St.  Thomas, 
Terminus  of  the  (i.  T.  R.,  and  thence  by  vessel. 
Population  about  0(10. 

ISLE  AUX  NOIX,  C.  E.,  Iberville  Co.  Oo  by  River 
Ulchelieu  Steamers. 

IS'iE  JESUS,  C.  E.  On  the  St.  Lawrence,  opposite 
lontreal.  Cut  off  from  main  ';iiid,  (Terreboniio 
t  •).)  Dy  tributary  from  the  O'l.iwa  Itivcr  and  St 
Lawrence,  (io  to  ."dunti  eal.  See  also  St.  .Martin  and 
St.  Vincent  du  Paul.  Villages  and  Post-ofllces  wltli- 
In  It. 

ISLE  PEIIR  )T,  0.  E.  On  Lower  Ottawa.  Go  to  Van- 
(Ireuil  on  t'leO.  T.  R. 

ISLE  VERTK  C.  E.,  Oo.  Tcniiscou.tta.  On  South  of 
St.  Lawrenco,  nearly  •'rposlte  confluence  of  the  Sa- 
guenav.    Oo  to  (Juebec,  and  thence  by  Steamer. 

IVANHOE,  0.  W.,  Co.  Hastings,  Tp.  Huntingdon. 
North  of  RellovlUe,  to  which  go  by  0.  T.  K. 


JARRATT'S  CORNERS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Slmcoe,  Tp.  Ore 
Oo  to  Itarrie  by  the  Ontario,  Slmcoe,  and  Huron 
Kail  from  Toronto,  and  thence  to  (Jilbralth's  by 
Stage,  and  some  six  i.'iUes  on  by  road.  Population 
about  2m. 

JAHVIS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Il.ildlmand,  Tp.  Walpole.  '^io  to 
Caledonia  on  the  Kuiralo  and  Lake  llui'on  RalL 
Population  about  100. 

JERSEY,  (Riviere  Chaudlere,)  C.  E.,  Co.  Beauce.  At 
the  heiid  of  the  Hlver  Chaudlere,  which  Hows  Into 
the  St.  Lawrence  nearly  o|iposlte  (iuebec.  Jersey 
lies  east  of  the  (irand  Trunk,  on  the  ciinllnes  of  the 
State  of  Maine.     No  Station  Is  near. 

JERSEYVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wentworth,  Tp.  Ancaster 
Oo  to  Dundas  on  the  Q.  W.  K.    Population  about  VU). 

.iOHNSON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Orey,  Tp.  Sydenham.  Oo  to 
Owen's  Sound  by  Ontario,  Slmcoe,  and  Huron  Rail 
to  Collingwood,  and  thence  by  Steamer. 

lOHNSON'S  CORNEHS,  C.  E.,  Tp.  Heminlngford.  A 
Station  on  Plattsburg  and  Montreal  Hail,  80  miles 
from  Montreal. 

JOHNVILLE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Compton,  Tp.  Eaton.  Oo  to 
Lrnncxvllle  (in  the  Q.  T.  R.     Population  about  100. 

JORDAN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lincoln,  Tp.  Louth.  A  Station 
on  the  O.  W.  K.     Population  about  800. 


K 

KALADAR,  0.  W.    A  Tp.  In  Addlngton.    Oo  to  Na- 
panee  on  the  0.  T.  R.    See  also  Crown  Lands, 


h, 


t' :  n 


H*''<i 


'  '■■ 


I 


CANADA:   CITIES,   TOWNS,    AND  VILLAGES, 


KAMOURASKA,  C.  G.  An  Electoral  District  and 
Town.  The  town  Is  situated  near  the  ISonth  Shore 
of  the  Ht.  Lawrence,  hetween  Quebec  and  the  mouth 
of  the  Saguenay.  Uo  to  St  Thomas,  the  Ternihiua 
of  the  (i.  T.  K.,  as  belii|;  t.^e  nearest  Hall  point. 
Population  about  25(H). 

K.\US,  t'.  \V.,  Co.  C'arleton,  Tt,.  North  (lower.  (Jo  to 
Keiiiptfille  or  Osgoode  on  *.ne  Ottawa  Hallway,  con- 
nected with  Prescott  o?-.  the  (i.  T.  U.    population 

aiioui  rm. 

K.\TK.XV1LI<K,  C.  W.,  Co.  Middlesex,  Tp.  Adelaide,  on 

the  line  of  the  Hallway  Kxteiision  to  I'orl  Sarnla. 

At  jire.sent  go  to  Kkfrid  or  to  Mxjunt  Ilrydges,  G.  W. 

K.     Population  about  ITid.  I 

KKK\  ANSVIM.K,  C.  W.,  Co.,  SImcoc,  Tp.  Adjala.  Try  I 

Molton  on  the  (1.  V.  K.,  and  thence  by  Mono  Stage. 

Population  about  KHI. 
KKiril,   C.  W.,  Co.   I.nnibton,   Tp.   Dawn.     Go  toi. 

Hoihwell  or  Thamcsville  on  ti.  \V.  K. 
KKLVILJ.K.  C.  W.,  (  o.  llrani,  Tp.  Uurford.    Oo  to' 

Princeton  on  the  ii.  \V.  K.  j 

KEMHTVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  (Ireiiville,  Tp.  Oxford. 

4  Station  ai]d  Town  on  the  Oltaw::   Hallway,  con- 

n>'cte(l  with  the  G.  T.  K.  at  Prescott.    Population 

about  l;i50. 
KKNI1.XV01JTH,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wellington,  Tp.  Arthur. 

Go  to  Cuelph  on  the  (i.  T.  R.,  and  thence  by  Stage. 
KKN.MOKK,  <'   W.,  Co.   Kus.scll,  Tp.  Osgoode.     Go  to 

Osgoode  on  the  Ottawa  Hallway,  from  Prescott  on 

the  (i.  T.  K.     Population  about  50. 
KKNNKIIKC,  C.  W.,  Co.   Kroiitenac.     A  Tp.  adjacent 

to  KreeGrpnts  and  Crown  Lands  for  sale,  which  see. 
KKNVON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Glengary.     A  Ti..  north-west  of 

Lancaster,  to  which  go  by  G.  T.  U. 
KKPI'KL.     See  Indian  Lands. 
KKKTCII,  C.  W.,  Co.  Laud>ton,  Tp.  Plympton.     Oo  to 

London  on  the  G.  W.  It,,  or  Stratford,  beiif  on  the 

Port  Sarnia  Section. 
KKSWICK,  C.  \V.,Co.  Simcoe.Tp.  N.irth  Owillimbury. 

(it)  to  llnidford  or  Holland  Landing,  on  the  Ontario, 

SliiK'oe  and  Huron  Hailway  from  Toronto. 
KKTTLKHY    MILLS,  C.  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  King.     Go 

to  Newmarket  on  Ontario,  Siincoe,  and  Huron  Itail- 

wav. 
KILItHIDK,  C.  W.,  Co.   Halton,  Tp.  Nelson.     Oo  to 

Ilrciute  or  Oakville  on  the  0.  \V.  It.     Population 

about  L'MI. 
KILDAHK,  C.  E.    A  Co.  In  J(dlette,  on  North  Shore 

of  St.  Lawrence.    See  St.  Maurice  D'atrict.     Popu- 
lation about  25(M). 
KILLAHNKY,  C.  W.    On  North  Shore  of  Lake  Huron. 

No  regular  communici.  Hon. 
XILKI':nNY,  C.    K.     a  \'\>.  in  Montcalm,  on   North 

Shore  of  St.  Lawrence.     Oo  to  Montreal.     Sec  St. 

Maurice  district.     Population  about  S(M). 
KII.MAHXOCK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lanark,  Tp.  Montague, 

near  Itiileau  Canal.    Go  to  Smith's  Falls  from  Urock- 

vil!-!  o;<  G.  T.  K. 
KIL-Vi'll,  C.  W.,  Co.  Grey,  Tp.  Derby.    Go  to  Col- 

llngwood  by  Ontario,  Slmcoe,  and  Huron  Hallway 

from  Toronto,  and  llience  by  Steamer  to  Owen's 

Sounil. 
KILWOUTH,  C.  W.,  Co.  Middlesex,  Tp.  Delaware. 

Go  to  Konioka  on  tlie  G.  W.  It. 
KlNItlllN,  ('.  W.,  Co.  Carlelon,  Tp.  FItzroy.     Popu- 
lation about  SI). 
KINCARDINE    C.W.     A  Tp.  in  Bruce.     A  Money 

Order  Ollice,  (formerly  Penetangorc,)  fronting  Lake 

Huron,    do  to  tiuelph,  and  thence  make  for  Sau- 

geen.     Guelph  Is  on  G.  T.  U. 
KING,  C.W.    A  Tp.  In  York.    Go  to  King  on  Ontario, 

Slmcoe,  and  Huron  Hall  from  Toronto. 
KINtiSKY,  C.  K.     A  Tp.  in   Drumniond  Co.     Oo  to 

Danville  on  G.  T.  It.  Section. 
KINGSEY   FALLS.    A  Post-onice  In  Kingsey,  which 

see. 
KINGSTON,  C.  W.    A  City,  the  Capital  of  Frontenac. 

Go  to  Kingston  by  G.  T.  It.,  or  by  Steamers  from 

Montreal,  Hamilton,  Toronto,  and  Hay  of  (Juinle, 

and    Hideau   Canal ;    also  from   Cape  Vincent  on 

United  States  side.      Population  about  l!JlH)(). 
KING.'^TOX  MILLS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Frontenac.    A  Station 

on  th     G.  T.  K.  (near  Kingston  City).     Population 

about  l'>l). 
KINGSVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  E«»ex,  Tp.  Gosfield.     Go  to 

Haptiste  Creek  or  Belle  HIver  on  G,  W.  U. 
Kr.KOIlA,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Perth,  Tp.  Ellice.     Go  to  Strat- 
ford by  tlie  G.  T.  K.,  or  by  Uuifalo  and  Lake  Huron 

liallwuyi.    Population  about  60. 


KINL0S8,  C.  W.,  Co.  Bruce.     A  Tp.  about  f  ^  ■~>\e^ 

north  of  Goderich.    Go  to  Stratford,    See  Kh... 
KIXSALE,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Ontario,  Tp.  Pickering.    Go  i,„ 

Port  L'nion  or  Frenchman's  Bay  on  G.  T.  It. 
KIXTAIL,  C.  W.,  Co.  Huron,  Tp.  Ashfleld.     Fronting 

Lake  Huron.     Go  to  Stratford,  as  before.     See  Ivio- 

kora.     Papulation  about  <5(). 
KIPPEN,  V.  W.,  Co.  Ilurnn,  Tp.  Tuckersmlth.     Go  to 

Stratford  by  G.  T.  K.,  thence  by  Goderich  Stage. 
KIKKTON,  0.  W.,  Co.  Huron,  Tp.  Usborne.     Near 

Itlanchard,  St.  .Mary's.     Go  to  Stratford  on  G.  T.  It. 
KlitKWALL,  C.   W.,  Co.  Wentworth,  Tp.  Beverley. 

Go  to  Harrlsburg  on  the  G.  W.  It.      Pojmlatioa 

aliout  70. 
KI  I'LKY,  C.  W.    A  Tp.  In  Leeds  and  Orenville.    For 

Post-olllces  and  Villages,  see  Frankville,  Toledo,  etc. 
KLINEBCKG,  C.  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  Vaughan.     Go  to 

Kichmond  Hill  on  the  ^ntarlo,  Slmcoe,  and  Huron 

Hail  from  Toronto.     Population  about  8l)ll. 
KNOWLTON,  C.  E.,  Co.  Brome.     Go  to  Compton  on 

G.  T.  It.,  .Montreal  and  Portland  Section  as  nearest 

Station,  but  the  distance  is  considerably  east  of 

Brome.     Population  about  '20<). 
KNOWLTON  FALLS.    A  Post-office  in  last-mentioned 

Tp. 
KO.MOKA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Middlesex,  Tp.  Lobo.     A  Sta- 
tion on  tl  e  G.  Vf.  It.    Population  about  700. 


LA  BAIE,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  In  Y'amaskf,,  on  South  Shore 
of  Lake  St.  Peter,  (St.  Lawrence,)  near  confluence 
of  the  Hiver  St.  Francis  with  St.  Lawrence,  wlilch 
Hows  from  Hichmond,  the  diverging  point  of  the  (1. 
T.  It.  to  (Jnebec,  east,  and  Montreal,  west,  from 
Portland  In  the  south.  Go  by  Steamers  between 
Montreal  and  (Quebec.     Population  about  .'!>U0. 

LA  BEACCE,  C.  E.,  Tp.  St.  Marie,  Co.  Bcauce.  On 
lliver  Chaudiere.     Go  to  Becancour  on  tlie  G.  T.  It. 

L'ACADIE,  C.  E.  A  District  In  St.  Jcdni's,  on  lliche! 
leu  Itivcr :  also,  a  Station  1.5  miles  from  .Montreal  on 
the  Champlain  and  St.  Lawrence  Hallway. 

LACHINE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Jacques  Cartler.  The  lir.-t 
Station  by  Montreal  and  Plattsburg  Hallway,  9  miles 
from  Montreal.     Poimlation  ab(mt  '2500. 

LACHUTE,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Argenieuil,  on  Xorlli 
east  Shore  of  Lower  Ottawa.  Go  by  Steamer)'  fiDin 
Montreal,  or  from  Vaudreull  on  O.  T.  It.  I'opula 
tlon  about  500. 

LACOLLE,  C.  E.,  Co.  St  '=hn's.  A  Station  on  tlie 
Champlain  and  St.  Lawrence  Hallway,  8S  ndles  fiom 
Montreal.     Population  about  (100. 

LACOHNE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Terrebonne.  On  North  Shore 
of  St.  Lawrence,  opposite  Isle  of  Jesus.  See  Maurice 
District.     Go  to  Montreal. 

LAFONTAINE,  C.  M'.,  Co.  Slmcoe,  Tp.  Tiny,  on  e,i.<l 
coast  of  .Vottawasaga  Bay,  north  of  Harrle,  to  wliidi 
go  by  Ontario,  Slmcoe,  and  Huron  Hallway,  ariJ 
thence  to  White  Corners  for  Penetanguishene  Itoail. 

LA  GCKKHE,  (J.  E.,  Co.  Huntingdon,  Tp.  Godmiiii- 
Chester.  On  South  Shore  of  St.  Lawrence,  opposite 
Coteau  Landing  on  the  G.  T.  It. 

LAKEKIELD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Argenteuil.  Back  Township 
from  east  shore  of  Lower  Ottawa  lllvcr.  Uo  lo 
Montreal. 

LAKESIDE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Oxford,  Tp.  East  NissourL  Go 
to  Edwardsburg  on  the  G.  W.  H. 

L'AMAItOU.K,  C.  W.,  Co.  Y'ork,  Tp.  York.  Toronto 
City  is  the  most  convenient  Hallway  Point  for  gen- 
eral travellers. 

LA.MBETH,  C.  W.,  Co.  Middlesex,  Tp.  Westminster. 
Go  to  London,  on  G.  W.  It.     Population  about  iV- 

LAMBTON,  C.  E.,  Co.  Beauce.  Situated  grtatly  e:i>t 
of  (Juebec  and  Kichmond  Section  of  G.  T.  H.  War- 
«ick  and  Danville  may  be  named  as  nearest  Sta 
tlons.     Population  about  700. 

LANARK,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  ..annrk.  North  f 
Perth,  to  which  go  by  Brockville  Stage  from  th'  <l 
T  It.,  Montreal  and  Toronto  Section.  llMckvillf 
and  Arnprior  Extension  will  come  witldn  a  fut 
miles  of  this  Tp.     Population  about  it.'iO. 

LANCASTEK,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  Glengary,  nml  a 
Station  on  the  0.  T.  R.,  Montreal  and  Toronto  .Sec- 
tion. 14  n..les  east  of  Cornwall,  and  0*  west  of 
Montreal.     Population  about  )W. 

LANOHAIE,  C.  E.  In  Bertliler,  on  North  Sh.re  of  ft. 
Lawrence.  See  St.  Maurice  District.  PopuliitU'O 
about  2400. 


% 


■     :  ■       »'^j1 
.       .1  Ol 

.        '.'.VITi 

opposite 
Lawrence 
by  Steami 
PIGEONIEl 
Montreal 
treal. 
LAPRAIRII 
opposite  S 
anil  St.  Ha 
LA  PKESEN 
St.  Ilyacin 
treal. 
I.AKGIE,  C. 
frld,  on  G. 
LA  SAL,  C.  ] 
L'AS'^CMPTl 
District  of 
Lawrence, 
and  thenci 
about  .SOOO. 
LA  TEKHIEI 
nay   illvcr. 
Saguenay  S 
I.ATTA'S  MI' 
Go  to  Belle 
LAVAL,  C.  E. 
ami  in  the 
posite  Quell 
Lawrence. 
LvV.llTRIE, 
S'    '/i.wreno 
t  lontr 

'■'         ■     \l 
i    .       Levi- 
s'., .lean  Chr 
L'AVENIH,  C. 
to  Durham,  i 
LAWRENCEV 
Lly.    See  L', 
LKAKESDALK 
near  Hallwaj 
Siincoe,  and 
iiition  about 
1.KAMINGT0N 
llaptistc  Cret 
LKI'IPHANY, 
LKAVEXS,  C.  \ 
Collingwood 
Kail  from  To: 
LEEDS,  (West, 
I'ost-offices, 
Bay. 
LEEDS,  (East,) 
Somerset,  on 
1.E  FOULON,  ., 
On  South  Sho 
and  thence  bi 
I'EFUOY,  C.  AV- 
nn  the  Ontari 
niallon  about 
I.EIT1I,  C.  W. 
Oiven  Sound  i 
tarlo,  Slmcoe, 
nliition  about 
LEMOXVILLE, 
Uo  to  Aurora 
coe,  and  Hur 
iihout  '.iOO. 
I-E.Wo.V,  C.  W 
Uo  to  Xapane 
LENNOXVILl 
'i-ict.    A  S.  itlt 
I'opulation  ab 
LE.S  E110ULE.MI 
Shore  of  St.  Li 
of  Condres.     ; 
LIS  El'l'HKir,,-' 
On  North   , 
wliere  go. 
•■KS  ESCOI.     ' 

f'hore  of  i<i 
'•E.<KAHI),  C. 
Ni'vvcastle,  on 
I'opulation  abo 
LIKKOKD,  C.  W. 
■Newcastle  as  fi 


_^!iL 


ny,  on  east 
itowhifli 
way,  aiiJ 
ene  lloiiil. 
Godiniin- 
,  opposile 

L  Townsliip 
Uo  10 

)url.  ('* 

TlllMlll" 

iiit  for  gm- 

sliiiinsUT. 
iilimit  -■''' 
rtatly  ea^l 
r.  H.  ffm- 
learest  Sla- 


I'oiiulatliio 


CANADA:   CITIES,   TOWNS,    AND   VILLAGK8. 


;  .\:    R'^vWNE,  C.  W.    A  Tp.  In  Co.  Leeds,  and  a 

.     i  on  tlie  O.  T.  U.    Population  about  KM). 
,      :';.i'ITE  niVIEUE,  C.  E.,  St.  Francis  Cliarlevolx, 
opposite  Isle  de  Con'lres,  on  North  Shore  of  St. 
Lawrence  below  Quebec,  to  which  go,  and  thence 
by  Steamer  Siiguenay. 
PIGEONIEItE,  C.  E.    In  Naplervllie.    A  Station  on 
Montreal  and  I'lattsburg  Kail,  tiU  miles  from  Itlon- 
treul. 
LAPRAIRIE,  C.  E.    On  South  Shore  of  St.  Lawrence, 
opposite  Montreal,     tio  to  Junction,  on  Chan.plain 
and  St.  Kaihvay,  11  miles  from  Montreal. 
LA  I'KESENTATION,  O.E.    In  St.  llyueinthe.    Goto 
St.  Hyacinthe,  un  tlie  G.  T.  R.,  30  miles  from  Mon- 
IreaL 
l.AKOIE,  C.  Vf.,  Co.  Elgin,  Tp.  Dunwich.    Go  to  Ek- 

frid,  on  O.  W.  11. 
I,A  SAL,  C.  E.    See  La  Pigeonlere  and  St.  Reml. 
L'AS'iUMPTION,  C.  E.,  Tp.  St.  Sulplce.    In  Electo-ai 
District  of  L' Assumption,  on  North  Shore  of  St. 
Lawrence,  below  Montreal.     Go  to  Montreal  City, 
and  tlience  by  Steamer  or  Trader.     Population 
about  8(KK). 
LA  TEKKIEIIE,  C.  E.    In  Chicoutlml,  on  the  Sague- 
iiay  Uiver.     (io   to  t'hicoutiml  from  Quebec  by 
Saguenay  Steamer. 
l.ATTA'S  MH.LS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Hastings,  Tp.  Thurlow. 

Uo  to  Belle  'Hie,  on  O.  T.  K. 
LAVAL,  C.  E.  In  Montmorenci.  A  few  miles  below, 
and  in  the  rear  of  "Quebec.  Co  to  Point  Levi,  op- 
posite Quebec,  on  the  G.  T.  K.,  and  cross  tlic  St, 
Lawrence. 
l\\A  I  TUIE,  C.  E.  In  Ilerthler.  On  North  Shore  of 
(J'  'ji'Wrence,  between  Montreal  and  Tb"ee  Rivers. 
I  iontreal  or  Quebec,  and  thence  by  Steamer. 

T, ' '  '.  E.     See  New  Liverpool,  St.  Henri,  and 

I   1      ;.Lvi — Villages  and  Post-oftices  therein — also, 
St.  ,1ean  Chrysostom  and  St.  Lambert. 
L'AVICN'IU,  C.  E.,  Co.  Urummond,  Tp.  Durham.    Go 

to  Durham,  on  the  G.  T.  R. 
LAWKENt'EVlLLE,  C.  E.,  Co.   Shefford,  Tp.  South 

Ely.    See  L'Avenir,  for  Railway  Station. 
LKAKESDALE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Ontario,  Tp.  Scott.     No 
near  Railway.     Go  to  Holland  Landing,  on  Ontario, 
giiiicoe,  and  Huron  Railway  from  Toronto.     Popu- 
lation about  loo. 
LKAMINGTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Essex,  Tp.  Mersea.     Go  to 
llaptiste  Creek,  on  (}.  W.  R.     Population  about  70. 
L'Kl'Il'HAN  Y,  C.  E.  See  St.  Sulplce  and  L' Assumption. 
LKAVENS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Grey,  Tp.  St.  Vincent.      Go  to 
Cullingwood  by  tlie  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Huron 
Rail  from  Toronto. 
LEKD8,  (West,)  C.  W.     A  Tp.  in  Co.  Leeds.     For 
I'ost-olfices,  Towns,  etc.,  see  Gananoque,  Seely's 
Bay. 
LEEDS,  (East,)  C.  E.    A  Tp.  in  Megantic.     Go  to 

Somerset,  on  the  G.  T.  R.     Population  about  100. 
I.E  FOULON,  C.  W     >x  Prescott,  Tp.  Hawkesbury. 
On  South  Sliore  vi  Lower  Ottawa.    Go  to  Montreal, 
and  thence  by  St'  ;  \'  '■• 

,  I,',  Tp.  Innisfil.     A  Station 
L ,  BT  i  lluron  Railway.    Pop- 


'  ,  i'n.  Sydenham.  Go  to 
. ,  f  m  Colllngwood,  on  On- 
in    >aii  fr'^m  Toronto.    Pop- 


LEFKOY,  C.  W.,  C 

on  the  Ontario         >■ 

Illation  aliout  <a. 
I.EITU,  C.  W.    C 

Oiven  Sound  iy  -li'  . 

tario,  Simcoe,  and  rf 

ulallon  about  70. 
LEMONVILLE,  C.  W.,  to.    >'.  .k,  Tp.  Whitchurch. 

Oo  to  Aurora  or  Newmarket,  on  the  Ontario,  Sim- 
coe, and  Huron  Rail   from  Toronto.    Population 

about  '200. 
LEXXO.V,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lennox,  Tp.  Fredericksburg. 

(io  to  Napanee,  on  G.  T.  R. 
LENNOXVILLE,  C.  E.    ATown  of  Sherbrooke  Dis- 

tiii't.    A  S.  ition  on  G.  T.  R.,  09  miles  from  Montreal. 

Population  about  2.50. 
LES  EllOULEMENS,  C.  E.,  in  Charlevoix.    On  North 

Sliore  of  St.  Lawrence  below  Quebec,  opposite  Isle 

of  Conilres.    Steamers  ocoaslonall.v  call. 
LES  E('l'nEH.^'    C.  E.,  Co.  Portnenf,  Tp.  tVAuteuli. 

On  North  ,  :    •  r-  of   St.  Lawrence  above  Quebec, 

where  go. 
I.ES  ESCOl    '   MyM,   C.    E.,   Saguenay.      On   North 

Shore  of  Si.  1  .i  •   cnee.  bi-  o,v  Quebec,  to  whicli  go. 
l.ESKAlll),  C.    'V     v'v   ;  url.am,  Tp.  Clarke,     (io  to 

-Newcastle,  on  (i.  T.  R.,  40  miles   from  Toronto. 

l'o|mlatlon  about  250. 
Mt'EOilD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Durham,  Tp.  Manvera.    Go  to 

.Newcastle  as  for  Leskard,  which  see. 


LINDSAY,  0.  W„  Co.  Vlutoria,  Tp.  Opu.  The  Ter- 
minus of  the  Port  Hone  and  LliiilK.iy  Itallway,  con- 
nected with  the  G.  T.  U.  ul  I'ort  Hope.  Popi'datlon 
about  1100. 

LINOWICK,  0.  K.  A  Tp.  Ill  Compton.  For  Po«t- 
ollice,  see  Gould,    do  to  Complon,  on  (I.  T.  R. 

LIPPENCOTT,  C.  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp,  York,  (io  to  To- 
ronto. 

LISADEL,  C.  W.,  Co,  Huron,  Tp,  Howlck.  Go  to 
Stratford  Junclloii  of  llumilo  and  Luke  Huron  and 
(i.  T.  H.    l'opulutU>n  about  M), 

LISBON,  C.  W.,  Co,  I'erth,  Tp.  Norlh  Easdiopu.  Oo 
to  Stratford  as  for  LlHadel,  which  Kfe, 

L'ISLET,  C.  E.  An  Electoral  l)l«trlct  and  Town  on 
South  Slu)rB  of  St,  Luwrenci',  a  few  miles  east  of 
St.  Thomas,  Terminus  if  G,  'l',  U, 

LISTOWEI.L,  C.  W,,  Co.  I'urlli,  Tp,  Elma.  do  to 
!.  rutford  Junction  of  lIulTalo  tind  l.uku  Huron  and 
G.  T.  R. 

LICHFIELD,  0  E.  A  Tii.  In  I'onllao  Co.  on  North 
Shore  of  Uiiper  Otiiiwa;  for  route,  nee  Aylmer  East. 

LITTLE  BRITAIN,  0.  \V..Co,  Vleliirla.Tp.  Marlnosa. 
Go  to  Lindsay  by  llraneli  llallwiiy  from  Port  llope, 
on  the  G.  T.  R.     Population  Mbout  IIHI. 

LITTLE  KIDEAU,  (!.  W.,  Co,  I'r.'scolt,  Tp.  Hawkes- 
bury by  Montreal  and  Ottawa  Hteamers,  Popula- 
tion about  200. 

LLOYDTOWN,  C.  W.,  Co,  York,  Tp,  King,  do  to 
King  or  Newmarket,  on  llie  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and 
Huron  Railway  from  Toronto, 

LOBO,  C.  W.,  Co.  Middlesex,  A  Tp,  In  which  Is  Ko- 
moka  Station,  on  the  G,  W,  R, 

LOCHABEU,  C.  E.,  (,'o.  Ottawa,  A  Tp.  fronllng  the 
North  Shore  of  Ottawa,  do  by  Hteuiners  between 
Ottawa  City  and  Montreal, 

LOCHIEL,  C.  W.,  Co.  (ilengary,  A  Tp.  Norlh  of 
Lancaster,  on  the  d,  T.  R. 

LOCKTON,  V.  W.,  <'o,  I'eel,  Tp,  Albion,  Go  to 
Brampton,  on  the  d,  T.  R. 

LOtiAN,  C.  W.,  ("o.  Perth,     A  Tp,  111  which  are  Post- 

oflices  and  Villages,  Carronbi ke,  and   MItclieli, 

which  see. 

LONDON,  C.  W.,  capital  of  Mhliilei-ex,  on  the  0. 
W.  R.,  also  Jiincllon  of  l.oinlon  and  I'ort  Stanley 
Rail,  114  miles  west  of  Toronto,  l''(U'  View  of  Lon- 
don and  further  \  iforiniilloii,  hcc  preei'illng  paget. 

LONG  ISLAND  LOCKS,  C.  W.,  Co,  Carleton,  Tp. 
Nejiean.  do  to  dioueesler  or  North  Ocgoode,  on 
the  Ottawa  Railway,  eiunieeted  with  the  G.  T.  R.  at 
Prescott. 

LONG  POINT,  C.  E.  In  Me  of  Montreal  (lloohelft. 
ga).  Go  to  Montreal  by  G,  T.  It,  ur  Steamer,  Pop- 
ulation about  1(1(1(1, 

LONGUEIL,  C.  E.  In  Chiunbley.  The  Station  of 
the  G.  T.  K.,  on  South  Shore  of  St,  Lawrence  for 
Quebec  and  Port  land,  2  iiillet.  from  City,  to  be  united 
by  Victoria  Bridge  with  Ncu'tli  Shore  of  St.  Law- 
rence.    Population  about  KOIHI. 

LONGUEIL,  C.  E,  .See  SI.  Jolm'n  and  St.  Luc,  on 
Champlaiu  and  SI.  Lawrenee  Rallwa.v. 

LONSDALE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Ilasllngx,  Tp.  Tyendlnagn, 
which  Is  a  Station  (Ul  (I.T.  I(.    l>o|iuliilloii  about  185, 

LORETTE,  C.  E.     See  Anclenne  l.orrette. 
t  L'ORIGINAL,  C.  W.,  Co.  Prescott,  Tp,  .VllVeil,    Asslne 
I      Town.     On  South  Shore  of  Ottawii,     Ho  liy  Ottawa 
I      ami  .Montreal  Steamers.     Population  about  TOO, 

LORRAINE,  C.   W.,  Co.  Slmioe,  Tp,   Mono,     do   to 
Malton,  on  the  G,  T.  11.,  and  tlienee  by  Stage  to 
!      Mono  Mills. 

LOSKY,  C.  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp,  King,  which  see. 

LOTIilNIEItl';,  C.  E.  A  Town  and  Electoral  District, 
fronting  the  South  SIkU'c  of  St,  liliwreln'e,  opposite 
Portneuf,  betwien  Three  Itlvers  anil  t^uebec.  Go 
bv  S*    liner  from  Montreal  or  (^iieliec. 

LOUt.  ..ilOllO,  C.  \V.  A  Til.  Ill  I'Vonlenac.  Go  to 
Kingston  City,  on  tlie  (1,  T.  II, 

LOUISVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Kent.  A  Village  In  Chat- 
ham Tp.,iii  which  Is  Clialliaiii  Station,  on  llie  G.  W. 
R.     Piipiilatliui  about  2110. 

LOUTH,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  Ill  Co,  Lincoln.  See  Jordan,  a 
Village  and  Station  on  the  d,  \V,  It,,  III  llils  Town- 
ship, 2(1  mill,  troiii  llanillton,  C,  W. 

LOW,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  Ill  Ottawa  Co,  l^i  the  (latineau 
Uiver,  North  of  River  Otiiiwa,  do  to  Ottawa  City 
bv  Kail  fi-oin  Prcsco  ',  on  the  tl,  T,  It, 

LOWER  IRELAND,  C.E.  In  .Mcganlle,  do  to  War- 
wick,  on  tiled.  T,  It.  Quebiciiiid  llli'liinoiidSecllon, 
24  miles  North-castor  lllchmoiiil  Jiiiiition. 

LOWVILLE,  C.  W.,  t;  1.  llallon,  'I'p.  Nelsmi,    Go  to 


i>!   1 


i'i 


h  t ' 


'X  i 


60 


CANADA:   CITIES,   TOWNS,   AND  VILLAGES. 


Wellington  Squar",  on  the  Q.  W.  R.  Population 
about  150. 

LUTON,  (,\  W.,  Co.  Elgin.     A  new  I'ost-offlce. 

LYN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Leeds,  T|).  Kllzabetliti'.vn.  A  Sta- 
tion and  Mcme.v  Order  Olliee,  on  the  G.  T.  U.,  nep.r 
Brock lille,  4  niiled  west  of  UrockvlUe.  Population 
iil>i>ut  40(1. 

LYSDKN,  0.  W.,  Co.  Wentworth,  Tp.  lleverle.v.  A 
Station  on  the  (i.  W.  K.,  Ki  miles  west  of  Ilu>nllton 
Clt.v.     Population  about  350. 

LYNDlIt'liST,  C.  W.,  Co.  Leeils.  In  Lansdowne,  in 
which  Township  Is  Lansdowne  Station,  on  the  0.  T. 
R.     I'opulation  about  "o. 

LYNEDOCH,  ('.  W.,  Co.  Norfolk,  Tp.  C'.iarlottevlUe. 
Go  to  t<lnicoe,  thence  by  Stage  to  Jlranlford  or 
Paris,  on  the  llulfalo  and  Lake  Huron  ;  the  latter  is 
the  Junction  Point  of  that  and  (ireut  Western  Rail- 
ways and  Gait  Urauch.    Population  about  150, 

LYO.NS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Elgin,  Tp.  South  Dorcliester.  Go 
to  IngersoU  ur  iildwardsburg,  on  G.  W.  R. 


'■■  M 

M'DONALD'S  CORNERS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lanaric,  Tp.  Dal- 
housle.  Go  to  llrockville  by  (}.  T.  R.,  tlience  by 
Stage  to  Perth.     20  miles  from  Perth. 

M'GILLIVRAY,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Huron  Co.,  which 
the  Port  Sarnia  Railway  from  Stratford  or  St. 
Mary's  will  bisect.  Go  toStratfon  ■■.3tlon  of  the 
BulTalo  and  Lake  Huron  and  G.  T.  ;     1        < 

M'NAB,  C.  W.      A  Tp.  In    Renfrew  (.   .  K  jst- 

oHices,  see  Arnprlor  and  Burnstown. 

MACVILLE,  C.    \V.,  Co.   l>eel,   Tp.   Albloi.  to 

Brani]>ton  or  Malton,  on  the  G.  T.  R.    Pop.,i,aion 
about  50. 

MACIIICHK,  C.  E.  On  the  St.  Maurice  District.  See 
Yamuchlclie. 

MAOOC,  C.  W.,  Co.  Ha.stlng»,  Tp.  Madoc.  Go  to 
Belleville  by  the  G.  T.  R.,  .Montreal  and  Toronto 
Section,  and  thence  by  Dail.v  Stage.  Mailoc  is  tlie 
nearest  Town  to  the  Free  Grant  Settlement  on  the 
Hastings  Road. 

MAI)  RIVER  MILLS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Grey,  Tp.  O.sprey. 
Go  to  Nottawasaga  or  Sunnidale,  both  on  the  On- 
tario, Siincoe,  and  Huron  Rail  from  Toronto. 

MAtiDALEN  ISLANDS,  C.  E.,  Co.  Gaspe.  Near 
South  Sliore  of  the  St.  Lawrence  at  Cape  Magda- 
lene, before  entering  on  the  Gulf.  Traders  from 
Quebec. 

MAGOG,  0.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Stanstead.  Try  Coaticook 
or  Compton,  on  the  G.  T.  R.  See  Georgeviile. 
Population  about  250. 

MAIDSTONE,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Essex  Co.  Go  to 
Windsor  or  Puce,  on  the  G.  W.  R. 

MAITLAND,  C.  W.,  Co.  Grenville,  Tp.  Augusta.  A 
Station  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  between  Bruckville  and  Pres- 
cott.     Population  about  150. 

MALAIIIDK,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Elgin,  in  which  is 
Aylnier  West,  which  sec.    See  also  St.  Thomas  West. 

MALAKOKF,  C.  W.,  Co.  Carleton.  A  Post-ollice  in 
Marlboro  Tp.  See  Burritt's  Rapids,  adjacent  to 
Rideau  Canal,  and  near  Keniptville,  on  the  Ottawa 
Junction  from  Prescott,  on  the  (i.  T.  R. 

MAI-DEN,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  i:asex.  For  Post-office, 
etc.,  see  Amherstburg. 

MAL  BAIE,  C.  E.  For  Post-offlec,  see  Point  St. 
Peter,  which  divides  Gasi>e  and  Mai  Bale,  near  Gulf 
of  St.  Lawrence. 

MALLOKV  TOWN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Leeils,  Tp.  Yonge.  A 
Station  on  the  G.  T.  R.     Population  about  2oO. 

MALTA,  C.  W.,  <o.  Bruce,  Tp.  Bruce,  fronting  Lake 
Huron.  Get  to  Sydenham  (Owen's  Sound)  by  On- 
tario, Siincoe,  and  Huron  Railway  to  Collingwood, 
and  thence  by  Steamer,  or  go  by  (iuelpli,  on  the  (!. 
T.  R.,  and  tliunce  by  O'Neill's  Owen  Sound  Stage. 
Population  about  .50. 

MAl/l'ON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Peel,  Tp.  Toronto.  A  Station 
on  tlie  (i.  T  R.,  10  miles  from  Toronto.  Population 
about  .'ilMI. 

MA1.\  EliN,  C.  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  Scarboro.  Go  by 
StoulVvllle  Stage  from  Toronto  daily,  or  by  O.  T.  R. 
from  Scarboro  Station.     Popidatinn  about  125.  ' 

MANCIIE.STER,  C.  W.,  Co.  Ontario,  Tp.  Reach.      Go  , 
to  Wliitby,  on  the  (1.  T.  R.  i 

MANILLA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Victoria,  Tp.  Mariposa.  Get 
to  Ijindsay  from  Port  Hope,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  thence 
a  Brancli  Railway  to  Lindsay  la  open  to  Omeuiee, 
Population  about  450. 


I  M,>:iITOWANING,  C.  ^V.  On  the  Great  ManitouUn 
Islanil  on  Lake  Huron.  Steamers  in  Summer  from 
I  CoUimpvood,  which  see.  An  Iinlian  Settlement, 
'      with  resident  Minister  of  the  Church  of  England. 

MANMNGVILLE,  0.  E.,  Co.  Huntingdon.        Go  to 

Hcnmilngford  on  the  Montreal  and  Pliittsburgltail- 

I       ''ay,  41  miles  from  .Montreal.    Population  about  200. 

M;iNSFIELD,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Pontiac.  For  Post- 
olhce  and  route,  see  Fort  Coulnngo. 

MAN  VERS,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Durham  Vo.,  near  line  of 
Llinls-ay,  Brancli  from  Port  Ilojie,  to  whicli  go  by  G. 
T.  R. 

MAPLE,  C.  V,'.,  Co.  York,  Tj).  Vaughan.  Go  to  Rich- 
mond Hill  by  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Huron  Rail  from 
Toronto. 

MAPLE  GROVE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Megantlc.  Tp.  Ireland. 
Go  to  Warwick  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

MAPLETON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Elgin,  Tp.  Yarmouth.  On 
London  and  Port  Stanley  Branch  from  London  on 
G.  W.  R. 

MARA,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Ontario.  A  Tp.  usually  coupled 
with  Rama  as  Indian  Territory.  Get  to  Orillia  (from 
Barrie  by  Ontario,  Slmcoe,  and  Huron  Railway),  and 
thence  by  Stage  direct.     See  Orillia. 

MAliBLKTON,  C.  E.,  Co.  Wolfe,  Tp.  Dudswell.  Go  to 
Sherbrooke  on  Uxe  G.  T.  R. 

.MARIPOSA,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Victoria.  For  Post- 
ollices,  route,  etc.,  see  Little  Britain,  Manilla,  and 
Oakwood. 

MARCH,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Carleton,  fronting  South 
Shore  of  River  Ottawa,  oi)posite  Aylmer  East,  which 
see.     Population  about  50. 

MARKHAM,  C.  W.,  Co  York.  Go  by  Stouirville 
Dally  Stage  from  Toronto,  or  by  G.  T.  R.  from  Scar- 
borough, and  tlience  by  Stage.  Population  about 
looo. 

MARLBOROUGH,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Carlton.  See 
Burritt's  Rapids  and  Jlalakolf  for  Post-offices  and 
route. 

MAltLOW,  ('.  E.  A  Tp.  In  Beauce  at  the  very  extreme 
of  the  province  on  the  confines  of  the  State  of 
Maine  at  the  head  of  Uiver  (  luiudiere,  which  Hows 
in  a  direct  line  to  the  St.  Lawrence.  Chaudiere 
Junction  and  Chaudiere  on  the  G.  T.  R.  Quebec 
and  Hichmond  may  be  named  as  Stations,  but  are 
about  03  miles  distant. 

MARMORA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Hastings.  A  Tp.  in  which  are 
the  Iron  Works,  north  of  Belleville,  tu  which  go  by 
G.  T.  R.     Population  about  4110. 

MARSHVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Welland,  Tp.  Waintleet,  in 
which  is  a  Station  of  the  Bull'alo  and  Lake  Huron 
Rail. 

MAKTINTOWN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Glengary.Tp.  Charlotten- 
burg,  in  which  is  Summerstown  on  the  G.  T.  li.,  S 
miles  east  of  Cornwall,  and  Oo  from  Montreal. 

MARTINVILLE,  C.  E.,  Co.  I'oinpton,  Tp.  Clifton.  Go 
to  Com|>ton  on  the  t).  T.  It.     l'o|)ulation  about  15. 

MARYSHURtJ,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Prince  Edward  to. 
For  Villages,  Towns,  and  Post-oltices,  see  I'ictou, 
Bougard's  Corners,  and  Port  Milfonl. 

MARYSVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Hastings,  Tp.  TycndlniiKa, 
In  which  is  a  Station  of  the  (i.  T.  R.  Poiiuliitiou 
about  101). 

MARYDORO,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Wellington  Co.  See 
Huston. 

M  ASCOUCHE,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  L' Assumption,  on  North 
Shore  of  St.  Lawrence,  just  below  Montreal,  to 
which  go. 

MASKINONGE.  A  Post-office  Village,  and  also  name 
of  Electoral  District  on  North  Shore  of  St.  Liiwieiice 
In  St.  Miiiirice  District,  sitiuite  about  20  uiiics  wesl 
of  Three  Itlveis.     Po|iulalion  about  4000. 

MA.XSAWIPPI,  C.  E,  Co.  Stanstead,  Tp.  West  Ilalli'.v. 
Go  to  Compton  on  the  (i.  T.  R.  Population  about 
200. 

MAT.\NE,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  In  Riniouski,  on  South  Shore 
of  St.  Lawrence,  fronting  the  River  below  the  mnulh 
of  the  Saguenay,  reached  by  vessels  from  Quebec. 
Population  about  1,5oO. 

MATILDA,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Dundas  Co.  ami  Station 
of  the  same  name  on  the  (J.  T.  It.,  ft  miles  cast  of 
Prescott  .lunctlon,  and  l(t4  from  Montreal. 

MATTAWA,  on  a  Uiver  which  runs  into  the  (lllinvii 
about  ilo  miles  above  Pembroke,  near  Luke  M|il«- 
sing.  Pembroke  is  reached  by  Upper  Ottawa 
Ste:imeis  from  Aylmer  East,  which  see. 

MAVKIEl.D,  t!.  W.,  Co.  Peel,  Tp.  Chlnguacousy.  flo 
to  llrami>toii  on  the  <t.  T.  R.     Population  idioat  '^l' 

MAYNE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Perth,  Tp.  Wallace.    Go  to  Ful- 


CANADA:    CITIES,   TOWNS,    AND   VILLAGES. 


61 


uhiliou 

See 

1  North 
i-eal,  to 

>  name 
iwreiice 
es  west 

lliilley. 
1  iibout 

h  Shore 
!  nioulh 
Quulii'C. 

Station 
eiist  "f 

Oltaff.i 

Ni|.U- 

Ottawa 

«v.  Go 
out  Ml. 
to  Kul- 


larton,  mllway  bettreen  Stratford  and  Goderlch,  by 

i'taK'-*  from  Stratford  Junction,  G.  T.  K. 
MKAU0\VVA:.K,  C.  W.,  to.  I'eel,  Tp.  Toronto.     Five 

niilen  from  Ui.Miipton.     Topulation  about -lOil.  ■ 
MKUONTK,  ('.  \V.     A  Tp.  hi  .sliucoe,  bt'tween  OrllUa 

uuil  C'oldwater.    (io  by  Coldwater  .''tage  from  Orll- 

liii,  wlilcli  U  reached  by  Ontario,  ,>^imcoe,  and  Huron 

Haihvay  from  I'oronlo,  Helle  Kwart,  and  thence  by 

.-I earner.     In  winter,  go  by  Mage  from  llarrle  to 

(li'inla,  which  see;  see  also  Ooldwiter. 
.MKhANCTIlON,  C.  \V.     A  'I'p.  hi  Co.  (irey.    Go  to 

Uradford,  and  by  road,  west,  to  Mono,  If  Ontario, 

.<iiiici)e,  and  Huron  Uailway  is  used,  or  Ijy  Stage  to 

Mono  from  Malton  on  the  <r.  T.  U. 
MELBOURNE,  C.  E.     A  Tp.  in  Kichmond,  with 

Money  Order  Oflice.     Go  to  Kichmond  on  U.  T.  11. 

I'opulution  about  •ib[). 
SlKbllOiJK,  V.  W.    A  village  In  Tyendinaga,  Hastings 

Co.     Tyendinaga  Is  a  Station  on  G.  T.  !{.,  13  miles 

from  llellevUle  on  G.  T.  It.     Population  about  Tl). 
MKLVlIiLE,  C.  W.    A  Village  In lllllierTp.,  Co.  Prince 

Kilward.     Go  to  Trenton  on  tlie  (i.  T.  It. 
MERRICKVILLE,  C.  W.,  to.  (irenviiie,  Tp.  Wolford. 

Go  to  Maltland  or   Bro.;kville  on  G.  T.  It.,  or  to 

Keiiiptville,  on  Ottawa  and  Prescott  liranch,  from 

Prescott  Junction. 
MKItltlTSVILLK,  C.  W.,  Co.  AVelland,  Tp.  Crowland. 

Go  to  Chippewa  or.  tlie  Krie  and  Ontario  Uailway. 

Population  about  tiUU. 
MEUfiEA,  0.  W.    A  Tp.  iu  Kssex  Co.    Go  to  Chatham 

on  the  G.  W.  It. 
JIKKTOS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Ilalton,  Tp.  Nelson.     Go  to  Wel- 
lington Square,  (in  same  Township,)  on  the  G.  W. 

It.    Po|)ulatlon  about  15;). 
MKl'CALF,  C.  \V.    A  Tp.  In  Middlesex  Co.     For  Post- 

ollicc,  etc.,  see  Napier.    Population  about  250. 
JIUTIS,  C.  K.     A  Tp.  in  Hiniouski,  on  South  Shore  of 

St  Lawrence,  on  the  projected  extension  of  Grand 

Tiunk  to  Nova  Scotia.    Go  by  vessel  from  Quebec. 

Population  about  11(H). 
MKVKIlSliClKt,  Co.  Northumberland,  Tp.  Seymour. 

On  projected  extension  from  Helleville,  to  which  go' 

l>y  (i.  T.  II.     Population  about  15U. 
Jlli)l)bKPOUT,  C.  W.,  is  a  Station  on  the  BulTaio  and 

Lake  Huron  Hallway,  between  Caledonia  and  Onon- 

duKa,  (Post-olllce,  Tuscarora,)   In  miles  south  of 

ilninttord,  and  Itf  of  Paris  Junction.     Population 

aliout  mil. 
MIDliLKVIl.LK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lanark,  Tp.  Lanark.    Go 

to  Perth  from  Brockville  liy  Stage  from  O.  T.  It. 
Mll.l'OHl),  V.  \V.,  Co.  Prince  Edward,  Tp.  Marysburg, 

oil  l!ay  of  (iuinte.    Go  to  Helleville  from  the  west, 

and   Kingston  from  the  east   by  steamer  Bay  of 

(Jiiiiiie.    Uolh  Uelluvllle  and  Kingston  are  Stations 

on  the  (1.  T.  It. 
SlIl.llANK,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Perth,  Tp.  Mornington,  north 

of  Stratford,     do  to  Stratford  by  Buffalo  and  Lake 

Huron  or  G.  T.  KaiUays. 
MILLimOOK,  ('.  W.,  Co.  Durham,  Tji.  Cavan.     Go  to 

Port  Hope  by  G.  T.  It.,  and  thence  liy  Lindsay  Itail. 

I'opulatlon  about  UIOI). 
MILLKS  ISLES,  V.  E.    In  Argenteuil,  on  North  Shore 

of  Lower  Ottawa,  near  Vundreuil,  on  the  G.  T.  11. 

Steamers  from  .Montreal. 
.MIM.KS  VACHES,  C.  E.    In  Saguenay  Co.,  north  of 

St.  Lawrence,  near  conlluence  of  Saguenay  and  St. 

Lawrence  Klvers.    Steamers  from  Quebec. 
MILL  (iltOVE,  C.  W'.,  Co.  Wentworth,  Tp.  West  Flam- 

lioro.    Go  to  Dundas  on  G.  W.  It, 
MILL  HAVEN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Addlnglon,  Tp.  Ernestown, 

whu'li  Is  a  Station  on  the  G.  T.  K. 
JIII.L  POINT,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lennox,  Tp.  Uichmond.     Go 

to  Napaiiee  on  ti.  T.  U. 
MILNKSVII.LE,  ('.  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  Markliam.     (io 

by  Stage  to  Thornhill  from  Toronto,  or  to  Thornhill 

Station  l)y  Ontario,  Siincoe,  and  Huron  Uail  from 

Toronto.     Population  about  lllO. 
MILTOX  EAST,  C.  E.,  Co.  Slielford.    Go  to  Acton  on 

the  (i.  T.  It.     Population  about  UK). 
MILTOX   WEST,  C.  W.,  Co.  Halton,   Tp.  Trafalgar. 
lio  to  Oakville,  on  tiie  G.  W.  U.     Population  about 

I'lllO. 

MIMICO,  (".  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  Etobicoke.  Go  liy 
Street>ville  Stage  from  Toronto  dally  at  2,  P.  M., 

fi Ilie  (it'iicral  Wolfe,  In  (  hnrch  Street,  or  by  G. 

W.  li.  to  Mlnilci)  Station.     Population  iiliout  iillO. 

MINTO,  (  .  W.,  Co.  Wellington.  See  Clifford,  Harris- 
ton.  Teviotiliile. 

51111KKVIL1,E,  C.  W.,  Co.  Greuvllle,  Tp.  Wolford. 


Oo  to  Brockville,  on  G.  T.  R.,  29  miles  from  Mirlcic- 
vllle.     Population  about  1000. 

MITCHELL,  C.  W.,  Co.  Perth,  Tp.  I  jgan,  between 
Stratford  and  Goderlch.  Go  to  Stratford  Junction 
of  tiie  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huro'.  and  G.  T.  liaiiwayg. 
Population  about  lOUO. 

MISSISQUOI  BAY,  V.  K.  Connects  with  Lake  Cham- 
]>lain.  Go  to  House's  Point,  Champlain  and  St.  Law- 
rence Hail  from  Montreal. 

MISSISQCOI,  C.  E.  For  Towns  herein,  see  Philipa- 
burg,  Bedford,  Stanbridge  East,  and  Cowanville. 

MOHAWK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Brant,  Tp.  West  Brantforrt. 
Go  to  Brautfurd,  on  the  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron 
Uailway. 

MOIHA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Hastings,  Tp.  Huntingdon.  North 
of  Belleville,  to  which  go  by  O.  T.  K.  Population 
about  I&O. 

MOLESWOKTH,  C.  W.,  Co.  Huron,  Tp.  Orev.  North 
of  Stratford,  (io  to  Stratford  by  G.  T.  K.,  or  by 
Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  UiiiL    Population  about  50, 

MONO,  C.  W.     A  Tj).  in  Co.  SInicoe.     See  .Mono  Mills. 

MONO  CENTUE,  C.  VV.,  Co.  Simcoe,  Tp.  Mono.  See 
.Mono  Mills. 

MONO  MILLS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Simcoe,  Tp.  Mono.  Go  to 
Malton  by  G.  T.  U.,  and  iliunce  by  Stage.  Popular 
tlon  about  ISO. 

MONOIK,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Houvilie.  See  Mount 
Johnson,  St.  Urigide. 

MONTAKVILLE,  C.  E.    In  Cliambly.    See  St.  Bruno. 

MONTCALM,  C.  E.  A  Town  in  Tp.  of  Uawdou,  Oo. 
Montcalm.  On  North  Shore  of  St.  Lawrence,  in  the 
St.  Maurice  District.     Go  to  Montreal. 

MONTE  BELLO,  C.  E.,Co.  Ottawa,  Tp.  Petite  Nation. 
On  North  Shore  of  Itiver  Ottawa,  near  Grenviiie. 
Go  by  Ottawa  and  Montreal  Steamers.  Population 
about  100. 

MONTMOUENCI,  C.  E.    See  Chateau  Iticher. 

MONTMOUENCl  FALLS,  C.E.  S  miles  below  (Juebea 
Go  to  Quebec  by  O.  T.  K.  from  Kichmond  and  Mon- 
treal, or  by  Steamers  from  Upi)er  (Canada  and  Mon- 
treal, thenco  across  the  St.  Charles  Kiver  by  road 

MONTREAL,  C.  E.  For  Views  and  full  Information, 
see  preceding  jiortion  of  this  work. 

MOXTKOSE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Welland,  Tp.  Stratford,  which 
is  a  Station  on  the  Erie  and  Ontario  Kail  (Niagara 
to  Cliippewa). 

MONT  ST.  HILLAIUE,  C.  E.,  Co.  UouviUe,  Tp.  St. 
HlUaire,  which  Is  a  Station  17  miles  from  Montreal, 
on  the  G.  T.  K. 

JIOOUE,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Lambton  Co.,  in  Port  Sar- 
nla  District,  fronting  the  St.  Clair  Kiver.  Go  to 
Windsor  by  the  (i.  W.  1!.,  and  thence  by  Steamers 
or  Boat.     Population  about  •200. 

MOKliAXTOWN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wellington,  Tp.  Erin, 
(jo  to  (ieorgetown,  on  the  (i.  T.  H.  Population 
about  lot). 

MOHIN,  C.  E.  In  Argenteuil.  See  Brltonville.  Pop- 
ulation about  4IHI. 

MOUNINGDALE  .MILLS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Perth, Tp.  Morn- 
ington. (io  to  Stratford,  on  the  (}.  T.  K.,  or  by  Buf- 
falo and  Lake  Huron  Uail.     Population  about  100. 

.MOKNINtiTON.  A  Tp.  in  Perth  Co.  For  Post- 
ollices,  etc.,  see  (.'arthage,  Miibank,  West  Corners, 
and  Mornliigdale  .Mills. 

MORPETH,  C.  W.,  Co.  Kent,  Tp.  Howard.  (!o  to 
Thamesvllle,  on  the  (J.  W.  U.    Population  aliout  5.")i). 

MOUHIS.  A  Tp.  hi  Huron  Co.  For  Tp.,  see  Bodmin 
anil  Morrisbank. 

MOKUISHANK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Huron,  Tp.  Morris.  Go  to 
Stratford  by  G.  T.  H.,  and  tiieuce  by  road,  or  by 
Butfalo  and  Lake  Huron  Uailway. 

MORRISBURG.C.  W.,  Co.  Bunllas,  Tp.  Matilda,  in 
which  is  a  (i.  T.  K.  Station.     Population  about  000. 

MOKUISDALE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Huron,  Tp.  Grey.  Oo  as 
for  Morrl.stmnk.     Popidatlon  about  50. 

.MOItUlSTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wellington,  Tp.  Pusllnch. 
Go  to  Giieliih,  on  the  G.  T.  U.   Population  about  400. 

MOUTIMEH,  C.  W.,  Co.  (irey,  Tp.  Osprey.  Go  to 
Nottawasaga,  on  the  Ontario,  Siincoe,  and  Huron 
Uail  from  Toronto. 

MOUTON,  C.  W.,  (  o.  Leeds,  Tp.  South  Crosb.v.  Go  to 
Gaiiauixpie,  on  the  (i.  T.  U.     Population  about  •i.'iO. 

.MOUVEN,  ('.  W.,  Co.  Addington,  Tp.  Ernestown, 
which  is  a  Station  on  the  G.  T.  K.     Population  about 

lIM). 
MOSA,  C.  W.     A  Tp.  In  IMlddiesex,  formerly  a  Station 
on  the  G.  W.   U.,  Imt  changed  to  Newbury.     For 
Villages  and  Post-olUces,  see  Newbury,  Cashmere, 
Wardsville,  and  Strathburn,  all  iu  the  Township. 


'       l! 


ij  \i 


lil  'I 


CANADA:    CITIES,   TOWNS,    AND   VILLAGES. 


MOSCOW,  C.  W.,  Co.  Addlngton,  Tp.  East  Camden. 

Go  to  Napiinee,  on  the  G.  T.  U.    P"p.  about  :?0||. 
MOL'LINETTK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Storincuit,  Tp.  Cornwall. 

A  station  on  the  (i.  T.  K.      Population  about  lUO. 
MOULTON,  C.  W.    A  Tp.  In  Co.  Haldlmand.     See 

Dunnvllle,  a  Railway  i^tation  on  the  UulTalo  ami 

Lake  Huron,  with  Post-olllee  within  the  Township. 
MOUNTAIN,  C.  W.    A  Tp.  In  Dundas  Co.    Go  to  Ma- 
tilda, on  the  (i.  T.  K. 
MOUNT  ALBION,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wentworth,  Tp.  Barton. 

Go  to  Ontario,  on  the  G.  W.  K.    PopiUation  about 

KM). 
MOUNT  BUYD0E8,  C.  W.,  Co.  Middlesex,  Tp.  Cara- 

doc.    A  Station  on  the  O.  W.  U.     Population  about 

180. 
MOUNT  ELGIN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Oxford,  Tp.  Dereham. 

Go  to  Ingeraoll,  on  the  G.  W.  K.    Population  about 

150. 
MOUNT  FOKREST,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wellington,  Tp.  Ar- 
thur.   Go  to  Guelph,  on  the  G.  T.  K.,  and  thence  by 

Stage. 
MOUNT  HEDLEY,  C.  W.,  Co.  Haldlmand,  Tp.  Oneida. 

Try  Middleport,  on  the  BuQalo  and  Lake  Huron 

Rail.     Population  about  lUO. 
MOUNT  JOHNSON,  C.  E.,  Co.  RouvlUe,  Tp.  Monolr. 

Try  St.  HlUalre,  on  the  G.  T.  R. 
MOUNT  MURRAY,  C.  E.    In  Charlevoix.     See  Mur- 
ray Bay,  Port  au  Persil. 
MOUNT  PLEASANT,  0.  W.,Co.  Durham.  SeeCavan. 

Population  about  ftOO. 
Mdl'V"'  Li».  LOUiS,  C  W.,  Co.  Simcoe.    .♦»  new  Post- 
office. 
MOUNT  ST.   PATRICK,  C.  W.,  Co.   Renfrew,  Tp. 

Brougham.    See  Kree  Grant  Lands. 
MOUNT  VERNON,  C.  W.,  (  o.  Brant,  Tp.  Brantfo'd. 

Go  to  Brantford,  on  the  BulTalo  and  Lake  Huron 

Railway.    Population  about  201). 
MULMUH,  C.  W.    A  Tp.  in  Co.  Simcoe.    Go  to  Bar- 

rie  Station,  on  the  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Huron 

Railway  from  Toronto, 
MUNCEY,  C.  W.,  Co.  Middlesex,  Tp.  Carradoc,  lu 

which  la  Mount  Brydges  Station. 
MUN8EL,  V.  W.,  Co.  Orenville,  Tp.  Wolford.     Go  to 

Brockville  or  Maitland,  on  the  G.  T.  R. 
MURRAY,  C.  W.      A  Tp.  in  Northumberland  Co.,  in 

which  is  tlie  Town  a. id  Station  of  Trenton,  on  the 

G.  T.  R.     Population  about  2(K). 
MURRAY  BAY,  C.  E.      In   Charlevoix.      On   North 

Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  below  Quebec,  SO  miles 

down.    Go  by  Saguenay  Steamer  from  Quebec. 
MURVALE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Frontenac,  Tp.  Portland.     Go 

to  Ernestown,  on  the  G.  T.  R.   Population  about  125. 


N 

NANTICOKE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Haldlmand,  Tp.  Walpole. 
Go  to  CainsvlUe,  on  the  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron 
Railway. 

NAPANEE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lennox,  Tp.  Richmond.  A 
Telegraph  Station  and  Money  (Jrder  Office,  on  the 
G.  T.  K.,  20  miles  west  of  Kingston.  See  preceding 
pages  for  fu-ther  Information. 

NASSAGAWt.y*,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  1.1  Halton  Co.  Goto 
Rockwood,  jn  ihe  U.  i.  U.,  Toronto  and  Stratford 
Section,  r.  to  Wellington  Square,  on  the  G.  W.  R. 

NELSON  >^.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Halton  Co.,  in  which  la 
Wellington  Square,  a  Station  on  the  G.  W.  R.  I'op- 
uluion  about  200. 

KifiPEAN,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Carleton  Co.  For  Post- 
offices  and  Villages,  see  Bell's  Corners,  Long  Island 
Locks   etc. 

NEW  ABERDEEN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Waterloo,  Tp.  Water- 
loo. (Jo  to  Berlin,  on  the  O.  T.  R.  Population 
about  200. 

NEWARK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Oxford,  Tp.  Norwich.  Go  to 
Woodstock  or  Princeton,  on  the  G.  W.  R. 

NEW  BLISS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Leeds  and  Grenville,  Tp. 
Kitlcy.     Go  to  BrockvlMc,  o.i  the  G.  T.  R. 

NEWBORO,  C.  W.,  Co.  LeeI!^  Tp.  North  Crosby. 
A  Money  Order  Office  on  th,.  Uldeau.  Go  to  Kings- 
ton, and  thence  by  Steamers  or  the  Kideau  Canal, 
or  to  Gananoque.  Both  Kingston  and  Ganaiioque 
are  Stations  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

NEWBURG,  C.  W.,  Co.  Addlngton,  Tp.  Camden 
East.  Go  to  Napanec,  on  the  G.  T.  K.  See  preced- 
ing (lagcs.     Population  about  900. 

NEWBURY,  C.  W.,  (  o.  Middlesex,  Tp.  Mosa.  A 
Station  on  the  G.  W.  K. 


NEW  CARLISLE,  0.  E.  On  South  of  Gaspe,  fronting 
the  Bay  of  Chaleurs,  in  Cox  Tp.  Fi-e(iuent  tradein 
from  Quebec.     Population  about  5O0. 

NEW  CARLISLE,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  St.  Maurice  Terri- 
tory.    Not  a  Post-office.    See  St.  Maurice  Territorv. 

NEWCASTLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Durham,  Tp.  (  larke.  A 
Station  on  the  G.  T.  R.    Sec  ))rece(ling  pages. 

NEW  CREMORE,  C.  W.  See  Nottawasaga,  of  which 
Tp.  New  Cremore  is  a  Post-office. 

NEW  DUNDEE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Waterloo,  Tp.  Wllmof,  In 
which  Township  Is  the  Petersburg  Station  of  Ihe  (1. 
T.  R.,  Toronto  and  Stratford  Section.  Popuiatiim 
about  l&O. 

NEW  DURHAM,  C.  W.,  Co.  Brant,  Tp.  Burford.  (io 
to  Princeton,  on  the  G.  W.  K.   Population  about  125. 

NEW  EDINGBUROH,  Co.  Carleton,  Tp.  Glouce.ster. 
A  Village  or  Suburb  to  Ottawa,  C.  W.  On  Ihe 
Prescott  and  Ottawa  Railroad,  of  which  it  is  the 
Terminus.     Population  about  500. 

NEW  GLASGOW,  C.  E.  North  of  Isle  Jesus,  opposite 
Montreal,  to  which  go,  either  by  Steamer  from  (Ig- 
densburg  or  Kingston,  or  by  the  G.  T.  R.  Pojmla. 
tion  about  1800. 

NEW  GLASGOW,  C.  W.,  Co.  Elgin,  Tp.  Aldebnrough. 
From  Morpeth  15,  London  85,  Chatham  87  miles. 

NEW  HAMBURG,  C.  W.,  Co.  Waterloo,  Tp.  Wilmot, 
In  which  Township  is  Petersburg  Station  of  the  0. 
T.  R.    Population  about  1100. 

NEW  HOPE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Waterloo,  Tp.  North  Waterloo. 
Go  to  GueFlih  or  Berlin,  on  G.  T.  R. ;  also  to  Gait  and 
Preston  for  Junction  Railway.  Population  al)Out  "(iii. 

NEW  IRELAND,  C.  E.  In  Megantlc.  Go  to  Artha- 
baska,  on  the  G.  T.  R.    Population  about  200. 

NEW  LAND,  C.  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  East  Gwlllimhury, 
in  which  is  the  Holland  Landing  Station  on  tlie  On- 
tario, Simcoe,  and  Huron  Railway  from  Toronto. 

NEW  LIVERPOOL,  C.  E.  In  Levi  District,  Tp.  Liiw- 
zon.  Go  to  Point  Levi  (opposite  Quebec),  the  'i'ur- 
minus  of  the  G.  T.  R.     Population  about  lsl)i'. 

NEWMARKET,  C.  W.,  Cc.  York,  Tp.  Whitchurch. 
A  Station  on  the  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Huron  Rull- 
wav  from  Toronto. 

NEWPORT,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  In  Compton.  Go  to  Coui|)- 
ton  Station,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  Montreal  and  Porllaml 
Section.  For  Post-office,  see  and  address  Sawjur- 
viUe. 

NEWPORT,  C.  W.,  Co.  Brant,  Tp.  Brantford.  In 
which  is  the  Main  Station  of  Brantford,  on  the  Buf- 
falo and  Lake  Huron  Rail. 

NEW  RICHMOND,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Bonaventurc, 
South  Oa9i)e,  fronting  the  Bay  of  Chaleurs.  Tra- 
ders from  Quebec. 

NEWRV,  C.  W.,  Co.  Durham,  Tp.  Manvers.  Go  to 
Newcastle,  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

NEW  SARUM,  C.  W.,  Co.  Elgin,  Tp.  Yarmouth.  In 
which  is  the  Yarmouth  Station  of  the  London  and 
Port  Stanley  Railway,  which  connects  with  the  (j. 
W,  R.  at  London.     Population  about  50. 

NEWSTADT,  C.  W.,  Co.  Grey,  Tp.  Normanby.  fioto 
Guelph,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  and  thei.oe  by  Owen  goiinJ 
Stage. 

NEW  TOWN  ROBINSON,  C.  W.  A  Village  with  Post- 
office,  in  Co.  Simcoe,  Tp.  Tecumseth.  (io  to  llriul- 
ford  or  Newmarket,  on  the  Ontario,  Simcoe,  uiul 
Huron  Rail  from  Toronto.    Popuhitlon  about  liHl. 

NIAGARA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lincoln.  Separated  l)y  the 
Niagara  River  from  the  State  of  New  York.  Uoliy 
Steamers  from  Toronto,  or  G.  W.  R.  via  Hamilton. 

NICOLET,  C.  E.  A  Town  in  District  of  .Mcnict, 
skirting  tlie  South  Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  nearly 
opposite  Three  Rivers,  to  which  go  by  Montreal  iiml 
(Juebec  Steamers.  The  nearest  Station  apjieais  to 
be  Arthabaska,  on  the  (i.  T.  R.,  Quebec  and  itlch- 
niond  Section.     Population  about  1000. 

NICHOL,  V.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Wellington.  For  Post- 
offices  and  Villages,  see  Barnet  and  Cumnock. 

NILESTOWN,  C.  W.,  Co.  .Mlddlese.v,  Tp.  Dorchester, 
North.    Go  to  Edwardshurg,  on  the  (i.  W.  H. 

NISSOURI,  C.  W.,  Co.  Mlddk'..ex,  Tp.  N'issiuirl  West. 
Situated  on  the  Junction  of  the  (J.  W.  H.,  between 
London  and  St.  Mary,  Blanshard.  Go  to  Luiulon 
bv  the  G.  W.  R. 

NITHBURG,  C.  W.,  Co.  Perth,  Tp.  North  Easlhnpo. 
Go  Io  Shakespere  as  the  nearest,  but  to  Strulfonl 
.function  as  the  most  convenient  Station,  both  on 
the  G.  T.  R. 

NOBLETON  C.  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  King.  In  which  Is 
King  Station  of  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Huron  Itall 
ftom  Toronto. 


CANADA:   CITIES,   TOWNS,    AND  VILLAGES. 


63 


NORHAM,  0.  W.,  Oo.  Northumberland,  Tp.  Percy. 
Uo  to  Belleville,  on  tlie  (i.  T.  R.,  or  to  Brighton,  on 
the  same  Railway  Section. 

NOKMANBY,  0.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Grey  Co.  On  the 
Uuelph  and  Suugeen  Road.  Uo  to  Uuelph  on  the 
{J.  T.  R.,  and  thence  by  Stage. 

NOHMANDALE,  0.  W.,  Co.  Norfollt,  Tp.  Charlotte- 
ville.  On  the  Shore  of  Lake  Erie.  Oo  to  Paris  or 
llrantford,  thence  Stage  to  Simcoe,  and  on  by  hired 
conveyance. 

NORMANTON,  0.  W.,  Co.  Bruce,  Tp.  Saugeen.  Go 
to  Guelph,  and  thence  by  Stage,  or  to  Windsor  Ter- 
minus of  the  O.  W.  R.,  and  thence  by  Steamer  direct. 

NORTH  ADJALA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Simcoe,  Tp.  Acljula. 
(io  to  Malton,  on  the  G.  T.  H.,  Toronto  and  Strat- 
ford Section,  and  thence  to  Mono  by  Stage,  or  to 
Bradford  Station,  on  the  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Hu- 
ron Railway  from  Toronto. 

NORTH  ARTHUR.    See  Kenllworth. 

NORTH  AUGUSTA,  0.  W.,  Co.  OrenvlUe,  Tp.  Angus, 
ta.  Go  to  Prescott,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  Montreal  and 
Toronto  Section,  which  Is  in  the  same  Township,  and 
also  Junction  of  Ottawa  Rail.  Population  about  280, 

NORTH  CROSBY,  0.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Leeds.  For 
Post-offlce,  Town,  etc.,  see  Newboro'. 

NORTH  DOURO,  C.  W.,  Co.  Peterborough,  Tp.  Douro. 
Go  to  Peterboro',  the  Terminus  of  the  Junction 
Railway  from  Cobourg,  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

NORTH  ELDON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Victoria,  Tp.  Eldon.  Go 
to  Lindsay  from  Port  Hope,  on  the  G.  T.  R., by  Port 
Hope  and  Lindsay  Railway. 

NORTH  ELMSLEY.  A  Tp.  in  Lanark,  In  which  Is 
Smith's  Falls,  which  see  for  Post-office,  route,  etc. 

NORTH  ELY,  C.  E.,  Co.  Shefford.  Go  to  Durham,  on 
the  G.  T.  R.    Population  about  100. 

NORTH  GEORGETOWN,  C.  E.,  Co.  Chateauguay. 
In  Beauharnois  Pariah.  On  South  Shore  of  St. 
Lawrence,  opposite  St.  Anne's  Station  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

NORTH  GLANFORD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wentworth,  Tp.  Glan- 
ford.  Go  to  Middleport  on  the  Buffalo  and  Lake 
llui'on  Railway. 

NORTH  OOWER,  0.  W.,  Co.  Oarleton,  Tp.  South' 
Gower.  Go  to  Kemptvllle  or  Osgoode  on  Prescott 
and  Ottawa  Railway  from  Prescott  Junction  of  the 
0.  T.  R. 

NORTH  MONAGHAN,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Peterborough 
Co..  in  which  is  the  town  of  Peterborough,  which 
see  for  Post-offleee,  route,  etc. 

NORTH  PELHAM,  C.  W.,  Co.  Welland,  Tp.  Pelham. 
Oo  to  St.  Catherine's,  on  the  G.  W.  R. 

NORTH  PORT,  C.  W.,  Co.  Prince  Edward,  Tp.  Sophias- 
burg.  A  Port  at  which  the  Hay  of  Qulnte  Steamere 
touch  dally,  to  and  from  Belleville  and  Kingston, 
l)oth  Stations  on  the  G.  T.  R.  Population  about 
UO. 

NORTH  STANBUIDQE,  0.  E.,  Co.  Misslsquoi,  Tp. 
Stanbridge,  east  of  the  River  Richelieu.  Go  to  St. 
John's,  C.  E.,  by  the  Champlain  and  St.  Lawrence 
Railway,  and  cross  River  Richelieu,  or  go  by  Richel- 
ieu Steamers  which  ply  to  and  from  Montreal.  Pop- 
ulation about  5U. 
NORTH  STUKELY,  C.  E.,  Co.  ShelTord,  Tp.  Stukely. 
Oo  to  Richmond  on  the  (i.  T.  R.,  where  the  G.  T.  R. 
diverges  to  Quebec  on  the  north-east,  Montreal  on 
tlie  north-west,  and  to  Portland  on  the  south-east. 
l'o]iulatlon  about  I'itt. 
NORTH  SUTTON,  C.  E.,  Co.  Brome,  Tp.  Sutton.    Go 

to  Compton  or  Coatlcook  on  the  G.  T.  R. 
NORTH  WALSINGHAM,  C.  W.,  Co.  Norfolk,  Tp.  Wal- 
slnjfham.     Go  to  Paris  on  the  U.  W.  R.,  or  Brant- 
ford  on  BulTalo  and  Lake  Huron  Railway,  and  thence 
to  Simcoe  by  Stage, 
NORTH  WATERLOO,  C.  W.     A  Tp.  in  Waterloo  Co. 

For  Villages  and  Post-office,  see  New  Hope. 
NORTH  WILLIAMSBURG,  C.   W.,  Co.  Dundas,  Tp. 
Williamsburg,  In  which  is  the  Williamsburg  Tele- 
graph Station,  on  the  G.  T.  R.    Population  about 
•i5il. 
NORTON  CREEK,  C.  E.,  Co.  Beauharnois.     On  South 
!<hore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  opposite  the  St.  Anne's 
btatlon  of  the  G.  T.  R.    Population  about  50. 
NORVAL,  C.  W.,  Co.  Halton,  Tj).  Esqueslng.     Go  to 
Oeorsetnwn,  in  same  Tp.,  a  Station  on  the  G.  T.  R. 
fopiilatlon  about  350. 
NORWICH,  C.  W.    A  Tp.  (anil  Village  with  Money 
Older  Office)  in  Co.   O.xford.     <io  to  Ingersoll  or 
Woodstock  on  the  G.  W.  It.     Population  about  700. 
NORWOOD,  V.  W.,  Co.  Peterborough,  Tp.  Asphodel. 
Uo  to  Cobourg,  and  thence  by  Peterborough  Junc- 


tion   Cobourg  is  on  the  G.  T.  R.    Population  about 

500. 
NORWOOD,  C.  W.    A  Village  on  the  Kingston  Road, 

about  8  miles  east  of  the  city  of  Toronto,  in  York 

Township.    No  Post-office. 
NOTTAWA,  C.  W.    The  Post-offlce  in  Nottawasaga. 

Tp.  under  this  name  Is  now  called  Bowmore,  whioh 

see.     Population  about  800. 
NOTTAWASAGA,  C.  W.     A  Tp.  in  Simcoe  Co.,  and  a 

Station  on  the  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Huron  Railway, 

about  88  miles  from  Toronto. 
NOTRE  DAME  DU  PORTAGE,  C.E.    Near  the  River 

Madawaska,  south  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  below  St. 

Thomas,  which  Is  now  the  Terminus  of  the  G.  T.  R., 

and  on  the  projected  extension  to  Troi's  Pistoles  for 

New  Brunswick  and  the  British  Seaboard.     Popula- 
tion about  1000. 


OAKLAND,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Brant  Co.  Go  to  Paris 
or  Brantford  on  the  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  Rail. 
Population  about  200. 

OAKRIDGES,  C.  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  Whitchurch,  in 
which  Township  are  Aurora  and  Newmarket,  both 
Stations  on  the  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Huron  Rail, 
respectively  distant  80  and  84  miles  from  Toronto. 

OAKVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Halton,  Tp.  Trafalgar.  A 
Town  and  Station  on  the  G.  W.  R.,  19  miles  from 
Toronto.  See  preceding  pages.  Population  about 
2000. 

OAKWOOD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Victoria,  Tp.  Mariposa.  Go 
to  Lindsay  by  Rail  from  Port  Hope  on  the  G.  T.  R. 
Population  about  SO. 

OBAN,  0.  W.    See  Plympton.    Population  about  60. 

ODESSA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Addington,  Tp.  Ernestown,  in 
which  is  Ernestown  Station  on  G.  T.  R.  Population 
about  600. 

OLDEN,  C.  W.  A  new  Township.  See  Crown  Lands 
for  sale. 

OMAGH,  C.  W.,  Co.  Halton,  Tp.  Trafalgar.  For  Rail- 
way, see  Oakville. 

ONEIDA,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Haldimand.  Go  to  Cale 
donia  on  the  BulTalo  and  Lake  Huron  Railway. 
Population  about  250. 

ONONDAGA,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Brant  Co.,  and  a  Rail- 
way Station  on  the  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  Rail- 
way.    Population  about  800. 

ONSLOW,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Ottawa  Co.,  on  North  Shore 
of  River  Ottawa,  above  Ayimer  East,  which  see  for 
Steamers  and  route. 

ONTARIO,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wentworth,  Tp.  Saltfleet.  A 
Station  on  the  G.  W.  R.,  Ifl  miles  from  Hamilton. 
Population  about  150. 

OPS,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Victoria  Co.  For.  Post-offlce, 
etc.,  see  Lindsay. 

ORANGEVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wellington,  Tp.  Gara- 
fraxa,  on  the  Oarafraxa  Road  from  Guelph,  to  which 
go  by  G.  T.  R.,  and  thence  by  Stage.  Population 
about  500. 

ORCHILL,  C.  W.,  Co.  Huron,  Tp.  Morris.  Go  to  Strat- 
ford Railway  Junction  by  G.  T.  R.,  or  by  the  Buffalo 
and  Lake  Huron  Railway,  and  thence  bv  Goderlch 
Stage  to  Mitchell. 

ORFORD,  C.  W.,  a  Tp.  in  Kent  Co.  For  Ppst-office, 
Railway  route,  etc.,  see  Clearville. 

ORILLIA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Simcoe,  Tp.  Orillla,  28  miles 
from  Barrie,  to  which  go  by  Ontario,  Simcoe  and 
Huron  Railway  from  Toronto,  and  thence  by  Stage, 
or  in  summer  by  same  Railway  to  Belie  Ewart,  and 
tlience  by  Steamer.     Population  about  500. 

ORMSTOWN.  C.  E.,  Co.  Chateauguay,  Tp.  Beauhar- 
nois, opposite  Cedars  and  St.  Anne's  Stations  on  the 
G.  T.  R.,  (being  on  the  South  Shore  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence). 

ORO,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Simcoe  Co,  For  route,  see 
Orillla. 

ORONO,  C.  W'.,  Co.  Durham,  Tp.  Clarke;  In  which 
Township  is  Newcastle  Station  on  the  G.  T.  R.  Pop- 
ulation al)out  800. 

ORWELL,  (formerly  Temperancevllle,)  C.  W.,  Co.  El- 
gin, Tp.  Yarmouth.  Go  to  London  on  the  G.  W.  R., 
and  then  by  London  and  Port  Stanley  Junction. 
Population  about  800. 

OSBORNE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Russell.  A  Tp.  fronting  South 
Shore  of  Ottawa  River.  Go  to  Ottawa  by  Junction 
from  Prescott  on  the  G.  T.  H.  Population  about 
160. 


; 


1' 


4  -fif  J^ 


64 


CANADA:    CITIES,   TOWNS,   AND  VILLAGES. 


OSaOODK,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Carleton  Co.,  on  the  Ot- 
titwa  itiid  I'resciitt  HiiilHitv,  l(i  nilles  frnni  Otliina. 

OSHAWA,  V.  W.  A  Town  In  Co.  Ontario,  Tp.  Whit- 
by. A  Station  on  the  0.  T.  U.,  !W  miles  from 
Toronto.  See  preceding  pageH.  I'opulatlon  about 
8(1111). 

081'UKY,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Grey  Co.  Go  to  Notlawa- 
HaKa  Station  on  the  (Jntario,  Sinicoe,  and  Huron 
Hull,  SS  miles  from  Toronto. 

O.HI'Kl.NdK,  C.  \V.,  (.0.  WellhiKton,  Tp.  Krin.  Go  to 
(lenr^'etown  on  the  G.  T.  U.,  ild  miles  from  Toronto. 
I'opuliition  ahout  'J5. 

OTONABEE,  I'.  W.  A  Town  In  Township  of  same 
nanu'.  In  the  Co.  of  Peterborough.  See  Peterbo- 
rough. 

OTTAWA,  C.  W.  Tlie  Capital  of  Carleton  Co., 
ahout  M  miles  by  .Tnnction  Kailwa.v  from  the  G.  T. 
It.  at  I'rescolt ;  also  connnunlcutlon  by  Steamer 
from  .Montreal,  and  also  from  Pembroke.  For  fur- 
ther particulars,  see  elsewhere. 

CTTKUVIl.LK,  C.  W.,  Co.  0.\ford,  Tp.  Norwich. 
Which  see. 

OUISKAl),  C.  K.,  Co.  Pontlac.  On  North  Shore  of 
Upper  Ottawa,  above  Allumette  Island.  For  route, 
see  .\yliner  Kast. 

OUNGAII,  C.  W.,  Co.  Kent,  Tp.  (  hatham.  In  which 
Is  the  Chatham  Station  of  the  G.  W.  It. 

OWEN  SOUND,  C.  W.,  Co.  Grey,  Tp.  Sydenham. 
Kouto  by  Kail  from  Toronto  to  Collingwood  97 
ndles,  ((Jntario,  SImcoe,  and  Huron  Hallway,)  and 
tbeiice  by  CanaiUan  Steamer,  or  Stage  In  Winter, 
or  go  to  Guelph,  on  the  G.  T.  H.,  Toronto  and 
Stratford  Section,  and  thence  by  Stage  through 
Fergus,  Mount  Forest,  etc.     Population  about  2(MHI. 

O.XFOHI),  ('.  W.,  Co.  Grenvllle.  A  Tp.  and  Station  on 
the  Ottawa  and  Prescott  Hallway,  IT  miles  from  Pres- 
cott  Junction  on  the  G.  T.  It. ;  (no  Post-ollice  uniler 
that  name,)  t)ut  'ee  Kemptvllle  and  liUhop's  Mills. 

O.XKOItl)  CKXTHK,  C.  W.  In  Township  last  noticed, 
and  for  u  lilcli  It  Is  the  Post-olllce  adilres.s. 

0.\K01tl)  M1M,S,C.\V.  For  route  anil  situation,  see 
I)receding  notice.  A  Post-ollice  la  attached,  and  Is 
wllliln  O.xtord  Township.     Population  about  IIHI. 

OXKOIII)  SOUTH,  C.  W.,  Co.  O.vford.  A  distinct 
Townshi)),  in  which  Is  Kiistwood,  wh'  ,h  see. 

OXFOHl)  NOHTll,  C.  W.,  Co.  O.xford.  A  distinct 
Township,  in  which  Is  Ingersoll,  a  Town  and  Station 
on  the  (i.  W.  H.,  which  see. 

OXFOUI)  WKST,  t".  W.,  Co.  Oxford.  A  Tp.in  which 
is  the  lleachviile  Station  of  the  G.  W.  I(.  and  Swea- 
liurg,  which  see,  for  routes  and  Post-otllces. 

OSNAimUCK,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Stormont  Co.  Aults- 
ville  anil  Dickenson's  Landing  are  both  Stations  on 
the  (i.  T.  H.,  and  are  situate  in  this  Township. 
They  are  also  Post-olllccs,  as  Is  Osnabruck  Centre. 
Dickenson's  Landing  is  the  preferable  Station. 


PA1SI,EY,  C.  W'.,  Co.  Bruce,  Tp.  Elderslle.  A  Tp.  ad- 
joining Saugeen.  Go  to  Guelph,  on  G.  T.  R.,  and 
thence  to  (jwen's  Sound  by  Stage.  Population 
about  ITid. 

PAKENHAIW,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Lanark.  South  of 
the  Itiver  Ottawa.  Go  to  Fltzniy  Harbour.  See 
Avlmcr  Kast,  for  route.     Po|)ulation  about  860. 

PALERMO,  C.  W.,  Co.  Halton,  Tp.  Trafalgar.  Go 
to  Oakviile,  on  the  (1.  W.  K.     Poi)ulatlon  aliout  200. 

I'APINKAUVILLK,  C.  K.,  Ottawa  Co.  In  Petite  Na- 
tion Tp.,  fronting  the  North  Shore  of  the  Ottawa, 
between  (Jrcnville  and  Carrlllon.  (io  to  Montreal 
for  .^teamer  to  (irenvllle.     Population  about  150. 

PARIS,  C.  W.,  Co.  lirant,  Tp.  Dumfries,  South.  The 
Station  where  the  O.  W.  H.,  and  the  Uutl'alo  and 
Lake  Huron  Hallways  Intersect.  See  preceding 
pMges.      Population  al)0ut  '2000. 

PAH.MA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lennox,  Tp.  Fredericksburg.  Go 
to  N.ipanee,  on  the  (i.  T.  H. 

PASllKltlAl',  C.  K,  Co.  Bonaventure.  South  of  the 
Gaspe  District,  on  the  Hay  of  Chaleurs.  Traders 
from  Quebec.     Population  about  '200. 

PKKL,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Wellington  Co.  For  Towns, 
Houte,  Villages,  and  Post-ullices,  see  Allansvllle, 
Alma,  and  Drayton. 

PKFFKHLAW,  C.  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  Georgina.  On 
South  Shore  of  Lake  SImcoe.  Go  to  Holland  Land- 
ing, on  Ontario,  SImcoe,  and  Huron  Uailway  frou 
Toronto  City.    Population  about  100. 


PKLHAM,  C.  W.,  Co,  Welland.  A  Tp.  For  Post- 
olllccs,  route,  etc.,  see  Feiiwlck,  Fontlilll,  and  Pel- 
ham  Union. 

PKLHA.M  UNION,  C.  W'.,  Co.  Welhind,  Tp.  Pelham. 
Go  to  Port  Dalhousie  by  Steamer  from  Toronto,  or 
by  G.  W.  H.  to  ,><t.  Catharine's  or  Jordan,  Handlton 
and  Niagara  Section. 

PEMBROKE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Henfrew.  Proposed  Tcr- 
ndnus  of  Brockvllle  and  Arnprlor  Hallway.  On 
the  South  Shore  of  the  Ottawa,  about  90  miles  above 
Ottawa  (.  Ity.  For  Steam  route,  see  Aylmer  East. 
Piipulallon  about  7(10. 

PENETANQUISHENE,  C.  W.  An  old  Ilritish  Fort, 
on  South-east  Shore  of  the  Georgian  Bay.  Go  to 
Barrie,  on  Ontario,  SImcoe,  and  l.ake  Huron  Hall- 
way from  Toronto,  and  thence  by  Stage  about  8il 
miles,  or  to  Collingwood,  the  Terminus  of  the  same 
Hall,  and  thence  by  Trading  Schooner.  Population 
about  8.MI. 

PENVILLK,  C.  W.,  Co.  SImcoe,  Tp.  Tecumseth.  Go 
to  Newmarket  or  Bradford,  on  Ontario,  SImcoe,  auil 
Huron  Hail  from  Toronto. 

PEHCK,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  In  Gaspe  District.  On  the  South 
Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  facing  the  Gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence.  Traders  from  Quebec.  Population 
about  1500. 

PEKCY,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Northund>erland  Co.  For 
Post-olllce,  etc.,  see  Norham.  Population  about 4(MI. 

PEHUYTOWN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Durham,  Tp.  Hope,  (io  to 
Port  Hope,  on  the  G.  T.  11.      Population  about  I(K|. 

PERTH,  c;.  W.,  Co.  Lanark,  'I'l).  Drumniond.  A 
County  and  Assize  Town.  On  the  itrockville  anil 
Arnprlor  Hallway  now  forming.  Go  to  Brockvilli', 
on  the  G.  T.  H,,  .Montreal  and  Toronto  Section,  mid 
theiu!e  by  Stage  through  Smith  Falls,  about  44 
miles  good  road.     Population  about '2r>00. 

PETERBOROUGH,  C.  W.,  Co.  Peterborough,  Tp. 
North  .Mixiiighan.  The  County  and  Assize  'J'own  of 
Peterborough  County,  do  to  Cobourg,  on  t^ie  (i.  T. 
K.,  and  thence  by  Branch  Hallway  to  I'elerliorougli. 
See  preceding  pages.     Popidatlon  about  4(Mi(i. 

PETEIt.SBUIUl,  C.  W.,  Co.  Waterloo,  Tp.  Wilmnt.  A 
Station  on  the  G.  T.  H.,  tiS)  ndles  from  Toronln. 
Population  about  8<j0. 

PETITE  NATIO.V,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Ottawa  Co.,  be- 
tween Grenvllle  and  Carrlllon.  For  Villages,  Post- 
ollices,  and  route,  see  MontlbeUo,  Papineauville, 
St.  Andre  .\velin,  and  St.  Angellque. 

PHILLIPSBURG  EAST,  C.  E.,  Co.  Mlsslsqurl,  Tp. 
St.  Armand.  On  the  boundary  separating  Caiiaila 
from  the  State  of  Vermont.  St.  John's  on  the 
west  side  of  the  Hlchelieu  Hiver  appears  to  lie  thu 
nearest  Hiiilway  Point.     Population  about  .'lOH. 

PHILLIPSBUHG,  C.  W.,  Co.  Waterhio,  Tp.  Wiliiiot. 
Go  to  Petersburg  (in  tlie  same  township)  by  the  G. 
T.  U.     Po|iidallon  about  KiO. 

PHILLIPSVIhLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Leeds,  Tp.  Bastard,  (io 
to  Lyn,  on  the  G.  T.  K.,  and  thence  bv  road  Xorlli. 

PICKERING,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  Ontario,  with 
Post-olllce  and  .Moi^y  Order  of  the  same  name,  ami 
in  which  are  the  following  Stations  of  the  li.  T.  H.: 
Port  Union,  IT  miles  from  Toronto,  and  French- 
man's Bay,  '21  miles. 

PICTON,  C.  W.  The  County  and  Assize  Town  of 
Prince  Edward's  Co.  Go  to  Belleville  from  the  west 
and  Kingston  from  the  east,  both  SIntlons  nn  the  (I. 
T.  H.,  and  from  either  Station  by  Bay  of  ((ulnte 
Steamer.  See  preceding  jiages.  Population  about 
■2000. 

PIEltCEVILLE,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Yaniaska,  on  the 
South  Shore  of  Lake  St.  Peter,  on  the  Itiver  St.  l.iiw- 
rence.  No  Hallway  can  be  named  as  near.  Go  to 
Quebec  or  .Montreal,  and  thence  by  Steamer. 

PIGEON  HILL,  C.  E.  In  .Missisipiol,  Tp.  St.  Arirmnd, 
on  the  boundary  of  the  State  of  Vermont.  -Nearest 
Uailway,  Point  Lacolle  Station,  8S  miles  from  Mon- 
treal, on  House's  Point  Hallway. 

PILKINGTON,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Wellington  Co.  For 
Town,  Houte,  and  Post-ollice,  see  Elora. 

PIKE  RIVER,  C.  E.,  Co.  Ml.sslsquoi,  Tp.  Stanbrlilge. 
Go  by  Montreal  and  House's  Point  Itaiiway  to  l.a- 
coUe,  !ls  miles  from  Montreal. 

PINE  OlfCHAHD,  C.  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  Whitclmich, 
in  which  Township  are  Aurora  and  Newniarkel, 
both  Stations  on  the  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Huron 
Hail  from  Toronto. 

PINE  HIVEH,  C.  W.,  Co.  Bruce,  Tp.  Huron,  frnnling 
Lake  Huron.  Go  to  Goderich,  44  miles  from  Strat- 
ford, the  Junction  of  the  Toronto  and  Stratford  Sec- 


CANADA:   CITIES,   TOWNS,    AND   VILLAGES. 


m 


Town  of 

1)111  tlif  nesl 

( (111  llietf. 

of  lliiiiite 

itlon  about 

ka,  on  tlie 
|ei-  ^1. 1'S"'" 

■ill-.    Ho  to 
iinier. 
Jl,  Avniand, 
It.     Neiire''' 
1  from  Mon- 

In  Co.    For 

kiuibridge. 
Bwiiy  to  l.a- 

Miil;'liurcli, 
liewnmrket, 
land  Huron 

,  frontini! 
Ifroui  ^tl■al• 
lilt  I'u  I'll  i-ec- 


tlon  of  the  0.  T.  It.  and  of  tlie  DuOTalo  and  Lake 
Union  Ituil. 
I'll T.xitC ltd,  C.  W.     A  Tp.  In  Fionteniio  Co.     For 
Itonte,  I'ost-onices,  and  \  illagcs,  see  Ilrewer's  Mllla, 
IliiininKliutn,  and  I'ltt'M  Ferry. 
IM.A.NT.VtiKNKT,  C.  \V.     A  Tp.  In  Prescott,  North  of 

IDrnwall,  to  whk'h  go  by  the  <i.  T.  U. 
l'l,ATT><Vll,l,K,  C.  \V.,  Co.  0.\ford,  Tp.  lllenhelm,  Is  a 
fetation  on  tlie  IliilValn  and  liiike  Union  Itallwa.v,  10 
miles  from  Paris  Juiielion.     Population  about  OlHK 
I'l.V.MPTON,  C.   \V.      A  Tp.  In  l.ambtan  Co.      For 
|{(]ute,  Villages,  and  Post-olllees,  see  Krroll  and 
IlilUboroiiKli. 
I'dl.ST  AllINO,  V:  W.,  Co,  Welland,  Tp.  Dertle.     Go 

til  Fort  Krie  on  ItnlTalo  and  hake  Huron  Hallway. 
POINT  AI.KXANDKU,  V.  W.,  Co.  Uenfrew,  Tp.  Itoss, 
III!  the  tiouth  ishore  of  Upper  Uttawa.    tjeu  Ayliuer 
Kiist. 
I'OIN  r  AU  CIIKNK,  C.  K.,  Co.  Argenteull,  on  North- 
cast  f'liore  of  Lower  Ottawa.    Cio  to  8t.  Anne's  on 
the  (1.  T.  K. 
POINl"   AU.Y   ANGLAIS,  C.  E.,  Co.  Two  Mountains, 
near  the  eonlluenue  of  the  Kivers  Uttawa  and  tit. 
hawrenee.    (io  to  St.  Anne's  on  the  G.  T.  K.,  or 
Point  Claire,  15  miles  from  Montreal. 
POINT  At  X  TUKMDLKt*,  C.  K.,  (  o.  Uochelaga,  In 

1-le  of  .Montreal.    Go  to  Montreal. 
POINT  AUX  TKKMULKS,  C.  E.,  Co.  Portneuf,  near 
('a|ie  Sante,  on  the  North  Shore  of  the  at.  Lawrence, 
.ibout  'M  niile.s  above  (Juebec. 
POINT  CLAIIIK,  C.  E.,  Co.  Jacques  Cartier.    A  Sta- 
tion on  the  ().  T.  It.,  15  miles  from  Montreal,  (To- 
ronto Section). 
POINT  DU  LAC,  C.  K.,  Co.  St.  Maurice,  on  the  North 
Shore  of  tlie  St.  Lawrence,  at  the  east  end  of  Lake 
St.  Peter,  near  the  Tlirce  Kivers,  at  which  the  Que- 
bec and  Montreal  Steamers  call. 
POINT  FOKTUNE,  C.  E.,  Co.  VandreuU,  In  Kigaud, 
on  the  South-west  Shore  of  the  Ottawa.    Go  to  Van- 
(Ireiiii  by  the  Ci.  T.  I{.,  '24  miles  from  Montreal.    Pop- 
ulation about  1511. 
POINT  LEVI,  C.  E.,  Co.  Levi,  Tp.  Lawzon.    The  Ter- 
minus of  tlie  U.  T.  It.,  opposite  the  City  of  liuebec. 
Piipulation  about  45IIU. 
POINT  LEVI  EAST,  C.  E.     See  Point  Levi. 
POINT  PLATON,  C.  E.,  Co.  Lotblnere,  Tii.  St.  Croix. 
On  Soutli  Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  nearly  opposite 
Tliree  Kivers,  at  which  the  Montreal  and  Quebec 
Sleaniers  call. 
POINT  ST.  PETEK,  C.  E.,  Co.  Gaspe,  Tp.  Malbaie.  a 
point  dividing  Gaspe  from  Mai  Uay  on  the  Lower 
l*t.  Lawrence,  near  the  Ciuif. 
PONTIAC  MILLS,  C.  E.,  Co.  Pontine,  Tp.  Onslow,  on 
North  Sliore  of  Ottawa  Kiver.    Go  to  Ottawa  City 
by  tlie  Kailway  from  I'rescott  Junction  of  tlie  O.  T. 
11.,  and  tlience  by  Stage  to  Aylnier  East. 
POIll'At.E  I)U  FOKT,  C.  E.,  Co.  Pontiac,  Tp.  Litch- 
lielil,  north  of  tlie  Grand  Calumet  Island  on  the 
V|ilier  Ottawa.     For  route,  see  Avimer  East. 
POUT  ALllEItT,  C.  W.,  Co.  Huron,  Tp.  Ashtieid,  front- 
ln)(  Lake  Huron.     Go  to  (ioderleli,  44  miles  from 
i'liaifurd,  the  Junction  of  the  lluU'alo  and  Lake 
llinoii  and  G.  T.  Hallways. 
I'Oltr  AU  PEUSIL,  ('.  E.,  Co.  Charlevoix,  Tp.  Mount 
Munay,  on  North  Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  about 
8ii  miles  below  Quebec,  near  Murray  Bay,  where  the 
Loiver  St.  Lawrence  Steamers  call. 
POUT  ItltUCE,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Elgin,  Tp.  Malahlde.    Go 
to  Port  Stanley,  now  connected  with  the  G.  W.  K. 
Iiy  Uraiicii  Kailway  to  London.    Population  about 
'M. 
POUT  IIURWF.LL,  C.  W.,  Co.  Elgin,  Tp.  Dayham,  ad- 
joining Towiisliip  to  Maialiide.    See  Port  Uruce  for 
route.     Population  about  !»U0. 
PORT  COLBORNE,  C.  \V.,Co.  Weliand,  Tp.  Hum- 
bersto..e.     A  Station  fronting  Lake  Erie  on  Hulfaio 
ami  Lake  Huron  Kailway,  t)4  miles  from  Paris  Junc- 
tion of  tlie  G.  \V.  K.,  and  90  miles  from  Stratford 
Juiiotinii  of  the  G.  T.  II.     Population  about  SlIO. 
PttliT  CIIEDIT,  C.  \V.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  Ktobicoke.     A 
Station,  \'H  miles  from  Toronto  City,  on  U.  W.  U. 
I'opulatioii  aliout  4(K). 
PORT  DALHOUSIE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lincoln,  Tp.  Oran- 
tliani.    A  Port  on  North  Shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  op- 
posite Toronto,  now  connected  by  a  Kailway  Uranch 
with  tile  V,.  W.  It.     Population  about  SOU. 
POUT  DANIEL,  C.  E.     A  Tp.  in  Itonaventure,  at  en- 
trance of  the  l!ay  of  Chaleurs  from  the  Gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence.    Traders  from  Quebec. 


PORT  DOVER,  C!.  W.,  Co.  Norfolk,  Tp.  Woodhouie. 
A  Port  on  North  i^liore  of  Lake  Erie.  Go  to  Simcoe 
by  Stage  from  Urantford,  and  theuce  on.  Popula- 
tion aliout  Uilll. 

POKT  ELMSLEY,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lanark,  Tp.  Elmsley. 
Go  to  Khigsion  by  the  G.  T.  It.,  and  thence  by  Itld- 
eau  Canal  Steame  h,  through  Smith  Fails,  oi  to 
llrockviile  liy  same  section  of  the  G.  T.  It.,  and  ou 
by  Smith  Falls'  Stage. 

POKT  IIOOVEK,  C.  W'.,  Co.  Durham,  Ti>.  Cartwrlght. 
Go  to  Uowmanvllle  on  the  G.  T.  K.,  48  miles  from 
Toronto.     Population  about  100. 

PORT  HOPE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Durham,  Tp.  Hope.  A 
main  and  Telegraph  Station  in  the  G.  T.  K.,  (i'J 
miles  from  Toronto ;  a  leading  Port  on  Lake  On- 
tario, at  which  the  Itoyal  Mail  Steamers  regularly 
call  dally ;  also  Steamers  for  Rochester,  N.  Y. 
llrancii  Kailway  from  hence  to  Lindsay.  See  pre- 
ceding pages.     Population  about  5lillO. 

POKTLAND,  C.  \V.  A  Tp.  in  Frontenac  Co.  For 
Kuute,  Villages,  and  Pust-oUlces,  see  Harrowsmtth 
and  Murvale. 

POKTLAND,  C.  W.,  Co.  Leeds,  Tp.  Bastard.  Go  to 
Landsdowne  on  the  O.  T.  It.,  155  miles  from  Mon- 
treal.   Population  about  15<). 

POKT  MAITLAND,  C.  W.,  Co.  Ilaldlmand,  Tp.  Sher- 
bruoke,  a  port  on  Lake  Erie.  (!o  to  Dunnviile  Sta- 
tion on  the  BulTalo  and  Lake  Huron  Kail,  45  miles 
from  Paris  Junction  of  the  G.  Vi.  It.,  and  7T  miles 
from  Stratford  Junction  of  tliu  G.  T.  K.  PopuUtloD 
about  511. 

POUT  MILFOKD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Prince  Edward,  Tp. 
Marysburg.  Mllford  fronts  Lake  Ontario ;  but  the 
Steamers  call  at  Plcton,  on  Bay  of  Quinte.  See  Pic- 
ton  for  direct  route. 

POKT  NELStJN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Halton,  Tp.  Nelson.  A 
Port  on  Lake  Ontario.  Go  to  Wellington  Square,  a 
Stathin  of  the  G.  W.  It.,  in  the  same  Towusldp,  T 
miles  from  Hamilton. 

POKTNEUF,  C.  E.  A  Port  in  Co.  Portneuf,  on  North 
Shore  of  St.  Lawrence,  about  :jll  iiiiUs  above  Que- 
bec. Steamers  pass  near  Cape  Saiite.  Population 
about  751). 

POKT  PEKKY,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Ontario,  Tp.  Reach.  Go 
to  Whitby,  on  tlie  ci.  T.  It.,  about  lit)  miles  from 
Toronto. 

PORT  ROBINSON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Weliand,  Tp.  Tho- 
rold.  A  tliriviiig  business  place.  .Money  Order 
Olllce.  Go  to  Tliorohl,  a  Station  on  tlie  G.  W.  K., 
about  tU  miles  from  Hamilton  C'ilv. 

PORT  ROWAN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Norfolk,  Tp.  VValslng- 
iiaiu.  A  Port  on  Lake  Erie.  Go  to  Simcoe  by 
Brantford  Stage  from  Braiitford  Station  of  the  Buf- 
falo and  Lake  Huron  Kailway.  Population  about 
450. 

POKT  IIOYAL,  C.  W.,  Co.  Norfolk,  Tp.  Walsingham. 
See  Port  Rowan. 

PORT  KYERSE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Norfolk,  Tp.  Woodhouse. 
A  Port  on  Lake  Erie,  South  of  Simcoe,  the  County 
Town,  to  wliicli  go  by  Stage  from  Brantford  Station, 
on  the  liutfaio  and  Lake  Huron  Railway. 

PORTS.MOCTII,  C.  W.,  Co.  Frontenac,  Tp.  Kingston. 
A  Suburb  of  tlie  City  of  Kingston  with  daily  Stage 
coniiection.  (io  to  Kingston  City  by  Steamers  from 
Montreal,  Toronto,  and  Cape  Vincent,  or  by  G.  T. 
R.     Population  aliout  (iOO. 

PORT  ST.  FRANCIS,  C.  E.  In  Nicolet.  A  Port  on 
the  South  Shore  of  St.  Lawrence,  at  the  East  end 
of  Lake  St.  Peter,  8-3  miles  below  Montreal,  a  usual 
place  of  call  for  the  (iuebec  and  Montreal  Steam- 
ers, about  '25  miles  distant  from  Arthabaska,  on  the 
G.  T.  U. 

PORT  SARNIA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lambton,  Tp.  Sarnla. 
The  Port  on  Lake  Huron,  destined  as  the  Terminus 
of  tlie  Cr.  T.  It.  and  Ct.  W.  U.  Go  to  Stratford  by 
the  Uufl'aio  and  Lake  Huron,  or  by  the  G.  T.  It., 
Toronto  and  Stratford  Section.  A  Branch  of  St. 
Mary's  from  London,  on  the  G.  W.  R.,is  near  com- 
pletion. 

PORT  STANLEY,  C.  W.,  Co.  Elgin,  Tp.  Yarmouth. 
A  leading  Canadian  Port  on  Lake  Erie  for  tlie  City 
of  London,  with  which  it  is  now  connected  by 
Branch  Railway.  Go  to  London  by  G.  W.  It, 
Steamer  from  here  to  Cleveland,  Olilo,  3  times 
weekl.v. 

PORT  UNION.  A  Station  on  the  O.  T.  R.,  17  miles 
from  Toronto  City,  between  Scarborougii  East  and 
Pickering.  (No  Post-oUice  under  that  name.)  Pop- 
ulation about  80.  . 


li ;..'', 
i  I.  ' 


1      ■■  ,  '1 


66 


CANADA:    CITIES,   TOWNS,   AND   VILLAGES. 


PORT  TALBOT,  C.  W.,  Co.  Elglii,  Tp.  Dunwloli.  Go 
to  Kkfrlil,  III!  the  U.  W.  It.,  about  05  m\h»  from 
Hanilltuii  City. 

POTTON,  V.  K.  A  Tp.  In  Brome  Co.  Sue  Houtli 
I'uttdii, 

PRESCOTT,  0.  K.,  Co.  Gronvllle,  Tp.  Aiigunta.  A 
Muiii  1111(1  Telt'graph  SiHtloii  of  tliu  (1.  T.  It.  nml 
Jlinutloii  of  the  Otiitwii  Itiiilwity,  M  iiMvs  rrniii  Ot- 
tiiwii  I'lty,  2l;l  iiiilea  rniiii  Montreal,  anil  'i'.f(l  iiillea 
from  Toronto,  opposite  OKdeiishurK,  which  U  the 
Terminus  of  the  Northern  Kuilwuy  from  Itouse'H 
Point;  iilHO  Port  on  St.  Lawrence,  at  which  all 
Canuiilan  tituamers  call,  tjee  preceding  pages. 
Population  about  4(H10. 

PRESTON,  C.  W.,Co.  Waterloo,  Tp.  Waterloo.  Go 
to  ParU  by  the  G.  W.  It.,  or  by  tliv  llull'alo  ami 
Lake  Huron,  anil  thence  by  G.  W.  It.  Ilranch  for 
Pre.ston  and  Gait.     Population  about  18(10. 

PUICKVILLK,  0.  W.,  Co.  Grey,  Tp.  Artemesla.  In 
the  centre  of  the  North-west  District  or  Hue  of  pro- 
poaeil  Central  Itailway  from  Toronto  to  Gwen'H 
Sound.  No  station  at  present  adjacent,  but  Col- 
f  llngwood  or  Nottawasaga,  both  on  the  Untarlo, 
Sinicoe,  anil  Hurou  Hallway  from  Toronto,  would 
prove  moat  eligible. 

PKINCKTON,  V.  W.,  Co.  Oxford,  Tp.  Blenheim.  A 
Station  on  the  G.  W.  K.,  about  7  ndles  from  Paris 
Junction  of  G.  W.  It  and  UuD'alo  and  Lake  Huron 
Railway. 

PltuyPKOT,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lanark,  Tp.  Beckwlth.  Go  to 
jSmith's  Falls  by  Itideau  steamers  from  Kingston, 
C.  W.,  or  by  Stage  from  Brockvlllc,  on  the  G.  T.  K. 
Population  about  75. 

PllOroN,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Grey.  Go  to  Guelph,  on 
the  G.  T.  R.,  and  thence  by  i^tuge  North. 

PUSLINCH,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Wellington,  close  to 
Guelph,  to  which  go  by  G.  T.  K. 


Q 

QUEBFC,  C.  E.    For  description,  sec  elsewhere. 

QUKIIFX'  COUNTY,  C.  K.,  with  Quebec,  City  as  the 
Capital — fronts  the  St.  Lawrence  on  the  South — Is 
bounded  on  the  North  by  Chlcoutiml,  and  the  un- 
settled district  of  Lake  Qulnquamacksls,  on  the 
West  by  County  Portneuf,  and  on  the  East  by 
County  Montmorencl. 

QUEENSBOitOUGH,  C.  W.,  Co.  Hastings,  Tp.  Elze- 
vir. Go  to  Madoc  by  Stage  from  Belleville,  which 
Is  a  Main  Station  on  the  G.  T.  It.  Section,  tM  miles 
from  Montreal. 

QUEENSTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Welland,  Tp.  NlaRara.  Go 
to  Niagara  by  G.  W.  R.,  about  4i<  miles  from  Ham- 
ilton, and  thence  by  Erie  and  Ontario  Railway  to 
Queenston,  8  miles,  or  go  by  Steamer  Zimmerman 
from  Toronto. 

QUEKNSVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  East  Gwlllira- 
bury.  (io  to  Holland  Landing,  which  is  a  Station 
in  the  same  Township  on  the  Ontario,  Slmcoe,  and 
Huron  Railway  from  Toronto. 


n 

RAGLAN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Ontario.  In  Whitby  Township, 
In  which  Is  the  Port  Whitby  Station  of  the  G.  T.  R. 
Population  about  8U0. 

RAILTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Frontenac.  Go  to  Khigston 
by  the  G.  T.  R.,  Montreal  and  Toronto  Section,  or 
by  Steamers  from  Eiuft  and  West,  and  across  from 
Cape  Vincent.     Population  about  lIU). 

RAIMIA.U  AND  RAINllAM  CENTRE,  C.  W.,  Co. 
Haldlmand,  both  in  Rainhaiu  Tp.,  fronting  Lake 
Erie.  Go  to  Caiuville  or  llunnville  by  the  BuBalo 
and  Lake  Huron  Railway.     Population  about  21)0. 

RAPIDES  DES  JOIACHI.MS,  C.  K.,  Co.  Ponllac,  Tp. 
Aberileen.  Above  Pembroke,  with  communication 
from  Ayliner  East  (which  see),  by  tlie  Upper  Otta- 
wa Union  Forwarding  Company.  Population  about 
60. 

RAi'HO,  C.  W.,  Co.  O.vford,  Tp.  Blandford.  (io  to 
Princeton,  on  the  G.  W.  It.,  or  to  Plattsville,  on  the 
BulMo  anil  Lake  Huron  Railway. 

RAVENSWOOU,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lanibton,Tp.  Bosanquet, 
fronting  Lake  Hurou,  in  Port  Sarnia  District.  Itail- 
way Incomplete.  See  St.  Mary's,  Blanshard,  or 
Stratford. 

RAWUON,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Montcalm,  on  North  Shore 


of  St.  Lawrence,  In  St.  Maurice  District.  Go  to 
Montreal  by  G.  T.  R.,  or  Steamers  from  Quebec  and 
Toronto.     Population  about 'A'>iKl. 

RKACII,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Ontario.  Go  to  Port 
Whitby,  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

READlNtI,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wellington,  Tp.  Garufraxa. 
Go  to  Itockwood,  on  the  G.  \V.  R.,  or  to  Guelph, 
and  thence  by  Garafra.\a  Gravel  Road.  Popula- 
tion anout  '20. 

REAR  OF  CHATHAM,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  In  Argenteull. 
For  route,  etc.,  see  Dalesvllle. 

REDNERSVILLK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Prince  Edward.  In  the 
Tp.  of  Auiellusburg,  which  see.  Population  about 
loo. 

RENFREW,  C.  W.,  Co.  Renfrew.  A  rising  Vllliigo 
in  a  new-settled  District,  with  .Moniy  Orilir  Olliie, 
etc.,  in  the  Township  of  Horton.  (io  to  Firrall's 
Landing  or  Bonne  (here  Point  on  Ijiper  Ottawa. 
For  route,  see  Aylmer  East ;  see  also  "  Free  (Iraiit 
Lands,  named  as  tlie  Capital  Town  for  the  County 
Renfrew.     Population  about  ^Vl. 

REPENTIONY,  C.  E.  In  L'Assumption.  On  North 
Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  near  Montreal,  to  wliich 
RO- 

RESTIGOUCHE,  V.  K.  At  the  upper  end  of  the  Hay 
of  Chaleurs.     For  Post-olllce,  etc.,  see  Cross  Point. 

RU'EVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Prescott,  T|i.  Plantagenet, 
widch  see.     Population  about  lOO. 

RICHMOND,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Lennox.  For  principal 
Town  and  Railway  Station,  see  Napanee  ;  also,  for 
Poat-otllces,  see  Itoblln,  Selby,  and  Bowen.  Popu- 
lation about  2'20O. 

RICHMOND  HILL,  V.  W.,  Co.  York,Tp.  Vaugliim. 
On  the  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Huron  Rnil.  Stiigej 
also  run  from  Toronto  daily,  e.vcept  Sundays.  Pop- 
ulation about  i)00. 

RICHMOND  WEST,  C.  W.,  Co.  Carlelon,  Tp.  (inul- 
bornc.  Go  to  Kell.v's  Station  or  North  Osgoode  by 
the  (Jttawa  and  Prescott  Railway,  from  the  (I.  T.  It. 
at  Prescott,  or  by  Rldeau  Canal  Steamers  tliat  ply 
between  Kingston,  Smith's  Falls,  and  Ottawa.  Pop- 
ulation about  (iOO. 

RICIIVIEW,  C.  W.,  Co.  Peel,  Tp.  Toronto  Gore,  do 
to  Malton  by  the  G.  T.  R.,  Toronto  and  Stratforil 
Section,  or  to  Mlndoo,  on  the  (i.  W.  It.  The  'I'onn- 
Bhlp  being  in  the  vicinity  of  Toronto  City,  betwein 
the  two  Railways  mentioned.    Po)>ulation  about  4i>. 

RlCinVOOD,  0.  W.,  Co.  0.\ford,  North  Kiilin).',  Tp. 
Blenheim,  (io  to  Drumbo,  on  the  IluH'alo  ami  l.akt! 
Huron  Railway,  U  miles  from  the  Paris  Junction  uf 
that  Itailway  and  the  G  W.  R.  Population  aljuut 
150. 

RIDGETOWN,  0.  W.,  Co.  Kent,  Tp.  Howard.  Oo  to 
Thamesville,  on  the  G.  T.  It.     Population  about  :!oii. 

RIQAUD,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  In  Vandreuil,  between  tlie 
Ottawa  and  St.  Lawrence  Rivers.  Go  to  Vainlreuil, 
on  the  G.  T.  it.    Population  about  ■'iOO. 

RIMOUSKI,  C.  E.  A  Town  and  Tp.  in  Co.  liininu- 
ski,  fronting  the  St.  Lawrence,  below  the  conlluoiice 
of  the  Saguenay,  on  the  proposed  continuation  of 
the  (r.  T.  it.  from  St.  Thomas  to  Nova  Scotia.  Vts- 
sels  from  Quebec.     Population  about  .^OOli. 

RINGWOOD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Whitchurch,  Tp.  Whiti  hurcli. 
In  which  are  Aurora,  Newmarket,  both  Stations  on 
the  Ontario,  Slmcoe,  and  Huron  Railway  from  To- 
ronto.    Population  about  'JOO. 

RIVER  DAVID,  C.  E.  A  i'o.it-otrice  In  Yaniaslii 
Near  a  Tributary  to  the  River  St.  Francis,  wlilili 
(lows  into  I.,ake  St.  I'eter  (St.  liawrence),  lietwocii 
Montreal  and  Three  Rivers.    I'opulation  ahoul  ."KliK). 

RIVER  DESERT,  C.  E.,  Co.  Ottawa.  On  the  Xorlh 
Shore  of  Ottawa  River.  Go  to  Petite  Nation  1)/ 
Steamer  from  Montreal. 

RIVER  ST.  LOUIS,  C.  E.  In  St.  Louis,  Co.  Boaulmr- 
nols.  On  the  Soutli  Shore  of  the  SI.  Lawreiue  a 
little  above  Montreal,  opposite  St.  Aim'.s,  to  nhlch 
go  by  ((.  T.  R. 

RIVERSDALE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Bruce,  Tp.  (Ireenocli. 
Near  Saugeen.  Go  to  (iuelpli  by  tlie  (I.  T.  I!.,  and 
thence  North  bv  Stage.     I'oiiiilatloii  about  '>>>. 

RIVIERE  AU.V  CANARDS,  C.  E.  In  (  hiiiievul.'C. 
On  the  North  iore  of  tlie  St.  Lawrence,  lunr  llie 
continence  of  ■.„■  Saguenay,  about  00  miles  beloff 
Queliec.    Steamers  pass. 

RIVIERE  DES  PRAIRIES,  C.  E.  In  Isle  of  Montreal. 
On  the  St.  Lawrence,  dividing  the  Isle  of  .le.sui  from 
Isle  of  Montreal,  (io  to  Montreal  by  .Steamer  or 
(J.  T.  R.     Population  about  MO. 

RIVIERE  DU  LOUP,  en  bas,  C.  £.    A  favouritu 


Watering : 

rence,  In  T 

In  wlilth,  I 

Saguenay, 

Saguenay  i 

(Juebee,     'I 

Telegraph 

of  II, .•  Cai 

the,*-  ;    rlve 

RIVIERE  Dl 

onge  DIstrl 

rence,  forii 

the  country 

above  Thri 

.Montreal  SI 

RIVlfeRE  01 

South  Slior 

below  St.  Tl 

T.  It.  from  I 

HOUINSON,  I 

the  East  of  s 

alforils  best 

IIOIILIN,  C.  V 

Napanee,  oi 

UOCIIESTER, 

Puce,  on  tilt 

minus  (it  Wl 

ROt'KKORD,  ( 

to  ilrantford 

way,  and  tin 

IIOCKTON,  C. 

to  Diindas,  c 

of  Hamilton. 

HOCKWOOD, 

A  Stallon  on 

and  8  miles  f 

nohPii,  c.  w 

ollice,  route, 
ROLPII,  C.  W., 
gouth  of  the 
soil  Station  o 
lion,  and  '29  ^ 
ROCK  PORT,  C 
Mullory  Towi 
HOMNEV,  C.  >V 
Erie.     Go  to 
.'Stations  on  tli 
ROXDKAU,  C. 
Cliathani,  on 
RO.SKDANK,  C. 
llnmlford,  on 
RO.SKTTA,  V.  \ 
Brockville,  on 
Population  ab 
ROSKVLLK,  (  . 
North  Dumfrl 
falo  and  Lak 
lalion  about  i 
ROSM.V,  C.   W 
llellevllle,  on 
RO.S!<,  C.  W.     A 
Shore  of  the 
of  Railway  fi 
present  route, 
ROTIISAY,  0.  H 
Go  to  (tuelpli 
O'.Vell's  Stages 
ROUGE  HILL,  I 
Oo  to  Frenchir 
the  (J.  T.  it. 
ROUOKMONT, 
Go  to  St.  mill 
about  250. 
ROUVILLK,  C.  E 
St.  Oiesaire.     1 
triot  elsewhere 
ROWAN   MILLS, 
liaiH.    Near  La 
to  ilrantford,  o 
tlience  by  stagi 
ROXUO ROUGH  ] 
adjoining  Town 
„  Willi,  on  the  G. 
RO.VTON,  0.   E., 

which  see. 
RO.XTON  FALLSj 
Go  to  Acton,  01 
treai.    Populuti 
Rl'SSUL,  C.  W 


Oo  to 

Hit  aid. 
II  tlie 
iiiidreuil, 

liininu- 
iilliitiice 
latiiin  lit 
Vcs- 

cliiircli. 
timis  on 
Hill  To- 

niiiskii. 
,  wliii'li 
lelwecii 

KlUt.VIIH). 

le  North 
ili.ui  by 


iri'i'nook. 
K.,  lui'l 
:  rio. 

iiirli'vois. 
■Ill-  llic 
ts  lielovf 


favourito 


CANADA:    CITIES,    TOWNS,    AND   VILLAGES. 


07 


Watering  Plncc  on  the  Soutli  Shor«  of  the  St.  hnvr- 
reiici',  III  Ti'iiilxcoiiiitii;  wlieru  tli«  Itlvvr  Ih  'JII  inllvK 
in  width,  lii'lni;  iiuiirly  niipiiHitc  thi.'  iiKiiith  of  the 
BugiK-im.v,  lilil  iiilli's  hfliiw  (Jiii'licc.  (in  by  the 
yuKiii'iiay  anil  l.mvt'r  St.  i,ii«reiici'.  Sti'nim'r«  from 
QiU'hcc.  Tlil.'i  In  the  pri'Mt'iit  Ti'iinliiiiH  of  Klci'trio 
Teli'ifriiph  coinnmiilciitloii,  from  whence  the  arrival 
of  tl.  '  (lanudlim  Mall  Sti'iiiners  1»  iinniiaiK'eil,  ati 
tlii'.V  :    rive  friiiii  !,lver|iool.    I'opnlatloii  about  ilKM). 

RIVIEKK  1)U  U)U1'  KN  HAUT,  0.  E.  lu  M'..'„ln- 
oiige  Dl.^trlct.  On  the  North  Shore  of  t'.c-  St.  Uiw- 
reiice,  forming  part  of  the  St.  Mauiiee  Seetlon  of 
the  country,  fronting  Lake  St.  I'eter,  iiliout  U  iiiUes 
Hliove  Three  Ulvera;  u  Port  for  the  ({uehec  unil 
Montreal  Steamers,  which  UHually  call  there. 

mVlfcKK  OUKhLK,  V.  K.  In  Kiiniouriwka.  On  the 
Houth  Shore  of  the  St.  Liiwreiice,  about  Till  iiiUeii 
below  St.  ThoniHB,  the  KaHtprii  Ternilniis  of  the  O. 
T.  K.  from  (iuebec.     Population  about  AHlKI. 

ROIUN'SON,  C.  K.,  Co.  t'oiiipton,  Tp.  Hiiry.  flo  to 
the  Kast  of  Sherhrooke,  which  Station  on  the  O.  T.  K. 
nllords  best  coinmur.lcatlon.     Population  about  IIMI. 

KOllIilN,  0.  W.,  Co.  Leniio.t,  Tp.  Itlchmonil.  Oo  to 
Napaiice,  on  the  (1.  T.  U. 

ROCIIKSTKK,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Essex  Co.  Oo  to 
Puce,  on  the  O.  W.  K.,  about  Ul  miles  from  the  Ter- 
minus at  Windsor. 

ROCKKOUD,  0.  W.,  Co.  Norfolk,  Tp.  Townsend.  Go 
to  llrnntford,  on  the  liulfalo  and  Lake  Huron  Rail- 
way, and  thence  by  Slmcoe  Stage. 

ROCKTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wcntworth,  Tp.  Heverley.  Go 
to  Dundas,  on  the  ii.  T.  K,,  -4^  miles  from  the  City 
of  Hamilton.     Population  about  l.'si. 

ROCKWOOl),  C.  W.,  Co.  Wellington,  Tp.  Eramoaa. 
A  i^tatlon  on  the  G.  T.  U.,  42  miles  from  Toronto, 
and  a  miles  from  Guelph.     Population  about  4(HI. 

ROLPII,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Uenfrcw  Co.  For  Post- 
oIlicH,  route,  etc.,  see  Point  Alexander. 

ROhPlI,  C.  W.,  t;o.  Norfolk,  Tp.  Mlddleton.  Lying 
South  of  the  G.  W.  K.  some  'JO  miles.  Try  Inger- 
soil  Station  on  that  Hallway,  1!)  miles  east  of  Lou; 
(Ion,  and  '2!1  West  of  Paris  Junction. 

ROl'Kl'OKT,  C.  W.,  Co.  Leeds,  Tp.  Escott.  Go  to 
Mullory  Town,  on  the  G.  T.  K. 

ROMNKV,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Kent  Co.,  fronting  Lake 
Krie.  Oo  to  Belle  Klver  or  Uaptlste  Creek,  both 
Stations  on  the  G.  W.  U.,  near  Wliidsm-. 

RONUKAU,  C.  W.,  Co.  Kent,  Tp.  Harwich.  Go  to 
Cliatham,  on  the  O.  W.  K. 

ROSKUANK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Brant,  Tp.  Brantford.  Oo  to 
llrnntford,  on  the  Bulfalo  and  Lake  Huron  Railway. 

ROSKTTA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lanark,  Tp.  Lanark.  Go  to 
Brockviile,  on  the  G.  T.  U.,  and  by  Stage  to  Perth. 
Pii|)Ulatlon  about  (ill. 

ROSKVLLK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Waterloo,  South  Uldlng,  Tp. 
North  Dumfries.  Go  to  Paris  Junction  of  the  Buf- 
falo and  Lake  Huron  and  G.  W.  Hallways.  Popu- 
lation about  T5. 

ROShIN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Hastings,  Tp.  Thurlow.  Go  to 
Iteilevllle,  on  the  O.  T.  R. 

RO.SS,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Renfrew  Co.  On  the  South 
Shore  of  the  Upper  Ottawa,  on  the  projected  line 
of  Railway  from  Arnprlor  to  Pembroke,  For 
present  route,  see  Aylmer  Kast. 

ROTIISAY,  0.  W.,  Co.  Wellington,  Tp.  Maryborough. 
Go  to  Guelph,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  and  thence  by 
O'.Neli's  Stages  for  all  places  North-west. 

ROUGK  HILL,  C.  W.,  Co.  Ontario,  Tp.  Pickering. 
Oo  to  Frenchman's  Bay,  21  miles  from  Toronto,  on 
the  G.  T.  R.     Population  about  50. 

ROUOEMONT,  C.  K.,  Co.  RouvUle,  Tp.  St.  Ca>saire. 
Go  to  St.  Hlllttlre,  on  the  G.  T.  R.  Population 
atiout  2.50. 

ROUVILLE,  C.  E.  See  Abhotsford,  Rougeraont,  and 
St.  Oiesalre.  Villages  and  Post-ollices  in  the  Dis- 
trict elsewhere  noticed. 

ROWAN  MILLS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Norfolk,  Tp.  Walsing- 
hiiiii.  Near  Lake  Erie,  South  of  any  Railway.  Oo 
to  Brantford,  on  the  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron,  and 
thence  by  Stage  to  Slmcoe.     Population  about  IMO. 

ROXllOltOUGH  AND  ROXBOUOUGH  WEST.  Two 
adjoining  Townshli)8  in  Co.  Stormont.  Oo  to  Corn- 
wall, on  the  G.  T.  R.     Population  about  25(H). 

ROXTON,  C.  E.,  commonly  called  South  Roxton, 
wliich  see. 

ROXTON  FALLS,  C.  E.,  Co.  ShefTord,  Tp.  Roxton. 
Go  to  Acton,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  41)  miles  from  Mon- 
treal.   Population  about  500. 

RUSSELL,  C.  W.    A  Tp.  in  Co.  Bi'SscU.    Go  to  Dick- 


enson's Landing  or  Cornwall,  both  Statloni  on  tho 

0.  T.  R. 
RUSSELL  TOWN,  ('.  E.,  Co.  Chateauguay.     Go  to 

Sherrington  Station,  M2  miles  Irom  Montreal,  on  the 

Montreal  and  I'lattsburg  Hall. 
RYCK.MANS  COHNEKS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wentworth,  Tp. 

Olanford.     (ii>  to  .MiddUport,  on  the  Buffalo  and 

Lake  Huron  Hallway. 


s 

ST.  ADELE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Terrebonne,  Tp.  Abercromble. 
North  of  Isle  Jesus,  opposite  Montreal.  Oo  to 
Montreal  by  Steamer  or  O.  T.  R.  Population  about 
14(H). 

ST.  AGATHA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Waterloo,  South  Riding,  Tp. 
Wllniot.  Go  to  Petersburg,  on  the  G.  T.  R.  Pop- 
ulatlim  about  Tno. 

ST.  AI.ME,  C.  E.,  Co.  Richelieu.  Oo  to  Sorel,  on  the 
St.  Lawrence,  at  the  conlluence  of  River  Richelieu 
and  St.  Lawrence,  by  the  Steamers  that  ply  between 
Montreal  and  Queliec.     Po|iulatlon  about  5llU. 

ST.  ALE.XANDRE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Kamouraska.  On  South 
Shore  of  St.  Lawrence,  below  Quebec  about  70 
miles.  St.  Thomas  Station,  44  miles  below  Queheo, 
on  the  O.  T.  R.,  is  the  nearest  Railway  point.  Pop- 
ulation about  IDOO. 

ST.  ALEXANDRE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Iberville.  Go  to  St. 
John's,  on  opposite  Shore  of  River  Richelieu,  on 
the  Chaniplaln  and  St.  Lawrence  Railway,  21  miles 
from  Montreal.     Population  about  2iM). 

ST.  ALEXIS,  C.  E.,  Co.  Montcalm,  Tp.  St.  Sulpice. 
In  the  St.  Maurice  Section,  North  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence, nearly  opposite  Montreal,  and  near  Assump- 
tion, to  which  go.     Population  about  15(10. 

ST.  ALPHONSE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Jollette,  North  of  St.  Law- 
rence, in  the  St.  Maurice  district,  at  the  back  of 
Berthier  en  haut,  which  see.   Population  about  1700. 

ST.  ANDRE,  Co.  Kamouraska,  fronting  South  Shore 
of  the  St.  Lawrence,  opposite  Murray  Bay,  to 
which  go  by  Steamers  from  Quebec.  Steaiuera 
usually  call  at  Kamouraska. 

ST.  ANDHE  AVELIN,  C.  E.,  Co.  Ottawa,  Tp.  Petite 
Nation.  On  North-east  Shore  of  Lower  Ottawa. 
Oo  by  Steamers  from  Montreal.  I'opulation  about 
125. 

ST.  ANDREW'S  EAST,  G.  E.,  Co.  ArgenteuU. 
Railway  projected.  On  North-east  Shore  of  River 
Ottawa,  near  conlluence  with  the  St.  Lawrence, 
•steamers  touch  on  the  way  to  and  from  Montreal. 
Population  about  1250. 

ST.  ANDREW'S  WEST,  C.  W.,  Co.  Stormont,  Tp. 
Cornwall.  Go  to  Cornwall,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  08 
miles  from  Montreal,  7  miles  from  Cornwall. 

ST.  ANGELKJUE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Ottawa,  Tp.  Petite  Na- 
tion. On  North-east  Shore  of  Ottawa  River.  Go 
by  Steamer  from  Montreal. 

ST.  ANICET,  C.  E.,  Co.  Huntingdon,  In  Godmanches- 
ter,  which  see. 

ST.  ANNE  BOUT  DE  L'ISLE,  C.  E.  In  Jacques  Car- 
tier,  Isle  of  Montreal,  on  the  St.  Lawrence.  A  Sta- 
tion on  the  a.  T.  R.,  21  miles  from  the  City. 

ST.  ANNE  DE  LA  PARADE,  C.  E.  In  Chiimpiain. 
Oo  to  Mooer's  Junction,  on  Montreal  and  Platts- 
burg  Rail,  47  miles  from  .Montreal. 

ST.  ANN  DES  MONTES,  C.  E.  A  Settlement.  In 
Oaspe  or  Cape  St.  Anne,  on  South  Shore  of  St.  Law- 
rence, near  Cape  Chatts.  Oo  liy  Steamers  or  Tra- 
ders from  Quebec,  about  170  miles.  I'opulation 
about  13000. 

ST.  ANN  DES  PLAINES,  C.  E.  In  Terrebonne,  on 
North  Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  opposite  Isle  Je- 
sus. Go  to  Montreal  by  Steamer  or  G.  T.  R.  Pop- 
ulation about  20110. 

ST.  ANNE  LA  POCATliiRE,  C.  E.  In  St.  Anne's 
Bay,  in  Kamouraska.  A  Settlement  on  the  South 
Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence.  Steamers  touch  at 
Kamouraska,  and  occasionally  at  St.  Anne,  from 
Quebec ;  and  St.  Thomas  Station  of  the  O.  T.  R.  is 
about  25  miles  distant. 

ST.  ANNE'S,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lincoln,  Tp.  Oainsliorongh. 
Go  to  Beamsville,  on  the  G.  W.  R.  Population 
about  1.50. 

ST.  ANSELME,  C.  E.  In  Dorchester  Co.  Go  to 
Craig's  Road  Station  of  the  O.  T.  R.,  15  miles  from 
Point  Levi.     Population  about  3000. 

ST.  ANTOINE  LOTBINlfcRE,  C.  E.  In  Lotblniire, 
on  South  Shore  of  St.  Lawrence,  15  miles  above 


V  V\ 


':'r 


68 


CANADA  :   0ITIK8,   TOWNS,    AND   VILLAGES. 


Quctipo,  to  wtilch  (?!>  Iiy  Hli'itmcr  or  liy  (1.  T.  K.,  to 
C'ralg'x  Itniid  Sliitlun,  I.N  iiiilin  fniin  I'lilnt  tiivi. 

8T.  ANTOINK,  lilVKll  ItlCIIKMKIJ,  ('.  K.,  to.  Vcr- 
chiri's.      (Ill   Ihi'   Himlli   nf   8t.    Liiwri'iu'«,   hclciw 

.  Moiitrnil.  (in  ti)  St.  Illlliilrf  by  thu  (I.  T.  U.,  17 
mill's  friim  Monlii'iil. 

8T.  AKMANK  CKNTIIH,  C,  K,  In  MlsslfKiuol,  on  the 
Iwrilirn  of  the  Slate  of  Vermont,  (io  to  Ooni|itoii, 
on  the  ().  T.  It.,  Montreal  iinil  I'urtliind  Section, 
110  mllea  from  Montreal,  tlienee  to  (hiirleston  f) 
inilex,  to  Stanxtead  Plain  U  inllvH. 

VX.  Ait.MAND'S.  See  Krellekulinrg  iinil  8t.  Armiinil 
Centre.     I'opnlitllon  ulxint  lllil. 

BT.  AltSKSK,  C.  K.  Ill  TeiiiUeonatii  Co.,  near  Cn- 
couna,  where  the  Sleamerii  toiieli  from  (Jiieliee,  anil 
where  there  U  acei>iiiiiioilatlon.  i'opiilatiun  of 
l*iirl«ii  ■iliotit  2riiM». 

ST.  ATIIAN  ASK,  C.  V..  A  Tp.  In  Iberville.  Oo  to  St. 
John'M  Stutliiii,  on  tin'  (.'haiiipliiiii  anil  St.  Lawrence, 
81  inilex  froiii  Montreal,  ami  cdsk  Itlver  Klchelleii, 
Poiiulatlon  aliout  \-m<i. 

BT.  Al'ti|;STI.N,  C.  K.  In  I'ortneiif,  on  Shore  of  St. 
Liiwreiiee,  In  iiille.H  above  (ineliec. 

ST.  AUtasriN  TWO  Mt)i;NTAI.\S,  C.  E.,  Two 
Mountains  i  >.  On  Lower  Ottawa,  near  eonlluence 
with  St.  Lawrence.  Oo  to  Montreal  or  St.  Anne'», 
on  the  Ir.  T.  U.,  .VIontreal  anil  Toronto  Sertl m. 

ST.  HAKNAllK,  C.  K.  A  Tp.  In  St.  Mauri  -..  On 
North  Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  (io  t^  Three 
Klvern  ii8  the  nearext  Port  nt  which  Steamers  touch 
between  Montreal  anil  Quebec.  Population  about 
nil  II). 

ST.  HAIINABK,  C.  K  On  Itlver  YaiiiaiikO,  In  St.  Ilva- 
clnthe  Co.  do  to  St.  lllllalre,  on  the  (I.  T.  K.,  Mon- 
treal ami  Portland  Section,  about  17  milea  from 
Montreal.     Population  about  til). 

ST.  IIAKTIIKLA.MK  IN  IlKKTIIlKlt,  C.  K.  On  the 
North  shore  of  tlie  St.  Lawrence,  o|>posite  Soril, 
at  whieli  Port  the  Quebec  and  Montreal  Steumeis 
touch.     Population  about  •Um\. 

ST.  BA/ILK,  C.  v..  In  Portneuf,  on  North  Shore  of 
St.  Lawrence,  between  (Quebec  and  Three  Klvei's, 
at  whk'li  Port  the  .Montr.-ul  and  (iuebec  Steamers 
call.     I'o|mlatli>n  about  Iihhi. 

ST.  IlKXOIT,  C.  K.  Ill  Two  .Mountains.  frontiuK  the 
eonlluence  of  the  Ottawa  and  St.  Lawrence,  oppo- 
site Isle  of  JcauB.  (io  to  .Montreal  b)  Steamer  and 
Kail.    Population  about  lI'KH). 

ST.  ilKUNAKI),  C.  K.  In  Co.  Dnrchesiter.  (Io  to 
CralK's  Uoad  Station,  on  the  G.  T.  K.  Population 
about  b'lDl). 

ST.  KKKilDK,  0.  E.,  Co.  Iberville,  Tp.  Monoir.  Oo 
to  St.  llillaire,  on  the  O.  T.  K.    Population  about  7f). 

ST.  UUL'NO,  C.  E.  In  Co.  Chambley.  Oo  to  Lon- 
geuil,  on  the  (i.  T.  K.  Terminus. 

ST.  CASI.MIK,  C.  K.     In  Co.  Portneuf.  See  St.Bajlle. 

ST.  CATllAUINE'S  EAST,  C.  E.  In  Co.  Portneuf,  Tp. 
Fossamliault.  On  Klver  .lacques  Cartler,  about  !• 
miles  from  Lea  Ecuriels  (the  Port  at  the  continence 
of  that  Klver  and  the  St.  Lawrence),  which  Is  Vift 
miles  above  Quebec.     Population  about  5U. 

ST.  CATHARINE  S  WEST,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lincoln, 
Tp.  (Irantham.  A  Steamer  from  Toronto,  or  the  (i. 
W.  U.  from  llainilton  ami  Niagara  to  St.  Catha- 
rine's Station,  11 J  miles  from  Niagara,  and  82  from 
Hamilton.    See  preceding  pages. 

ST.  (JELESTIN,  C.  E.  In  Nlcolet  Co.,  fronting  the 
St.  Lawrence,  on  the  f<outh  Shore,  opposite  Three 
Itlvers,  where  the  (Quebec  and  Montreal  Steamers 
call.     Population  about  1801). 

ST.  CESAlltE,  C.  E.  In  Co.  Kouvllle.  Go  to  St. 
lllllalre  Station  of  the  O.  T.  K.  Population  about 
16W. 

ST.  CHAULEH  (on  Klver  Klchelleu),  0.  E.,  Co.  St. 
llyacinthe,  Tp.  St.  Charles.  (}o  to  St.  llillaire,  on 
the  (i.  T.  K.     Population  about  400. 

ST.  CIIAKLES  (Kiver  Doyer),  0.  E.  In  Hellechasse. 
A  Station  on  the  St.  Thomas  Section  of  the  O.  T. 
U.,  '25  miles  below  (iuebeo.     Population  about  '2;kpO. 

ST.  C  HKISTOPIIE  (L'Arthabaska),  C.  E.  In  (,'o.  Ar- 
thabaska.  (io  to  .Vrtliabaska  Station,  on  the  ().  T. 
R.,  (Juebec  and  Kichmond  Section,  'Ai  miles  north 
of  Klehmoiid  .luiiction,  and  (U  miles  from  (iuebec 
(Point  Levi).     Population  about  'J.'il). 

ST.  CLAIKK,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  In  Dorchester  Co.  Chiiu- 
diere  Junction  and  (Iraig's  Koad  are  the  Stations 
on  the  Quebec  and  Kicliiiionil  Section  of  the  O.  T. 
R.  for  Co.  Dorchester.     Population  about  'A'lDO. 

8T.  CLKMENT'S,  C.  VV.,  Co.  Waterloo,  North  Riding, 


Tp.  Wellesley.     Oo  to  PeteraburK,  on  the  0.  T.  K. 

Population  about  llM). 

ST.  (LET,  C.  E.  In  Vandreiill.  Oo  to  ViindrBull 
Station,  nil  the  (1.  T.  It.,  'l\  iiillea  west  ofMontreiil. 

ST.  COI.r.MltlN,  C.  E.  In  Two  Mountains,  fronllnK 
tlie  eiinlliieiice  of  the  Ottawa  and  St.  l.awri'iiie 
Itlvers.  (io  to  St.  Anne's  (as  nearest  Station)  on 
llie  (i.  T.  K.,  '21  miles  west  of  Montreal. 

,XT.  CONSTANT,  C.  E.  In  Lapralile  Co.  do  to  Jmif- 
lion  Station,  on  the  ('hamplain  and  St.  Lawrem  e 
Railroad,  II  miles  south  of  .Montreal. 

ST.  Clt01.\,  C.  E.  Ill  Lotblniiire.  On  the  Itlver  ."^t. 
Lawrence,  opposite  Cape  Saiite.  Illaek  lliver  Sta- 
tion, 'IK\  miles  below  Point  Levi,  la  tlie  nearest  Itiill- 
wav  point.     Population  about  'JMilll. 

ST.  CCrilllEKT,  ('.  E.  In  Uerthler,  nearly  opposite 
Sorel.  On  the  St.  Lawrence,  a  Port  for  the  tliieliie 
and  .Montreal  Steamers.  At  the  back  of  lleilhi.r 
Village,  for  which  make.     Population  alioiit  '.'ooo. 

ST.  (n'KILLE,  C.  E.  In  L'Islet,  on  South  Shore  of 
the  St.  Lawrence,  do  to  St.  Thomas  Terniiniis  nf 
d.  T.  It.,  (Juelieo  and  St.  Tliomas  District,  and  theii 
about  I'i  iiilleH  distance.     Population  about  ."iiNl. 

ST.  D.V.MASE,  C.  E.  In  St.  llyacinthe  Co.  (io  to 
St.  Ilyaelnthe  Stathin,  on  the  (i.  T.  R.,  8U  mllea 
from  Montreal.     Po|iiiliitlon  about  181). 

ST.  DAVID'S,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lincoln,  Tp.  Niagara,  (io 
to  Niagara  liv  the  (1.  W.  It.     Population  aliout  Mini. 

.ST.  DE.MS,  C.  E.  On  Klver  llichelien,  In  St.  llya- 
cinthe, wlili'h  see.     Population  about  7l)i). 

ST.  DENIS  DE  LA  ItOl  I'lLLlfeltE,  C.  E.  In  Kaiiiou- 
raska,  on  the  South  Shore  of  tlie  St.  Liiwrciiie, 
about  40  miles  below  St.  Thomas  Terminiis  of  (i.  T. 
R.  from  (Jiiebec.     Population  about  20110. 

,ST.  DIDACE,  C.  B.  In  Lanaudiere  (.Masklnoiig6  Dis- 
trict), on  North  Shore  of  St.  Lawrence,  opjio^iie 
Sorel,  1)  miles  ei;sl  of  Uerthler,  which  see.  Popula- 
tion about  liilll). 

ST.  DOMINIQUE,  C.E,  In  Co.  Kagot,  Go  ta  Acton, 
on  the  (i.  T.  R. 

ST.  EDOI'AKD,  C.  E.  In  Naplervllle.  On  to  Sher- 
rington, H'.'  miles  south  of  >iontreiil.  A  Station  nii 
the  iMontreul  and  Plattsburg  Railway.  Poimlatiuu 
about  '2."iO. 

ST.  ELIZAKETII,  C.  E,  In  .lollette  Co.  On  lliver 
Hayonne.  Oo  to  Uerthler,  on  the  North  Shore  nf 
St.  Lawrence,  opjio.site  Sorel,  at  the  head  of  Lake 
St.  Peter.     Po|)nlatlon  about  •-'.'lO. 

ST.  ELOI,  C.  E.  In  Tcinlsconata,  on  the  South  Shore 
of  the  St.  Lawrence,  opposite  the  mouth  of  the 
Saguenay.     Oo  to  Klvlere  du  Loup,  which  see. 

ST.  ELZEAR,  C.  E.,  Co.  Ileauee.  do  to  lUack  liiver 
or  Craig's  Koad  .stations,  on  the  ({uebee  and  Iticli- 
mond  Sections  of  the  (i.  T.  It.  Population  about  ■.'."mil. 

ST.  ESPRIT,  I'.  E.,  Co.  Montcalm.  On  North  Shore 
of  the  St.  Lawrence,  below  Montreal.  Go  to  .Mon- 
treal  iv  Steamer  or  Rail. 

ST,  ETjKNNE,  C.  E.  In  .«t.  Maurice.  On  Hiver 
llatiscan,  about  21)  miles  below  Three  Klver.",  In 
which  go  by  the  Steamers  that  ply  between  .Mon- 
treal and  Quebec.     Po|iulatlon  about  'Jooo. 

ST.  EUSTACHE,  C.  E.  In  Two  Mountains.  A 
considerable  Lumber  Station  on  projected  Line  of 
Montreal  and  Ottawa  Railway,  (io  to  ."^t.  Ann's, 
on  the  (\.  T.  It.,  or  to  Montreal.     Pop.  about  '.'■iiiO. 

ST.  KAUIKN,  C.  E.  In  Rlmouski,  a  few  miles  west  of 
Ric,  on  the  South  Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence.  See 
Itlc.     Population  about  IlilO. 

ST.  KAMILLE,  0.  E.  In  the  Isle  of  Orleans,  In  Mnnt- 
morencl  Co.,  on  the  River  St.  Lawrence,  l"lmv 
Quebec.  (Jo  to  Quebec  by  the  (i.  T.  It.  or  Steam- 
ers.    Population  about  900. 

ST.  FELI.X  DE  VALOIS,  C.  E.  In  JoUette.  See  Do 
Ramsay.     Population  about  8001). 

ST.  FEKEOL,  C.  E.  In  Moiitmorencl  Co.  On  North 
Shore  of  St.  Lawrence,  below  ({uebec  do  to  (iuelicr 

ST.  FLA  VIE,  (■.  E.  Khnouskl.  Go  to  lilc,  which 
see.     Population  about  'iOOO. 

ST.  FOV,  C.  E.,  Co.  Quebec,  near  City  of  Quebec,  to 
which  go  by  Steamer  or  O.  T.  R.  from  Montreal  uiiil 
Porlbind. 

ST.  FKASCIS,  C.  E.,  Co.  Yamaska.  On  the  lliver 
'Jt.  Francis,  which  unites  witli  the  .St.  Lawrence  at 
the  head  of  Lake  St.  Peter.  Sluaniers  from  .Mon- 
treal touch.     Population  about  *I0. 

ST.  FRANCIS  MILLS,  C.  E.  Some  of  the  liirge^t 
and  most  complete  In  Canada,  on  the  St.  Friimi?, 
near  the  liroiiijiton  Fall's  Station  of  the  d.  T.  It.,  ill) 
rollca  from  .Montreal. 


CANADA:   CITIES,  TOWNS,   AND   VILLAUKS. 


69 


1  Slii>ry 
i)f  the 

I'ilvor 

■.'."iiiii. 
."liore 
-  Mdii- 

Hlvcr 

L'l-S,    to 

Moil- 

A 

,int'  of 

Aiui'.", 
■.'."mil. 

,VC'.Sl  lif 


1  Mont- 

iM'llHV 

gceDe 

I  North 

wliich 

•liec,  to 
■111  iiiiil 

llivcr 

flLCC  II' 

HI  Moll- 

lurRO^t 
■'rim'i'i 
.U.,1IU 


ST.  KUAN'tOIfl  (MontmiiKnl>,  C.  R.  In  MuntmBijnl 
l'().  (Ill  to  Ht.  TliniiiiiH  Ternilliiiii  (if  llif  (I.  T.  II., 
44  riillcit  liulow  (lui'liiT.  l'u|>iilatliiii  iif  I'lirluli  hIkiuI 
ill  If  ID. 

HT.  KKAN(;oi8  I)'()ltl,EANH,  ('.  K.      On  Inlo  of  Or- 
It'UiiH,  ill  Miintmoruni'l  Co.,  on  the  (<t.   Ijiiwrcncp, 
Jiml  lit'loHT  Qtii'livc,     Oo  to  Qiielifu  hy  Blfaiiier  or 
Kail. 
HT.  KKANyOIH  (Dfiiiirc),  (".  K.     In  lleniicc  Co.     No 
Hlutiiin  Clin  III'  imiiii'il  im  tlii'  ni'iirrnt.     Try  illHrk 
Itlvcr,  on  the  (1.  T.  It.,  (luehec  itnil  Iticliinnnil  Hec- 
tliin,  mill  Ko  xoiiDi-cHHt. 
HT.  (lAllltlKI,  (lit-  llriuiiloii),  ('.  K.    In  Ilcrtliii-r.     A 
T|i.   ill  llirtlilcr,   ni'iir    l.iike   MiinkiiioiiKi',   lit   llic- 
Biiiiri'u  of  tilt!  Itivi'r  lliiyiinne,  wliich  ciii|itifs  Into 
the  Ht.  I.iiwrcncc  iiciir  Itcrthier,  wliich  nff.     l'i)|in- 
iiitiiin  of  I'lirinh  Hliiiiit  UIMM). 
ST.  OKXKVIKVK,  C.  K.      In  Jiiriincs  Ciirtlor  (Mon- 
trciii  iHiiinil).     (In  to  Ilinc  Hoiinetn  or  I'oint  Ciiiir, 
the  tlmt  two  Mtittioiis  of  the  O.  T.  It.,  from  Mon- 
trcui. 
HT.  (IKOKdK,  C.  R.      A  Tp.   In   Hcniice  Co.,  ncnr 
River  Ctmnilliire,  which  flown  into  tlie  Ht.  Liiwrcnce, 
oppiiiilte  (lueliec.      do  to  Chiiiiillerc  Junction  or 
I'liiiiiiiii^ru    Station,    iihont  I)  nilleii  from  ((uehec 
(I'oint  l.pvi).    I'upiiiiitton  nliotit  Ifinil, 
ST.  QEORQE,  illrunt),  C.  W.,  Co.  Ilriint,  Eiixt  lllil- 
liiK,  Tp.  South  Dumfries,     do  to  Paris  Junction  of 
(i.   W.  R.  anil  lUilTalo  unil  Lake  Huron  UallwnyH. 
I'opiiliilion  ahout  AlMI, 
ST.  (JKOltdEl Hastings),  0.  W.    See  Ivanhoe.    New 

Piixt-olllcc. 
ST.  (iKKTIlUDE,  0.  E.    A  Tp.  In  NIcnIct,  fronting 
the  Houth   Shore   of   tiic   St.   Lawrence,   ojiposite 
Three  Hivcrs,  where  (Juehec  ami  Montreal  Steam- 
ers touch.     Population  iihout  IHOO. 
ST.  (iEUVAIS,  C.  E.    A  Tp.  in  Heiipchasse.    Oo  to 
t'huuiiiere,  on  the  d.T.  It.,  9  miles  from  Point  Levi, 
opposite  Quehec.    Population  about  80IH). 
ST.  (MLES,  V.  E.     A  Tp.  in  I.othlniiro.     Oo  to  the 
lliack  Uiver  Station,  on  the  0.  T.  U.,  Quehec  and 
Iticliinonil  Section,  '2(1  miles  from  Point  Levi,  oppo< 
"'     Queliec.     Population  ahout  ll(M). 
81         ECIOIKE,  C.  E.    A  Tp.  in  Nicolet,  frontinB  the 
Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  opposite  Tliree 
where  the  ({ueheo  and  Montreal  Steamers 
.>pulation  iiliout  8(1(111. 
Hi.  IIEl£\R,  C.  E.    In  Karaouraska.    See  Kamour- 

askii. 
ST.  1IEL*;N'E,  (DE  UAOOT,)  C.  E.,  Co.  Dagot.     Oo  to 
I'plon  on  tlie  (i.  T.  It.    Population  of  parish  about 
2(11). 
ST.  HELEN'S,  0.  W.,  Co.  Huron,  Tp.  Wawanosh.    Oo 
to  Htralford  Junction  of  the  IlulTHloHnd  Lake  Huron 
anil  0.  T.  It.,  Toronto  and  Stratford  Section,  and 
thence  by  Stage  to  doderlch,  44  miles. 
ST.  II^NKDINE,  0.  E.,  In  Co.  Dorchester.     Oo  to 
('liamli6re,  8  miles  from  Point  Levi  Terminus  of 
Quehec  and  Richmond  Rallwoy.     Populotlon  of 
parish  ahout  18(10. 
ST.  IIEXIII.  C.  E.,  in  Lauzon,  Co.  Levi.    Go  to  Point 
Levi  Station,  opposite  Quebec,  and  thence  to  St. 
Henri,  a  Station  on  the  O.  T.  R.,  Quebec  and  St. 
Tlionms  Section.     Population  of  Parish  about  8200. 
.''T.  lIKitMAS,  C.  E.,  In  Two  Mountains,  opposite  Mon- 
treal, on  North  Shore  of  St.  Lawrence,  near  con- 
fluence of  Ottawa  and  St.  Lawrence.    Oo  to  Point 
Cliiire  on  O.  T.  R.,  15  miles  from  Montreal.    Popu- 
lation about  1600. 
ST.  IIILAIRE,  C.  E.,  In  Co.  Rouvllle,  a  Tp.  and  a  Sta- 
tion on  the  O.  T.  R.,  17  miles  from  Montreal.    Pop- 
ulation about  IGOO. 
ST.  IIUGUES,  C.  E.,  Co.  Dagot.    Go  to  Upton  on  the 
fl.  T.  U.  48  miles  from  Montreal.    Population  about 
45(1. 
ST.  HYACINTHE,  C.  E.    A  Town  In  St.  Ilyacinthe 
Co.,  and  a  Main  and  Telegraph  Station  on  the  O.  T. 
R.,  80  miles  from  Montreal.     Population  about  6000. 
ST.  lUENEE,  C.  E.     In  Charlevol.v,  on  the  North 
Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  In  Murray  Hay,  80  miles 
lielow  Quel)ec.    Oo  by  Lower  St.  Lawrence  Steam- 
ers from  (Juehec,  now  a  favourltt  place  of  summer 
resort.    Population  about  200. 
ST.  I.SIDOHE  (DORCHESTER),  C.  E.    Go  to  Chau- 
(lli:ie  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  Quebec  and  Kichinond  Sec- 
tion.   Pojiulation  of  parish  about  2000. 
ST.  I.1ID0UK  (LAPRAIRIE),  C.  E.,  Co.  Lapralrle.    A 
Station  on  the  Montreal  and  Plattsburg  Railway,  21 
miles  from  Montreal    Population  about  200. 


ST.  IVES,  C.  W.  Co.  Middlesex,  Tp.  West  Missouri, 
do  to  ,xt.  Mary  s,  lllaiiKharil.  Iiy  Stage  froiii  Lmidon 
on  the  d.  W.  It.,  iRiiiiivay  Itninch  now  forintng,)  or 
by  Stage  frniii  Htrairoril  Teriiilnus  of  the  d.  T.  It., 
Toronto  hiiiI  Stratforil  Section,  and  of  the  llufTalo 
mill  Lake  Huron  Raliwav. 

ST.  JA(  (MI'S,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Waterloo,  North  Itldliig,  Tp. 
Wiiolwli'h.  do  to  llvrlln  on  the  d.  T.  R.  Popula- 
tion Hboiit  4INI. 

HT.  JACQI'KS,  V.  E.,  Co.  L'AsHUniptlon,  Tp.  St.  Hul- 
Iilie,  on  North  Sliore  of  St.  Lawrence,  below  Mon- 
treal, do  to  Miintreal,  and  tlience  by  Steamer  or 
Trader.     Population  of  parlnh  about  8111111. 

ST.  JACtjUKS  LE  MINKI  K,  ('.  E,('o.  Lapralrle.  do 
to  St.  Uliiore  on  the  Montreal  and  Platlnburg  Rnll- 
way.     Population  about  2.MI. 

ST.  JANVIER,  V.  E.,  Co.  Terrebonne,  Tp.  I)n  Ulaln- 
vllle.  do  to  Montreal  by  Steamer  or  Railway,  and 
cross  from  Isle  Jesus  to  opposite  shore.  Population 
of  parl^'h  about  iilDil. 

ST.  JEAN  IIAPTISTE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Rouvllle.  do  to  St. 
Hlliiire  on  the  (I.  T.  R. 

ST.  JEAN  CHKYSOHTOME  (CHATEACflUAV),  C.  E., 
Chateaugiiay.  do  to  St.  Isidore  Station  on  the  >loii- 
treal  and  Plattsburg  Railway,  21  miles  South  of 
Montreal,     Population  about  OiHl. 

ST.  JEAN  CHRV.XO.-^TO.ME  (LEVI),  C.  E.,  Co.  Levi, 
Tp.  Laiiion,  do  to  I'oint  Levi,  the  d.  T.  It.  Ter- 
minus of  (Juehec  and  Richmond  Section  for  Quebec. 
Populatii>n  of  parish  about  18110. 

ST.  JEAN  DKS  CHILLONS,  C,  E,,  Co.  Lotblnlftre, 
do  to  Somerset  on  tlic  d.  T,  R.,  (Juehec  and  Rich- 
mond Railway,  49  miles  from  Quebec,  and  47  from 
KIcliinond  Junction. 

ST.  JEAN  U'(JRLEANS,  C.  E.  Isle  of  Orleans,  on  the 
River  St.  Lawrence,  Just  below  the  City  of  (Juehec, 
to  which  go. 

ST.  JEAN,  PORT  JOLI,  C.  E.,  Co.  L'Islet.  Oo  to  St. 
Thomas  Termlniui  of  the  (1.  T.  It.,  49  miles  east  of 
Point  Levi,  and  then  a  distance  of  2(1  lulic^  (<>-  road  ; 
or  by  Steamers  from  (Juehec,  it  being  a  I  I  on  the 
South  Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  al  liich  Ihcy 
usually  call.     Population  of  parish  about  ;!S(io, 

ST.  JEROME,  ('.  E.,  Co.  Terrebonne.  Opposite  Isle 
Jesus,  Nortli  of  Montreal,  to  which  go  l)y  Steamer 
or  Rail.    Population  of  parish  ahout  l.'ioo. 

ST.  JOHN'S  EAST,  C.  E.,  I'o.  St.  John's.  Oo  by 
Champlain  and  St.  Lawrence  Railway  to  St.  John's 
Station,  21  miles  from  >lontreal,  situated  on  the 
West  side  of  the  River  Richelieu.  Population  about 
4600. 

ST.  JOHN'S  WEST,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wetland,  Tp.  Pelhnm. 
Go  to  Thorold  on  the  G.  W.  R.  Population  about  160. 

ST.  JOSEPH,  0.  E.  A  Tp.  In  lienuce.  do  to  Somer- 
set on  the  G.  T.  R.,  and  then  by  Itond  east  about  22 
miles.  The  Chaudl^re  River  flows  through  the  Tp., 
and  Chaudl^re  Junction  Station,  on  the  same  Sec- 
tion, is  about  25  miles  distant.  Population  of  par- 
ish about  8000. 

ST.  JO.IEPH  nV  LAC  (TWO  MOI'NTAINS),  C.  E., 
near  the  confluence  of  the  Ottawa  and  St.  Lawrence 
Rivers.  Oo  to  Montreal  or  .St.  Anne's  on  by  O.  T. 
R.    Population  of  parish  about  125(1. 

ST.  JOSEPH'S  ISLAND,  C.  W.  Lying  in  St.  Mary's 
Straits,  on  Lake  Huron,  10  miles  above  Point  de 
Tour,  running  east  and  west  20  miles,  and  about  18 
miles  wide.  Steamers  call  from  Saulte  St.  Marie 
and  Coilingwood,  97  miles  from  Toronto,  on  the 
Simcoe,  Huron,  and  Ontario  Railway. 

ST.  JUDE,  C.  E.,  in  Co.  St.  Hyacinlhe.  Go  to  Ilya- 
cinthe on  the  O.  T.  R.    Population  about  25(). 

ST.  JULIE,  0.  E.,  Co.  Vercheres.    See  Heloceli. 

ST.  JULIENNE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Montcalm,  See  Rawdon, 
Chertsey,  etc.    Population  of  parish  about  1500, 

ST.  LAMBERT,  C.  E.,  Co.  Levi,  Tp.  Lauzon.  (Jo  to 
Point  Levi  on  G.  T.  R.  Population  of  parisli  about 
1100. 

ST.  LAURENT  D'ORLEANS,  Co.  Montmorenci.  On 
the  Island  of  Orleans  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  just  be- 
low Quebec,  to  which  go  by  Steamer  or  O.  T.  it. 
Population  of  Parish  about  1000. 

ST.  LAURENT,  C.  E.,  Montreal,  Co.  Hochelaga,  on 
the  Isle  of  Montreal.  Go  to  Montreal  by  Steamer 
or  Raliwav.    Population  of  parish  about  JiOOO. 

ST.  LAZARE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Ilellechasse.  Go  to  St.  Henri 
from  Chaudl^re  on  the  Junction,  a  Station  on  tha 
Quebec  and  St.  Thomas  Railway,  17  miles  from  Point 
Levi.    Population  of  parish  aliout  1800. 

ST.  LEON,  C.  E.,  Co.  Moskenonge  Dumontier.     On 


m 


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I    t{ 


I, 

ii 


70 


CANADA:   CITIES,   TOWNS,   AND  VILLAGES. 


North  Shore  of  St.  Lawrence,   Lake  St.  Peter)     See 
Ulvidre  du  Loup  en  haut,  which  flows  llirougi.  Tp. 
Duinontier. 
ST.  LIOOUKl,  C.  K.,  Montcalm.    On  North  Shore  of 
St.  Lawrence.     See  L' Assumption  and  St.  Maurice 
Territory. 
ST.  LIN.    See  L' Assumption. 
ST.  LOUIS,    ktse  Uiver  St.  Louis. 
ST.  LOUIS  DK  UOUZVOUE,  C.  E.,  in  Beauhaeols, 
fronthiK  the  South  Shore  of  tlie  St.  Lawrence,  op- 
posite Cedar.    Oo  to  Cedar's  Koad  Station,  iid  miles 
west  of  .Montreal,  on  the  O.  T.  U. 
ST.  LUC,  0.  K,  In  St.  John's.    See  St.  John's  East. 
ST.  LUCE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Itiniouslji,  which  fronts  tlie  South 
Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence  below  the  confluence  of 
the  Sa^uenay,  a  <iort  below  Uic,  and  on  the  extended 
Grand  Trunk  Extension.      Population   of   parisli 
about  2001). 
ST.   MAKO,  C    E.    A  Tp.  In  Verchfereg,  below  Mon- 
treal, on  South  CI.-  ■'  of  the  St.  Lawrence.    Oo  to 
Montreal. 
ST.  MAIiCKL,  C.  E.,  Co.  Uiclielieu,  on  South  Shore  of 
St.  Lawrence.    Uo  to  Willlaai  llenri  iSorel),  wh  ch 
see. 
ST.  MAGUEUITE,  C.  E.,  Tp.  Dorchester.     3ee  Cliau- 

(li6re. 
ST.  MAIUE.    See  La  Beauce. 
ST.  MAKIE  DE  MO.NOIU,  C.  E.,  in  Rouvilie.     Go  to 

St.  Ililaire  on  the  O.  T.  K. 
ST.  MAUTHE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Vandreull,  Tp.  Rigaud,  on 
South-west  Bank  of  Lower  Ottawa.     Qo  to  Van- 
dreull  on  O.  T.  R. 
3T.  MAKTIN,  0.  B,    Isle  Jesus  (Laval  Section).    Go 
to  Point  Claire,  on  G.  T.  K.,  15  miles  on  tlie  G.  T.  11. 
from  .Montreal,  and  thence  to  St.  Martin,  North. 
ST.  MARTINE,  C.  E.    In  Chuteauguay.    Go  to  Sher- 
rington, on  the  Montreal  aid  Piattsburg  Line,  82 
miles  from  Montreal. 
ST.    MARY'S,   'J.   Vt.,  Co.  Perth,  Tp.   Blanshard. 

Population  about  25(10. 
ST.  MATIIIAS,  C.  E.    la  Rouvilie.    Go  to  St.  Hiiaire, 

on  the  G.  T.  H.,  17  miles  from  Montreal. 
ST.  MICHEL,  C.  E.    Opposite  Caughnawaga.    Go  to 
Lachine  by  Montreal  and  Piattsburg  Railway,  on 
Isle  of  Montreal.     Not  a  Post-office. 
ST.  MICHEL,  C.  E.     A  Tp.  in  Beliechasse.     On  the 
South  Slioro  of  the  St.  Lawrence.    Go  to  St.  Henri, 
on  the  G.  T.  R.,  Quebec  and  St.  Thomas  Section. 
ST.  MODESTE,  C.  E.,  Co.    Temiscouata,    Tp.    Whit- 
worth,  near  Trois  Pistoles,  proposed  '''erminus  of 
St.  Andrew's  (New  Brunswick)  and  Quebec  Railway 
ami  Junction  with  the  G.  T.  R. 
ST.  MONIQUE,   C.  E.    In  Nico.et,  fronting  the  St. 

Lawrence,  ojiposlte  Three  Rivers,  to  which  go. 
ST.  NAIICISSE,  0.  E.   Champlain.    Go  to  Chainplain, 
4  miles  from  Rouse's  Poini,  (N.  Y.),  on  the  Northern 
Railroad  from  Ogdensburg  (N.  V.). 
ST.   NICHOLAS,  C.  E.    Levi.    Go  to  Point  Levi,  on 

the  G.  T.  H. 
ST.  NOKBEKT.  C.  E.    In  Berthier.    See  Berthler. 
ST.  OURS,  0.  E.    On  Richelieu  River.    Go  by  Steamer 
to  and  from  Iletiry  William,  or  Sorel  from  Montreal 
and  the  Richelieu  River. 
ST.  PACO.ME,  C.  E.    Kamouraska.  See  Karaoul-aska. 
,ST.  PASCHAL,  C.  E.    See  Kamouraska. 
ST.  PAUL  U'INDUSTRIE,  C.  E.,  Joliette  Co.    See  In- 
dustry. 
ST.  PAUL'S  BAY,  C.  E.,  Co.  Charlevoix.      On  North 
Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  ojiposite  the  Isle  Aux 
Condres,  about  05  miles  below  Quebec,   tiie  first 
laiiiling-place  of  Jacques  Cartier.    Go  by  Steamers 
from  Quebec. 
ST.  PHILLIPPE,  C.  E.      In   Laprairle.      Go  to  St. 
Lambert,  on  Junction   on   Montreal   and  Rouse's 
Point, 
ST.  PHILOMfeXE  C.  E,    In  Chat-'auguay.    Go  to  St. 

Isidore,  on  the  .Sloiitreal  and  Piattsburg  Rail. 
ST.  PIE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Bagot.     Go  to  .-^t.  llyaclnthe,  on 

the  G.  T.  R.,  Montreal  and  Portland  Section. 
ST.  PIEltUE  D'ORLEANS.     See  Isle  of  Orleans. 
ST.  PIKKllE,  <•.  E.     Montmagni.    Go  tt  St.  Thomas, 

on  the  G.  T.  R.,  49  miles  from  Quebec. 
ST.  I'lEltllE  LES  BECQUETS.     See  Nicolet. 
ST.  PLACIDE.     See  Two  .Mountains. 
ST.  POLYCAKP,  C.  E.     In  .><i)Ubinge».     Go  to  Cedars 
Road  Station,  2'.t  miles  from  .Moiitreal,  on  tueO.  T.  It. 
ST.  PROSPEK,  C    E.,  Champlain  Co.      Go  to  Cham- 
plain,  ...I  Rouse's  Point  and  Ogdensburg  Railway, 
4  miles  from  Rouse's  Point, 


ST.  RAPHAEL  WEST,  C.  W.,  Co.  Olengarj,  Tp.  Char- 

lottenburg.    Go  to  Lancaster  Station,  64  miles  from 

Montreal,  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

ST.  RAPHAEL  EAST,  C.  E.,  Beliechasse  Co.     Go  to 

St.  Henri,  on  the  St.  Thomas  Section  of  the  G.  T.  R. 

ST.  RAYMOND,  C.  E.     See  Portneuf. 

ST.  ROBERT,  C.  E.,  Co  Richelli.  '.    Go  to  St.  Ilillalre, 

on  the  G.  T.  R. 
ST.  ROCHES  DES  AUNAIS,  C.  E.,  Co.  L'Islet.      See 

Port  Jolie. 
ST.  ROCIIALIE,  C.  E.    In  St.  Hyacinthe.      Go  to  St. 
Ilyacinthe,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,86  miles  from  Montreal, 
on  the  G.  T.  It. 
ST.  ROCH  L'ACIIIGAN.    See  L' Assumption. 
ST.  ROSE,  C.  E.    In  Isle  Jesus  (Laval).    Go  to  Mon- 
treal. 
ST.  SAUVEUR,  C.  E.,  Co.  Terrebo.nne.  Tp.  Abercroin- 
ble.  North  of  New  Carlisle,  on  North  Shore  of  St. 
Lawrence.    See  St.  Adele  and  St.  Maurice  Territory. 
ST.  SCHOLASTIQUE,  C.  E.     See  Two  Mountains. 
ST.  SIMON  DE  YAMASKA,  C.  E.,  Co.  Bagot,  Tp.  he 
Ramsav,  on  South  Shcio  ,^!'  Lake  St.  Peter.     Go  to 
St.  Francis  (Yamaska,.    Steamers  touch  from  Que- 
bec an."  Montreal. 
ST.  SIMON  DE  RI.MOUSJI,  C.E.,Co.  Rlmouskl.    On 
the  South  Shore  of  St.  La. -ence.    A  Port  between 
Trols  Pistoles  and  Blc,  whici'  see. 
ST.  SOPHIE,  C.  E.,  Co.  M'oantic,  Tp.  Halifax.  Goto 

Stanfold  or  Arthabaskc,  on  the  G.  T.  R. 
St.  STANISLAS,  0.  E.    S  ,e  Champlain. 
ST.  SULPICE,  C.  K,  Moulcalia  Co.    See  Alexis.    No 

Post-office. 
ST,  SULPICE,  0.  E.    L' Assumption.    See  L'Assimip- 
tion,  on  River  L'Assumption,  which  flows  into  St. 
Lawrence  below  the  Island  of  Montreal. 
ST.  SYLVESTER,  C.  E.,  Co.  Lotbiniere.     Go  to  Becaii- 
cour,  55  niiles  from  Richmond  Junction,  on  the  (i. 
T.  R. 
ST.  SYLVESTER  EAST,  C.  E.    See  St.  Sylvester. 
ST.  THERESE    DE    BLANVILLt,  C.  E.,0o.  Ter- 
rebonne, Tp.  Blainville.     Opposite  Isle  Jesus,  on 
River  St.  Lawrence.    Projected  Montreal  and  Ot- 
tawa Railway  will  touch  at  St.  Eustache.    Moutrual 
is  the  nearest  Railway  j  olnt. 
ST.  THOMAS  (Berthier;,  C.  E.,  Co.  Berthier.     See 

Berthier. 
S  f .  THOMAS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Elgin,  Tp.  Yarnioutli. 
On  tlie  London  and  Port  Stanley  Branch  of  tin-  (i, 
W.  R.     Go  to  London,  on  the  G.  W.  R.     Population 
about  800((. 
ST.  THOMAS,  (Montmagni),  C.  E.,  Co.  Monlmiig- 
ni.    The  present  Terminns  of  the  G.  T.  R,,  east  df 
Quebec  4i)  miles,  fronting  the  South  Shore  of  the  .<t. 
Lawrence. 
ST.  TI.MOTIIIE,  C.  E.,  Beauharnols  Co.,  fronting  tlic 

St.  Lawrence,  opposite  Vandreull,  on  G.  T.  R. 
ST.  UUBAIN,  C.  E.,Co.  Chateauguay.  See  St.  Isiilorc. 
ST.  URSULE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Maskinonge.       In  tliu  t^t. 
Maurice  Territory,  in  Fief  St.  Jean,  on  the  Xnrtii 
Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  which  see. 
ST.  VALENTINE,  C.  E.     See  St.  John's  East. 
ST.  VALLIER,  C.  E.,  Co.  Beliechasse,  Tp.  St.  Vailicr. 
On  South  Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence.    Go  to  St 
Henri,  oi>  the  G.  T.  R. 
ST.  VICTOIivC;,  C.  E.,  Co.  Richelieu.    Go  to  St.  ll.va 

cinthc,  on  tlieG.  T.  R. 
ST.  VINCENT,  C.  W.     A  Tp.  In  Co.  Grey,  fronting 
the  Nottawasaga  Bay.     Steamer  from  Coliliig«oi«l 
touches  at  (ape  Rich  and  Meaford   en  mute  fm 
Owen  Sound.     Road  Stages  in  Winter.     Go  to  Coi- 
llngwood  by  the  Ontario,  Siincoe,  and  Huron  Hail, 
97  miles  from  Toronto.     Population  about  fioii. 
ST.  VINCENT  DE  PAUL.     In  Isle  Jesus,  wliiili  .«ie. 
ST.  ZEPHIRI.M,    C.  E.,  Co.  Yamaska,  Tp.  Couival, 
near  the  St.  Francis  River.     Go  to  Port  St.  Fniiicis, 
on  Lake  St.  Peter,  by  (Juebec  and  Montreal  Steir.ii 
era,  8^!  miles  below  Montreal. 
ST.  ZCTIQUE,  C.  E.     In  Soulanges.     On  North  Sliore 
of  St.  Lawrence.     Go  to  Cedars  Road  Station,  i') 
miles  west  of  Montreal,  on  the  G.  T.  R. 
SAIIREVOIS,  C.  E.,  Co.  Iberville.      For  Postoffloo, 
see  llenryville,  on  East  Shore  of  River  lliolitliiii 
Stott's  .>*tation  on  the  west  side  of  the  River  t'liiim- 
plain  and  St.  Lawrence  Railway  is  the  nearest  point. 
SAGUENAY  DISTRICT,  C.  E.      This  is  re.iclied  1.) 
Steamer  "  Saguenay"  from  (Juebec  and  Tailousiif, 
on  the  North-ttesl  Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  IJ" 
miles  lielow  (Juebec. 
SALEM,  (.'.  W.,  Co.  Oxford,  Tp.  Malahide.    Go  to  St 


CANADA:   CITIES,   TOWNS,    AND  VILLAGES. 


n 


outing  tlie 
U. 

tllf    !^l. 

tht  Niirlli 


I  St.  llya 

fnmting 
l)ilin(,'«i)ml 

raiilt'  fill 
Go  tn  Ci'l- 

rnii  Hail, 

:  .'•"II. 
vliicli  H'l'. 

I'durviil. 
it.  KniiK'i*, 
eal  ftca-..i 

:ortli  i*lii)fe 
stali'in,  i'J 

Post-offioe, 
Itiolu'lliii' 

.vcv  I'liii'ii- 

irest  iiiilnl. 
eiiclieil  liy 
Tmlousiii', 

freiicc,  1-t" 


Go  to  St 


Thomas,  on  the  Ijondon  and  Port  Stanley  Railway, 
which  connectH  with  the  Q.  W.  R.  at  London.  Pop- 
ulation about  400. 
SALFORD,  0.  W.,  Co.  Oxford,  Tp.  Dereham.     Go  to 

Ingersoli,  on  the  O.  W.  R.    Population  about  8U0. 
8ALTFLEET,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wentworth.    A  Tp.     For 
Post-oSice,  gee  Ontario,  which  is  a  Station  in  same 
Township,  on  the  Or.  W.  R.,  Ill  miles  from  Uamil- 
ton  City. 
BANDUILIi,  C.  W.,  Co.  Peel,  Tp.  Albion.    Go  to  Mal- 
ton,  16  miles,  or  Brampton,  22  miles  from  Toronto, 
on  the  O.  T.  R.    Population  about  100. 
SANDPOINT,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Renfrew,  Tp.  McNab.      On 
Upper  Ottav.a,  South  Shore.    Qo  to  Fitzroy  Har- 
bour.    For  Upper  Ottawa  Steamers  and  route,  see 
Aylmcr  East. 
SANDWICH,  C.  W.,  Co.  Essex.    A  Tp.  fronting  the 
St.  Claire  River,  9  miles  below  Detroit,  Michigan. 
Stages  from  Windsor,  on  the  G.  W.  R. ;  also  Steam- 
ers from  Windsor  and  Detroit.    Population  about 
1100. 
BARNIA,  0.  W  ,  Co.  Lambton,  Tp.  of  Sarnia.    Situ- 
ated at  the  upper  end  of  River  St.  Clair,  near  its 
Junction  with  Lake  Huron.    Population  about  1300. 
SAUQEEN,  C.  W.    A  Tp.  in  Bruce  Co.    A  Port  and 
Harbour  of  Lake  Huron.    There  are  one  or  more 
projected  Railways  to  connect  it  with  Toronto.    At 
present  go  to  Guelph,  a  Main  Station  on  the  G.  T.  R., 
50  miles  from  Toronto,  and  thence  by  Stage  through 
Elora,  Fergus,  Mount  Forest,  Durham,  etc. 
SAULT  AU  REOOLLET,  C.  E.    On  the  Isle  of  Mon- 
treal.   Go  to  Montreal.    Population  about  2C00. 
SAULT  STE  MARIE,  C.  W.      About  26  miles  from 
Lake  Superior.    A  Steamboat  Landing  and  place 
of  Summer  resort  on  St.  Mary's  River  or  Straits. 
The  Americans  have  a  Ship    Canal,   connecting 
Lakes  Huron  and  Superior.    Go  to  Colllngwood,  07 
miles  from  Toronto,  by  the  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and 
Huron  Rail,  and  thence  by  Steamer.     Population 
about  400. 
SAULT  ST.  LOUIS,  C.  E.     In  Laprairie.     Go  to 
Caughnawnga  Station,  16  miles  from  Montreal,  on 
the  Montreal  and  Plattsburg  Railway. 
SAWYEllVILLE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Compton,  Tp.  Newport. 
Go  to  Compton,  on  the  G.  T.  R.    Population  about 
100. 
8CAKB0R0UGH,  0.  W.    A  Tp.  in  Co.  York.    A  Sta- 
tion on  the  G.  T.  R.,  13  miles  east  of  Toronto. 
Population  about  60. 
SCHANTZ,  C.  W.    In  Co.  Waterloo,  North  Riding. 
A  Station  between  Guelph  and  Berlin,  67  miles 
north-west  of  Toronto,  on  the  G.  T.  R. 
SCOTCH  BLOCK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Halton,  Tp.  Esqueslng. 
Go  to  Georgetown,  80  miles  from  Toronto,  on  the 
G.  T.  R.    Population  about  30. 
SCOTLAND,  C.  W.,  Co.  Brant,  Tp.  Oakland.    Go  to 
Paris  Junction  of  the  G.  W.  R.,  and  of  the  Buffalo 
and  Lake  Huron  Railway. 
SCOTT,  C.  W.    A  Tp.  in  Ontario  Co.,  North  Riding 
(Post-office  discontinued,  Aug.,  1857).    This  Town- 
ship is  best  reached  from  the  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and 
Huron  Rail  from  Toronto,   either  from  Holland 
Landing  or  Newmarket  Stations. 
BEBASTOPOL,  C.  W.     A  new  Township,  north  of 
Anglcsca  and  Barrie,  In  Frontenac  Co.    See  Free 
Grants.    Population  about  100. 
8EBUIN0VILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Perth,  Tp.  Downie.    Be- 
tween and  adjacent  to  Stratford  and  St.  Mary's 
Blancliard.    Go  to  Stratford  by  the  G.  T.  R.,  or  by 
the  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron,  which  unites  with  the 
G.  W.  R.  at  Paris.    Population  about  120. 
SEELEY'S  BAY,  0.  W.,  Co.  Leeds,  Tp.  Leeds.    On 
the  St.  Lawrence,  near  Gananoque.    Go  to  Ganano- 
que,  a  Station  on  the  O.  T.  R.,  11  miles  east  of 
Kingston,  on  the  G.  T.  R. 
SELBY,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lennox,  Tp.  Richmond.    Go  to 
Napance,  in  same  Township,  a  5'.tation  on  the  G.  T. 
R.,  19  miles  west  of  Kingston.  Population  about  180. 
SELKIRK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Haldlmand,  Tp.  Walpole.    Go 
to  GanQeld,  on  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  Hallway. 
Population  about  250. 
SENECA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Haldlmand.    A  Tp.  on  the 
Orund  Klver.    Go  to  Mlddleport,  on  Buffalo  and 
Lake  Huron  Rail. 
SEYMOUR  EAST,  0.  W.,  Co.  Northumberland,  Tp. 
Seymour.    Go  to  Belleville,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  and 
thence  north  by  ytuge.    Population  about  100. 
BHAKSPEARE  (late  Bell's  Corners),  C.  W.,  Co.  Perth, 
Tp.  South  Easthope.    Go  to  Stratford  by  the  Buf- 


falo and  Lake  Huron  (with  Junction  at  Paris  with 
the  G.  W.  R.),  or  by  the  G.  T.  R.  Population  about 
600. 

SHANNONVILLE,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Tyendinaga,  Co. 
Hastings,  South  Riding.  A  Station  on  the  G.  T.  R., 
T  miles  east  of  Belleville.    Population  about  1000. 

SHARON,  C.  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  East  Gwillimbijry.  Go 
to  Newmarket,  84  miles  from  Toror.to,  on  the  Onta- 
rio, Simcoe,  and  Huron  Railway.  Population  about 
260. 

SHEEN,  0.  E.,  Co.  fontlac.  A  Tp.  on  North  Shore 
of  Upner  Ottawa,  fronting  the  River.  S,  i  Ouiseau 
for  Post-ofBce,  and  Aylmer  East  for  Upper  Ottawa 
route. 

SHAWENEGAN,  C.  E.  On  the  River  Shawenegan, 
above  Grand  Piles,  in  the  St.  Maurice  Territory, 
which  see. 

SHEFFIELD,  0.  W.,  Co.  AJ '"ngton.  A  Tp.  For 
Route,  Post-offices,  and  Villages,  see  Clarevlew, 
Erinsville,  and  Tamworth.  Has  no  Post-office 
under  head  of  "  Sheffield." 

SHEFFIELD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wentworth,  Tp.  Beverley.  A 
Post-office  and  Village.  Go  to  Copetown,  a  Station 
of  the  G.  W.  R.,  in  Beverley  Tp. 

8HEFF0RD  AND  SlIEFFOKD  MOUNTAIN,  0.  W. 
Go  to  Sherbrooke,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  Eastern  Town- 
ships, 96  miles  from  Montreal,  and  121  from  Quebec. 

SHERBROOKE  WEST,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Haldlmand 
Co.  For  Post-offices,  see  Port  Maitland.  Go  to 
Wainfleet,  on  the  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  Railway. 

SHERBROOKE,  C.  £.  In  Ascot  Go  to  Sherbrooke, 
on  the  O.  T.  R.,  Montreal  and  Portland  Section,  121 
miles  from  Quebec,  and  96  from  Montreal.  Steam- 
ers to  Lake  Memphramagog  ply  all  the  Summer. 
Population  about  8000. 

SHERIDAN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Peel,  Tp.  Toronto.  The  Tp. 
of  Toronto  is  the  western  vicinity  of  the  City.  Pop- 
ulation about  100. 

SHERltlNGTON,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  NapiervlUe,  and  a 
Railway  Station  on  the  Montreal  and  Plattsburg 
Rail,  88  miles  from  Montreal.    Population  about  150. 

SHIPTON,  (J.  E.  A  Tp.  In  Richmond.  See  DannviUe 
for  Post-office,  also  for  Dannvllle  Station,  on  the  G. 
T.  R.,  S  miles  from  Richmond,  on  Quebec  and  Rich- 
moml  Line. 

SILLSVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co  Lennox,  Tp.  Fredericksburg. 
Go  to  Ernestown  Station,  8  miles  west  of  Kingston 
City,  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

SIDNEY,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Hastings.  For  Post- 
office,  see  Frankford.  Go  to  BellevUle,  on  the  G. 
T.  R. 

SILVER  CREEK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Halton,  Tp.  Esqueslng. 
Go  to  Georgetown,  on  the  G.  T.  R.  Population 
about  50. 

SILVER  HILL,  0.  W.,  Co.  Norfolk,  Tp.  Charlotte- 
vllle,  near  the  Shore  of  Lake  Erie.  Go  to  Brant- 
ford,  on  the  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  Railway,  8 
miles  from  the  Paris  Junction  with  the  G.  W.  R., 
and  thence  by  Stage  to  Simcoe  dally. 

SIMCOE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Norfolk,  Tp.  Woodhouse. 
Dally  connection  by  Stage  with  Paris  and  Brant- 
ford.  Go  to  Brautford  by  the  Buffalo  and  Lake 
Huron  Rail.    Population  about  2000. 

SINCLAIRVILLE,  C.  W.,Co.  Haldlmand,  Tp.  Seneca, 

wlllctl  S66 

SLIGO,  C.  W.,  Co.  Peel,  Tp.  Caledon.  Go  to  Bramp- 
ton, on  the  G.  T.  R.,  22  miles  from  Toronto.  Popu- 
lation about  60. 

SMITH,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Peterborough  C  ,  joining 
Oavan  and  North  Otonabee  Townships  on '  iie  South, 
and  surrounded  by  the  Otonabee  ard  tributary 
Rivers  which  separate  It  from  Ennl.  more  on  the 
West,  Harvey  on  the  North,  and  Douro  on  the 
East.    For  Village  and  Post-office,  see  Bridgenorth. 

SMITIIFIELD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Northumberland.  In 
Brighton  Tp.,  which  is  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  22  miles 
west  of  Belleville.    Population  about  400. 

SMITH'S  CORNERS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Northumberland  Tp. 
Murray.  Go  to  Trenton  or  Belleville,  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

SMITH'S  FALLS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lanark,  Tp.  North 
Elmsley.  On  the  River  Rideau,  with  steam  cora- 
munlcption  from  Ottawa  and  Kingston  by  the  Ri- 
deau Canal  Steamers,  and  by  Stage  (32  miles)  direct 
from  BrockviUe,  ou  the  G.  T.  R.  Population  about 
1600. 

SMlTHVILLEj  0.  W.  (Hastings),  Co.  Hastings,  Tp. 
Thurlow.  Go  by  Belleville,  on  the  G.  T.  R.  Pop- 
ulation about  160. 

SMITHVILLE  (Lincoln),  0.  W.,  Co.  Lincoln,  Tp. 


1^     ■" 


I.  f 


n 


CANADA:   CITIES,   TOWNS,   AND   VILLAGES. 


Orimsby.  Grimsby  Station  on  the  Q.  W.  R.,  17 
miles  South-east  of  HumUton,  on  Lake  Ontario. 
Population  about  6S0. 

80MBKA,  0.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Lambton  Co.,  fronting 
River  St.  C'luir,  between  River  St.  Clair  and  Lalce 
Huron,  about  20  ml'.ds  North-west  of  Chatham,  a 
Station  on  tlie  Q.  W.  R.    Population  about  100. 

BOMEUSET,  C.  E.  A  Town  and  Township  In  Megan- 
tic  Co.  and  a  Station  on  the  O.  T.  R.,  Quebec  and 
Richmond  Section,  47  miles  from  Richmond  Junc- 
tion. 

SOPlilASBURO,  C.  W.,  Co.  Prince  Edward.  One  of 
the  principal  Townships  in  this  County,  two  sides 
of  which  are  surrounded  by  the  liny  of  Qulnte.  It 
contains  some  of  the  finest  land  in  Canada,  and  is 
exceedingly  prosperous.  Tiie  Steamers  from  Belle- 
TiUe  from  tlie  West,  and  Kingston  on  the  East — 
(both  Kingston  and  Belleville  are  Stations  on  the 
G.  T.  R.,  Montreal  and  Toronto  Section) — touch  at 
Nortliport  dally.  For  Villages  and  Post-offices,  see 
Demorestvillc,  Gilbert's  Mills,  and  Northport. 

SORABA,  V.  E.,  Co.  Bagot,  Tp.  Upton.  Go  to  Upton, 
on  the  G.  T.  R.,  48  miles  from  Montreal.  Popula- 
tion about  160. 

80REL,  C.  E.  See  William  Henri.  Populatio  i  about 
4000 

SOULANGES,  C.  E.  A  District  fronting  North  Shore 
of  the  St.  Lawrence,  ac^olning  Glengary  in  Canada 
West.  In  Soulanges  is  the  Cedars  Road  Station  of 
the  G.  T.  R.,  29  miles  from  Montreal. 

SOUTHAMPTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Bruce,  Tp.  Saugeen. 
Southampton  forms  as  yet  only  the  nucleus  of  a 
town,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  River  Saugeen. 
Two  or  three  hotels  and  stores,  surrounded  by 
several  flue  houses  have  been  planted  upon  the 
Bandy  slope,  still  studded  with  stumps,  rising  gently 
from  the  shore  of  the  lake.  The  sand,  however, 
disappears  before  a  richer  soil,  as  you  retire  into 
the  interior  of  the  country.  A  Flour  Mill  and  two 
Saw  Mills  stand  upon  the  banks  of  the  river.  The 
Fltherles  furnish  lucrative  employment  for  several 
boats'  crews,  particularly  during  the  fall  of  the 
year.  Beyond  the  river  lies  an  "  Indian  Reserve," 
and  an  Indian  Village,  consisting  of  a  few  frame 
houses,  inhabited  by  a  remnant  of  "  mild-eyed  and 
melancholy"  Red  Indians,  pensioned  by  Govern- 
ment, and  monopolising  a  crescent  eminence  upon 
the  banks  of  the  meandering  Saugeen,  with  roman- 
tic dells  and  sylvan  scenery  scarcely  surpassed  even 
by  "  winsome  Yarrow."  Opposite  the  town,  and 
about  a  mile  distant  from  tl\e  shore,  lies  Chantrv 
Islund,  or  rather  Islet,  on  which  a  Lighthouse  has 
lately  been  erected,  and  In  the  lee  of  which  might 
be  constructed  a  harbour  of  refuge  for  a  whole 
navy,  a  scheme  which  rumour  says,  has  been  pro- 
jected in  connection  with  a  new  line  of  railroad 
from  Guelph,  and  urgently  demanded  by  the  inac- 
cessibility of  this  north-west  corner  of  the  province. 
But  considering  the  dangerous  nature  of  the  navi- 
gation through  the  Georgian  Bay,  there  cannot  be 
the  least  doubt  that  It  will  withdraw  the  traffic,  at 
least,  to  the  West  from  the  Northern  Railroad  to 
Collingwood,  and  conduce,  therefore,  to  the  pros- 
perity of  "The  Morning  SUr,"  as  Southampton 
may  be  designated  from  Its  position.  70  miles  north 
of  Goderich,  82  miles  from  Owen  Sound.  Stage 
dally  to  Owen  Sound.     Population  about  060. 

SOUTH  BOLTON,  0.  E.,  Co,  Browne,  Tp.  Bolton. 
Leave  the  train  at  Compton,  O.  T.  U.  Go  through 
Charleston  and  Stanstead  Plain — In  which  is  George- 
vllle — cross  by  Steam  Kerry  to  Bolton,  shore  of 
Magog  Lake,  ami  go  by  Stage  to  Bolton,  one  of  the 
Eastern  Townsldps,  proverbial  for  fertility  of  soil, 
salubrity  of  climate,  and  the  singular  beauty  of 
their  scenery. 

SOUTH  CAVUGA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Haldlmand,  Tp.  South 
Cayuga.  Go  to  ( 'anfleld  Station,  on  the  Bulfalo  and 
Lake  Huron  Railway.    Population  about  lIH). 

SOUTH  CROSBY,  c:.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Leeds  Co.  For 
Post-offices,  Route,  and  Villages,  see  Elgin  and 
Morton, 

SOUTH  BOURO,  C.  W.,  Co.  Peterborough,  Tp.  Douro. 
Go  to  Peterborough  by  Ruiiway  from  Cobourg,  on 
the  G.  T.  R.    Population  about  50. 

SOUTH  DURHAM,  C.  S.,  Co.  Drummond,  Tp.  Dur- 
ham. Go  to  Durham  Station,  on  the  G.  T.  R..  61 
miles  south-east  of  Montreal.   Population  about  100. 

SOUTH  EASTHOPE,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  Perth.  In 
the  vicinity  of  the  Stratford  Junction  Station  of 


the  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  Railway  and  G.  T,  R, 
For  Post-office,  see  Shakspeare. 

SOUTH  ELMSLEY,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Leeds  Co.  On 
the  Rldeau  River.  Go  to  BrockvUle,  on  the  G.  T.  R., 
and  thence  by  Smith's  Fulls  Stage,  Population 
about  60. 

SOUTH  ELY,  0.  E.  See  Ely,  A  Tp.  in  Shefford.  In 
the  vicinity  of  the  Richmond  Junction  of  the  G.  T, 
R.     Population  about  100. 

SOUTH  FINCH,  C,  W.,  Co.  Stormont,  Tp.  Finch.  Go 
to  Dickenson's  Landing,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  a  Station 
9  miles  west  of  Cornwall,  the  County  Town.  Pop- 
ulation about  100. 

SOUTH  GLOUCESTER,  C.  W ,  Co.  Carleton,  Tp, 
Gloucester.  Go  to  Gloucester,  a  Station  11  miles 
from  Ottawa,  on  the  Prescott  Branch  from  the  G. 
T.  R.  at  Prescott  Junction. 

SOUTH  GOWER,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  North  Riding  of 
Co.  Grenvllle.  Go  to  Kelly's  or  Osgoode  Station, 
on  the  Ottawa  Branch  from  the  Prescott  Junction 
of  the  G,  T.  R, 

SOUTH  GRANBY,  C,  E.  A  Post-office  for  Grnnby 
Tp.,  Co.  ShefTord.  Go  to  Acton,  on  the  G.  T.  R. 
Population  about  100. 

SOUTH  HINCHINBROOKE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Huntingdon, 
Tp.  lUnchinbrooke.  Go  to  Hemingford,  41  miles 
from  Montreal,  a  Station  on  the  Montreal  and 
Plattsburg  Railway. 

SOUTH  MARCH,  C.  W.  A  Post-office  in  March  Tp., 
Co.  Carleton.  On  South  Shore  of  Ottawa  River, 
opposite  Aylmer  East.  Go  to  Ottawa  City  from 
Prescott  Junction  of  the  G.  T.  R.,  by  Ottawa  Kail- 
way. 

SOUTH  MONAGHAN,  0.  W,  A  Tp.  In  Co.  Northum- 
berland, West  Riding.  Go  to  Trenton  on  the  ti.  T. 
R. 

SOUTH  MOUNTAIN,  0.  W.  A  Post-office  in  Moun- 
tain Tp.,  Dundas  Co.  Go  to  Matilda  Station  on  the 
G.  T.  R.,  9  miles  west  of  Kingston  and  ld4  east  of 
Montreal.    Population  about  100, 

SOUTH  POTTON,  C.  E.,  Co.  Brome,  Tp.  Potton.  For 
route  from  Compton  Station  of  the  G.  T.  R.  See 
South  Bolton. 

SOUTH  ROXTON,  C.  E.,  Co.  ShefTord,  Tp.  Ronton. 
Go  to  Acton  on  the  G,  T.  R.,  49  miles  from  Mon- 
treal. 

SOUTH  WESTMEATH,  C.  W,,  Co.  Renfrew,  Tp. 
Westmeath,  fronting  the  River  Ottawa,  South  Shore, 
adjacent  to  Pembroke.  The  Pembroke  and  lirock- 
vllle  Railway  will  Intersect  the  Tp.  Go  to  Ajlmer 
East,  and  see  Aylmer  East  for  route. 

SOUTHWOLD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Elgin.  A  Tp.  skirted  on  the 
west  by  the  London  and  Port  Stanley  Rallwa.v,  and 
fronting  Lake  Erie  on  the  south.  Go  to  St.  Thomas 
West,  which  see.  For  Post-offices  within  the  Tp., 
see  FIngal  and  Talbotvllle  Royal. 

SOUTH  ZORRA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Oxford,  Tp.  Zorra.  Go 
to  Woodstock  on  the  G.  W.  R,,  about  47  miles  west 
of  Hamilton  City, 

SPARTA,  C,  W.,  Co.  Elgin,  Tp.  Yarmouth.  In  the 
vicinity  of  London  and  Port  Stanley  Branch  Rail- 
way from  London,  G.  W.  R.  Go  to  St.  Thomai 
West. 

SPENCER  COVE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Quebec,  In  vicinity  of  the 
City.  Go  to  Point  Levi  Terminus  of  the  0.  T.  It. 
Po))ulatlon  about  2000. 

SPENCERVILLE,  0.  W.  A  Village  and  Post-office  la 
Edwardsburg,  Co.  Grenvllle.  Go  to  Edwardsburg 
Station  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  9  miles  east  of  Prescott 
Junction.     Population  about  150. 

SPIKE'S  CORNERS.    See  Harrowsmith. 

SPRING  AKBOUR,  C.  W.,  Co.  Norfolk,  T|).  Waking- 
ham,  on  Lake  Erie.  Go  to  Simcoe.  See  .Sinicoe, C 
W.,  for  route.     Population  about  yoO. 

SPRINGFORD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Oxford,  Tp.  Norwich.  Go 
to  Woodstock  on  the  C    V.  R. 

SPHINGVILLE,  t;.  W..  Oo.  Durham,  Tp.  Cavan.  Go 
to  Port  Hope  on  die  G.  T.  R,,  G'i  miles  west  of  To- 
ronto, and  then<-e  by  Port  Hope  anil  Lindsay  Kiiil- 
wav,  partially  open  to  Omeniee.  Population  aboiii 
KM). 

STAFFORD,  C.  W.     A  Tp.  In  Co.  Renfrew,  adjaceni 
I     to  Pembroke,  on  Upper  Ottawa,  South  Sliore.  fc 
Aylmer  East  tor  route.    The  Railway  to  Pembroke 
will  pass  very  near  this  Township. 

STAMFORD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wetland.    Co.  Town  andTp 
In  Nl->gara  District.    A  Station  on  the  Brunch  Rail- 
way from  Niagara  to  Chippewa,  10  miles  from  NUj- 
I     ara,  and  7  from  Chippewa, 


CANADA:  CITIES,  TOWNS,  AND  VILLAGES. 


78 


For 
See 


nth.  In  the 
aiich  Kail- 
t.  Thoiiiai 


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;ilwav(lsburg 

of  I'rescoll 


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orwlch.  Co 

Ciivan.  (i» 
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lalion  about 

BW,  adjaceni 
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to  Pembroke 

own  and  Tp. 
Branch  Rail- 
IS  from  Sl»g- 


STANBUIDGE  EAST,  C.  E.,  Co.  Mlsjlsquol,  Tp.  Stan- 
hrldge.  Go  to  C'ompton,  0.  K.,  on  U.  T.  H.,  Mon- 
treal and  Portland  Section,  or  to  St.  John's  on  the 
Ohainplaln  and  St.  Lawrence  Hallway,  between 
which  two  Stations  there  Is  a  line  of  Stages  three 
times  a  week  through  Stanbrldge,  Dunham,  Brome, 
Ilolton,  and  Georgevllle.     Population  about  250. 

STANliltlDGE,  C.  £.  See  Stanbrldge  East  and  Bed- 
ford in  same  Tp. 

STANDON,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  In  Dorchester,  on  Eatt  Shore 
of  the  Chaudl^re  lUver,  bordering  Bellechasse  Co. 
The  Chaudi^re  Junction  on  O.  T.  K.  Is  about  86 
miles  distant.    Population  about  200. 

STANFOLD,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Arthabaska:  a  Station 
on  the  G.  T.  K.,  65  miles  from  Point  Levi  (Quebec), 
and  41  miles  from  KIchmond  Junction. 

STANLEY,  C.  W.  V  Tp.  in  Co.  Huron,  of  which  Bay- 
field is  the  prii  .pal  Post-ofBce  and  Village.  See 
also  Brucefield. 

STANLEY'S  MILLS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Peel,  Tp.  Chlngua- 
cousy.  Go  to  Brampton  on  the  G.  T.  U.  Popula- 
tion about  150. 

STANSTEAD,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  and  Town  in  Co.  of 
same  name,  containing  llatley,  Barnston,  and  Stan- 
stead,  on  the  Borders  of  the  State  of  Vermont,  three 
of  tlie  best  Townshios  in  the  Eastern  Province.  Go 
to  Compton  on  the  G.  T.  U.,  110  miles  south-east  of 
Montreal. 

STEPHEN,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Huron,  fronting  Lake 
Huron.  The  Goderich  Stage  from  London,  C  W. ; 
Hamilton  and  Windsor  Line,  and  the  St.  itiary's 
Blanshard,  which  see,  offer  the  best  mode  of  com- 
munication.   For  Post-ofHce,  see  Exeter. 

STEVENSVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Welland.Tp.  Bertie,  near 
shore  of  Lake  Erie.  Go  to  Port  Erie,  Canadian  Ter- 
minus of  the  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  Uallway. 
Population  about  150. 

STIRLING,  C.  W.,  Co.  Hastings,  Tp.  Rawdon.  Go 
to  Belleville  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  113  miles  east  of  To- 
ronto and  280  west  of  Montreal,  and  thence  by 
Stage.  Stage  also  from  Madoc.  Population  about 
10(10. 

STITTSVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Carleton,  Tp.  Goulburn. 
North  OsRoode,  on  the  Ottawa  and  Prescott  Junc- 
tion, 16  miles  from  Ottawa  City,  appears  to  be  the 
nearest  Station.  Go  to  Prescott  Junction  (for  Ot- 
tawa Railway)  on  the  G.  T.  K.  Population  about 
50. 

STOCO,  C.  W.,  Co.  Hastings,  North  Riding,  Tp.  Hun- 
gerford.  North  of  Napanee  and  Tyemlonaga  on 
tlie  (i.  T.  R.,  Montreal  and  Toronto  Section.  Nap- 
anee most  eligible  for  Stage  connection.  Popula- 
tion about  50. 

STONEUAM,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  In  Quebec  Co.,  north-east 
of  the  City  about  IS  miles.  Go  to  Point  Levi  on  the 
0.  T.  R. 

STONEY  CREEK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wentworth,  Tp.  Salt- 
fleet,  on  Lake  Ontario.  Go  to  Ontario  Station, 
about  11^  miles  south-v/est  of  Hamilton,  on  the  G, 
W.  K.    Population  about  200. 

ETOHNOWAY,  C.  E.,  Co.  Compton,  Tp.  Winslow, 
about  35  miles  east  of  Richmond  Junction  of  the  G. 
T.  R.  Sherbrooke  is  the  most  eligible  Station  for 
f-tii);e  connection.    Population  about  100. 

STOItKINtrTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Frontenac.  A  Tp.  north 
of  I'lattsburg.  Go  to  Kingston  City  on  the  G.  T.  R., 
and  thence  by  Rideau  Canal  Steamers  or  Plattsburg 
Stage. 

STOnVILLE,  C.  E.,  St.  .John's.  Try  St.  John's,  21 
miles  from  Montreal,  on  Cliamplain  and  St.  Law- 
rence liailwav.  Population  about  50. 
STOUFFVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  Whitchurch. 
Go  by  Stage  from  Toronto  City,  at  2J  P.  .M.  daily, 
from  Black  Horse  Inn,  front  St.,  or  by  Stage  from 
Scurboro  Station  at  4J.  Stoulfvlile  is  also  within  12 
miles  east  of  the  Ontario,  SImcoe,  and  Huron  Rail- 
way, Aurora,  King,  or  Newmarket  Stations.  Popu- 
lation about  600. 
STRABANE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wentworth,  North  Riding, 
Tp.  Klamboro  West.  (Jo  to  Hamilton  on  the  G.  W. 
it.  Population  about  2t)0. 
STttAl'FOIlDVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Elgin,  Tp.  Bayham. 
Near  Lake  Erie,  about  20  miles  west  of  St.  Thomas 
West,  on  London  and  Port  Stanley  Junction  of  the 
0.  W.  R.,  connecting  at  London,  C.  W.  Population 
about  400. 
STRATFORD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Perth,  Tp.  South  Easthope. 
Tbe  Terminus  of  the  G.  T.  R.,  81)  miles  north-west 
of  Toronto,  82  miles  from  the  Paris  Station,  on  the 


O.  W.  R.,  ai  well  fti  on  the  IIiiIThIo  nnd  Lake  Huron 
Kail,  Stage  oonnuclluii  with  Goderloh,  Ut.  Mary's, 
and  London,  V.  W, 

STRATIUIURN,  0.  W,,  Co.  Middlesex,  West  Riding, 
Tp.  ftliisa.  Go  to  Ekfria  Htallui)  on  the  G.  W.  R,, 
20  miles  west,  0,  W. 

8TKATHR0Y,  (J,  W.,  Co,  MlddloKcx,  Tp.  Oarradoc. 
Go  to  Mount  Bryilues  In  mimu  Township,  a  Station 
on  the  G,  W,  It,,  16  iiillon  wcat  of  London,  0.  W. 
Population  about  400. 

STREETSVILLE,  C,  W,,  Vn.  \'w\,  Tp,  Toronto. 
Go  by  8  age  direct  from  Toronti)  City  (General 
Wolfe  Inn)  dally,  at  U  P,  M,.  or  by  Htage  from  Port 
Credit  Station,  on  the  G.  \V,  R,,  ly  milca  west  of 
Toronto.    Population  alinul  viMlO, 

STUKELY,  0.  E,  A  Tp,  In  HIiulTord,  About  12  miles 
west  of  Sherbrooke  Htiilloii,  on  the  G,  T,  R,,  26 
miles  south  of  Rlchniniid  Jiitiotloii, 

SULLIVAN,  0,  W.  A  Tii,  In  Co,  Grey,  Go  to  Col- 
Rngwood  by  the  Ontario,  Hliiicnv,  and  Huron  Rail- 
way from  Toronto,  and  tlioiioc  by  Canadian  Steamer 
to  Owen  Sound,  and  tliviiuu  iiy  Stage  about  lit 
miles  south-west, 

SUMMERSTOWN,  0,  W.,  Co.  {llDngftry,  Tp,  Char- 
lottenburg,  A  Stittioii  iiii  tliii  G,  T,  R,,  8  miles  cast 
of  Cornwall,  and  (10  frnni  Moiitrval.  Population 
about  50, 

SUMMERVILLE,  C,  W.,  ("o.  Poul,  Tp.  Toronto.  In 
the  vicinity  of  Toronto  City,  Go  to  Port  Credit,  12 
miles  on  the  Hamilton  anil  Toronto  Section  of  G. 
W.  R.,  or  by  CooksvlUo  Htago,  dally  from  Toronto. 
Population  about  IIIU, 

SUNNIUALE,  C,  W.  A  Tp,  mid  Htalloii  on  the  Sim- 
coe,  Ontario,  and  Huron  Kallwny,  70  miles  from 
Toronto, 

SUTHERLAND'S  CORNKRH,  0.  W,, On,  Lambton, Tp. 
Eupheinia,  Go  to  Newbury,  on  tiiu  G,  W.  R,,  Ham- 
ilton and  Windsor  Suction,  about  HO  mllci  west  of 
London,  C.  W. 

SUTTON,  C,  E,  A  Tn,  In  llniim),  Stngoi  run  from 
Compton,  on  the  (I,  T,  U,,  by  way  nfUeorguvlUe. 
Population  about  150. 

SWEABURG,  C.  W,,  Co.  Oxford,  North  Hiding,  Tp. 
West  Oxforil.  Go  to  Iiig.iMoll,  on  Iho  (1.  W  R., 
Hnnillton  and  WlniliKir  Huutloii,  iiliout  2S  miles  west 
of  Paris  Junction  of  G,  W,  It,  uiid  Uulfalo  nnd  Lake 
Huron. 

SWEETSBURG,  C,  W„  Co.  Mlnnlsquol,  Tp.  Dunhnm. 
Go  by  the  name  Stage  rmilo  fi'om  (Joinpton,  um  the 
G.  T.  R.,  Mnl^treal  anil  Torcmto  Suction,  by  way  of 
Georgevllle,  as  fur  Boltoii,  Hiittnn,  Ilromo,  I'tc, 

SWITZERVILLE,  C.  W,,  Co,  Addlligt(Mi,Tp.  Eriiri.ton. 
Go  to  Erncston,  on  tiin  (I,  T,  U..  '  ll-s  west  of 
Kingston  City,     Population  uboit 

SYDENHAM,  (!.  W.    A  Tp,  III  Gr(,  vhl.-M  is 

Owen's  Sound,  the  principal  Town,  I  .ml  I'.ist- 

ofHce  of  tho  District,    Go  by  Ontiirlii,  Mmcnc,  and 
Huron  Hallway  to  ('ollliigwood  from  Toronto,  and 
thence  liy  Canadian  Htoami'r,  or  by  (luolph,  on  il 
G.  T.  R.,  and  thoiico  by  Stages. 

SYDENHAM,  0.  W.  A  'I'p.  Ill  Ri-iifrcw,  on  the  South 
Shore  of  the  Upper  Oltawii  Hlvi'i',  near  I'eiiibroke. 
For  route,  see  Ayliiier  East.    (Not  a  I'ost-oMlci',) 

SYDENHAM  PLACE,  0.  K,,  Co.  Drunimond,  Tp. 
Kliigacy.  (io  to  Dannvlllu.  on  llio  (I.  T.  K.,  (Jucbeo 
nnd  Richmond  Section,  12  iiilUw  from  Richmond 
Junction, 

SYLVAN,  C,  W,,  Co.  MlcldlcHcx,  West  Hiding,  Tp. 
Williams.  In  Port  Sariila  Dlntrlcl,  West  of  (Strat- 
ford, on  inleniled  (I.  T,  11,  E.Ntelinlon  nt  present. 
Go  to  London,  0.  \V,,  by  tho  G,  W.  R,,  anil  about 
16  to  IS  miles  north-west  by  Road.  Population 
about  00. 


'J' 

TADOUSAC,  C.  E.  In  Tadousno  Co,  On  North-enst 
point  of  the  coiilliiciu'c  of  tlio  HIvcrs  Sagnenayniid 
St.  Lnwreiici',  Un  nillcs  lieliiw  (Jili'bec,  The  Hagiie- 
nay  Steanu'i-a  usually  call,  Nnli'il  as  a  Stiitliui  of 
the  Hudson's  Bay  Company,  witli  Its  Hag  stair  and 
cannon.  Noted  also  for  a  "' fatlioiiilrns  harbour, 
where  the  French  S(|uailron  found  a  seciirii  retreat 
at  the  Slcgo  of  (Juebuc  under  Guneral  Wolfe,  Pop- 
ulation alinut  400. 

TALIIOTTVILLK  ROYAL,  0,  W.,  Co,  Klgln,  West 
Hiding,  Tp,  Soutliwold,  Go  to  St,  Tlioiims  (West), 
on  the  London  auil  Port  Stanley  KuUwuy,  whlon 


fli 


S!'!i: 


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hI 

1  ' 

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ill 

i|<     ' 

iH 

Ft 

74 


CANADA:   CITIES,  TOWNS,  AND  VILLAGES. 


connects  at  London  with  the  d,  W.  R.  Population 
about  800. 

TAMARACK,  C.  E.,  Co.  Megantlo.    A  new  Poet-office. 

TAMWORTH,  C.  W.,  Co.  Addlngton,  Tp.  Sheffield. 
See  "Free  Grants."  Tamworth  is  one  of  the 
places  on  the  route  from  Kingston  to  Napanee,  on 
the  O.  T.  R.    Population  about  400. 

TANNERY  WEST,  C.  E.  On  the  Isle  of  Montreal 
(Hochelaga  Division).  Go  to  Montreal  City  by  G. 
T.  R.  or  Steamer. 

TAPLEYTOWN,  0.  W.,  Co.  Wentworth,  South  Riding, 
Tp.  Saltfleet.  Go  to  Ontario,  on  the  (i.  W.  R.,  about 
11^  miles  f^om  Hamilton  City.  Population  about 
80 

TATLOCK,  0.  W.,  Co.  Lanark,  Tp.  Darling.  About 
20  miles  north  of  Peru,  to  which  go  by  Stage  from 
Brockville,  on  the  G.  T.  R.  The  Arnprior  Railway 
will  open  this  district,  and  is  now  In  progress. 

TECUMSETH,  C.  VV.  A  Tp.  in  Simcoe,  South  Riding, 
about  6  miles  West  of  Bradford,  to  which  Station 
go  by  the  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  iluron  Rail  from 
Toronto. 

TEESWATER,  C.  W.,  Co.  Bruce,  Tp.  Culross.  Go  to 
Guelph,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  Toronto  and  Stratford  Sec- 
tion, and  thence  by  Garafraxa  Road  North. 

TEMPLETON,  0.  E.  A  Tp.  In  Ottawa  Co.  Opposite 
the  City  of  Ottawa,  on  the  North  Shore,  near  con- 
fluence of  Gatineau  and  Ottawa  Rivers.  Oo  to 
Prescott  Junction,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  and  thence  by 
Ottawa  Railway. 

TEMPLETON,  0.  E.  James  Hogan,  Postmaster,  Inn- 
keeper, and  Trader.    Gatineau  Point. 

TEOUAUTA,  C.  E.  In  Selgnory  of  Beauhamois,  on 
South  Shore  of  St.  Lawrence.  Go  to  Lachine  and 
cross  to  Caughnawaga  or  Beauharnois ;  is  about  10 
miles  west  of  the  Railway  (Montreal  and  Platts- 
burg  Line). 

TERREBONNE,  C.  E.  A  Town  and  Selgnory  op- 
posite Isle  of  Jesus,  on  North  Shore  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence. Oo  to  Montreal,  and  thence  about  20  miles. 
Population  about  1400. 

TETE  DU  BOULE,  C.  E.  A  Mountain  Peak  800  feet 
high,  about  one  mile  from  Tadousac,  from  whence 
may  be  seen  one  cf  the  most  wild  and  magnificent 
views  the  Saguenay  affords. 

TEVIOTDALE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wellington,  North  Riding, 
Tp.  Minto.  Oo  to  Guelph,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  and 
thence  North  by  Stage. 

THAMESFORD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Oxford,  North  Riding,  Tp. 
East  Missouri.  Go  to  Edwardsburg,  on  the  G.  W. 
R.,  10  miles  east  of  London,  C,  W.  Population 
about  600, 

THAME8VILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Kent,  Tp.  Camden.  A 
Station  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  49  miles  west  of  London, 
C.  W.    Population  about  800. 

THISTLETON,  0.  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  Etobicoke.  Go 
to  Weston,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  9  mUes  out  of  Toronto, 
Toronto  and  Stratford  Section,  or  by  Stage  at  2 
daily,  from  Wolfe  Inn,  Church  street,  which  goes 
through  Etobicoke.    Population  about  100. 

TH0MA8BURG,  C.  W.,  Co.  Hastings,  North  Riding, 
Tp.  Hungerford.    Go  to  Napanee,  on  G.  T.  R. 

THORAH,  C.  W.,  Co.  Ontario.  A  Tp.  in  which  are 
Beaverton  and  Forcastle,  elsewhere  referred  to, 
which  see. 

THORNBURY,  C.  W.,  Co.  Grey,Tp.  Colllngwood.  Go 
to  Colllngwood,  on  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Huron 
Railway,  95  miles  from  Toronto.  Population  about 
160. 

THORNHILL,  C.  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  Markham. 
Daily  Stp.ge  from  Toronto  City,  Best's  Bay  Horsi  , 
Yonge  street,  at  SJ  P.  M.,  also  Railway  by  Ontario, 
Simcoe,  and  Huron.  From  Toronto  14  miles.  Pop- 
ulation about  700. 

THORNTON,  0.  W.,  Co.  Simcoe,  Tp.  Innlsfil.  Lefroy 
and  Cralgvale  are  both  Stations  ii  ilsfll  Tp.,  on 
the  Ontario,  Simcoe  and  Huron  Railway.  Popula- 
tion about  T5. 

THOROLO,  C.  W.  A  Town  and  Tp.  in  Welland  Co. 
A  Station  on  the  G.  W.  R.,  9J  miles  from  Niagara, 
and  about  84^  from  Hamilton.  Population  about 
2000. 

THORPVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wellington,  North  Riding, 
Tp.  Nlcol.    Oo  to  Guelph  on  the  6.  T.  R. 

THREE  RIVERS,  C.  K.  Nearly  half-way  between 
Montreal  and  Quebec ;  a  Town  at  the  mouth  of  the 
8t.  Maurice  from  the  north,  and  the  Becancour  on 
the  South,  situated  on  the  North  Shore  of  the  St. 
Lawrence.   A  Tp.,  Corporate,  and  Electoral  District. 


This  wai  formerly  the  seat  of  gorernment.  The 
Cataract  of  Shawtnnegamme  is  about  25  miles  up 
the  St.  Maurice,  and  is  an  object  of  great  interest, 
as  are  the  lumbering  establishments  sprung  up  of 
late  with  the  opening  of  the  St.  Maurice  country. 
Go  by  Steamer  from  Quebec  or  Montreal.  Popula- 
tion about  7000. 

THURLOW,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Hastings  Co.  Go  to 
Belleville  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

THURSO,  0.  E.,  Co.  Ottawa,  Tp.  Lochaber,  on  the 
North  Shore  of  the  Ottawa  River,  fronting  the  river, 
about  20  miles  below  Ottawa  City.  Go  by  Steamers 
from  Montreal.  Bee  cjso  Ottawa  City.  Population 
about  200. 

TILBURY  EAST,  0.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Kent.  Go  to  Bap- 
tlste  Creek  on  the  G.  W.  R.,  81  miles  east  of  Wind- 
sor.   Population  about  50. 

TILBURY  WEST,  0.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Essex  Co.  For 
Post-ofllce,  route,  etc.,  see  Comber  and  THbury 
East,  (adjoining  Township). 

TINQUIOK,  C.  E.  ATp.  InArthabaskn.  GotoDann- 
vllle  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  12  miles  fi-ora  Richmond. 

TRING,  0.  W.  A  Tp.  in  North  Riding  of  Simcoe  Co., 
fronting  the  G  eorglan  Bay.  For  Towns,  Post-offices, 
and  route,  see  Penetanguishene  and  Lafontalne. 

TOLEDO,  C.  W.,  Co.  Leeds,  Tp.  Kltley.  Go  to  Brock- 
ville on  the  G.  T.  R.    Population  about  175. 

TORONTO  GORE.    See  Gore  of  Toronto. 

TORONTO,  C.  W.,  Co.  Peel.  A  Tp.  in  vicinity  and 
west  of  Toronto  City.  See  Credit,  Cooksvllle,  Sum- 
mervllle,  Streetsvllle,  Sheridan,  and  DeiTy  West  for 
Post-offices,  etc. 

TORONTO,  0.  W.,  Co.  York,  Upper  Canada,  and 
seat  of  government.  For  full  information  and  views 
of  Toronto,  see  elsewhere. 

TOWNSEND,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Norfolk  Co.  For 
Routes,  Villages,  and  Post-offices,  see  Bioomsburg, 
Boston,  C.  W.,  Hartford,  Rockford,  Villanova,  and 
Waterford. 

TRAFALGAR,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Halton  Co.  Oo  to 
Bronte  In  the  same  Tp.,  a  Station  on  the  G.  W.  R., 
13|  miles  from  Hamilton  City. 

TRECASTLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Perth,  Tp.  Wallace.  Go  to 
Stratford  on  the  G.  T.  R.  Wallace  Tp.  lies  about 
28  miles  north. 

THENHOLM,  O.  E.,  Co.  Drummond,  Tp.  Klngsey.  Oo 
to  Dunnvllle  on  G.  T.  R. 

TRENTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Northumberland,  Tp.  Mur- 
ray. A  Station  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  (near  the  mouth  of 
the  River  Trent,)  12  miles  west  of  Belleville  and  101 
east  of  Toronto. 

TRING,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Beauce,  about  25  miles  east 
of  Arthabaska  Station  on  the  G.  T.  R,  82  miles  from 
Richmond  Junction. 

TR0I8  PISTOLES,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Temiscouata.  A 
Port  on  South  Shore  of  St.  'iawrencc,  about  110 
miles  below  St.  Thomas  East.  The  Intended  Termi- 
nus of  the  St.  Andrew's  (New  Brunswick)  and  Wood- 
stock Railway,  forming  a  direct  line  by  connection 
with  the  (>.  T.  R.,  from  Quebec  to  the  Atlantic,  en- 
tirely through  British  Territory.  Population  about 
8000. 

TROIS  SAUM0N8,  0.  E.,  Co.  L'Islet.  See  St.  Jean 
Port  Joll. 

TROY,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wentworth,  Tp.  Beverley.  Go  to 
C'opetown  Hf.illon,  on  the  G.  W.  R.,  18  miles  Vfest 
of  Hamlltoi      ity.    Population  about  200. 

TUI.I.AMORK,  W.,  Co.  Peel,  Tp.  Toronto  flnre, 
(1(1  to  Weston  11  Malton,  on  the  G.  T.  K.  Popula- 
tion about  loo. 

TURNBKRRY,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Huron  Co.  In  which 
is  Belmore  Post-office,  (io  to  Mitchell  by  Stage 
from  the  Stratford  Junction  of  the  O.  T.  U.,  and 
Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  Rail,  and  thence  north 
through  Logan  and  Grey,  or  to  Guelph,  on  llie  U. 
T.  R.,  Toronto  and  Stratford  Section,  and  tlience 
through  Arthur,  Mount  Forest,  ilc,  by  Stage. 

TUSCARORA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Brant,  KH»t  Ri'llng.Tp.  On 
ondaga.  Go  to  Onondaga  Station,  on  the  HulTalo 
and  Lake  Huron  Rail,  16  miles  south  of  Paris  Junc- 
tion. 

TWEED,  C.  W.,  Co.  Hastings.  North  Riding,  Tp. 
Hungerford.  Go  to  Napam-i  r  T.vciiillniigB,  on 
the  G.  T.  R.,  and  then  north  Population  about 
800. 

TWO  MOUNTAINS,  C.  E.  Opposite  the  Isle  of  Mon- 
treal, on  the  St.  Lawrence,  in  which  are  Point 
aux  Anglais,  St.  Benolt,  and  .m.  Joseph  du  Lac. 

TYENDONAGA,  C  W,     A  Tp.  in  Hastingd  Co.,  m 


CANADA:   CITIES,  TOWNS,   AND  VILLAGES. 


75 


whlcb  are  Blenlngton,  MaryBTlUe,  and  Melrose 
Vlllagcii.  nlth  Post-offices,  which  see.  Tyendlnaga 
is  a  Station  on  the  d.  T.  K.,  84  miles  west  of  Kings- 
ton, and  18  miles  east  of  Belleville. 

TYKCONNELL,  0.  W.,  Co.  Elgin,  West  Riding,  Tp. 
Dunwich.  A  Village  and  Port  on  Lake  Erie,  about 
12  miles  west  of  Port  Stanley,  to  which  go  by  the 
a.  W.  R.  to  London,  and  thence  by  Branch  Rail 
direct.    Population  about  500. 

TYRONE,  0.  W.,  Co.  Durham,  West  Riding,  Tp.  Dar- 
lington. Qo  to  BowmanvUle,  (In  same  Tp.J,  a  Main 
Station  of  G.  T.  R.,  44  miles  east  of  Toronto. 
Population  about  250. 

U 

UNION,  0.  W.,  Co.  Elgin,  Tp.  Yarmouth.  Go  to  St. 
Thomas  West  in  same  Tp.  Go  to  London,  on  the  G. 
W.  R. ,  and  thence  by  London  and  Port  Stanley  Line. 
Population  about  800. 

UNIONVILLE,  0.  W.,  Co.  York,  East  Riding,  Tp. 
Harkham.  Go  by  StouffviUe  Stage  flrom  Toronto. 
See  Markham. 

UPTON,  C.  E.,  Co.  Bagot.  For  Post-office,  see  Soraba. 
A  Station  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  48  miles  south-east  of 
Montreal. 

U8B0RNB,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  Huron.  For  Post- 
office,  see  Devon.  Go  to  Stratford,  on  the  G.  T.  R., 
or  by  the  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  Railway. 

UTIOA,  0.  W.,  Co.  Ontario,  Tp.  Reach.  About  20 
miles  north  of  Whitby  and  Oshawa,  both  Stations 
on  the  G.  T.  R.    Population  about  60. 

UXBRIDGE,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Ontario  Co.  North  of 
Pickering.  Go  to  Port  Whitby,  29  miles  east  of  To- 
ronto.   Population  about  600. 


VALCARTIER,  0.  E.    A  Tp.  in  Quebec  Co.    Go  to 

Point  Levi,  Quebec,  G.  T.  R.,  on  South  Shore  of  St.. 

Lawrence. 

VALLENTYNE,  0.  E.,  Co. Ontario,  Tp.  Brock.  About86 

miles  north  of  Port  Whitby,  to  which  go  by  G.  T.  R. 

VALLEYFIELD,  0.  B.  In  Beauharnois.  Go  to 
Caughnawaga,  opposite  Lachine,  by  Montreal  and 
Plattsburg  Hallway,  and  Ferry,  thence  west.  Pop- 
ulation about  400. 

VANKLEEK  HILL,  0.  W., Co.  Prescott, Tp.  Hawkes- 
bury.  On  South  Shore  of  Lower  Ottawa  River.  Go 
by  Steamer  to  and  from  Ottawa  and  Montreal 
Population  about  500. 

VAUENNES,  C.  E.  In  Vercheres.  On  South  Shore 
of  St.  Lawrence.  Go  to  St.  Hilalre,  on  the  G.  T.  R., 
IT  miles  from  Montreal.    Population  about  1000. 

VANDHEUIL,  C.  E.  A  District  bounded  by  Sou- 
langes  on  the  west,  and  by  the  Rivers  Ottawa  and 
St.  Lawrence  at  their  confluence.  In  which  Is  Van- 
dreull,  0.  T.  R.  Station,  Montreal  and  Toronto  Sec- 
tion, 24  miles  west  of  Montreal.    Pop.  about  600. 

YEKULAM,  C.  W.,  Co.  Victoria.  A  Tp.  north  of 
Emily.  Go  to  Lindsay  by  Port  Hope  Railway,  from 
Port  Hope  62  miles  west  of  Toronto,  on  G.  T.  R. 
For  Post-office,  etc.,  see  Bobcaygeon. 

VERNONVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Northumberland,  Tp. 
Haldlmand.  Go  to  Grafton,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  7 
miles  east  of  Cobourg.     Population  about  TO. 

VESPRA,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Slracoe,  In  which  Is  the  Co. 
Town  of  Barrle  and  Apton  Post-office.  Go  to  Bar- 
rie,  which  see. 

VICTORIA  CORNERS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Ontario,  Tp.  Reach. 
Go  to  Whitby,  on  G.  T.  R.,  29  miles  east  of  Toronto. 
Population  about  60. 

VICTORIA  SQUARE.  C.  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  Markham, 
which  see.    Pnpniai.  on  about  200. 

VIENNA,  Co.  Elgin,  East  Riding,  Tp.  Bayham,  near 
Shore  of  Lake  Erie.  Qo  to  Paris  Junction  by  G.  W. 
R.,  or  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron,  and  thence  by  road 
to  Norwich.    Population  about  HOO. 

TILLANOVA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Norfolk,  Tp.  Townsend.  Go 
to  Brantford,  on  the  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  Rail- 
way.   Population  about  100. 

VITTORIA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Norfolk,  Tp.  Chariottevllle. 
Go  to  Slmcoe  by  Stage  from  Brantford,  on  the  Buf- 
falo and  Lake  Huron,  and  on  by  road.  Population 
about  6U0. 

VBOOMANTON,  0.  W.,  Co.  Ontario,  Tp.  Brock.  Bee 
Brock.    Population  about  50. 


w 


WAINFLBET,  Co.  WeUand.  A  Tp.  (with  Marshvllle 
cd  WainSeet  Centre  for  Post-offices),  bordering 
Lakt  Erie,  and  a  Station  on  the  Buffalo  and  Lake 
Huron  liailway,  26  miles  North-west  of  BuOblo  and 
Fort  Erie,  and  69  miles  from  Paris  Junction.  Popu- 
lation about  60. 

WAKEFIELD,  C.  B.  A  Tp.  In  Ottawa  Go.  On  the 
North  Shore  of  the  Ottawa  River,  near  the  Gatlneau 
River,  about  20  miles  from  Templeton,  which  see. 
See  also  Ottawa  for  route.    Population  about  100. 

WALLACE,  C.W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Perth.  GotoGuelph, 
on  the  G.  T.  R.,  and  thence  by  Garafraxa  Road — 
lays  on  the  left  of  Artbni  Tp.,  about  50  miles  north 
of  Guelph. 

WALLACBBURG,  0.  W.,  Co.  Lambton,  Tp.  Sombra, 
Chatham  or  the  G.  W.  B.  is  the  nearest  Railway 
Station.  The  Tillage  is  situated  on  the  "  Chenall 
Ecarte,"  the  name  given  to  the  Channel  which 
separates  the  Walpole  Island  from  the  main  River 
at  the  Mouth  of  the  St.  Clair  River,  at  the  head  of 
St.  Clair  Lake.    Population  about  600. 

WALMER,  C.  W.,  Co.  WelUngton,  Tp.  Peel.  Go  to 
Guelph,  on  the  G.  T.  R.    Population  about  76. 

WALPOLE,  0.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Haldlmand  Co.,  In  which 
are  Balmoral,  Nanticoke,  and  Selkirk  Villages  and 
Post-offices,  which  see. 

WAL8INGHAM,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  Norfolk.  Goto 
Slmcoe  by  Stage  from  Paris  or  Brantford,  on  the 
Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron 'Railway. 

WALTER'S  FALLS,  0.  W.,  Co.  Grey,  Tp.  Holland. 
Go  to  Owen's  Sound  by  Steamer  Canadian,  or 
Stage  from  Collingwood,  on  Ontario,  Slmcoe,  and 
Huron  Railway,  95  miles  from  Toronto.  Popula- 
tion about  60. 

WARDSVILLE,  0.  W.,  Co.  Middlesex,  Tp.  Mosa. 
Go  to  Newbury  In  same  Tp.  A  Station  on  G.  W.  R., 
86  miles  west  of  London,  0.  W. 

WARKWORTH,  Co.  Northumberiand.  A  new  Post- 
offioe. 

WARNER,  0.  W.,  Co.  Lincoln,  Tp.  Calstor.  Between 
the  G.  W.  R.  and  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  Railways. 
Try  Grimsby,  on  the  G.  W.  R.,  Hamilton  and  Ni- 
agara Section,  and  Canfleld,  on  the  Buffalo  and 
Lake  Huron  Railway. 

WARSAW,  0.  W.,  Co.  Peterborough,  Tp.  Dur  mer. 
North-west  of  Peterborough  Terminus  of  branch 
Railway  from  G.  T.  R,  at  Cobourg,  by  which  go. 
Population  about  150. 

WARWICK,  0.  B.  A  Tp.  in  Arthabaska,  and  a  Sta- 
tion on  the  G.  T.  R.,  24  miles  from  Richmond  Junc- 
tion. 

WARWICK,  0.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Lambton,  on  the  Lon- 
don and  Port  Sarnta  Extension.  Go  to  London  by 
the  G.  W.  R.    Population  about  800. 

WASHINGTON,  0.  W.,  Co.  Oxford,  North  Riding,  Tp. 
Blenheim.  Go  to  Drumbo,  a  Station  of  the  Buffalo 
and  Lake  Huron  Railway  In  same  Tp.,  about  9 
miles  frcrm  Paris  Junction.     Population  about  100. 

WATEROOWN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wentworth,  Tp.  Flam- 
borough  East.  Waterdown  is  4  miles  east  of  Ham- 
ilton. A  Station  on  the  G.  W.  R.  Population  about 
1000. 

WATERFCnU,  C.  W.,  Co.  Norfolk,  Tp.  Townsend. 
Go  to  Paris  or  Brantford  by  the  Buffalo  and  Lake 
Huron  Railway,  and  thence  by  Stages,  which  pass 
through.  This  place  being  haif  way  between 
Brantford  and  Slmcoe,  the  County  Town.  Popula- 
lation  about  800. 

WATERLOO,  C.  E.,  Co.  Shefford.  Go  to  Acton,  on 
the  G.  T.  R.,  Montreal  and  Portland  Section,  49 
miles  from  Montreal.     Population  about  2lX). 

WATERLOO,  C.  W.,  Co.  Waterioo,  Noi'h  Riding,  Tp. 
North  Waterioo.  Go  to  Bertin,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  64 
miles  from  Toronto.    Population  about  1500. 

WATERLOO  SOUTH,  C.  W.    See  Preston,  C.  W. 

WATERLOO  (Kingston),  0.  W.,  Co.  Frontenac.  In 
the  vicinity  of  Kingston.  Go  to  Kingston,  on  the 
G.  T.  R.    Population  about  250. 

WATERVILLE,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Compton.  A 
Station  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  106  miles  from  Montreal. 
Population  about  200. 

WATFORD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lambton.  See  Warwick. 
Population  about  60. 

WATSON'S  CORNERS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lanark,  North 
Riding,  Tp.  Dalhousie.  Go  to  Perth  by  Stage  from 
BrockvlUe,  on  G.  T.  R.    Population  about  60. 


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76 


CANADA:   CITIES,  TOWNS,  AND  VILLAGES. 


WAUBUNO,  0.  W.  A  Station  (no  Fost-offlce)  on  the 
Q.  W.  K.,  Hamilton  and  Windsor  Section,  In  Mid- 
dlesex Co.,  5^  miles  east  of  London,  0.  W. 

WAWAN08H,  0.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Huron  Co.,  north  of 
Qoderich,  to  which  go  by  Stage  from  Stratford 
Junction,  or  by  Bulfalo  and  Lake  Huron  Railway. 

WEEDON,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  In  Wolfe  Co.  About  20  miles 
east  of  the  Junction  Station  at  Richmond,  Or.  T.  K., 
Quebec  and  Richmond  Section. 

WEIMAR,  C.  W.,  Co.  Waterloo,  Tp.  Wellesley.  Go 
to  Berlin,  64  milts  from  Toronto,  on  the  Q.  T.  R. 

WELLANO  PORT,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lincoln,  Tp.  Gainsbo- 
rough. Go  to  Beamsvllle,  on  the  O.  W.  R.,  about 
28  miles  from  Hamilton  City.  Population  about  2U0. 

WELLER'S  BAY,  C.  W.  On  Lalce  Ontario.  See  Cou- 
secon.  Prince  Edward  Co.,  C.  W. 

WELLESLEY,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Waterloo,  North  Rid- 
ing, in  wlilch  is  situate  Berlin,  a  Station  of  the  G. 
T.  R.,  64  miles  from  Toronto  City. 

WELLINGTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Prince  Edward,  Tp.  Hil- 
Uer,  fronting  Lake  Ontario.  Go  to  Brighton,  on  the 
G.  T.  R.,  and  thence  by  Stage  to  Consecon.  Popu- 
lation about  600. 

WELLINGTON  SQUARE,  0.  W.,  Co.  Halton,  Tp. 
Nelson.  Situated  on  the  open  Lake  outside  Bur- 
lington Bay.  This  place  forms  the  Winter  Port  for 
Hamilton ;  it  is  a  Station  on  the  G.  W.  B.,  7  miles 
from  Hamilton.    Population  about  760. 

WELLMAN'8  CORNERS,  0.  W.,  Co.  Hastings,  North 
Riding,  Tp.  Rawdon.  Go  to  Belleville,  on  the  G.  T. 
R.,  and  thence  north  of  Sidney  Tp. 

WEST  ARRAN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Bruce,  Tp.  Arran.  A<ya- 
cent  to  Saugeen.    See  Saugeen  for  route. 

WEST  BOLTON,  0.  E.,  Co.  Brome.  Bee  Bolton  for 
route.    Population  about  100. 

WEST'S  CORNERS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Perth,  Tp.  Morning- 
ton.    See  Mornlngton. 

WEST  ES8A,  0.  W.,  Co.  SImcoe,  South  Riding,  Tp. 
Essa.  Essa  Is  a  Station  on  tlie  Ontario,  SImcoe,  and 
Huron  Railway,  71  miles  from  Toronto. 

WEST  HATLEY,  C.  E.  On  the  Massawlppl  Lake,  Co. 
Stan8t:-ad,  Tp.  Hatley.  Charleston  In  this  Tp.  is  S 
miles  from  Comptcn  Station,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  110 
miles  l^om  Montreal 

WEST  FARNHAM,  C.  E.,  Co.  Missisquoi,  Tp.  Farn- 
ham.  The  Stage  route  from  Compton,  on  the  G.  T. 
H.,  Montreal  and  Toronto  Section  through  Brome, 
Bolton,  etc.,  to  St.  John's,  C.  E.,  affords  communica- 
tion. Fariiham  Tp.  is  about  45  miles  from  Comp- 
ton, and  16  miles  from  St.  John's,  C.  E.  Population 
about  700. 

WE8TFIELD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Huron,  Tp.  Wawanosh.  See 
Wawanosh. 

WEST  FLAMBOROUOH,  C.  W..  Co.  Wentworth, 
North  Riding.  Go  to  Flamborough  Station,  on  the 
G.  W.  R.,  7t  miles  west  of  Hamilton  City.  Popu- 
lation about  600. 

WEST  HUNTINGDON,  0.  W.,  Co.  Hastings.  See 
Huntingdon. 

WEST  HUNTLEY,  C.  W.,Co.  Carleton,  Tp.  Huntley, 
which  see. 

WEST  M'GILLIVRAY,  C.  W.,  Co.  Huron.  See  M'Gll- 
llvray. 

WESTMEATH,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  Renfrew.  On  the 
South  Shore  of  the  Ottawa  River,  close  to  Pem- 
broke, on  the  line  of  the  Railway  Extension  from 
Arnprior  to  Pembroke.  For  Upper  Ottawa,  see 
Aylmer  East. 

WESTMINSTER,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Middlesex,  South  of 
London  City,  on  the  Branch  Railway  from  London 
to  Port  Sarnla.  For  Post-offices,  etc.,  see  Byron 
and  Lambeth. 

WESTON,  0.  W.,  Co.  York,  West  Riding,  Tp.  York. 
Between  the  G.  T  R.  and  the  Ontario,  8imcoe,  and 
Huren  Railway  In  the  vicinity  of  Toronto.  The  G. 
T.  R.  S'  ■!^n,  Toronto  and  Stratford  Section,  Is  9 
miles  ii'onr  Toronto,  and  the  Ontario,  SImcoe,  and 
Huron  Station  8  miles. 

WESTOVER,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wentworth,  Tp.  Beverley. 
Lynden  Station  l.S(  miles  and  west  of  Hamilton 
City,  on  the  G.  W.  R.  is  In  the  same  Township. 
Population  about  100. 

WEST  OS(iOODE,C.W.,  Co.  Carleton.    SeeOsgoode. 

WEST  POUT,  C.  W.,  Co.  Leeds,  Tp.  North  Crosby. 
Go  to  Kingston,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  or  to  Gananoque, 
on  same  Railway  Section.     Population  about  800. 

WEST  SHKFFORU,  VE.  Bee  ShelTord.  Population 
about  160. 


WEST  WINCHESTER,  0.  W.  See  Winchester.  Pop- 
ulatlon  about  120. 

WEST  WOOLWICH,  0.  W.    See  Woolwich. 

WHITBY,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Ontario  Co.,  In  which  U 
the  Town  and  Port  of  Wliltby,  on  Lake  Ontario — a 
Main  and  Telegraph  Station  of  the  G.  T.  R.,  20 
miles  east  of  Toronto  City. 

WHITCHURCH,  0.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  York,  North 
Riding,  skirted  on  the  west  by  the  Ontario,  SImcoe. 
and  liuron  Railway,  in  which  are  the  Towns  ana 
Railway  Stations  and  Post-offices  of  Aurora  and 
Newmarket ;  also  Post-offices  and  Towns  of  Oak- 
ridges  and  Pine  River  and  Stouffville,  which  see. 

WHITEHALL,  0.  W.,  Co.  Kent,  Tp.  Camden.  Go  to 
Bothwell,  40  miles  west  of  London,  on  the  G.  W.  R. 

WHITE  LAKE,  C.  W,,  Co.  Renfrew,  Tp.  M'Nab.  For 
Upper  Ottawa  route,  see  Aylmer  East — this  place 
being  near  FUsroy  Harbour  and  Arnprior,  the  Ter- 
minus of  the  Railway  now  being  constructed  from 
Brockville  through  Perth.     Population  about  150. 

WHITFIELD,  C.  W.,  Co.  SImcoe,  South  Riding,  Tp. 
Mulmur,  which  see. 

WHITWORTH,  C.  E.,  Co.  Temlscouata.  For  Post- 
office,  see  St.  Modeste ;  for  route,  etc.,  see  Trola  Pis- 
toles. 

WICK,  0.  W.,  Co.  Ontario,  Tp.  Brock.    See  Brock. 

WIDDER,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lambton,  Tp.  Bosanquet.  front- 
ing the  South  Shore  of  Lake  Huron,  on  line  of  G.  T. 
R.  Extension  to  Port  Sarnla.  Go  to  Stratford  by  Q. 
T.  R.  on  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  Railway.  Popu- 
lation about  100. 

WILKESPORT,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lambton,  Tp.  Sombra.  On 
River  St.  ClaU-e,  north  of  the  Lake.  See  Wallace- 
burg. 

WILLIAM  HENRI  or  SOREL,  C.  R,  Co.  Richelieu. 
On  the  right  bank  of  the  River  Richelieu  at  its  con- 
fluence with  the  St.  Lawrence,  40  or  45  miles  below 
Montreal.  Go  by  Steamers  to  and  from  Quebec  and 
Montreal.  By  means  of  a  canal,  navigatldn  from 
hence  is  uninterrupted  to  Lake  Champlaln.  i  Popu- 
lation about  4000. 

WILLIAMS.  A  Tp.  In  Middlesex.  Middlesex  Co., 
West  Riding,  adjoining  Lambton.  For  route,  see 
Adelaide.  See  also  London,  C.  W.,  which  is  the 
nearest  railway  point. 

WILLIAMSBURG,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  Dundas,  which 
Is  the  Williamsburg  station  of  the  G.  T.  R.,  Montreal 
and  Toronto  Section,  99  miles  from  Montreal,  and 
88  miles  west  of  Brockville.  For  Post-offices  and 
Villages  within  It,  see  Dunbar  and  East  Williams- 
burg.   Population  about  200. 

WILLIAMSTOWN,  Co.  Olengary,  Tp.  Charlottenburg. 
Go  to  Summerstown  Station  in  the  same  Township 
on  the  G.  T.  R.,  8  miles  east  of  Cornwall  and  60 
miles  from  Montreal  City.    Population  about  800. 

WILLI8CR0FT,  C.  W.,  Co.  Bruce,  Tp.  Eldersley.    See 

WILLOCks,  C.  W.,  Co.  Victoria,  Tp.  Verulam.  Go  to 
Lindsay  from  Port  Hope  on  the  G.  T.  R.  by  Branch 
Railway,  and  thence  about  12  miles  north.  Popu- 
lation about  60. 

WILLOUGHBY,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Welland  Co.  For 
Post-office,  see  Black  Creek.  Go  to  Fort  Erie  on  t^e 
Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  Railway. 

WILLOWDALE,  C.  W.,  Co.  York,  West  Riding,  Tp. 
York,  (Query  Vaughan,)  In  the  vicinity  of  Toronto, 
on  the  Yonge  Street  Road.  Go  by  Thornhlll  Stage 
from  Toronto.    Population  about  150. 

WILMOT,  C.  W.,  Co.  Waterloo,  South  Riding.  A  Tp. 
in  which  Is  the  Petersburg  Station  of  the  O.  T.  H., 
Toronto  and  Stratford  Section,  70  miles  north-west 
of  Toronto.  For  Villages  and  Post-offices,  see 
Baden,  New  Dundee,  New  Hamburg,  Phillpsburg 
West,  Tetersburg,  and  St.  Agatha. 

WILTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Addlngton,  Tp.  Ernestown.  Go 
to  Ernestown  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  8  miles  west  of  Kings- 
ton. 

WINCHESTER,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Dundas.  fio  to 
WillianiBburg  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  99  miles  from  Mon- 
treal.   Population  about  600. 

WINDHAM  and  WINDHAM  CENTRE,  C.  W.  A  Tp. 
(Windham  Centre  being  the  Poat-offlie)  in  Co.  Nor- 
folk. Go  to  Paris  or  Brantford  on  the  Buffalo  and 
Lake  Huron  Railway,  thence  by  SImcoe  Stages 
through  Waterford. 

WINDSOR,  C.  E.  A  Town  In  Sherbrooke  District,  anil 
a  Station  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  0  miles  south  of  Richmond 
Junction. 


CANADA:   CITIES,   TOWNS,   AND  VILLAGES. 


77 


WINDSOR,  O.  W.,  Co.  Euez.  Tp.  Sandwich.  The 
Canadian  Terminus  of  the  d.  Vf.  R.,  from  Hamilton 
and  Niagara,  with  Steam  Ferry  to  Detroit,  In  direct 
connection  with  Michigan  Central  Railway,  being 
about  186  mllea  west  of  Hamilton,  2ii  west  of  To- 
ronto City,  and  229  from  Niagara.  Population 
about  8000. 
WINDSOR  MILLS,  C.  E.,Co.  Richmond,  Tp.  Windsor, 

0.  B.,  which  see. 
WIN8L0W,  0.  E.,  Co.  Compton.    For  Post-office,  see 
Stornoway  In  the  same  Tp.    Go  to  Sherbrooke,  and 
thence  east  about  4S  miles  by  road.    Sherbrooke  Is 
on  the  a.  T.  R.,  Montreal  and  Toronto  Section. 
WISliiCACH,  0.  W.,  Co.  Lambton,  In  Warwick  Tp. 

which  see. 
WOBUKN,  0.  W.,  Co.  York,  East  Riding,  Tp.  Scar- 
borough.   Go  to  Scarborough  Station  on  the  G.  T. 
R.j  18  miles  west  of  Toronto. 
WOLFE  ISLAND,  0.  W.,  Co.  Frontenao.     On  the  St. 
Lawrence,  opposite  Kingston  City,  to  which  go  by 
Steamers  east  and  west,  and  across  from  the  Ameri- 
can side,  or  by  G.  T.  R.,  Montreal  and  Toronto  Sec- 
tion, Kingston  City  being  180  miles  from  Montreal, 
and  160  miles  from  Toronto,    Population  about  fiOO. 
WOLFORD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Grenvllle,  North  Riding.    A 
Tp.  In  which  is  the  Town  and  Post-office  of  Merrick- 
vllle,  Mansil,  and  Easton's  Corners.    Go  to  Kempt- 
ville,  on  the  Ottawa  and  Prescott  Line,  28  miles 
from  the  Junction  on  the  G,  T.  R. 
W0LF8T0WN,   0.   E.    A  Tp.  In  Wolf  Co.    Go  to 
DannviUe,  12  miles  from  Richmond,  on  the  G.  T.  R. 
Population  about  100. 
WOLVERTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Oxford,  North  Riding,  Tp. 
Blenheim.    Go  to  Drumbo,  in  same  Township,  on 
the  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  Railway,  9  miles  north 
of  Paris  Junction. 
WOOOBRIDGE,  0.  W.,  Co.  Tork,  West  Riding, Tp. 
Vaughan.    Go  to  Richmond  Hill,  in  same  Township, 
a  Station  on  the  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Huron  Rail- 
way, 18  miles  from  Toronto  City. 
WOODBURN,  0.  W.,  Co.  Wentworth,  North  Riding,. 

Tp.  Binbrook.    Bee  Blnbrook. 
WOODBURN,  0.  W.,  Co.  Lambton,  Tp.  Bosanquet, 

which  see. 
WOODHOUSE,  0.  W.    A  Tp.  In  Norfolk  Co.,  In  which 
Is  Simcoe,  the  County  Town,  and  Port  Ryerse  and 
Port  Dover,  which  see.    Go  to  Paris,  on  the  Buffalo 
and  Lake  Huron  Railway,  and  thence  by  Simcoe 
Stages,  about  12  miles. 
WOODFORD,  0.  W.,  Co.  Grey,  Tp.  Sydenham.    Go 
to  Colllngwood  (in  same  Township)  the  Terminus 
of  the  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Huron  Railway,  97 
miles  from  Toronto. 
WGODSIDE,  0.  E.,  Co.  Hegantlc,  Tp.  Halifax.    Go 
to  Arthabaska,  on  the  G.  T.  K.,  64  miles  f^om  Que- 
bec (Point  Levi).    Population  about  60. 
WOODSTOCK,  0.  W.,  Co.  Oxford,  North  Riding, 
Tp.  Blandford— a  Main  and  Telegraph  Station  on 
the  G.  W.  R.,  about  47  miles  wust  of  Hamilton. 
WOODVILLE,  0.  W.,  Co.  Victoria,  Tp.  Eldon.    Go  to 
Lindsay  from  Port  Hope,  on  the  G.  T.  R.    Popula- 
tion about  800. 
WOOLWICH,  0.  W.    A  Tp.  In  Waterloo,  North  Rid- 
ing.   Go  to  Berlin,  64  miles  from  Toronto,  on  the 
G.  T.  R. 
WOTTON,  0.  E.    A  Tp.  in  Wolfe  Co.    Go  to  Dann- 
viUe, on  the  G.  T.  R.,  12  miles  from  Richmond. 
WYTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Middlesex,  East  Riding,  Tp.  West 
tUiaourl.    Between  London  and  St.  Mary's,  on  line 


of  Junction  Railway  nearly  completed.     Go  to 
London,  on  the  G.  W.  R.    Population  about  70. 


TAHACHIDE,  C.  E.,  Co.  St.  Maurice.  On  North 
Shore  of  Lake  St.  Peter  (River  St.  Lawrence),  a 
little  east  of  Riviere  du  Luup  en  haut,  on  the  River 
Machide.  See  it.  Maurice  Territory.  Population 
about  1000. 

TAMASKA,  0.  B.  A  Town  and  District  on  Booth 
Shore  of  Lake  St.  Peter,  near  Port  Francis.  The 
River  Francis  divides  Yamaska  into  nearly  equal 
portions.  See  St.  Zephlrim,  St.  Antolne  and  Port 
St.  Francis.    Population  about  400. 

YARMOUTH,  0.  W.,  Co.  Elgin.  A  Tp.  fronting  Lake 
Erie,  on  London  and  Port  Stanley  Line.  For  Post- 
offices,  Towns,  and  Railway  Stations  within  it,  see 
Hapleton,  New  Saruro,  Port  Stanley,  Sparta,  St. 
Thomas  West,  and  Union. 

YONGE,  0.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Leeds  County.  Skirted  on 
the  south  by  the  G.  T.  R.,  in  which  is  Mallorytown 
Station  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  Montreal  and  Toronto  Sec- 
tion, 12  miles  west  of  Brockville.  For  Post-offices 
and  Towns,  see  Mallorytown,  Caintown,  Escott,  and 
Farmersvilie. 

YORK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Haldimand,  Tp.  Seneca.  ATown 
on  the  Grand  River.  Go  to  Caledonia,  on  the  Buf- 
falo and  Lake  Huron  Railway.    Pop.  about  400. 

YORK,  0.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  York,  In  the  vicinity  of 
Toronto  City.  The  Station  of  that  name  about  6 
miles  west  of  Toronto,  near  Danforth,  is  closed. 
Weston  is  in  this  Township,  with  two  Stations,  one 
on  the  G.  T.  R.,  Toronto  and  Stratford  Section,  and 
the  other  on  tiie  (Northern)  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and 
Huron  Railway.  For  Post-offices,  see  L'Amaroux, 
Egllnton  (6  miles  up  Yonge  street),  and  Wlllowdale 
and  York  MUls. 

YORK  MILLS,  C.  W.,  Co.  York,  formerly  Hogg's 
Hollow.    Go  by  Thornhtll  Stage,  daily  at  8^  P.  M. 

YORKVILLE,  0.  W.  A  Suburb  of  Toronto,  com- 
mencing at  the  Northern  City  Boundary,  viz.,  the 
north  side  of  Bloor  street,  about  H  miles  from 
Queen  street  Omnibus  from  King  strfeet  every 
even  hour.    Population  about  2000. 


z 

ZETLAND,  0.  W.,  Co.  Huron.  A  Post-office  In  Turn- 
berry,  which  see.    Population  about  60. 

ZIMMERMAN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Halton,  Tp.  Nelson.  Go  to 
Wellington  Square,  on  the  G.  W.  R.,  7  miles  west 
of  Hamilton.    Population  about  60. 

ZONE,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Kent  Co.  Go  to  Bothwell,  on 
the  G.  W.  R.,  Hamilton  and  Windsor  Section,  about 
60  miles  west  of  London,  0.  W. 

ZORRA  WEST,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Oxford,  North 
Riding,  near  the  line  of  the  G.  W.  R.  For  Route, 
Post-office,  etc.,  see  Embro,  Fairvlew,  and  Harring- 
ton West. 

ZORRA  EAST,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  Oxford,  North 
Riding,  near  the  line  of  the  G.  W.  R.  For  Route, 
Post-offices,  etc.,  see  Innersklp. 

ZURICH,  C.  W.,  Co.  Huron.  Tp.  Hay.  On  Shore  of 
Lake  Huron.  Go  to  Blanshard,  St.  Mary's,  or 
Stratford,  by  the  G.  W.  R.,  or  Buffalo  and  Lake 
Huron  Railway,  and  thence  by  Stage. 


•  h 


78 


AYLMBB,  0.  B.— BATH,  0.  W. 


ATLMEB,  0.  E. 

The  chief  town  in  the  County  of  Ottawa,  Township  of  Hull,  situated  on  the  Clinudiere 
Lake,  8  miles  above  Ottawa.  A  thriving  town,  containing  several  lumber  establishments, 
A  stage  runs  to  and  from  Ottawa  daily.     Fare,  2i.  Qd,    Population,  about  1600. 

\ 
Business  Directory. 


Advocate. — John  Delisle. 

Advocate. — J.  11.  Fleming, 

Advocate. — Thomas  McCord. 

Aylmer  Hotel — Dominiok  Fox.  (See  adver- 
tisement) 

Aylmer  Timai  Newspaper.  (See  advertise- 
ment.) 

Bookseller,  Stationer,  and  Publisher. — Wm. 
Allen,     (See  advertisement.) 

General  Store. — John  <Se  Wm.  McLean. 

General  Store. — ^T.  B.  Prentiss.  (See  adver- 
tisement.) 

WILLIAM  ALLAN, 

BOOKSELLER  &   STATIONER, 

'AMD 

|)nbii6l)er  of  tl)e  Qlslmer  QTiines* 

Agent  for  British-American  Friendly  Society, 

BritiBh-American  Express  Company, 

and  Mutual  Fire  Insurance 

Company  of  Frescott. 

ROBERT  CONROY, 
LUMBER  MERCHANT, 

AND   DEALER    IK 

Dry  Goods,  Hardware,  Gro- 
ceries, etc. 

AYLMER,  C.  E. 


General  Store. — James  Thompson. 

Judge  of  Circuit  Court — W.  K.  McCord. 

Notary  Public  and  Land  Agent  —  R.  A. 
Young. 

Ottawa  Hotel. — Moses  Holt,  Jr.  (See  adver- 
tisement) 

Plasterer  and  Mason. — Patrick  MuUorkey. 

Printer  and  Publislier. — Thomas  Watson. 

Revenue  Inspector,  District  of  Ottawa,  C. 
E. — Charles  Symmos. 

Wholesale  Lumber  Merchant — Robert  Con 
roy.    (See  advertisement) 

DOMINICE  FOX, 
AYLMER    HOTEL. 

AYLMEE,  C.  E. 

MOSES  HOLT,  JR., 

MAIL  CONTRACTOR 

OTTAWA    HOTEL, 
Airi^niER,  c.  E. 

T.  B.  PRENTISS, 

GENERAL   STORE. 

•  AYLMER,  O.  E. 


BATH,   0.  W. 

"A  village  and  port  of  entry  on  the  north  shore  of  the  Bay  of  Quint<5,  township  of  Ernes- 
town,  County  of  Addington.  A  steamer  stops  daily  on  its  passage,  up  and  down,  between 
Kingston  and  Belleville ;  and  two  other  steamers  ply  weekly  between  Montreal  nnd  Tren- 
ton, callinLj  on  their  passage  both  ways.  Distant  from  Kingston  18  miles,  fare  50  cents  and 
37i  cents;  from  Belleville,  36  miles,  fare  $1.20  and  87^  cents;  and  from  Ernestowa  lUiil- 
way  Station  4  milesL     Population  about  600." 

Business  Directory. 


Boot  and  Shoe  Dealer. — F.  Prest. 
Farmer  and  General  Dealer. — John  Nugent 
Foundry. — David  T.  Forward. 
General  Trader. — R  Wright 


General  Traders. — J.  &  S.  Lasher,  Churcli  st 

Hotel  keeper. — P.  Hartman. 

M.  D.— L  H.  Cooper. 

Saddler  and  Harness  Maker. — T.  C,  Johnstoa 


BELLEVILLE  AND  BOWMANVILLB,  0.  W. 


BELLEVILLE,    0.    W. 


79 


"  A  town  in  the  Township  of  Thurlow  ond  County  of  HaRtinn,  on  the  River  Moira,  which 
delwuches  into  the  Bay  of  Quint6.  It  i»  the  chief  town  of  the  county,  and  a  port  of 
entry,  doing  a  considerable  buainess  in  imports,  and  also  in  the  export  of  lumber,  flour,  and 
other  agricultural  produce,  supplied  bv  various  manufacturing  establishments  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood, and  by  a  flourishing  farming  district.  The  county  is  divided  into  north  and 
south  ridings,  each  returning  one  member  to  the  Legislative  Assembly.  A  steamer  leaves 
every  morning  for  Kingston,  distant  64  miles,  fare  $L60  and  $1,  and  returns  the  same 
evening,  calling  also  at  Picton  and  Bath.  Two  other  steamers,  plying  between  Trenton 
and  Montreal,  call  Iiere  on  their  passage  up  and  down ;  fare  to  Montreal,  $5  and  $2.60. 
The  town  is  on  the  line  of  the  Grand  Trunk  Roilway.  There  are  two  daily  stages  to  Stir- 
ling, 16  miles,  fare  60  cents,  the  earliest  of  which  meet  stages  from  Marmora  and  Beyinour ; 
another  to  Hungerford,  26  miles,  fare  $1 ;  and  another  daily  to  Madee,  26  miles,  fare  $1. 
Distant  from  Montreal  220  miles,  and  from  Toronto  118  miles.  Daily  mails.  Population 
about  7000." 

Business  Directory. 


American  Hotel. — ^D.  Crysdale,  Front  st 
Ambrotypist  and  Photographist. — Frank  G. 

Ludlow. 
Attorney  and  Solicitor. — L.  H.  Henderson, 

Front  St. 
Attorney-at-law,  Solicitor  in  Chancery,  Con- 
veyancer, etc.  —  Allan  Springfield  Mac- 
donell.  Front  st 
Barrister  and  Attorney. — James  Fraser,  Jr. 
Barrister  and  Attorney-at-law.— George  Eyre 

Henderson,  Front  st 
Barrister  and  County  Attorney. — J.  0.  Hare. 
Barristers,  etc. — Ross  &  Bell,  John  Bell,  W. 

H.  Ponton,  Front  st 
BtlleviVe  Independent. — James  W.  Carman, 

Front  st 
Belleville  Intelligencer. — M.  Bowell,  Editor 
and  Publisher.      Cor.  Front  &  Bridge  sts. 
Contractor. — George  Neilson,  John  st 
County  Clerk  and  Notary  Public. — Thomas 

Willis,  J.  P.    Shire  Hall  Church. 
Dafoe  House  Hotel. — ^T.  Warren,  Bridge  st 

[See  AdvtJ 
Draper  and  Tailor. — John  McAfee,  Front  st 
Dry  Goods,  Grocery,  Crockery,  and  Liquors, 

Victoria  Buildings,  Front  st 
Fancy  and  Staple  Dry  Goods,  and  Groceries. 
-W.  Kelly. 


Grocer  and  Providon  Dealer.— Henry  M.  Par- 
ker, Front  St. 

Grocers,  Wine  and  Liquor  Doalera. — Munroe 
&  Ralston,  Front  nt. 

Hardware  Merchant— John  Lewis,  Front  st. 

Jeweller. — Charles  Brick,  Front  st 

Land  and  General  Agent,  Custom  House 
Broker. — Archibald  Dunlop. 

Law  Clerk.— D.  F.  MoVean,  Bridge  st 

M.  D.— P.  V.  Dorland,  Front  st 

Merchant  in  Dry  Goods,  Groceries,  etc.— John 
Badcock,  Front  st 

Miller,  Baker,  and  Grain  Merchant — Henry 
Corby. 

Paper  Manufacturer — P.  F.  Canniff,  Mill  st 

Photographist — John  C.  Short 

Publisher  of  Hastings  Chronicle, — Elijah 
Miles,  corner  Front  &  Hotel  sts. 

Rifle  Factory  and  General  Jobbing  Establish- 
ment— Charles  A.  Rector,  Front  st 

Tin  and  Sheet  Iron  Ware  Manufacture — Wil- 
liam White,  Front  st 

Watch  and  Clock  Maker,  Jeweller,  etc, 
Front  st,  opposite  Court  House. 

Wellington  Hotel. — Francis  Papineau,  Front 
st 

Woollen  Manufacturer.  — S.  Wheadon,  Front 

St. 


DAFOE    HOUSE,    BELLEVXtJiE,   O.  W^ 

BY    T.    WARREN, 

Is  now  open  for  the  reception  of  the  Travelling  Community,  by  the  above-named  Pro- 
prietor, late  of  the  Bay  of  Quinte  Saloon.    No  pains  or  expense  has  been  spared  in  fitting 
up  the  establishment  as  a  First-class  Hotel.     The  Proprietor  solicits  the  patronage  of  his 
numerous  friends  and  the  public  generally. 
B(iam)m,irav^th,im.  T.    WARREN,  Proprietor. 


BOWMANVILLE,  0.  W.  -        v 

"A  town  in  the  Township  of  Darlington  and  West  Riding  of  the  County  of  Durham.  It 
is  bounded  on  the  south  by  Lake  Ontario,  and  is  situated  on  the  line  of  the  Grand  Trunk 
Railroad.  In  1850  the  place  was  incorporated  a  village.  Within  the  last  ten  years  it  has 
increased  and  prospered  rapidly,  and  it  owes  much  of  its  present  importance  to  the  Hon. 
J.  Simpson,  formerly  of  the  firm  of  Bowman  &  Co.    The  town  has  excellent  water  power 


80 


BOWMANVILLE,   o.  W.,  AND  BRANTFOBD,   0.   W. 


within  and  around  it,  as  well  as  a  capital  wharf;  and  a  first-rate  harbour  is  now  being 
constructed.  The  country  around  is  unsurpassed  for  fertility  and  salubrity.  Distant  from 
Toronto  43  miles,  and  from  Port  Hope  10  miles.  Railway  mre  to  Toronto,  fl.SO.  Daily 
mails.     Population  about  4000." 

Business  Directory. 


Attorney  at  Law,  Solicitor  and  Conveyancer. 

— Robert  Russell  Loscombe. 
Alma  Hotel. — John  A.  Mason,  Market  square. 
Barrister  at  Law. — St  John  IL  Hutcheson, 

notary  public 
Barristers  and  Attorneys  at  Law. — Armour 

&  Bethune. 
Bank  of  Montreal. — George  Dyett,  manager, 

King  street 
Baker,  Confectioner  and  G  rooer. — Alexander 

Fletcher,  King  street 
Bookseller,   Stationer  and   Artist — Robert 

O'Hara. 
Canadian  Statemnan. — J.  M.  and  W.  R.  Climie 

&  Co.,  publishers  and  booksellers. 
Dry  Goods,  Grocery,  and  Crockery  Merchant 

— W.  McMurtry. 


Farmers'  Exchange. — Joseph  Maynard,  King 

street 
General  Merchant,  Miller  and  Agent — Lewis 

M.  Squair,  King  street 
General  Grocer,  wholesale  and  retail — Robt 

Forster,  King  street 
General  Grocers  and  Seed  Merchants. — Mur- 

dock  Brothers. 
Hardware  Merchant,  Carriage  Builder  and 

Ironfounder,  Jacob  Meads. 
Ironfoundry,  Stove  and  Plough  Factory.— 

Wm.  Porter,  King  street,  east. 
Miller  and  Distiller. — John  Burk,  King  street. 
Ontario  Bank. — David  Fisher,  cashier.  King 

street 
Surgeon-Dentist — J.  A.  Brown,  King  street 
Waverley  House  Hotel. — ^A.  Hindes,  King  st 


BRANTFORD,  0.  W. 

"  An  incorporated  town,  on  the  Grand  River,  at  the  head  of  navigation.  It  is  the  chief 
town  of  the  County  of  Brant  Brantford  has  direct  communication  with  Lake  Ontario,  and 
with  New  York  city  by  canals ;  it  is  the  most  important  station  on  the  Buffalo  and  Lake 
Huron  Railroad ;  and  it  is  celebrated  for  its  flour,  iron,  steam-engines,  stoneware,  lumber, 
agricultural  implements,  stoves,  etc.  The  country  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Brantford  has 
been  long  known  as  an  excellent  agricultural  section  of  the  Western  Province.  Distant 
from  Hamilton,  26  miles;  from  Niagara  Suspension  Bridge,  60  miles;  from  Paris,  '7  milea; 
and  from  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  76  miles.    Daily  mails.    Population  about  8000." 

Business  Directory. 


Agent  for  Phoenix  Assurance  Company  and 

Life  Association  of  Scotland. — M.W.  Pruyn. 
Assurance  agent,  and  proprietor  of  Kerby 

House. — James  Kerby. 
Ale  and  porter  brewers. — Spencer  &  Sons, 

West  Brantford  Brewery. 
Ale  and  beer  brewers. — George  White  &  Co., 

East  Brantford  Brewery. 
Barristers,    notaries,    and    conveyancers. — 

Wood  <fe  Long,  Colborne  and  Market  sts. 
Chemists  and  druggist). — Hutchinson  <&  Good, 

corner  of  Colborne  and  King  streets. 
Chemist  and  druggist — F.  Brendon,  Colborne 

street 
Foundry. — B.  G.  Tisdale,  Brittania  Foundry, 

manufacturer  and  dealer  in  stoves,  ploughs, 

etc.,  Colborne  street 
Hardware  merchants. — Cleghorn  &  Co.,  Col- 
borne street 
Hardware  merchants. — A.   Morton  &    Co., 

Colborne  street 


Homoeopathist — Dr.  Wm.  H.  Bacon,  corner 

of  Colborne  and  Queen  streets. 
Homoeopathic  physician. — Dr.  Chos.  H.  Von 

Tagen,  Market  street 
Hotel. — A.  C.  File,  Royal  Exchange  Hotel, 

West  street,  near  the  railway  statioa 
Insurance  Co. — Allen  Good,  secretary  Gore 

District  Mutual  Fire  Insurance  Co. 
Land  agent — Wm.  H.  Morgan,  ouctioneer, 

broker,  etc. 
Merchant  —  Ignatius   Cockshutt,   Colborne 

street 
Miller  and  distiller. — Alexander  Bunnell,  Col- 
borne street 
New  fine  art  gallery. — L.  R.  Smith  &  Co,, 

Colborne  street,  north  side. 
Railway  refreshment  house. — Fred'k.  Walsh, 

adjoining  railway  station. 
Steam  planing  mills. — William  Watt,  mh 

and  blind  factory,  Waterloo  street  n^*'' 

depot 


BRANTFOBD,  CANADA  WEST. 

THE   EXFOSITOB,  Semi-Weekly  and  Weekly, 

PubUshed  by  C.  E.   STEWART,  market  Street,  Brantford, 

Is  the  best  advertisinfr  medium  in  the  County  of  Brant.    It  also  circulates  in  the  adjoining 
Counties  of  Oxford,  Norfolk,  Waterloo,  and  Wentworth. 
AdvertUementi  inserted  on  the  most  favourable  terms. 

Book  and  Job  Prtnllng— neat,  cheap,  and  expedllioiu. 


A  vi 
Bright( 
three  ti 
Oswego 
tant  fro 
86  milee 
fare  $1. 


Britwh  . 

and  pi 
Boots  am 

manufi 
Baker,  C< 

Hngton 
Hardwan 


'« 1     I 

A  busy, 
of  Leeds, 
the  Thousa 
are  united 
Toronto,  ar 
through  th( 
Railway,  ft 
is  in  course 
tween  this 
rtage,  via 
one  daily, 
v^  I  and  I 
Township  i 
Montreal, 
Population  i 


„    TheSubscri 
Books,  and  the 


N.  B.~Mr 

itornitiff. 


A  town  in 
town  of  the , 
is  an  excellfe 
produce  and 
on  the  Amer 
the  fertile  so 
passed  water 
season,  steam 


BRIGHTON,  0.  W.,  BROCKVILLE,  0.  W.,  AND  OOBOURG,  0.  W.         81 


BRIGHTON,  0.  W. 

A  village  and  port  of  entry  on  Presque  Isle  Bay,  Lake  Ontario,  in  the  Township  of 
Brighton,  and  County  of  Northumberland.  A  steamer  piles,  for  passengers  and  freight, 
three  times  a  week,  to  Colborne  Harbour  and  Cobourg,  and  Oswego,  New  York.  Fares  to 
Oswego,  $2.60  and  f  1.76.  A  station  of  the  Grond  Trunk  Railway  is  in  the  village.  Dlt- 
tant  from  Belleville  22  miles,  and  from  Toronto  91  miles.  There  is  a  daily  stage  to  Picton, 
86  miles,  fare  $2,  via  Consecon,  16  miles,  faro  76c. ;  and  one  tri- weekly  to  Percy,  16  miles, 
fare  f  1.    Daily  mails.     Population  about  1600. 

Buitincss  Directory. 


BritUh  Flag. — Richard  Spencer,  proprietor 
and  publisher.  Main  street. 

Boots  and  Shoes. — Robert  Wynn,  dealer  and 
manufacturer,  Dundas  street 

Baker,  Confectioner  and  Grocer. — J.  M.  Wel- 
lington, Main  street. 

Hardware  Dealer. — Jas,  Taylor,  Main  street. 


Huffman  House. — Peter  Huffman,  at  railway 

station. 
Lumber  Merchant — H.  C.  Betts. 
Mansion  House  Hotel. — James  White. 
Prieur  House   Hotel. — Levit  Prieur,   Main 

street 
Saddler. — A.  Z.  Valleau,  Main  street 


'»  V 


BROOKVILLE,  0.  W. 


A  busy,  thriving  town  and  port  of  entry  in  the  Township  of  Elizabethtown  and  County 
of  Leeds.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  bank  of  the  River  St  Lawrence,  at  the  foot  of 
the  Thousand  Islands ;  is  the  county  town  for  the  Counties  of  Leeds  and  Grenville,  which 
are  united  for  judicial  purposes.  All  the  steamers  plying  between  Montreal,  Kingston, 
Toronto,  and  Hamilton,  and  Lewiston,  N.  Y.,  stop  daily.  The  Grand  Trunk  Railway  passes 
through  the  northern  part  of  the  town,  and  has  a  large  station.  The  Brockville  and  Ottawa 
Railway,  from  the  shore  of  the  St  Lawrence,  through  the  town,  to  Pembroke  on  the  Ottawa, 
is  in  course  of  construction.  A  steam  ferry-boat  plies  every  half  hour  during  summer  be- 
tween this  place  and  Morristown,  a  village  in  the  State  of  New  York.  There  is  a  daily 
stage,  via  Smith's  Falls,  distant  82  miles,  fare  $2;  to  Perth,  distant  46  miles,  fare  $2,60; 
one  daily,  via  Farmersville,  distant  16  miles,  fare  76c  ;  to  Westport,  distant  46  miles,  fare 
$2 ;  and  one  tri-weekly  to  Mirickville,  distant  28  miles,  fare  $1.60.  The  town,  with  the 
Township  of  Elizabethtown,  sends  one  member  to  the  Legislative  Assembly.  Distant  from 
Montreal,  126  miles;  from  Kingston, 48  miles;  and  from  Morristown,  1  mile.  Daily  maila 
Population  about  6000. 

BOOKS,    STATIONERY    &   PRINTING. 

The  Subscribers  have  always  on  hand  a  full  supply  of  the  National  School  Books,  Bibles,  Testaments,  Oulile 
Books,  and  the  newest  books  and  papers  published. 

Wrapping,  Writiiig,  Frintiiig,  and  Boom  Paper,  Wholesale  and  Betail. 

HENDERSON  &  l¥iri.IE,  BrockviUe,  C.  1¥. 

N.  B.—Mr.  Wylie  ia  Sditor  and  PublLhtr  c(f  fKt  "  BrockviUe  Jttoorder,"  publithtd  wery  TTiureday 
morning. 


-    '  '■''■■      COBOURG,  0.  "W,  -  " 

A  town  in  the  Township  of  Hamilton  and  County  of  Northumberland.  It  is  the  chief 
town  of  the  county,  and  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  north  shore  of  Lake  Ontario.  There 
is  an  excellent  harbour,  affording  safe  accommodation.  A  large  trade  in  agricultural 
produce  and  lumber  is  done.  The  proximity  of  Cobourg  to  Rochester,  and  other  porta 
on  the  American  shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  renders  it  a  first-class  business  settlement ;  and 
the  fertile  soil  of  the  neighbourhood,  with  the  advantages  of  a  ready  market  ond  unsur- 
passed water  power,  have  raised  Cobourg  in  60  years  to  its  present  position.  During  the 
season,  steamers  call  daily  from  and  en  route  to  Toronto,  Kingston,  and  Hamilton,  and 


t        I 


82 


COLBORNE,  0.  W. — CORNWALL,  0.  W. 


to  Rochester,  New  York.  Cobourg  U  a  itatlon  of  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway,  and  a  tcp- 
luinuu  of  tlie  Cobourg  and  Peterborough  Railway,  Distant  from  Toronto,  72  mile*;  from 
Kingston,  103  mllcB ;  and  from  Montreal,  260  miles.    Dully  malls.     Population  about  7000. 

Business  Directory. 


Agent  British  and  American  Express  Co. — 
William  H.'  Sanger,  King  street. 

Ambroty  pist  and  Photographist. — Alexander 
Oerritt,  Division  street. 

Bookseller,  Stationer,  and  News  Depot. — 
Henry  Allan,  Division  st.  (near  post-officeV 

Carriage  Maker. — William  De  Lany,  Divi- 
sion street 

Cobourg  Sun  Newspaper. — Thos.  McNaugh- 
ton,  editor.  King  street,  east. 

Cobourg  Slar. — Clench  A  Floyd,  Publishers 
and  Winters,  King  street. 


Dry  Goods  Merchants. — McFarlaue  A  Grant, 

South  side,  King  street. 
Importer  of  Paper  Hangings,  Decorator,  eto. 

—John  Hayaen,  King  street,  west 
Merchant  Tailor. — David  Ross,  King  street 
Pauweis'  Chop    House. — Edward  Pauwels, 

Division  street 
Saddle,  Harness,  and  Trunk  Manufacturer. 

— ^Thomas   Morrow,   Union  Block,   King 

street 
Wholesale  and  Retail  Grocers,  Wines  and 

Spirits.— A.  &  D.  McCallum,  King  street 


V. 


COLBORNE,  0.  W. 


A  thriving  yillage  and  port  of  entry  on  Lake  Ontario,  in  the  Townships  of  Cramah6  and 
Haldimand,  and  County  of  Northumberland.  A  considerable  trade  is  done  in  lumber, 
and  curing  of  whitefish  and  salmon  trout,  with  which  the  lake  abounds.  A  stoamcr  plies, 
for  passengers  and  freight,  twice  a  week  between  this  and  the  other  north  shore  ports  and 
Oswego,  New  York.  There  is  olso  a  tri-weekly  steamer  to  Rochester,  New  York.  Caliin 
and  deck  fares  to  Oswego  and  Rochester,  f2.60  and  $1.76.  Colborne  Harbour  is  near  a 
station  of  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway.  Distant  from  Cobourg,  16  miles ;  from  Montreal,  249 
miles;  ond  from  Toronto,  84  miles.  There  is  a  tri-weekly  stage  to  Norwood,  82  miles, 
fare  |2.    Mail  daily.    Population  about  800. 

Business  Directory. 


Cabinet  Maker. — 0.  A.  Chapin. 
General  Merchant— G.  W.  Webb. 
Merchant — J.  Stuart  Strong,  King  street 
Notary  Public  and  Conveyancer.  —  M.  K. 

Lockwood,  King  street 
Physician,  Surgeon,  etc. — ^F.  Pugh,  King  st 


Town  Clerk,  Dry  Goods,  Grocery  and  Hard- 
ware Merchant — J.  S.  Scott 

Tinsmith  and  Hardware  Merchont — G.  N. 
Gordon. 

Watchmaker  and  Jeweller. — ^F.  H.  Edwarda 


CORNWALL,  0.  W. 

An  incorporated  town  and  port  of  entry  in  the  Township  of  the  same  name  and  County 
of  Stormont  It  is  the  County  Town  of  the  United  Counties  of  Stormont,  Dundas,  and 
Glengarry.  The  business  of  the  registry  office  and  of  the  circuit  and  principal  law  courts 
are  transacted  here.  A  station  of  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway  is  contiguous.  The  boats  of 
the  Canadian  and  American  lines  between  Montreal  and  Hamilton,  and  of  the  Montreal 
and  Kingston  line,  call  daily ;  and  there  is  a  line  of  steamers  which  start  four  days  a  week 
for  Montreal  and  intermediate  ports.  A  considerable  amount  of  flour  is  embarked  at  this 
place  for  Montreal,  which,  by  this  route,  is  distant  86  miles.  To  avoid  the  Long  Sault 
Rapids,  immediately  above  the  port,  a  canal  has  been  made  to  Dickinson's  Landing,  a  dis- 
tance of  12  miles,  affording  ample  accommodation  for  the  largely  increased  navigation  on 
the  St  Lawrence.  Distant  from  Montreal  68  miles,  and  from  Kingston  106  miles.  Daily 
noails.    pepulation  about  2600. 

'(■'■''  '^'    Business  Directory. 

Barrister  and  Attorney  at  Law.— Richard  T.  I  Barrister  and  Attorney  at  Law.— J.  F.Pringle. 
Wilkinson.  |  Bookseller  and  Stationer.— Henry  A.  Sawyer. 


Cornuall 

Erletor 
iccnsr 
Hotel,  St 

street 
Hotel,  Brl 

nedy,  H( 
Hotel,  Che( 

Cnrpenti 
Mercliont  i 

Scotland 
Merchant  t 

Ian,  Pitt 


Dundas  ii 

with  which 

"Coote's  p£ 

summer,  th< 

limits  of  the 

an  agricultt 

mill    The  . 

owing,  of  c( 

transportatlc 

But  the  p 

industry,  des 

escarpment  t 

landscapes  ii 

gorge,  down 

toward  the  8« 

point  of  obsei 

top  the  sum  ■ 

in  front     Ha 

pears  to  the 

foliage,  and  t 

tator.    Nunu 

the  suburbs  ; 

the  most  attrt 

ore  parties. 


DUNDA8,  0.  W. 


83 


Cornwall  CotiMtiiutional. — ^Wntion  Litel,  Pro- 

Erietor  and  Ktlltor,  and  Isnuer  of  Marriage 
Ivcnscs  for  County  of  Htormont. 

Hotel,  8t  Nicholas.— A.  C.  McDonald,  Pitt 
street. 

Hotel,  British  North  American. — John  Ken- 
nedy, Hecond  street 

Hotel,  Chequered  House. — Michael  and  Philip 
Carpenter,  Water  street. 

Merchant  and  Asent  fur  Life  Association  of 
Scotland.— William  Cllne,  J.  P.,  Pitt  street. 

Merchant  and  General  Trader. — D.  McMil- 
lan, Pitt  street. 


Merchant  and  Oonoral  Trader. — Alexander 

McDuugall,  corner  of  Pitt  and  Flrot  tits. 
Physician  and  Surgeon. — J.  J.   Dickenson, 

South  of  Second  street. 
Painter. — Joseph  Hitoliins,  Pitt  street. 
Tinsmith.— John  McPhee,  Pitt  street. 
Tanner  and  Shoemaker. — Robert  Craig,  Pitt 

street  and  Second  street. 
Toilor. — M.  J.  8n<.  it,  Second  street 
Watchmaker  and  Jeweller. — J.  S.  Warner, 

Pitt  street. 
Watchmaker,  and  Clerk  of  Division  Court. — 

Wm.  Wllford  Pack,  PiM  street. 


•       •  DUNDAS,  0.  W. 

Dundaa  is  an  incorporated  town,  situated  upon  a  small  stream  running  Into  Lake  Ontario, 
with  which  It  Is  connected  by  a  canal  about  a  mile  In  length,  formed  by  a  bay  called 
"  Coote's  Paradise."  And  though  the  supply  of  water  fails  during  several  months  in  the 
summer,  the  stream  is  thronged  with  mills  and  factories  from  the  western  to  the  eastern 
limits  of  the  town : — two  flour  mills,  two  iron  foundries,  a  woollen  factory,  a  planing  mill, 
an  agrlcultu  I  i1  Implement  maker,  a  pump  maker,  a  last  factory,  a  tannery,  and  a  paper 
mill.  The  sheds  at  the  canal  basin.  It  will  be  observed,  present  a  deserted  appearance, 
owing,  of  course,  to  the  Great  Western  Railroad  offering  such  facilities  for  the  speedy 
transportation  of  freight 

But  the  picturesque  frame  which  nature  has  fixed  round  this  bustling  scene  of  art  and 
Industry,  deserves  special  attention  from  the  tourist  Post  yourself  on  the  bold  and  lofty 
escarpment  that  raises  Its  head  above  the  town  towards  the  north,  and  one  of  the  loveliest 
landscapes  in  the  Canadian  province  bursts  upon  your  view.  To  the  right  lies  a  wooded 
gorge,  down  v.'hlch  rushes  the  waters  of  the  stream.  The  line  of  railroad  runs  right  west, 
toward  the  setting  sun,  and  loses  itself  in  "  the  bush."  Several  hundred  feet  beneath  your 
point  of  obscrviuion  lies  the  town  itself;  in  the  long,  withdrawing  valley,  elegant  mansions 
top  the  suni  •  '*  ,.  the  neighbouring  knolls.  Ancaater  peeps  out  from  the  wooded  height 
in  front  Hamilton,  with  its  numerous  towers  and  spires,  flanked  by  "  the  moimtain,"  ap- 
pears to  the  left.  Round  and  round,  the  undulating  country  is  clothed  with  luxuriant 
foliage,  and  the  blue  waters  of  Lake  Ontorio  form  the  distant  horizon  to  the  admiring  spec- 
tator. Numerous  sylvan  sites,  most  oppropriate  for  elegant  villas,  can  be  pointed  out  in 
the  suburbs ;  accordingly,  we  have  little  doubt  that  Dundas  will  ultimately  prove  one  of 
the  most  attractive  spots  for  permanent  residence,  as  well  as  for  picnics  and  holiday  pleas- 
ure parties.    Population,  about  3000. 

Business  Directory. 


Auctioneer  and  General  Agent — George  W. 
Wright 

Barristers,  etc. — Robertson  dc  Wardell.  (See 
card.) 

Chemists  and  Druggists. — ^Thornton  <t  Fisher. 

Dealer  in  Fancy  and  Staple  Dry  Goods. — R. 
S.  Brock. 

Dry  Goods  and  Clothing. — Gregson  &  Graf- 
ton. 

Dry  Goods  and  MUlinerv. — Dickie  &  Breck- 
bile. 

Dundas  Mills. — James  Wales,  Ogville  street 


Bundas  Free  Banner. — Somerville  &  Oliver, 

Publishers. 
Dundas  Warden. — J.  L.  Spence,  proprietor. 
Engineer. — Walter  Bastable,  Hart  st 
Grocer. — McAffer,  Market  Square. 
Grocer. — Wm.  Wilson,  King  street 
Grocers,  Wholesale  and  Retail. — Dickie  A 

Watson. 
Hotel  and  Livery  Stables. — George  F.  Scace, 

King  st 
Importer  of  Hardware. — James  S.  Meredith. 
North  American  Hotel. — Bernard  Collins. 


HOBEItTSOIT     as     -Wr-A-IiaDEIjIi, 

Barristers,  Attorneys,  Conveyancers,   Notaries  Public,   dec, 

v.  •     ..  DUNDAS   AND   HAMILTON,   O.  W. 

THOMAS  HOBEBTSON,  Crown  Attorney,  County  Wentwortb.  A.  R.  wahdell. 


ffi  11 


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GALT,  GODERICH,   GDELPH,  0.  W. 


GALT,  0.  W.  ■ 

An  incorpr  rated  town  in  the  Township  of  Dumfries  and  County  of  "Waterloo.  It  is  de- 
lightfully situated  on  either  side  of  the  Grand  River,  where  it  receives  the  waters  of  Mill 
Creek.  The  town  possesses  iffmense  water  power,  which  is  fully  employed  driving  the 
machinery  of  numerous  manufacturing  establishments,  flouring,  and  otlier  mills.  Distant 
from  Berlin,  the  county  town,  (with  which  it  will  be  soon  connected  by  a  railway  leading 
from  Hamilton,  through  Gait  and  Preston,)  12  miles;  from  Hamilton,  26  miles;  and  from 
Toronto,  70  miles.    Daily  mails.    Population  about  8000. 

Business  Directory. 


Barrister  and  Attorney. — John  Miller,  North 
Water  street. 

Commission  Merchant. — ^David  W.  Frazer. 

Druggist,  Wholesale  and  Retail.  —  R.  S. 
Young,  Main  street. 

Dry  Goods,  Millinery,  etc. — J.  S.  Fisher,  Com- 
mercial Buildings. 

Dumfries  Reformer. — James  Young,  Editor. 

Gait  Reporter. — Jeffrey  &  Son,  Publishers. 

Grocers  and  Leather  Mei'chants. — Fleming 
<fe  Robinson,  Mair  stic.'t. 

Grocery  ond  Provision  DtaL-r. — Peter  Alison 
Marshall,  Main  and  Ainslie  streets. 


Homoeopathic  Physician  and  Surgeon. — J. 
J.  Lancaster. 

Iron  Founders  and  iin  Smiths. — J.  W.  Davis 
&Co., 

Miller  and  Distiller. — John  McNaughton. 

Nursery  and  Seedsman,  Operator  and  Ex- 
press Agent. — J.  G.  Froser. 

Postmaster  and  Agent  for  Gore  Bank. — John 
Davidson. 

Railway  Hotel  Depot. — Benjamin  Hobson. 

Surgeon-Dentist. — Robert  Reid. 

Town  Cleik  and  Treasurer. — Adam  Ker, 
Queen  street 

Union  Hotel. — John  Young,  Main  stre^ 


GODERICH,  0.  W. 

Goderieh  forms  the  terminus  of  the  Buffalo  and  Huron  Railway,  and  is  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  River  Maitland,  upon  an  eminence  150  feet  above  the  level  of  Lake  Huroa 
The  plan  of  the  town  deserves  particular  notice :  an  elegant  town  hall  graces  the  centre  of 
a  large  octagonal  area,  round  which  rise  up,  in  stately  dimensions,  numerous  stores  and 
hotels ;  several  churches  rear  their  spires  in  the  distance ;  the  grammar  school  adds  another 
ornament  to  the arch'tectural  structures  of  the  place;  on  one  side  the  primeval  forests, and 
on  the  other  the  mirrored  surface  of  Huron's  inland  sea,  form  the  horizon  to  the  delighted 
spectator.  Altogether  Goderieh  is  a  desirable  residence ;  it  is  said  to  be  unsurpassed  for 
the  healthiness  of  its  situation,  the  soil  in  its  vicinity  is  remarkable  for  its  fertility,  the 
fisheries  yield  excellent  profits  to  the  proprietors ;  it  boasts  of  two  newspapers  and  a  light- 
house ;  a  cockle-shell  of  a  steamer,  touching  at  Goderieh  and  the  intermediate  ports,  plies 
at  present,  with  regular  irregularity  and  great  discomfort  to  passengers,  between  Port  Sar- 
riea  and  Southampton,  the  old  harbour,  in  the  hands  of  the  Canada  Company,  attesting  the 
mischievous  consequences  of  monopolies,  stands  sadly  in  need  of  repair ;  but  when  the  new 
line  of  steamers  has  commenced  to  ply,  in  connection  with  the  Buffalo  and  Huron  Railway, 
as  well  OS  with  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway  from  Toronto  and  Stratford  to  Milwaukee,  Chi- 
cago, and  the  "  Far  West,"  it  will  be  enlarge  J  and  improved.  We  have  little  hesitation, 
therefore,  in  predicting  an  unprecedented  progress  for  the  Canadian  "Queen  of  the  AVcst" 
Population  4000.    76  miles  north-west  of  Paris, 


GUELPII,  0.  W. 

An  incorporated  town  on  the  River  Speed.  Chief  town  of  the  County  of  Wellington,  and 
station  on  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway.  It  is  the  northern  terminus  of  the  Gait  and  Guelph 
Railway,  which  connects  with  tlie  Great  Western  ;  and  the  southern  terminus  of  the  pro- 
posed Railway  to  Saugeen,  the  distance  to  which  is  about  70  miles.    From  Guelph  there 


GUELPH,  C.  W. 


fJ 


are  regular  stages  to  Owen  Sound,  through  Fergus  and  Elora,  and  a  regular  mail  to  South- 
ampton. Being  tlie  centre  of  a  rich  agricultural  district,  Guelph  has  a  large  retail  country 
trade ;  its  exports  are  chiefly  wheat  and  flour.  Distant  from  Toronto,  47  miles,  and  from 
Hamilton,  80  miles.    Mail  daily.    Population  about  46U0. 

Business  Directory. 


Agent  and  Conveyancer. — Robert  Thompson, 
St.  George  square. 

Artist. — Samuel  Shaw,  Wyndham  street. 

Barristers  and  Attorneys. — Fergusson  and 
Kingsmill.     [See  advertisement.] 

Barrister's  and  Attorneys. — Lemon  &  Pater- 
son.     [See  advertisement.] 

Barrister  at  Law. — Thomas  H.  Saunders, 

Dry  Goods,  Clotliing,  etc. — Abraham  Boice. 

Great  Western  Hotel. — Robert  Matthews. 

Groceries,  Crockery,  and  Provisions.  —  C. 
Meredith  <&  Co. 

Guelph  Herald. — George  Pirie,  Editor. 

Ouelph  Advertiser.  —  Jonathan  Wilkinson, 
Editor. 

Hardware  Merchant. — John  Keller. 


International  Hotel. — J.  K,  Scriven,  Propri- 
etor,    [See  advertisement.] 

Land  and  General  Agent. — James  Webster. 

Merchant. — Geo.  Draper,  Wyndham  street. 

Merchants. — Stewart  <fe  Thomson,  Wyndham 
street. 

Notary  Public,  Insurance  Agent,  etc. — B. 
Greet. 

Saddle,  Harness,  and  Trunk  Makers. — Smith 
<fc  Metcalf. 

Thorp's  New  Hotel. — J.  Tliorp,  Proprietor. 
[See  advertisement.] 

Wellington  Mercury. — Geo.  M.  Keeling,  Pub- 
lisher. 

Wellington  Hotel. — James  Lindsay,  Proprie- 
tor.    [See  advertisement] 


INTERNATIONAL    HOTEL, 

Within  50  Yards  of  the  Railway  FasBenser 
Station. 

.T.  K.  SCRIVEN  hogs  most  respectfully  to  intimate  to 
his  uuinerons  friends  and  the  travelling  public,  that  his 
well-kjiowii  Hotel  is  fitted  up  in  a  maimer  unsurpassed 
for  accommodation  by  any  other  Hotel  in  Town.  His 
Table  will  be  always  supplied  with  all  the  procuruWe 
luxuries  of  the  season.    His 

LIQUORS 

Are  of  the  very  best  qualities,  and  every  attention  and 
courtesy  \v\\\  be  extended  to  his  guests,  in  order  to  render 
thom  as  comfortable  as  possible.  His  Stable  will  be  sup- 
plied at  all  times  with  the  besi  quality  of  Hay  and  Oats, 
aji(l  Ml  attentive  hostler  will  bi'  always  in  atteiidance.  In 
fact,  lie  can  assure  tlie  public  that  his  House,  in  all  its 
(lepaitments,  will  bo  conducted  with  propriety,  and  de- 
aervo  the  patronage  of  his  friends  and  tbo  public  generally. 

J.  K.  SCRIVEN. 

audph,  Jidy  2, 1867. 

GREAT  WESTERN  HOTEL, 

Wyndham  St.,  Guelph. 

The  undersigned,  having  completed  his  large 
and  commodious  new  stone  building  on  the 
site  of  the  old  "Farmer's  Arms"  Hotel,  form- 
erly occupied  by  Mr.  John  Pipe,  has  opened  the 
said  Establishment  for  the  accommodation  of 
the  public.  He  intends  to  keep  His  Hah  con- 
stantly supplied  with  the  choicest  liquors,  and 
His  Table  with  the  best  viands  of  the  season, 
also  good  stabling  will  be  provided  for  horses ; 
and  no  exertion  will  be  spared  to  make  the 
Great  Western  Hotel  worthy  of  the  support  of 
the  agricultural  community  in  the  county,  and 
the  public  generally. 

It.   ]TIATTHEW§. 

^"  A  call  from  hU  old  friends  and  patrons 
Ttitpedfully  solicited. 
OuKLPH,  Oct.  20th,  1855. 


WELLINGTON    HOTEL, 

WYNDHAIW    STREET, 

OPPOSITE   MONTREAL  BANK, 

JAMES    LINDSAY, 

fropHttor, 

The  above  new  and  commodious  hotel,  bein^  situated  In 
a  central  part  of  the  town,  and  convenient  to  both  the 
Railway  Stations,  offers  peculiar  advantages  to  the  travel- 
ing public.  Visitors  will  find  the  urraagements  good,  and 
charges  moderate. 

An  ecKellent  Livery  Stalle  is  attached  to  tfte 
Hotel,  and  trusty  hostlers  are  always  in  attendanos. 

Daily  Stages  to  Elora,  Fergus,  and  Owen  SoMid. 

An  Omnibus  attends  the  Cars,  and  conveys  tiuesti 

to  and  from  the  House  flre«  of  Charge. 

THORP'S  NEW  HOTEL, 

aUELPH,    c.  w., 

•J.   THOIlPj   Proprietor^ 

Is  just  opened  for  the  accommodation  of  the  public.  Ig 
a  first-class  House,  and  the  best  in  Ouelph.  Charges  reas- 
onable. Livory  at  short  notice.  Stages  to  and  from  all 
parts.    A  free  Buss  in  attendance  at  tlic  Stations. 

ANDREW  LEMON.  H.   W.   PETERSON,  JB. 

MESSRS,  LEMON  &  PETERSON, 

Barristers  and  Attorneys  at  Law» 

SOLIOITORS  IN  OHANOERY, 

NOTARIES     PUBLIC,     &c., 

GUELPH,    C.    W. 

Agent  fm'  the  Colonial  Life  Assurance  Company, 


A.  J.  rERanssoN. 


J.  J,   KINOSHILL. 


FERGU880N    Sl    KINGSMILL, 
BARRISTERS     AND    ATTORNEYS    AT    LAW, 

SOJblCITOHS    /«V    VHJJyCMiRV<,    JiTC,,    HTC,^ 


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86 


HULL — INGERSOLL — KINCARDINE,  C.  W. 


HULL,  0.  E.    , ,  ;• : ...  ..-;  ,.'■. 

A  village  situated  on  the  River  Ottawa,  opposite  to  tlie  town  of  Ottawa,  to  which  it  is 
connected  by  a  suspension  bridge,  at  the  celebrated  Chauderie  Falls.  A  considerable  trade 
is  done  in  lumber,  and  in  the  manufacturing  of  axes,  pails,  etc.     Population  about  260. 


channel  of 
cardine  wil 
fair  to  proi 
lation  aboi 


ANDREW    LEAMY, 

IiVuber    iuerchaivt    aivd    miLii    oivjver, 

xxxTXiXi     T  o -vw  3srs  iiii»,    a.    b. 


General  Store. — J.  J.  Marston,  Main  street. 
Hotel  Keeper  and  Blacksmith. — Patrick  Mc- 
Garr,  Main  street 


Lumber  Merchant. — Andrew  Leamy.     [See 
advertisement.] 


INGERSOLL,  C.  W. 

An  incorporated  village,  in  the  County  of  Oxford,  Township  of  North  Oxford;  situated 
on  the  River  Thames,  and  a  station  on  the  Great  Western  Railway.  Wheat  and  sawn 
lumber  form  the  principal  trade  of  this  place  and  the  surrounding  country.  Tlie  land 
around  is  excellent,  and  the  village  is  fast  increasing  in  population  and  importance.  Dis- 
tant from  Woodstock,  9  miles;  from  Hamiltim,  57  miles;  from  London,  19  miles;  from 
Windsor,  129  miles;  and  from  Port  Burwell,  on  Lake  Erie,  32  mUes.  Daily  mails.  Popu- 
lation about  3000.  \ 

Business  Directory. 

I  General  Merchants. — J.  McDonald  &  Bros. 
I  General  Merchant. — Samuel  Poole. 


Attorney  at  Law. — Richard  Ollard. 

Bookstore  and  News  Depot. — E.  H.  Crysler. 

Chemist,  Druggist  and  Stationer. — 0.  B.  Cald- 
well. 

Chemist  and  Druggist. — John  M.  Chapman. 

Conveyancer. — James  Berrie,  Thames  street. 

Daly  House. — John  Patterson,  proprietor. 
[See  advertisement.] 


Jngersoll  Chronicle. — J.  S.  Garneld,  Editor. 

Royal  Exchange  Hotel. — H.  Hearn,  Propri- 
etor.    [See  advertisement] 

Merchant  and  Agent  for  English  and  Ameri- 
can Newspapers. — R.  A.  Woodcock. 


DALY     HOUSE, 

iiTa-EiisoiL.ri,    o.    "^w. 

The  Subscribor  bef^  to  inform  his  friends  and  the  public 
that  he  has  removed  to  the  above  House,  which  is  new 
and  commodious,  and  furnished  in  modem  style. 

By  strict  personal  attention  ho  hopes  to  receive  his 
nsual  share  of  patronage. 

A  free  Buss  to  and  from  the  cars, 

JOHN  FATTEB80V. 


ROTAL  EXCHANGE  HOTEL 

AND    aENEB>L   STAGE   HOUSE, 

Cor.  of  Tliamcs  dc  Cliarles  Sts., 

IjyaMHSOMjJLi  c,  w., 

H.    BBARX7,    Proprietor. 

Visitors  will  find  the  arrangements  Rood,  and  clmrces 

A  good  Livery  Stable  attached.    Doily  St!m» 

"        id  (    "■ 


moderate 

to  TilsonburR 


Vienna,  and   Port    Harwell,   and  to  St 
lory's  OTonuays,  Wednesdays,  and  Fridays. 
[7*  An  omnibus  to  oud  from  the  caii  iroe  of  charge. 


Is  situate 
blocks  of  fr 
3  brick  hou 
plan,  is  ext 
directions, ; 
favoured  wi 
Mariposa,  oi 
by  steamer 
enlargement 
worthy  of  s 
vineial,  but 
prints  of  th( 
sportsman,  t 
bush,  will  at 
From  Port  I 


Attorney  at 
Barrister  an^ 

Course,  K« 
Bookseller  a 

Kent  st 
Bnrrisler  at 
Boot  and  Sh( 
Cabinet  Mak 

liara  Ft 
Dry  Goods  ai 

Leary,  Ker 
Dry  Goods,  G 

and  0.  Big 
Grocer  and  i 

Silverwood 
General  Merc 
General  Merc 
General  Mercl 
Importer  and 

Lehane,  Kii 


KINCARDINE,  0.  W., 

Is  a  small  town  situated  upon  the  shore  of  Lake  Huron,  at  the  mouth  of  the  River 
Penetangore,  upon  an  acclivity  extending,  in  a  ridge  of  no  groat  height,  along  the  beach  in 
both  directions.  It  occupies  the  centre  of  a  beautiful  bay,  forming  a  crescent,  terminating 
in  northern  and  southern  pinepoints.  Tlie  principal  street,  studded  with  respectable-look- 
ing stores  and  hotels,  (the  North  American,  so  fur  as  regards  attention  and  a  good  table, 
will  bear  comparison  with  its  namesake  in  Toronto,  minus  the  niggers,)  runs  parallel  to  tlio 
Bhore  for  half  o  mile  at  least;  and,  like  other  towns  situated  upon  the  eastern  shore  of  the 
I/ike,  though  minus  a  railroad  at  present,  and  possessed  only  of  a  quay  for  lading  and  un- 
lading small  schooners,  it  is  competing  for  the  honour  of  the  principal  port  for  the  trans- 
portation of  passengers  and  the  transshipment  of  freight  across  the  lake  to  the  "Far  West." 
Government  has  voted  £1,500  for  the  dredging  ond  enlargement  of  the  harbour,  and  as  the 


LINDSAY  AND  MILL  BROOK,  0.  W. 


87 


channel  of  the  river  forms  a  natural  basin,  covered  with  shnllow  dopoHlta  of  sand,  Kin- 
cardine will  soon  offer  a  safe  harbourage  to  vegsels  of  largo  dlmoiiHlonH,  and,  ttioroforo,  bids 
fair  to  prove  no  mean  rival  to  Goderich  and  Saugeen.  80  inllos  nortli  of  Uodorloh.  Popu- 
lation about  1000. 


[See 


i  Sts., 
:or. 

,  charges 
1  to  St 
charge. 


LINDSAY,  0  W., 

Is  situated  upon  the  banks  of  the  River  Scugog,  and  is  composed,  ns  yyt,  of  only  a  few 
blocks  of  frame  houses,  stores  and  hotels,  grist  and  lumber  mills,  wltli  the  oxcoptlon  of  2  or 
8  brick  houses  on  each  side  of  the  river.  The  site  of  tho  town,  nooordliig  to  tho  original 
plan,  is  extensive ;  but  as  individuals  have  selected  spots  for  their  houses  in  oil  different 
directions,  Lindsay  presents  a  straggling  appearance  tp  an  old-jountryiiiaii,  But  as  it  is 
favoured  with  railroad  communication  to  Port  Hope  on  tlie  south,  and  st4igo  to  Manilla  and 
Mariposa,  one  of  the  richest  agricultural  townships  in  the  province,  8  miles  to  tlio  west,  and 
by  steamer  to  the  Falls,  Bobcaygeon,  etc.,  on  the  north,  wo  may  rousonably  anticipate  the 
enlargement  of  the  town,  as  well  as  the  increase  of  its  trade,  at  no  distant  date.  It  is 
worthy  of  special  notice  that  an  excellent  reading-room  is  supplied  not  only  with  the  Pro- 
vincial, but  with  American  and  British  newspapers  and  magazines,  as  well  as  with  the  re- 
prints of  the  principal  British  Quarterlies;  and,  wo  may  add,  for  tho  Information  of  tho 
Bportsman,  that  fisliing  in  the  river  and  lakes,  as  well  as  doer  shooting  In  tho  surrounding 
bush,  will  at  once  recruit  his  health  and  amply  repay  his  pleasing  tolls,  Population  $2000. 
From  Port  Hope,  42  miles.    Fare  $1.26. 

Business  Directory. 


Attorney  at  Law. — F.  B  Greene,  Kent  st. 
Barrister  and  Notary  Public. — Anthony  La 

Course,  Kent  st. 
Bookseller  and  Druggist. — W.  J.  Stoughton, 

Kent  st. 
Barrister  at  La^v. — T.  A.  Hudspeth,  Kent  st. 
Boot  and  Shoe  Maker. — A  Bright,  llidout  st. 
Cabinet  Makers. — Matthie  &  Anderson,  Wil- 
liam Et. 
Dry  Goods  and  General  Merchant. — Richard 

Leary,  Kent  st. 
Dry  Goods,  Groceries,  Boots,  Shoes,  etc. — S. 

and  0.  Bigelow,  Lindsay  st. 
Grocer  and  Confectioner. — Wm.  Alexander 

Silverwood,  Kent  st 
General  Merchant. — Wm.  Kewin,  Kent  st. 
General  Merchant. — John  Kennedy,  Kent  st. 
General  Merchants. — Keenan  &  Lenihan. 
Importer  and  General  Merchant. — Thomas  8. 

Lehane,  King  st 


Jewett's  Hot  .\— B.  Jowott,  Proprietor,  Kent 

street, 
Lindsay  Flour  Mills, — Dealer  In  Wheat,  Flour, 

etc.,  Robert  Lang,  Proprietor;  ofHce,  Kent 

Lindsay  Tannery,— W,  McNeil,  William  st. 

Lindsay  Aduocate. — Edward  1>.  Hand,  Pub- 
lisher. 

Merchant  and  Carriage  Mnnufiioturor. — John 
Thirkhill,  Kent  st. 

Martin's  Hotel,  (lato  Walsh's),— J.  Martin, 
Proprietor,  Kort  st, 

Merchant. — Janio ,  AVatson,  WllUum  st. 

Merchant — Charles  Brltton,  HIdout  st. 

Staple  and  Fancy  Dry  Onods  Merchant. — 
Thos,  Bronghalf,  Knowlson's  Block,  Kent  st. 

Victoria  Herald — Henry  John  Walte,  Editor, 
Publisher,  and  Proprietor,  William  st. 

Watchmaker  and  Jewellbr,— H,  0.  Clarke, 
Kent  St. 


%\' 


I  ,  . 


River 
each  in 
innting 
e-look- 
table, 
to  the 
of  the 
nd  un- 
>  trans- 
West." 
,  as  the 


MILL  BROOK,   0.  W. 

A  flourishing  village,  situated  in  the  Township  of  Cavan,  and  County  of  Durham,  Has 
a  local  trade  of  some  importance.  A  station  on  the  Port  Hope  and  Tjlndsay  Railway  Is 
half  a  mile  from  the  village.  Distant  from  Port  Hope  18  mllea.  Dully  nuUl,  Population 
about  1000. 

Business   Directory. 

General  Merchant, — .Tames  Kelly,  Kell  st. 
Grocer,  Baker,  and  Confecllonrr. — James  A. 
Johnston,  Corner  of  Cuvan  «fe  ICcU  st. 


Clerk  of  Division  Court,  Conveyancer,  etc. — 

James  M.  Brodie,  Kell  st. 
Dispensing  Chemist-E.  Gregory,  Railroad  st. 
Dry  Goods  Merchant  and  General  Grocer. — 

Samuel  James  Howell,  50  Main  st. 
Dry   Goods    Merchant. — Richard  Howden, 

Uailroad  st. 


Millhrook MitHHenifer, — .Mfrcd  Edwin  Hayter, 
Editor  and  Proprietor,  Uaili-ond  st. 

Wellington  Hotol.— (Irunvllle  Ulohardson, 
Corner  of  Railroad  &.  Mill  its. 


1  M 


88 


NAPANEE,  NEWCASTLE,  AND  OSHAWA,   C.  W. 


NAPANEE,  0.  W. 


.v'-f-ii^' 


'•»• 


Napanee  is  a  pretty  Tillage,  situated  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  and  which  may,  probably, 
be  selected  as  the  county  town  of  Richmond  Township.  The  river  is  navigable  by  small  schoon- 
ers, and  offers  lirst-rate  water  privilege,  in  addition  to  the  four  saw-mills,  which  cut  9,000,000  ft. 
of  lumber  annually,  two  flour  mills,  two  foundries,  a  woollen  factory,  plaster  factory,  cabinet  fac- 
tory, planing  mill,  brewery,  tannery,  etc.,  which  stand  upon  its  banks.  The  Grand  Trunk  Kailway 
Station  stands  immediately  to  the  north  of  the  village.  Napanee  is  possessed  of  no  ordinary 
advantages,  and  is  evidently  destined  to  extend  at  the  expense  of  other  inland  villages.  If  the 
traveller  wishes  a  comfortable  house,  he  should  visit  the  Commercial  Hotel,  Napanee;  and  if  the 
sportsman  is  anxious  to  prime  his  "pocket-pistol,"  by  all  means  visit  Mr.  Johnston's  distillery 
at  Clark's  Mills,  where  a  Scotchman  distils  "  mountain  dew"  as  pure  and  spirit-stirring  as  any 
that  smells  of  "  peat-reek"  and  the  Highlands  of  Scotland.  Population,  2000.  Distant  from 
Kingston,  25  miles;  Toronto,  134  miles. 

Business  Directory. 


H. 


Ambrotypist  and   Photographist.— Henry 

Carman,  Dundas  st. 
Amos  S.  Bristol,  M.  D. 
Baker,  Ac. — J.  Worthington,  Dundas  st. 
Barrister  and  Attorney,  Notary  Public. — B 

Davy,  Dundas  st. 
Commercial  Hotel.— S.  R.  Shaw,  Dundas  st. 
Druggist  and  Dealer  in  Paints,  Oils,  etc.— Jas. 

C.  Huffman. 


C. 


General  Assurance  Agent,  Treasurer  Mechanics' 
Institute. — Robert  Easton,  Town  Hall,  Mar- 
ket Square. 

Manufacturing  Miller,  Conveyancer,  Ac- Jas. 
F.  Bartels. 

Napanee  Standard.— Alex.  Campbell,  Editor  and 
Publisher. 

Solicitor  in  Chancery,  Attorney-at-law,  Notary 
Public. — Robert  S.  Henderson,  Dundas  st. 


duce  of  th( 
tories,  also, 
which  all  t 
daily  stage, 
Albert,  Bore 
Daily  mail. 


Barristers  an 

Wilson. 
Christian  Ol 

Published 
Druggist. — M 
General  Gro 

Luke  A  W: 
General  Groc 

<fc  McGaw, 
General  Mer 

King  St.     , 


NEWBURG,  0.  W. 

A  village  on  the  Napanee  River,  in  the  Township  of  Camden  ftnd  County  of  Addington. 
Distant  from  Kingston  23  miles,  and  from  the  Napanee  Station  of  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway 
&J  miles.    Usual  stage  fare  to  Kingston  75  cents.    Daily  mail.    Population  about  900. 

Bntc^ness   Directory. 


Carriage  Builder. — John  Crichton,  Main  st. 
Chemist  and  Druggist — Joshua  Bower,  Main 

street 
Dry  Goods,  Groceries,  Boot  and  Shoe  Shop, 

etc. — RrLoit  a:  Hope  <fe  Son. 
Druggist, — Allen  Caton. 


Empire  House  Hotel.— James  Power,  Main.Bt, 
Newburg  Carriage  Factory. — Samuel  Lake, 

Main  st 
Newburg  Index. — Allen  Caton  &  C.  V.  Price, 

Editors  and  Proprietors. 
Saddler.— 0.  S.  Roblin,  Main  st 


"  An  incorpoi 
tario,  at  the  i 
harbour,  of  e 
and  a  number 
ping  of  flour  t 
the  County  of  J 
town.  A  dail; 
by.  The  steat 
from  Toronto  2 
Fare  to  Milton 
tion  about  200 


•i  NEWCASTLE,   0.  W. 

A  town  on  Lake  Ontario,  in  the  Township  of  Clarke  and  County  of  Durham,  and  a  Station 
on  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway.  The  trade  of  the  ploce  is  considerable.  Distant  from  Co- 
bourg  25  miles,  and  from  Toronto  47  miles.     Mail  daily.     Population  about  1250. 

Business    Directory. 


Agent  Montreal  Telegraph  Co.,  Fire  and  Life 

Insurance. — A.  II.  Hunter. 
Borrister  and  Attoruey-at-law. — Neale  Mc 

Neill,  King  st 
Dry  Goods  and  General  Merchant. — Samuel 

McCoy,  King  st 
General   Merchants. — Cashmnn   <fe  Wolcott, 

Foster's  Buildings,  King  st 
General  Merchants  and  Produce  Dealers. — 

Wilmot  &  Co.,  King  st 


Newcastle  Recorder. — \V.  A.  Powers,  Printer 

and  Publisher. 
Physician.— George  M.  Reid,  M.  D.,  M.  R.  C. 

S.  E.,  Mill  st 
Principal  Newcastle  Academy. — W  T.  Boate. 
Queen  8  Arms  Hotel. — W.  Couch,  King  st. 
Veterinary  Surgeon. — William  A.  Rose,  R. 

C.  V.  S.  E.,  Chemist  and  Druggist 
Wellington  llouse   Hotel. — John  Salisbury, 

Stage  Depot,  King  st 


^    >  OSHAWA,   0.   W. 

A  flourishing  incorporated  village  in  the  Township  of  Wliitby  and  County  of  Ontario, 
2i  miles  from  Sydenham  Harbour,  on  Lake  Ontario.    A  large  business  is  done  in  the  pro- 


OAKVILLE  AND  PETERBOROUGH,  C.  W. 


89 


duoe  of  the  country,  and  the  place  is  especially  celebrated  for  flour.  Several  large  fac- 
tories, also,  have  been  established,  and  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway  has  a  station  here,  at 
which  all  trains  stop.  Distant  from  Toronto  33  miles,  and  from  Montreal  300  miles.  A 
daily  stage,  carrying  the  mail,  runs  north  from  Oshawa  through  Columbus,  Raglan,  Prince 
Albert,  Borelia,  and  Port  Perry,  to  Beaverton,  on  Lake  Simcoe,  distant  50  miles,  fare  f  2.50. 
Daily  mail.    Population  about  8000. 

Business    Directory. 


Barristers  and  Attorneys-at-law. — Billings  & 

Wilson. 
Christian  Offering  and  Oahawa   Vindicator, 

Publisheaby  Luke  &  Orr. 
Druggist. — Mark  Robinson,  King  st. 
General  Grocers  and  Provision  Dealers, — 

Luke  A  Wood,  2  King  st..  East. 
General  Grocers  and  Wine  Merchants. — Burk 

&  McGaw,  King  st. 
General  Merchants. — W.  H.  Gibbs  &  Co., 

Kingst     -.      •     .  .    - 


McElroy's  Hotel. — John  McElroy,  King  st 

Oahawa  Mills. — John  Warren,  Merchant  and 
Proprietor. 

Postmaster,  Bookseller,  and  Stationer.— Gavin 
Burns. 

Produce  Dealera — Gibb  &  Brother,  South 
Oshawa. 

Solicitor. — S.  B.  Fairbanks,  King  st. 

Surgical  and  Mechanical  Dentist,  and  Mon- 
treal Telegraph  Agent. — C.  N,  Vars,  Cor. 
King  &  Simcoe  sts.         .,  ,    ,  ,    .  y 


^i'  • 


OAKVILLE,  0.  W. 


"  An  incorporated  town  in  the  Township  of  Trafalgar  and  County  of  Halton,  on  Lake  On- 
tario, at  the  mouth  of  the  Sixteen-Mile  Creek,  which  forms  an  excellent  and  land-locked 
harbour,  of  easy  access.  Oakville  is  advantageously  situated  for  ship-building  purposes, 
and  a  number  of  first-class  vessels  are  built  here  every  year.  It  is  the  outlet  for  the  ship- 
ping of  flour  and  other  products  to  the  American  side,  besides  being  the  wheat  market  of 
the  County  of  Halton.  The  Station  of  the  Great  Western  Railway  is  on  the  outskirts  of  the 
town.  A  daily  line  of  stages  runs  to  Stewarttown,  through  Postville,  Ashgrove,  and  Horn- 
by. Tlie  steamers  plying  between  Montreal,  Hamilton,  and  other  ports  call  here.  Distant 
from  Toronto  26  miles,  from  Hamilton  20  miles,  and  from  Milton,  the  County  Town,  16  miles. 
Fare  to  Milton  87^  cents,  to  Hamilton  50  cents,  to  Toronto  50  cents.  Daily  mail.  Popula- 
tion about  2000." 

Business  Directory. 


Canadian   Hotel.  —  John  Williams,    Navy 

street. 
General  Dealer  in  Groceries,  Wines,  Liquors, 

etc. — ^T.  D.  Johnstown,  Colborne  st. 
General  Merchant  and  Insurance  Agent. — 

James  Reid,  Colborne  St. 


Hardware  Merchants. — ^William  Robertson 

<t  Co.,  Colborne  st. 
Postmaster,  Clerk  Division  Court,  Com.  in 

B.  K.,  Town  Clerk,  Conveyancer,  etc. — R. 

Balmer,  Navy  st. 
Tinsmiths. — D.  Chisholm  &  Co.,  Colborne  st. 


S! 


PETERBOROUGH,  0.  W. 

"A flourishing  town  in  the  County  of  Peterborough,  situated  on  the  Otonabee  River,  in 
the  Township  of  Monaghan.  Lumber  is  the  principal  trade  of  the  place.  There  is  also  a 
coasiderable  business  in  wheat  and  flour.  A  railway  connects  this  town  with  Cobourg  and 
the  Grand  Trunk  Railway,  distant  30  miles,  fare  $L  Stage  fare  from  Port  Hope,  distant 
SOmiles,  fare  fL     Mail  daily.     Population  about  4000." 

Business   Directory. 


Alex.  Harvey,  M.  D.  and  Coroner,  Aylmer 

street. 
Attorney-at-law  and  Notary  Public— W.  F. 

I.  Vizard. 
Barrister-at-law.— Charles  Alexander  Weller, 

George  st, 


Cabinet  Warerooms. — William  T.  Swayne, 

George  st. 
Caisse's  Hotel. — Leon  Caisse,  Cor.  of  Hunter 

&  Water  sts. 
Commission  and  General  Merchant  in  Wine, 

Seed,  etc. — Coupar  &  Ogilvy,  George  st. 


ft 


i;l  i, 


mi^ 


90 


PABIS  AND  PICTON,   C.  W. 


Commission  and  Oeneral  Merchant. — Wm.  B. 
Read,  George  st. 

Dry  and  Fancy  Goods  Importer,  Grocer,  etc. 
— R.  B.  McDougal,  George  st 

General  Provision  Dealer. — George  Mitchell, 
Hunter  st. 

Grocers,  Hardware  and  Commission  Mer- 
chants, Corner  of  Hunter  &  George  sts. 


Grocer. — ^Augustus  Cadotte,  George  st. 

Marble  Masons — John  Thomas  Whitehead 
&  Co.,  Brock  st. 

Peterboro'  Examiner.  —  A.  Sawyers,  Pub- 
lisher. 

Pelerboro'  Review.— T.  &  R.  White,  Publish- 
ers. 

Tailors  and  Clothiers. — A.  Mercer  <fc  Sons. 


PARIS,   0.  W. 

Paris  is  situated  within  a  mile  of  the  line  of  the  Great  Western  Railroad,  on  the  banks  of 
the  Grand  River ;  and  as  the  country  is  undulating  and  rising  in  some  places,  even  into 
bills,  the  scenery  is  very  picturesque ;  the  houses  stand  embowered  amongst  wood,  here 
upon  the  slopes,  and  there  in  the  valley,  reminding  the  continental  tourist  of  the  vine-clad 
slopes  of  Sevres,  between  Paris  and  Versailles.  In  addition  to  the  flour  and  lumber  mills 
common  to  almost  every  town  in  the  province,  Paris  is  provided  with  a  gypsum  or  plaster 
mill.  The  lofty  railroad  wooden  bridge,  which  spans  the  Grand  River,  forms  one  of  tlie 
most  attractive  objects  of  interest,  and  if  the  traveller  can  afford  time,  he  may  fill  his  bas- 
ket with  fish,  of  all  sorts  and  sizes,  from  the  rivei".  Notwithstanding  these  natural  attrac- 
tions and  adaptations  of  Paris,  both  for  pleasant  residence  and  manufactures,  the  Great 
Western  Railroad  has  carried  the  traffic  past,  in  both  directions,  and  thrown  it,  at  least  in 
the  mean  time,  into  a  state  of  comparative  stagnation,  to  improve  however,  we  hope,  with 
the  general  return  of  "  better  times."  Population  2000.  Seventy-two  miles  from  Suspen- 
sion Bridge. 

Business  Directory. 


Chemist  and  Druggist. — Alex.  C.  Bell,  River 

street.    (See  Advt.) 
Commission  Merchant  and  Assurance  Agent. 

— Thomas  Ryall,  Railway  Station. 
Daguerrean  and  Photographic  Artist. — C.  S. 

German,  River  st. 
General  Dry   Goods  and   Groceries. — Wm. 

Paterson,  River  st 


Hotel. — James  Currie,  Anglo-American  Hotel 

Station, 
Tavern-Keeper. — James    Loutit,    Mechanics 

street 
Tin  and  Coppersmith. — William  Roscbrugh, 

River  st 
Wholesole    and    Retail    Merchant — John 

Irwin,  J.  P.,  Upper  Town. 


ALEX.  C.  BELL,  CHEMIST  &  DAUGGIST, 

WHOLRSALE  Ino   RETAIL   DEALER  IN 

Drugs,  Patent  Medicines,  Dyestufs,  Paints,  Oils,  Varnisks,  Turpentine,  Brushes,  Comlis, 

FANCY    ARTICLES,    &c., 
RIVER      STREET,      PARIS,     C.W. 


PICTON,    0.  W. 

One  of  the  most  enterprising  towns  for  its  size,  in  the  region  of  the  beautiful  Bay  o( 
Quint6,  noticed  elsewhere.  The  County  Town  of  the  County  of  Prince  Edword,  and  situ- 
ated on  the  Bay  of  Quint6.  Distant  from  Kingston  40  miles ;  steamboat  fare  $1,  stage  fare 
$2.    Distant  from  Belleville  22  miles ;  steamboat  fare  $1.    Population  about  2000. 

Business   Directory. 


Attorney-at-law  and  Notary  Public. — Lem- 

priere  Murray. 
Barrister-at-law, — Samuel  Merrill. 
Barrister,  and  Attorney-at-low,  and  Notary, 

etc. — Philip  Low. 
Cabinet    and    Chair  Factory. — Gillespie   & 

Southard,  Main  st 


Carriage  Manufacturers. — Fralick  <fe  Brother. 
Draper,  Tailor,  and  General  Outfitter.— Robt. 

Mitchell,  Union  Buildings. 
Eclectic    Physician    and    Surgeon.— II.   E. 

Bowles,  M.  D,  Elizabeth  st     (See  Advt.) 
Flour,  Plaster,  and  Woollen  Mills.— James  C. 

Wilson,  Lake  on  the  Mountain. 


Globe  Hotel- 

Advertisem 
Grocer. — Edv 
Insurance  and 

duce  Deale 
Iron  Founder 

turers. — Eli 
Marble  Dealei 
Melodeon  Ma 

Andrus. 
Merchants. — G 
North  Americi 

^ .  near  Stei 

Photographist 

nolds,  Main 

Heali 

COR.  ELIZ. 

PI 

Treatmen 

Developing  the  irn 
(rue  method  of  tret 
Location  healthy  an 


Port  Hope  is 
ity,  the  summit 
cred  amongst  th 
and  is  crowded  ■ 
Montreal  Bank 
graceful  curve 
Trunk  Railway : 
surrounded  by  a 
the  evidence  of  ^ 
and  pork,  turkey 
square  on  Saturd 
to  the  north-wesi 
ply  regularly,  di 
further,  in  a  nortl 
onto  62  miles  (far 
6ton  98  miles.     P 


Accountant  and  ( 
veyancer,  Hou 
General  Agent' 
Walton  st 

Accountant    and 
Davidson,  Walt 

Attorney   and 
Walton  st 

Barrister-at-law.- 

ton  st 
Bwrister  and  Atto 

chaffer,  Walton 
«)okandJobPrin 

wn.  Mill  st 


PORT  HOPE,   C.   W. 


91 


Globe  Hotel. — J.  Blanchard,  Main  st  (See 
Advertisement.) 

Grocer. — Edword  F.  Fegan,  Bridge  st. 

Insurance  and  General  Agent,  Seed  and  Pro- 
duce Dealer,  etc. 

Iron  Founders  and  Steam-Engine  Manufac- 
turers.— Elizabeth  st. 

Marble  Dealer. — S.  A.  Moore. 

Melodeon  Manufacturers. — 0.  W.  &  F.  M. 
Andrus. 

Merchants. — Gray  A  Co.,  Main  st. 

North  American  Hotel. — J.  Wottashed,  Main 
^  .  near  Steamboat  Quay. 

Plioiographist  una  Auibrotypist. — W.  P.  Rey- 
nolds, Main  at. 


Photographist   and  Ambrotyper. — John  A. 

Sherrin,  Union  Buildings. 
Picton  Oazette, — Stephen  M.  Conger,  Editor 

and  Proprietor. 
Picton  l^mei. — Robert  Boyle,  Publisher. 
Surgeon-Dentist. — W.  H.  Gilbert,  Main  st. 
Surgeon   and   Physician.  —  Henry   Bentall 

Evans,  M.  D.,  M.  R.  C.  S.  E.,  Main  st 
Tanner,  Pot  Barley,  and  Split  Pea  Mill.— P. 

F.McCudig. 
Tinsmith.  —  Henry  M.  Sponenbergh,  Main 

street. 
Watchmaker,    Jeweller,    etc. — Wm.    Jamea 

Porte,  Main  st. 


Health  Institute. 

COR.  ELIZABETH  &  KING  STS., 

PICTON,    C.  W. 

Treatment— Fhyaiologioal  Fnrely. 

Developing  the  mental  and  physical  nature.  The  only 
true  method  of  treating  Chronic  disease  and  deformity. 
Location  healthy  and  pleasant.    Under  the  care  of 

H.  E.  BOWLES,  H.  0. 


GLOBE    HOTEL, 

MAIN   STREET,   PICTON,   C.   W., 

BY   J.   BLANCHARD, 

The  Proprietor,  in  thanking  the  public  for  past  favours, 
begs  to  assure  them  that  nothing  on  his  part  will  be  want- 
ing to  give  satisfaction  to  those  who  may  favour  him  with 
their  patronage.    Mail  Stages  leave  this  house  daily. 

Carriages  iu  attendance  tu  and  from  the  boats  tree  of 
charge.    Livery  Stables  attached  to  the  Hotel. 

Terms  Liberal.  Josiall  BlailOhard> 

J'icton,  26th  May,  186T. 


('   I'! 


PORT  HOPE,  0.  W. 

Port  Hope  is  beautififlly  situated  upon  the-western  shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  on  an  accliv- 
ity, the  summit  of  which  is  capped  with  beach  and  pine,  and  clothed  with  villas,  embow- 
ered amongst  the  trees.  The  principal  street  runs  from  the  harbour  to  the  top  of  the  hill, 
and  is  crowded  with  large  and  lofty  brick  stores,  houses,  and  hotels.  The  Town  Hall  and 
Montreal  Bank  form  prominent  objects  to  a  spectator,  placed  upon  the  quay.  And  the 
graceful  curve  of  the  viaduct,  resting  on  piers  of  solid  masonry,  over  which  the  Grand 
Trunk  Railway  is  carried,  tends  only  to  enhance  the  picturesqueness  of  the  view.  It  is 
surrounded  by  a  rich  agricultural  country,  diversified  by  hill  and  dale,  wood  and  stream, 
the  evidence  of  which  is  the  number  of  wagons  crammed  with  quarters  of  beef,  mutton, 
and  poik,  turkeys,  geese,  chicke.is,  ^ggs,  butter,  and  vegetables,  crowding  the  town-hall 
square  on  Saturdays.  Communication  by  railroad  is  already  extended  to  Lindsay,  40  miles 
to  the  north-west,  as  well  as  to  Peterborough,  to  the  north-east ;  and  steamers,  moreover, 
ply  regularly,  during  summer,  bet  :veen  Lindsay,  Fellon  Falls,  and  Bobcaygeon,  20  miles 
further,  in  a  northern  direction,  on  Lahe  Sturgem.  Distant  from  Cobourg  7  miles,  from  Tor- 
onto 62  miles  (fare  $2.13),  from  Peterborough  29  miles,  from  Lindsay  42  miles,  from  King- 
6ton  98  miles.    Population  about  8000, 


Business   Directory. 


Accountant  and  Commission  Merchant,  Con- 
veyancer, House,  Land,  Insurance,  and 
General  Agent. — R.  Maxwell,  south  side  of 
Walton  St. 

Accountant  and  General  Agent. — Robert 
Davidson,  Walton  st. 

Attorney  and  Solicitor. — George  Brogdin 
Walton  St. 

Barrister-at-law. — J.  Forster  Boulton,  Wal- 
ton St. 

Barrister  and  Attorney-at-law. — Nesbitt  Kir- 
chaffer,  Walton  St. 

Book  and  Job  Printing  Office.— Geo.  A.  Coul- 
wn,  Mill  St. 


Ansley, 


Bookseller  and  Stationer. — Jas.  C. 
Walton  st* 

Chemist  and  Druggist. — John  S.  Tomlinson, 
Walton  st. 

Civil  Engineer. — A.  W.  Sims,  Elgin  st. 

Commission  Merchant.— F.  Murphy, Walton  st. 

Commission,  Shipping,  and  Forwarding 
Agents,  Lumber  Merchants,  etc. — ^Albro  <fc 
Vindin,  Walton  st. 

Contractor. — Ralph  Jones,  Mill  st. 

Dry  Goods,  Groceries,  and  Crockery. — J.  G. 
Lecronier,  Walton  st. 

Dry  Goods,  Groceriesi,— J.  H.  Delamere,  Wal- 
ton St. 


M 


PRESCOTT  AND  TRENTON,   0.  W. 


General  Commission  Agent — Robert  0.  Wil- 
son, Walton  at 

Grocer,  Liquor,  and  Provision  Merchant. — 
Robert  Mclntyre,  Walton  at. 

Ilomoeopathic  Pliysioian  and  Surgeon, — Dr. 
George  Pyburn,  Walton  at 

Importer  of  Dry  Goods  and  Millinery. — J.  B. 
Gillespie  &  Co.,  Walton  at 

Manufacturer  of  Upholsfeerv  and  Cabinet 
Ware.— W.  F.  Russell,  Walton  at. 


Port  Hope  Atlas. — Charles  Rodgers,  Editor 

and  Publisher,  Brogden's  Buildings. 
Port  Hope   ^utc^.-^Hugh  Crea,  Publisher 

and  Editor,  Walton  st 
Produce    and    Commission    Merchant,    and 

Agent  for  British  and  American  Express 

Company. — Win.  Burnham. 
Wholesale  and  Retail  Dealer  and  Importer 

of  Dry  Gooda, — James  Lang,  Jr.,  Walton 

street 


/r!.-?,,-^ 


-il.V 


PRESCOTT,  0.  W. 


An  incorporated  town  on  the  River  St  Lawrence,  in  the  Township  of  Augusta  and  Coun- 
ty of  Grenville.  It  is  opposite  the  town  of  Ogdensburg,  N.  Y.,  and  the  traffic  between  the 
two  places  is  very  considerable ;  requiring,  during  the  season  of  navigation,  the  constant 
employment  of  two  ferry  steamers.  All  the  steamers  plying  between  Montreal,  Kingston, 
and  Hamilton  stop  here  daily.  The  town  is  contiguous  to  a  station  of  the  Grand  Trunk 
Railway ;  and  the  Ottawa  and  Prescott  Railway  has  a  terminus  on  the  river  shore,  and 
within  the  limits  of  the  town.  There  is  a  junction  of  the  two  roads  at  a  short  distance 
from  their  respective  stations.  The  town,  with  the  Townships  of  Augusta  and  Edwnrds- 
burg,  sends  one  member  to  the  Provincial  Parliament  Distant  from  Montreal  11.3  miles, 
from  Toronto  220  miles,  and  from  Ottawa  64  miles.     Daily  mail.    Population  about  4000. 


Business   Directory. 


\\ 


Agent  for  Royal  Mail  Line. — ^V,  R,  Covell, 

King  st 
Abciiitect. — Henry  A.  Sims,  King  st 
Baker. — Thomas  Torr,  King  st. 
Boot  and  Shoe  Makers. — Belgard  &  Crowly, 

King  st 
Cheap  Ticket  Agent,  Tickets  all  Points  West 

— A.  Scott  Geralds,  Northup's  Hotel 
Chemist. — George  Harding,  King  st 
Chemist,  Druggist,   and  Coroner. — R.  W. 

Evans,  King  st 
Clerk  of  Second  Division  Court — ^Thos.  Har- 
rison, Esq. 
Contractor  of  Public  Works,  Brewer  and 

Distiller,  President  of  Mechanics'  Institute 

and  County  Agricultural  Society.— Edward 

&,  King  sts. 
Dealer  in  Hardware,  Tin,  Bar  and  Sheet 

Iron. — John  Chambers,  King  st 
Dry  Goods,  Groceries,  Hardware,  Farm  and 

Garden  Seed,  Stationery,  and  Secretary  of 

Agricultural  Society. — King  st 
Dry  Goods,  Groceries,  and  Liquors. — ^W.  B. 

Trainer,  King  at 
Dry  Goods,    Groceries,  and    Provisions. — 

James  Mooney. 
Dry  Goods,  Groceries,  Provisions,  Hardware, 

etc. — John  Ferguson,  King  st 
Dry  Goods,  Hardware,  Groceries,  etc. — W. 

S.  Akin,  King  st 
General  Dealers  in  Dry  Goods,  Groceries, 


Hardware,  Crockery,  etc. — Miller  &  Kan- 
kin,  King  st 
General  Insurance  and  Emigration  Agent, 

Sight  Drafts  on  Europe. — Matthew  Dow»- 

ley,  Post-office  Buildings. 
Golden  Ball  Hotel,  and  Distiller. — John  Mor- 
row, King  st 
Grocer. — F.  M.  Adams,  King  st 
Grocer. — John  Bradley,  King  st 
Groceries  and  Provision  Store. — T,  Mcthot, 

King  at 
Forwarder  and  General  Steamboat  Agent, 

— Robert  Gilpin,  Water  st 
Forwarding    Commission    Merchant,  U.  S. 

Consul  Agent — i.  S.  Hawley,  Water  st. 
Hepburn  House  Hotel  and  Saloon. — Henry 

8.  Hepburn,  Corner  of  Edward  &  Water 

sts. 
Kingston    Ale    Depot — Thomas    Robinson, 

Innkeeper,  Dog  &,  Duck,  Water  at 
Merchant  Tailor. — Joseph  Reid,  King  st. 
Printer,  Publisher,  and  Editor  of  MeHsenger, 

— C.  J.  Hynes,  King  st     Messenger  only 

$1.50  a  year,  in  advance. 
Storekeeper. — John  Ford,  King  at 
Watch  and  Clock  Maker,  Jeweller.— John 

Barnett,  King  et 
Wholesale  and  Retail  Grocer,  Forwarding 

and  Commission  Merchant,  Auctioneer  and 

Insurance  Agent — laaac  D.  Purkiss,  1, 2, 

&  3,  Brady's  Block,  Water  st 


./I     .,  ;  "         >:;        treih^on,  o.  w. 

An  incorporated  village  and  port  of  entry,  prettily  situated  on  both  aides  of  the  mouth 
of  the  River  Trent,  at  the  head  of  the  Bay  of  Quint6,  in  the  Townships  of  Murray  and  Sid- 


WINDSOR  AND  WHITBY,  0.  W. 


98 


ney,  and  Counties  of  Northamb«rland  and  Hastings.  Two  steamers  start  twice  a  week  for 
Montreal,  fare  f  6  and  $2.60,  and  is  near  a  station  of  the  Grand  Tronic  Railway.  Distant 
from  Belleville  12  miles,  and  from  Toronto  101  miles.  There  is  a  small  island  two  miles 
east  of  the  village,  called  Mill  Island,  with  two  steam  mills  for  lumbering  purposes  on  it 
Daily  mails.    Population  about  1600. 

Business   Directory. 


Attorney-at-law,  Solicitor  in  Chancery,  etc. 

— Daniel  R.  Murphy,  South  Side  Dundas 

street. 
B»Ver. — ^ William  Diclcens. 
Coroner.— J.  P.  Patrick  Gilbert  Fergus,  M.  D., 

Surgeon. 
Doctor  of  Medicine. — H.  W.  Spafford, 
Dry  Goods,    Groceries,  wharfinger,  etc — 

Jesse  T.  Henderson. 


Druggist. — Albert  D.  C.  Hawley,  Bridge  st 
Merchant. — David  Roblin. 
Merchant. — John  N.  Thompson. 
Merchant  Tailor. — John  Stuart,  Water  st. 
Railroad  Hotel. — Lewis  Cruickshank,  Water 

street. 
Saddler  and  Harness  Maker. — J.  R.  Wert, 

corner  of  £lgin  dc  Water  sts.  .{  r 


1  .  ,  .  -v.     ...    WINDSOR,  0.  W.      .V  . '  V-   -:-.;  •>-..:  ..  '%  .■■< 

Is  situated  at  the  western  frontier  of  the  Province  of  Upper  Canada  upon  the  banks  of 
tlie  River  St.  Clair,  opposite  to  Detroit,  in  the  State  of  Michigan.  It  forms  the  terminus  of 
the  Great  Western  Railroad,  the  seat  of  a  Custom-house,  and  the  site,  at  least,  of  an  embryo 
city ;  but  as  the  steamer  connects  the  Great  Western  with  the  Michigan  Railroad,  at  the 
other  side  of  the  ferry,  which  is  only  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  broad,  no  great  extension 
can  reasonably  be  anticipated  for  this  frontier  town,  placed,  moreover,  as  it  is,  in  suoh  close 
proximity  to  the  large  and  flourishing  town  of  Detroit    Population  about  8,000. 


■?i  I 


Business  Directory. 


Barristers,  etc.- 
(See  Card.) 


-Macdonell,  Stuart  lii;  Trew,  I  Vinegar   Manufactures, — ^Wm. 

I     (See  Card.) 
Windsor  Saloon.— Wm.  Stratton,  Proprietor. 


C.    Bagley. 


MACDONELL,  8TPART,  &  TREW, 

■       BARRISTERS, 

Attorneys,  Solicitors,  Notaries  Publie,  k, 


WINDSOR,  C.  W. 


8.  8.  MACDONBLL. 


J.  SlUART.  IT.  H.  TREW. 


WM.   C.  BAOLET, 

Manufacturer  and  Wholesale  Dealer  in 
PURE     TABLE 

WHITE  WINE  &  CIDER  VINEGAR, 


WHITBY,  0.  W. 


._ — John 

warding 
cer  and 
iss,  1,  2i 


e  mouth 
»nd&i<3- 


An  incorporated  town  in  the  Township  of  Whitby  and  South  Riding  of  the  County  of 
Ontario.  It  is  the  chief  town  of  the  county,  and  a  station  on  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway. 
Distant  from  Toronto  29  miles,  fares  $1  and  76  cents.    Daily  mails.    Population  about 

8600. 

Business   Directory. 


A  YK^- 


Ambrotypist  and  Photographist. — James  A. 

Clark,  Brock  st 
Bamster-at-law. — A.  G.  Ham,  Brock  st. 
Barristers  and  Attorneys.— Macdonell  &  Dart- 

nell,  Court  House. 
Chemist,  Druggist,  and  Perfumer. — Geo.  A. 

Bannister,  Dundas  st. 
Dealer  in  Dry  Goods,  Groceries,  Stationery, 

etc. — Joel  Bigelow. 
Dealer  in  Stoves,  Copper,  and  Sheet  Iron 

Ware— John  Trotter. 


Dry  Goods,  Ready-made  Clothing,  and  Gro- 
ceries.— Robert  Campbell. 

General  Dealer  in  Groceries,  Provisions,  etc. 
— Joseph  Mansfield. 

Importers  of  Dry  Goods,  Groceries,  and  Seeds. 
— Hamilton  &  Roberts. 

Importers  of  Dry  Goods,  Groceries,  Hard- 
ware, etc. — Gibson  &  Yarnold. 

Importers  and  General  Dealers  in  Dry  Goods, 
Groceries,  etc. — Lowes  &  Powell. 

Ontario  Timet. — Wm.  McCabe,  Publisher. 


94 


WOODSTOCK,   0.   W. 


I  I 


Stationery. — George  Tnle,  Jr.,  Agent   for 

Telegraph  Company. 
Tin,  SHeet,  Iron,  and   Copperflmitli. — Jolin 

Bryan,  Brock  st. 
Watcii  Maker  and  Jeweller.— ThocQallaglier, 

Brook  Bt 


Whilbi/  Chronicle.— Vr.  H.  Higgin*.  Editor. 

Whitby  Foundry.  —  Lynde  i  Post,  Brock 
street. 

Whitby  House  Hotd.— Tlios.  Nelson  Scrip- 
true,  Dundas  at. 


"WOODSTOCK,  0.  W. 

The  chief  town  of  the  county  of  Oxford,  situated  between  tlio  North  and  South  Ridings, 
and  forming  one  of  the  municipalities  of  the  latter.  Its  location  is  very  healthy,  being  on 
the  height  of  land  of  the  Western  Peninsula,  and  surrounded  by  an  exceedingly  fertile 
country,  renowned  for  wheat  growing  and  cattle  raising.  The  River  Thames  skirts  the 
northern  limits,  and  Cedar  Creek  passes  through  the  southern  part  of  the  town,  supplying 
2  grist  mill  water  privileges.  Its  principal  business  is  various  manufactures  and  commerce, 
especially  the  forwarding  of  wheat,  etc.  On  the  south  side  is  a  chief  station  of  the  Great 
Western  Railway.  Tlie  principal  buildings  are  of  brick.  There  are  3  first-class  hotels,  1 
churches,  2  spacious  school )  ouscs,  and  a  county  grammar  school,  and  a  substantial  market- 
place and  town  hall.  A  tnagnlficent  five-story  steam  grist  mill  wos  set  In  operation  in 
1866,  at  a  cost  of  |40,00C.  The  Canadian  Literary  Institute  is  in  course  of  erection,  at  tlie 
east  end  of  the  town,  estimated  to  cost  |80,000.  Distant  from  Hamilton,  48  miles ;  from 
London,  29  miles;  from  Niagara  Suspension  Bridge,  91  miles;  and  from  Paris,  19  miles. 
DaUy  mall  east  and  west  by  railway,  and  north  and  south  by  stage.  Two  malls  are  made 
up  for  England  weekly.    Population  in  1852,  2,112,  increasing  in  1867  to  4,746.  .. 

U 
Business  Directory. 


Attorney,  Conveyancer,  etc. — John  Greig. 

(See  odvertisement.) 
Analytical  and  Pharmaceutical  Chemist. — 

RoDcrt  Stack. 
Barrister  and  Attorney. — Hugh  Richardson. 

(See  advertisement.) 
Bookseller,  Stationer,  and  Bookbinder. — ^W. 

Warwick. 
Cabinetmakers  and  Upholsterers. — Gumett 

&  Piggott. 
Dry  Goods  Merchant. — ^W.  A.  Woods. 
Dry  Goods  Merchants. — Packer  A  Hood. 
Grocer   and  General  JViBrchapu.  —  Edward 

Blomely. 
Groceries,  Wines,  Spirits  pt^. — J.  W.  Hughes 

ACo. 
Groceries. — W.  A.  Reid  A  Co.,  E'unda?  st 
Iron  Founder  and  General  Man\ifacturc  r. — 

Homer  Pratt  Brown. 

JOHN    GEEIG, 

ATTORNEY, 

Oonveyanoer,  «Sz>o., 

WOODSTOCK,  C.  W. 


Merchant. — Thomus  Oliver,  West  End. 

Produce  and  Commission  Merchant. — John 
Ferguson. 

Physicians  and  Surgeons. — ^Drs.  Turguand  A 
Cunynghame. 

Railway  Hotel. — Robert  Bickle. 

Surgeon  Dentist. — John  G.  Brown,  Dundas  st 

Shoemaker  and  Tanner. — Wm.  Wilson. 

Tin,  Iron  and  Copperplate  Worker  and  St  ve 
Dealer. — George  Boditch. 

Telegraph  Operator. — Henry  Jozard,  Jr. 

Wotchmaker. — John  Dingwall. 

Wine  and  Spirit  Merchants. — Henry  &  Gor- 
don. 

Wnodntock  Sentinel. — John  W.  Whinnie  A 

Son,  Proprietoi-s. 
Woodntoci:  I'imcs. — Alex.  RiggsMcClenegbuu, 
Editor  and  Publisher.  , 


HUGH   RICHARDSON, 

BARRISTER  &  ATTORNEY  AT  LAW, 

Notura  Pnblic, 

OONVEYANOER,  &o., 

WOODSTOCK,  C.  W. 


■  f\ 


TOWNS  IN  CANADA  WEST. 


'  NIAGARA,  C.  W., 

Ib  one  of  the  oldest  toviiB  in  Canada,  situated  on  a  point  formed  by  the  mouth  of  the 
River  Niagara  on  the  east,  and  Lalce  Ontario  on  tlie  north ;  surveying  it  from  the  deolc  of  the 
steamer  whi  \  plies  between  Toronto  and  Niagara,  you  would  imagine  that  you  were  gaz- 
ing upon  one  of  the  seaport  towns  in  the  south  of  England.  Snow-white  mansions  peep 
out  of  umbrnguous  woods;  glittering  spires  reflect  the  beams  of  the  setting  sun,  and  mas- 
sive forts  raise  their  front  to  the  storm ;  but  step  ashore,  and  you  soon  discover  you  have 
been  looking  upon  a  "  dissolving  view."  It  is  true,  a  few  houses  wear  all  the  aspect  of  re- 
spectable retirement,  but  they  are  lodges  in  a  vast  wilderness,  the  footfall  of  the  solitary 
passenger  re-echoes  in  the  deserted  city ;  the  frame  buildings  betray  all  the  symptoms  of 
decay :  pride  and  poverty  dwell  next  door  to  each  other. 

Potatoes  are  planted  In  Fort  StGeorge ;  Fort  Massasauga  is  dismantled,  the  mud  enr  bnnlf 
ments  of  which  are  washed  away  at  the  rate  of  3  feet  annually,  and  it  is  sentinellei  by  a 
solitary  old  pensioner,  and  last,  not  least  of  the  ills  to  which  Niagara  is  heir  to,  a  i"odern 
railroad  carries  the  majority  of  travellers  over  the  scenes  of  ancient  bloodshed,  and  past 
the  lofty,  memento  of  civil  war — Brock's  Monument — to  tiio  Falls,  14  miles  from  the  town 
of  Niagara. 

Fort  Ontario,  on  the  American  ride,  is  maintained  in  a  good  state  of  preservation,  but 
fsnkee  invention  has  transformed  the  warlike  into  a  peaceful  and  useful  structure,  by  sur- 
mounting it  with  a  light-house.  Tempora  mulantere,  et  no»  tnutamu*  in  illia  I  Population 
about  8,000.    Distant  from  the  Falls,  14  miles. 


SUSPENSION  BRIDGE,    C.  W. 

Suspension  Bridge  is  a  station  on  the  Great  Western  Railroad  running  from  there 
to  Windsor,  opposite  Detroit,  and  also  to  Hamilton,  C.  W.  Jimi'irants,  passing  through  to 
tlie  West,  generally  wait  here  4  to  6  hours,  and  have  baggage  re-ciiecked  Tliere  is  an  emi- 
grant refreshment  room  within  tho  station,  conducted  by  a  German,  where  good,  whole- 
some provisions,  and  tra  and  coffee  are  supplied  at  the  lowest  rates.  The  economical  Ger- 
man emigrants,  for  the  most  part,  patronize  it.  There  is  also  another  excellent  refresh- 
ment saloon  at  the  station,  where  meals  are  to  be  had  on  the  arrival  of  every  train; 
whilst  for  a  respectable  and  comfortable  hotel  at  the  Bridge,  we  name  the  Great  Western 
liotel,  kept  by  Mr.  Kavanagh,  who  is  very  attentive  to  strangers.  Parties  passing  through, 
can  leave  their  baggage  at  either  the  station,  or  hotel — have  time  to  walk  as  far  as  the 
Falls — fully  one  mile  up  the  river  side ;  whilst  parties  who  have  time  to  stay,  will  find  Sus- 
pension Bridge  convenient  for  arrivol  and  departure  of  trains  to  the  West,  or  to  Buffalo 
and  Lake  Shore  Railroad,  or  to  New  York  and  eastern  cities.  Distant  from  BufTnlo,  22 
miles;  Windsor,  C.  W.,  229  miles;  Hamilton,  43  miles;  Toronto,  81  miles,  via  rail — and 
about  50  miles,  via  rail  to  Niagara,  and  thence  steamer  across  Lake  Ontario. 


ST.  CATHERINE'S,  0.  W. 

St.  Catharink's  is  celebrated  for  its  mineral  springs,  to  which  great  numbers  resort  every 
summer.  Hotels  of  the  largest  size,  and  well  appointed,  are  established  for  accommodating 
visitors ;  the  largest  of  which  is  the  Stepehenson  House,  named  after  its  proprietor,  Mr.  Ste- 
phenson, who  has  done  much  to  bring  the  virtues  of  St.  Catherine's  Springs  prominently 
tefore  the  public.  St  Catherine's  is  situated  on  the  Welland  Canal,  which  connects  Lake 
Erie  and  Lake  Ontario,  in  one  of  the  best  agricultural  districts  in  Canada  West.  It  is  a 
station  on  the  Great  Western  Bailroad.  Distant  from  Toronto,  75  miles ;  Hamilton,  39  miles ; 
and  Niagara  Falls  12  miles. 


■I  ',  It 


ii " 


TOWNS  IN  CANADA  WEST. 


SOUTHAMPTON,  0.  W., 

Forms,  as  yet,  only  the  nuclous  of  a  town,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  tl»e  River  Haugeen. 
Two  or  three  hotels  and  stores,  surrounded  hy  several  frame  houses  have  been  planted  up- 
on 'he  sandy  slope  sllll  studded  with  stumps,  riaing  gently  fi-om  the  shore  of  the  lake. 
Tlie  sand,  however,  diHappenrs  before  a  richer  soil  as  you  retire  into  the  interior  of  the 
country.  A  flour  mill  and  two  saw  mills  stand  upon  the  banks  of  the  river.  The  fisheries 
furnish  lucrative  employment  for  several  boats'  crews,  particularly  during  the  fall  of  the 
year.  Beyond  the  river  lies  an  "  Indian  Ueserve,"  and  an  Indian  villoge,  consisting  of  a 
few  frame  houses  inhabited  by  a  remnant  of  "  mild-eyed  and  melancholy"  red  Indians,  pen- 
sioned ity  government,  and  monopolizing  a  crescent  eminence  upon  the  banks  of  the  me- 
andering Haugeen,  with  romantic  dells,  and  sylvan  scenery  scarcely  surpassed  even  by 
"  Winsome  Yarrow."  Opposite  the  turn,  and  about  a  mile  distant  from  the  shore,  lies 
Chantry  Island,  or  rother  islet,  on  which  a  light-house  has  lately  been  erected,  and  on  the 
lee  of  which  might  be  constructed  a  harbour  of  refuge  for  a  whole  navy — a  scheme,  which, 
rumour  says,  has  been  projected,  in  connection  witli  a  new  line  of  railroad  from  Guelph, 
and  urgently  demanded  by  the  inaccessiliillty  of  this  north-west  corner  of  the  provineei 
But,  considering  the  dangerous  nature  of  the  navigation  through  the  Georgian  Bay,  there 
cannot  be  tlie  least  doubt  tliat  it  will  withdraw  the  traflic,  at  last,  to  the  west  from  tho 
Northern  Railroad  to  Collingwood,  and  conduce,  therefore,  to  the  prosperity  of  "  tho 
Morning  Star,"  as  Southampton  may  be  designated,  from  its  position. 

Population  al>out  060.  70  miles  N.  of  Godorlch — 32  miles  from  Owen  Sound.  Stage 
daily  to  Owen  Sound. 

.    V  ST.  MARY'S,  0.  W., 

Twelve  miles  S.  W.  of  Stratford,  is  a  town  which  has  risen  into  existence  within  the 
last  few  years,  and  is  beautifully  situated  upon  the  banks  of  the  River  Thames.  The 
Grand  Trunk  Railway  is  carried  across  a  valley  on  the  north,  and  a  branch  to  London  on 
the  east,  on  viaducts  which  adorn  the  town  by  the  lightnesw  and  elegance  of  their  struc- 
ture. The  point  of  junction  has  been  removed,  on  account  of  the  intervening  volleys, 
about  two  miles  from  the  town,  a  distance  which  proves  a  serious  inconvenience  to  the 
trader  as  well  as  to  the  tourist;  but  the  rapid  progress  which  is  evidently  destined  for  St 
Mary's,  by  its  situation  as  a  market  town  and  Its  limestone  quarries,  midway  between 
Stratford  and  London,  will  probably  overcome  the  natural  obstacles  by  the  extension  of 
its  limits  to  the  vicinity  of  the  station.  Stage  connection  with  Stratford,  Ingersoll,  and 
London  daily.     Population,  2,600. 


STRATFORD,  0.  W., 

Forms  the  junction  of  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway  to  Port  Sarnia  on  the  River  St, 
Clair,  and  the  Buffalo  and  Huron  Railway,  and  Is  sltuoted  upon  the  banks  of  the  River 
Avon.  It  is  a  straggling,  irregular  town,  following  the  windings  of  the  river,  and  the  un- 
dulations of  the  rolling  country  on  which  it  is  built.  The  intersection  of  the  town,  more- 
over, by  three  lines  of  railway,  the  erection  of  two  station-houses  and  sheds,  the  assump- 
tion of  an  eminence  by  several  churches,  not  to  speak  of  tho  dilapidated  state  of  several 
tenements  forsaken  by  their  Inmates,  all  adds  to  the  general  disorder  and  confusion  pre- 
sented by  tills  once  flourishing  town;  for  since  the  railway  has  been  carried  through  to 
Goderich  It  has  been  threatened — like  several  other  towns  placed  in  similar  circumstances— 
■with  a  severe  collapse.  Notwithstanding,  Stratford  lies  in  the  centre  of  an  extensive  dis- 
trict of  tlie  "  Huron  tract,"  noted,  as  everybody  knows,  for  its  productiveness,  anil  will  al- 
ways, therefore,  prove  a  steady,  if  not  an  increasing  attraction  to  the  farmers  in  the  sur- 
rounding country.  Population,  3,500.  Distant  from  Toronto,  89  miles ;  Sarnia,  80  miles; 
London,  39  miles ;  Goderich,  45  miles. 


I  art  Jf0mt|. 


THINGS    AS   THEY   ARE 


IN 


18  5  9. 


h- 


'-p^it 


CONTENTS    OF    PART    IV. 


i 

f 


I 


i 


PAGB 

American  Auction  Rooms 30 

American  Bank  Notes 23 

American  Banks  and  Banking 19 

American  Hotels 11 

American  Houses 66 

American  People,  Degeneracy  of  the  ...  62 

American  Railroad  Cars 41 

American  Railroad  Conductor 45 

American  Railroad  Locomotive 43 

American  Railroads 40 

Amusements  and  Sports 59 

Attendance  at  Church 49 

AMctioiieer,  The  American 31 

Auction  Rooms  in  New  York 30 

Automaton  Oven 33 

Bakeries,  Mechanical 33 

Hallot  Voting  in  America 76 

Bank-  Xote  Reporters 24 

Bank  Notes  of  America 23 

Banking  Literature,  Curiosities  of. 25 

Banking,  Wild-Cat 21 

Banks  and  Banking 19 

Billiards  and  Chess 61 

Bookseller,  The  Railroad 45 

I'rfoksellers'  Trade  Sales 31 

Biukon  Banks 28 

C'liiuuki,  Trade  with ....  32 

tars  (111  American  Railroads 41 

Cars,  Ruih'oad  Sleeping 48 

Cluireh  Attendance 49 

Clmroiifs  in  America 49 

Ciuireli  I'salmody  .  .  .■ 50 

Citizenship 64 

Clt'riiymen  in  America 72 

Clotliing  and  Dress 49 

Conuucreuil  Agencies. 17 

Connnerciai  Colleges 29 

Comparative  Time  indicator 85 

Consmn|ition  of  Ice 40 

Cui'iositips  in  Banking  Literature 25 

Cutting  Tee  on  Rockland  Ijike 38 

I'olit  I'dlleeting 19 

iWnration  of  Intentions (M 

l>L'gi;ncracy  of  the  Amoriuin  I'eople. ...  62 


Difference  in  Time  in  Canada 86 

Difference  in  Time  in  United  States  ....  85 

Domestic  Servants. . . 71 

Dress  and  Clothing 49 

Drinking  Customs 36 

Drinking.     "Water 36 

Drinks,  Refreshing .   38 

Educational  Institutions  of  America. ...  74 

Elections  in  America 76 

Exchange  and  Exchange  Oftices 22 

Exemption  Laws  of  the  United  States  . .   83 

Express ! 65 

Express  Companies 56 

Extracts  from  Bank-Note  Reporters  ....  24 

I'amicrs  in  Winter  Time 58 

Fire  Engine  Estahlishment 53 

Fire  Engine,  Steam "iS 

Fruit,  Prices  of 70 

Furniture  Manufacturing 82 

Hoc  &  Co.'s  Printing  Machine 7 

Hotels  in  America 11 

Household  Affairs 67 

Housekeeping,  Expenses  of 68 

Ice  Trade 38 

Indicator,  Time 86 

Intentions,  Declaration  of 64 

Interest,  Legal 28 

Laws,  Exemption,  of  the  United  States..   83 

Laws,  Usury 28 

Leviathan  I'rinting  Machine 7 

Locouiolivc,  Tlie  American 43 

Lumber  and  Lumbermen 51 

Meat,  Prices  of 70 

Mechanical  Bakeries 33 

Mercantile  .\gciicics 18 

Newsman,  The  Railroad 45 

New  York  Auction  Rooms 30 

Peter  Funk  Auction  Rooms 32 

Printing  Machine  of  R.  Hoc  it  Co 7 

Professional  Men  in  America 71 

Protection  to  Trade 17 

Psalmody  in  Churehos 50 

Pushing  Trade  on  the  Cars 46 

(Quaker  Settlement,  New  Lebanon 7'J 


iii    : 


If  J 


nip 


CONTENTS  OF  PART  IV. 


Railroad  (American)  Locomotive. 43 

Railroad  Cars 41 

Railroad  Conductor , 45 

Railroad  Refreshment  Stations. 47 

Railroad  Sleeping  Cars 48 

Railroads  in  America 40 

Railroad  Travelling  Newsman 45 

Rapids,  Rafts  running  the. 61 

Refreshing  Drinks 38 

Refreshment  Stations  in  America 47 

Reporters,  Bank  Note 24 

Shakers,  The 79 

Sleeping  Cars  on  Railroads, 48 

Sleighing  in  Winter  Time 67 

Sports  and  Amusements. 69 

Steam  Fire  Engine 55 

The  Shakers 79 

Time  Indicator 86 


Time  in  Europe  and  America 85 

Trade  Sales 31 

Trade  with  Canada 82 

Trade  Protection  Societies. 18 

Trotting  Matches 59 

"  Two-Forty". 60 

Usury  Laws  of  America 28 

Vegetables,  Prices  of 70 

"Voting  by  Ballot 76 

"Water  and  "Water  Drinking 36 

"Wayside  Refreshment  Station 48 

"Who  are  Yankees  ? 36 

Wild  Cat  Banking 21 

Winter  Evenings 68 

Winter  Time  in  America 57 

Worthy  of  Credit 18 

Yankees,  Who  are  ? 35 


JfUnstrations. 


PAQE 

American  Locomotive 44 

American  "  Racker"  at  fully  "  Two-Forty"  60 

American  Railroad  Car 42 

Hoe  &  Co.'s  Leviathan  Printing  Machine    6 
Ice-cutting  at  Rockland  Lake. 89 


PAOS 

Running  the  Rapids  of  St.  Lawrence  ...  62 

Shaker  Costume 80 

Shakers  Dancing 81 

Steam  Engine? 55 

Time  Indicator. 80 


iii:; 


THINGS   AS    THEY    ARE 


I IST     18  5  9. 


In  the  preceding  parts  we  have  endeavonred  to  present  aomo  of  the  physical  features  of 
America,  and  with  the  engravings  illustrative  of  such,  trust,  tliat  to  soino  oxtjnt  we  have 
done  80  successfully. 

The  articles  contained  in  the  following  pages  refer  to  the  scioliil  halilin,  commerce,  man- 
ners, customs,  and,  in  fact,  to  the  every-day  life  of  the  Amorleanit,  noticing,  at  the  same 
time,  a  few  of  lfc«  more  remarkable  inventions  which  illustrate  tho  prosperity,  comfort,  and 
genius  of  the  peojAe. 

Some  of  the  «ibject8  noticed,  have  already  been  treated  by  t)tbers  with  greater  ability 
than  we  lay  claim  to,  and,  although  perhaps  known  to  many,  wo  notice  them  lioro  as  the 
record  of  our  own  observations,  to  render  the  work  as  complete  an  poHslble,  and  by  the  in- 
troduction of  articles  on  subjects  not  generally  noticed  by  wrltorn  on  America,  wo  trust, 
that,  taken  as  a  whole,  they  may  prove  worthy  of  perusal.  No  particular  arrangement 
lias  been  studied  as  to  the  order  in  which  they  appear,  but  on  referonco  to  the  Index  pre- 
fixed, any  one  of  the  subjects  noticed  will  be  found  at  once. 


|(t  [1  i-i  'ji 


IIM 


■• 


I 


One  of  tl 
printing  ma 
ninchine  ro( 
ing.  There 
can  coninian 
work;  throv 
come  from  o 
are  ten  mer 
sheets,  ready 
machines  we 

To  descril 
printing  mac 
appreciated, 
and,  with  th< 
it  You  wil 
and  a  half  fe 
fourth  of  the 
adapted  to  n 
ing  table."  ( 
it  The  dian 
order  that  tli 
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it  is  taken  by 
cylindrical  di 
continuous  ro 

The  large  c 
ried  to  ten  co 
around  it,  wh 
cylinder,  by  n 
occupj'.)    Th( 

For  each  im 
uting  surface 
when  they  a^ 
detached  segn; 
stitutes  the  "  I 
are  termed  " 
cylinder,  and  i 
advertising,  ai 
the  column  ru 
centre  of  the  c 
rules  are  held 
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Tho  strange] 
*ork,  is  at  on< 
;:rt;at  whir  of 


HOE  &  CO.'S  LEVIATHAN  PRINTING  MACHINE. 


u 
I 

e 

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i 


1 


One  of  the  greatest  sights,  in  our  estiination,  for  the  stranger  who  has  never  seen  a 
printing  machine  throwing  off  slieets  at  the  rate  of  20,000  per  hour,  is  for  him  to  visit  a 
machine  room  in  one  of  the  Daily  Newspaper  offices,  where  they  are  to  be  found  work- 
ing. There  are  generally  elevated  points  in  the  machine  rooms  of  such,  from  which  you 
can  command  an  excellent  view  of  this  wonderful  mammoth  of  engineering  skill,  busy  at 
work;  throwing  off,  and  laying  down  of  itself  with  mathematical  nicety,  the  sheets  as  they 
come  from  off  the  cylinder,  at  the  rate  of  20,000  copies  per  hour.  On  this  machine  there 
are  ten  men  feeding  the  sheets  on,  whilst,  as  we  have  said,  the  "  flyers"  lay  down  the 
sheets,  ready  for  folding — the  machine  working  with  less  noise  than  some  single  cylinder 
machines  we  have  seen,  when  they  were  laboring  away  at  1200  to  2000  per  hour. 

To  describe  this  machine  so  as  to  convey  a  proper  idea  of  it  to  parties  not  versed  in 
printing  machinery,  is  not,  we  fear,  very  easy,  and  after  all  it  must  be  seen  at  work  to  be 
appreciated.  We  shall,  however,  as  far  as  possible,  describe  its  construction  and  operation, 
and,  with  the  engraving  which  we  give  in  another  page,  the  reader  may  have  some  idea  of 
itk  You  will,  therefore,  try  to  conceive  before  you,  a  hi^rizontal  cylinder,  of  about  four 
(ind  a  half  feet  in  diameter,  mounted  on  a  shaft,  with  appropriate  bearings ;  about  one- 
fourth  of  the  circumference  of  this  cylinder  constitutes  the  "  bed"  of  the  press,  which  is 
adapted  to  receive  the  "  form"  of  types,  the  remainder  is  used  as  a  cylindrical  "  distribut- 
ing table."  On  this  table  is  distributed  the  printing  ink,  by  means  of  rollers  passing  over 
it.  The  diameter  of  this  portion  of  the  cylinder  is  less  than  that  of  the  form  of  types,  in 
order  that  the  distributing  portion  of  it  may  jiass  the  impression  cylinders  without  touch- 
ing. The  ink  is  contained  in  a  fountain,  placed  beneath  the  large  cylinder,  from  which 
it  is  taken  by  a  "ductor"  roller,  and  transferred,  by  a  vibrating  distributing  roller,  to  the 
cylindrical  distributing  table  before  alluded  to.  The  fountain  roller  receives  a  slow  and 
continuous  rotary  motion,  to  carry  up  the  ink  from  the  fountain. 

The  large  cylinder  being  put  in  motion,  the  form  of  types  thereon  is,  in  succession,  car- 
ried to  ten  corresponding,  horizontal,  impression  cylinders,  arranged  at  proper  distances 
around  it,  which  give  the  impression  to  ton  sheets,  introduced,  one  at  each  impression 
cylinder,  by  men  who  are  termed  "  feeders."  (See  our  engraving  for  the  position  they 
occupy.)    These  ten  men  "  feed"  the  machine  with  the  sheets  to  bo  printed. 

For  each  impression  cylinder  there  are  two  inking  vdllors,  which  vibrate  on  the  distrib- 
uting surface  while  taking  a  supply  of  ink,  and  at  the  proper  time  pass  over  the  form, 
when  they  again  fall  to  the  distributing  surface.  Each  page  is  "  locked  up"  upon  a 
detached  segment  of  the  large  cylinder,  called  by  the  compositors  a  "turtle,"  and  this  con- 
stitutes the  "  bed"  and  "  chase."  Tlie  rules  seen  on  newspaper  pages  between  the  columns, 
are  termed  "  column  rules,"  These  "  column  rules"  run  parallel  with  the  shafts  of  the 
cylinder,  and  are  consequently  straight ;  while  the  "  head,"  that  is,  the  title  of  the  paper, 
advertising,  and  dash  rules,  are  in  the  form  of  segments  of  a  circle.  A  cross-section  of 
the  column  rules  would  present  the  form  of  a  wedge,  with  the  small  end  pointing  to  the 
centre  of  the  cylinder,  so  as  to  bind  the  types  near  the  top.  These  wedge-shaped  column 
rules  are  held  down  to  the  bed  or  "  turtle"  by  tongues,  projecting  at  intervaU.  along  their 
length,  and  sliding  in  ^  '-ated  grooves  cut  crosswise  in  the  face  of  the  bed,  the  space  in  the 
grooves,  between  the  column  rules,  being  filled  with  sliding  blocks  of  metal,  accurately 
fitted,  the  outer  surface  level  with  the  surface  of  the  bed,  the  ends  next  the  column  rules 
being  cut  away  ui\derneath  to  receive  a  projection  on  the  sides  of  the  tongues,  and  screws 
at  the  end  and  side  of  each  page  to  "  lock"  them  together,  the  types  are  as  secure  on  this 
cylinder  as  they  can  be  on  the  old  flat  bed,  or,  in  other  words,  are  so  tightly  fixed  on  to 
the  cylinder  with  which  they  revolve  en  maiim,  that  they  are  as  little  linMe  to  shifting  IVoni 
then'  position,  as  if  they  formed  a  [)ait  of  llie  eylindur  ilfolf. 

Tho  stranger,  on  seeing  this  monster  of  pr'-nting  power,  yet  exquisite  in  execution,  at 
Work,  is  at  once  almost  a])palled,  as  he  catches  the  first  glimpse  of  it  in  operation.  Tb# 
iipoat  whir  of  wheels  at  work — rollers  inking — luon  feeding  on  with  clock-work  exact- 


8 


LEVIATHAN  PRINTING  MACHINE. 


ness — tlio  pure  wWto  ghoets  bolng  nippod  Into  the  oinbrnons  of  its  internal  mnoliinnry — nnd 
boforo  yon  can  connt  ont>,  n  nhoot  Imu  reoolvoil  tlio  iniprossion  of  tlioumnndH  of  letters 
and  nftorwarda  unbosoinod,  nii  it  wo.o,  and  laid  down  with  mnthenintioal  exnotnoHH; 
all  toji[t>tlier,  rlvoting  tho  attention  of  the  beholder  as  It  fllcb  along,  whll»t  he  «tands 
tranntixed  alinoat,  in  uniazeineiit  and  delight. 

Look  at  it  as  it  "  goes  nhea<1,"  throwing  off  its  three  hundred  to  four  hnndred  sheets 
every  minute,  continuously  for  days  and  nights  in  tho  largo  cities  of  tlds  country,  and  in 
mighty  London  and  Monehester,  in  Knglond.  Whot  is  it,  when  wo  think  of  its  perforni- 
ancb  every  day  in  tho  civilized  world,  carrying,  by  its  means — to  millions  of  hearts  ond 
homes,  in  tho  mansion  aa  well  as  tlie  cottage,  daily  intelligence— to  the  gay  an  well  a« 
to  tiie  mourner — a  giant  viultum  in  a  miniature  pnrvo — tlio  collected  csscncu  of  tlio  stales- 
man,  philosopher,  mcrelmnt,  and  schoolmaster,  in  all  parts  of  tho  world,  in  one  I  But  wlio 
can  caleulato  its  powers  ¥  Wo  pay  it  a  humble  tribute,  if  wo  say  it  is  a  machine  which  h 
one  of  tlio  njost  glorious  triumphs  of  modern  niechanieal  skill,  which  is  as  yet  tho  crowning 
glory  of  the  printing  profession  all  over  tho  world  and — of  tho  "  fourth  estate"  of  Uritoln— 
ft  nmehine  of  which  every  printer  ought  to  feel  proud,  and  firo  Idm  with  ambition  to  he 
possessed  of — that  machine  which  renders  still  more  sacred  the  power  it  reposes  in  the 
hands  of  those,  who,  by  wielding  it,  control  and  guide — on  both  sides  of  tho  Atlantic — flic 
destinies  of  tlie  world.  All  honor  to  tho  noble  craft,  towering  above  all  other  professions, 
which  wields  that  power.  All  honor  to  the  men  who  have  placed  such  a  machine  in  tlioir 
hands.  If  Uiehard  M.  Hoe  and  his  brothers  had  never  invented  another  machine  buttlmt 
one,  it  of  itself  would  entitle  their  names  to  be  engraved  on  tho  pages  of  history  ns 
amongst  the  greatest  benefactors  of  their  race. 

The  fact  of  these  inoeljines  having  free  scope  to  scatter  thoir  millions  of  sheets  weekly 
brondcost  over  the  world,  from  the  presses  of  liritain  and  America,  is  of  itself  a  powerful 
standing  rebuke  to  that  power  which  has  trampled  upon  its  liberty  and  gagged  its  power, 
in  one  of  the  most  refined  cities  of  continental  Europe.  It  will  bo  a  glorious  day  for 
Fronce  when  sho  is  once  more  at  liberty  to  erect  such  a  machine  as  that,  and  regniii  the 
fo(>ting  it  was  ai)out  to  j>lnnt  on  her  soil,  when  its  jirogress  was  arrested  by  a  (luestioiirtblc 
power.  Had  Louis  IMiilippe  been  on  tho  throne  of  tVanco  to  doy,  these  presses  would,  in 
oil  prol)nl)ilify,  have  been  sowing  there  also,  seeds,  tho  fruits  of  which  must  follow 
wherever  the  printing  jiress  has  free  liberty  to  work. 

Our  previous  conception  of  this  machine,  before  seeing  it  in  operation,  was,  tlmt  from 
the  grt'ut  increase  of  printing  p«)wer  and  speed,  it  nmst  l)e  very  complicated  in  its  eim- 
struction,  after  seeing  the  old  presses  <if  Applegnrths  nt  work,  with  some  of  the  sheets 
placed  in  nt  tho  e«iling,  wending  their  way  down  through  tapes  to  the  very  bed  of  the 
mnehine,  and  there  receiving  their  impressions,  and  from  tlmt,  traveling  up  another  set 
of  tapes  to  bo  emitted  above,  and  there  taken  off  l)y  a  "  flyer,"  or  person  to  take  the 
sheets  ofl".  This  machine  of  IIoo's,  in  construction,  is  totally  different,  and  exceedingly 
simple.  Instead  of  tlio  "  forms"  and  types  being  placed  upon  a  flat  bed,  and  mode  to 
traverse  from  one  end  of  the  machine  to  the  other,  in  all  about  16  feet,  as  referred  to  iibovo, 
they  revolve  round  along  with  the  cylinder,  and  the  machine,  as  a  whole,  presents  tho 
appearance  of  a  single  cylinder  machine  with  ten  feeders.  The  reader  will  observe  in  our 
engraving,  at  each  end  of  the  machine,  the  sheets  in  tho  act  of  being  laid  down  by  the 
•elf  acting  "  flying,"  or  taking  off,  process. 

The  engraving  represents  a  press,  with  ten  impression  cylinders,  capable  of  printing  26,00ii 
impressions  per  hour.  Ten  persons  are  required  to  feed  on  tho  Bheets,  which  arc  thrown 
out  and  laid  in  heaps  by  self-acting  flyers,  instead  of  a  man  to  take  off  for  every  one 
feeding— in  that  process  alone,  saving  ten  men  in  taking  oiT  tho  sheets.  Similar  nmehines, 
with  six  cylinders,  capable  of  printing  15,000  impressions  per  hour,  also  with  four  oylin 
ders,  capable  of  printing  10,000  impressions  per  hour,  are  made  by  I  loo  &  Co. 

We  may  mention,  that  the  principal  daily  papers  in  America,  are  printed  with  these 
mnehines.  Without  them,  the  publishers  could  no  more  print  their  papers,  and  supply 
their  thousonds  of  impatient  readers,  many  miles  distant,  every  morning  before  breakfast, 


DESCRIPTION  OF  MESSRS.  HOK'S  K8TABLI8IIMENT, 


9 


than  Ihoy  ouuld  fly  to  thu  moon.  Oroat  ait  tlio  Anioricana  are  In  mnny  Ibingn,  in  nothing 
avo  they  no  grwtt,  wo  thlnlc,  an  in  tiiuir  printing  niucliinttry,  oonipurod  with  timt  of  liritain, 
Tho  mighty  Tiiundurur  uf  IVinting  IIouhu  Sotiuro,  liua  ijuun  ubligod  to  invito  tlio  co-opuratiun 
of  McHarii.  lloo,  to  produuu,  undur  tlio  worlimiinHldp  uf  Meaarit.  Wliitwortli,  of  MunchoatKr, 
two  of  tlicao  20,(H)()  pur  liour  niurvelH  for  tlio  Tinioa — whivh  firm  huvu  made  oiio  uImo  for  tliu 
Manuheatur  Exuminur  and  Timoa — wliilat  muchinua  huvu  Ixicn  aliippcd  from  liuru  diruct, 
and  littud  up  by  Amoriunn  worlcmun,  in  thu  uatabliahmunta  of  thu  Illualratod  London  Nuwa 
Lloyd's  Wot'ltly  Nowa,  luid  MunclicHter  Guardian,  to  enable  these  newapapora  to  print 
tiielr  large  improaaiona  in  time  for  delivery. 

One  ia  apt  to  think,  what  the  uonBe(|ucnco  would  be,  nowa  days,  if  any  potentate  wua  to 
follow  tho  bigoted  King  Janica  thu  Hcoond'a  example,  in  cither  Britain  or  America,  and  du- 
crou  to  atop  the  working  of  tlieao  mighty  civilizura  of  the  world.  Happily,  wo  live  in  days 
moro  liberal — but  only  bucauac,  in  a  great  mcaaurc,  audi  niauhinea  aa  thui<u  have  rendered 
them  ao.  Again,  what  if  (dd  Caxton,  or  Jiuii  Franklin,  could  look  up  and  aec  a  ten-cylin- 
der niauhiue  at  work,  would  they  believu  their  own  oycaiglit  I  lleadura  in  England  may 
aeo  the  largo  maohinca  at  work  at  the  oflluua  in  London  and  Mnuchcator,  aa  before  atuted ; 
and  in  Ameriea,  in  aeveral  of  the  oiKcua  of  the  New  York,  i'hiladelphia,  Uoaton,  Cin- 
cinnati, Baltimore,  8t,  l^ouia,  ond  New  Urlcana  daily  papera.  There  they  form  one  of  the 
must  intereating  aighta  in  tliuae  citiea. 

Having  aeen  thia  wonderful  mauhino  working  in  London,  and  after  seeing  it  again  in 
operation  in  New  York,  curiosity  prompted  ua  to  visit  thu  uHtabliahmcnt  from  whence  thii! 
Levinthan  in  the  printing  world,  and  thu  world  of  mind,  druw  breath ;  conacquontly, 
wo  found  our  way  to  Messrs.  R.  Hoe  &  (Jo. 'a  worka  in  (Jold  atreet.  New  York — auch  an- 
other atreet  uaa  person  gropes  his  way  through  when  lio  wishes  to  reueli  the  Times  office, 
in  Printing-House  8(piarc,  London  ;  ao  that  one  bent  on  auch  un  excursion  must  not  be  too 
delicate  cither  in  hia  aenae  of  smell,  or  sight ;  and  must  not  turn  buck  because  he  hua  not 
tho  broad  pavement  of  Regent  street  or  Broadway,  to  walk  upon. 

Arrived  at  Messrs.  Hou'a  establishment,  we  find  a  large  counting-house,  which,  with  its 
npu'^ious  and  comfortable  appliances,  stiinds  out  in  strong  relief  to  Gold  street  outside,  just 
paused  through.  On  expressing  our  desire  to  sec  their  establishment,  and,  if  possible,  some 
of  their  machinery  at  work,  wo  were  informed  that  they  would  have  pleasure  in  showing 
us  around — us  they  will  nil  strangers,  and  purticuhirly  from  (Jrcut  Britain  ;  but  informed 
us  that  wo  would  have  to  go  to  tho  works  in  Broome  street.  We  thought  that  the  works 
wc  saw  in  tho  court-yard  behind,  were  the  works ;  but  we  were  politely  t(dd,  thuric  were 
only  tiie  "jobbing'  works,  and  wliere  the  printers  "furniture"  was  manufactured.  Re- 
ceiving a  curd  with  tlie  address,  we  soon  found  our  way  to  the  works  in  Broome  atreet. 
Wo  may  hero  notice;  thot  the  works  are  about  a  mile  off;  but  tliere  is  telegraphic  commu- 
nication between  the  two  establishments — rather  a  novelty  in  its  way,  in  a  private  manufac- 
turing establishment — so  that  any  stranger  going  from  Gold  street  to  Hroome-street  worka, 
it  is  known  at  tlie  latter  works  as  soon  as  lie  has  left  the  counting-hou^e  in  Gold  street. 

Tiio  works  are  situated  on  Broome,  Sheriff,  and  Columbia  streets.  Before  entering  the 
works,  however,  we  hud  to  go  to  the  office,  where  we  were  furniahed  with  u  ticket  of 
admission — a  aafogunrd  perfectly  ncccsstiry,  when  one  recollects  what  was  sold  of  a  certain 
Scotch  machinist,  who  once  got  admittance  into  the  printing  office  of  tho  London  Times, 
and  brought  away  auch  drawings — said  to  be  on  his  finger  nails,  and  Ida  memory  together, 
as  enabled  him  to  produce  similar  machines  as  the  Times  was  printed  upon,  for  another 
ctlebrated  printing  establishment  in  Hcotlnnd.  With  the  variety  of  patterns  laying  about, 
in  Messrs  Hoes'  establishment,  the  precaution  ia  not  an  unnecessary  or  unrcuaonable  one. 

To  dcst.ibe  all  we  saw  and  felt,  would  take  up  too  much  of  our  space.  Wc  may,  there- 
fore, briefly  state,  that  tho  two  principal  articles  manufactured  here,  are,  hand  printing 
presses  and  steam  cylinder  printing  machines,  from  the  amallcat  card  jobbing  press  to  the 
Isrgc  ten-cj'linder  machine,  and  also  hand  and  circular  saws,  of  all  sizes. 

In  addition,  however,  to  these,  they  also  make  lithographic  and  copperplate  presses, 
stereotype  ploning  machines,  verticol  steom-engines,  hydrostatic  presses,  screw  presses, 


i:    *«' 


''        il 


10 


SAWS — RAILROAD-TICKET  PRINTING  PRESS. 


ruling  tnadiinei,  arming  presses  for  bookbinders,  paper-cutting  machines,  letter-copyiog 
presses,  etc.  The  two  great  departments,  however,  are  the  Printing  Press  and  Saw 
manufacturing  departments. 

In  the  saw-making  department,  we  saw  the  "  toothing"  process,  by  which  the  large 
teeth  are  cut  out  of  the  plates  of  steel  by  machinery,  as  easily  as  if  the  knife  was  cutting 
through  a  piece  of  cheese.  They  are  afterwards  taken  to  the  ground  floor,  where  we  saw  some 
twelve  or  fifteen  grindstones  at  work,  grinding  and  tempering  the  plates,  as  well  as  polish- 
ing the  surface. 

In  the  toothing-room,  the  saws,  whether  long  or  square,  are  all  rendered  true  by  care- 
ful hammering  and  the  use  of  the  level.  These  saws  are  made  in  great  quantities,  and  as 
large  as  six  feet  in  diameter  in  circular  saws ;  and  the  long  saws  as  much  as  ten  feet  in 
length.  It  is  by  the  use  of  these  immense  saws  cutting  through  a  log  of  wood,  with  the 
circular  ones  flying  round  at  the  rate  of  1000  revolutions  a  minute,  that  the  trees  in  the 
vast  forests  of  America  are  cut  up,  and  constructed  into  "  sawn  lumber,"  fit  for  its  various 
uses  afterwards.  We  wondered,  to  the  heart  of  what  solitary  forest  those  we  observed 
making  would  ere  long  be  transported,  to  perform  their  daily  work,  regardless  of  winter's 
frost  or  summer's  scorching  sun.  One  of  these  ten  feet  long  saws  will  cut  up  12,000  feet 
of  timber  in  one  day.  To  see  them,  however,  in  all  their  fearful  grandeur,  is  when  two 
and  twenty  of  them  are  fixed  in  one  frame,  about  one  inch  or  so  apart,  working  up  and 
down  with  great  rapidity,  and  walking  through  a  log  of  24  inches  in  diameter,  with  all 
the  ease  in  the  world — reducing  the  mighty  "  monarch  of  the  forest"  into  twenty-four 
striplings  of  deal  boards  at  one  operation.  In  a  lumber  establishment  on  the  River 
Ottawa,  Canada  West,  we  saw  this  done  at  a  rate,  in  which,  by  the  united  action  of  these 
twenty-two  saws  in  one  frame,  no  less  than  635  feet  of  timber  was  cut  up  in  one  minute  I 

In  another  part  of  the  saw-room  may  be  seen  the  beautiful  smooth  surface  put  upon 
them  by  mean*  of  machinery,  altogether  making  one  feel  the  extent  of  what  that  timber 
trade  must  be,  when  one  establishment  alone  turns  out  such  quantities  of  saws.  In  this 
article  of  large,  long  and  circular  saws,  we  understand  the  makers  of  Great  Britain 
have  no  chance  in  competing  with  the  American  makers,  such  as  Messrs.  Hoes,  whilst  in 
small  hand-saws  again,  the  English-made  article  maintains  its  ground.  When  Messrs, 
Hoes  first  started  saw  making,  they  had  men  from  Sheffield — who  went  on  in  the  way 
they  had  been  accustomed  to  do — till  they  found  out,  that  it  did  not  compete  successfully 
with  Sheffield,  and  so  continued  until  machinery  was  brought  to  assist  them,  and  now,  as 
we  have  said,  the  English-made  article  in  large  saws  has  no  chance  with  the  American. 

It  is  in  th^  construction  of  their  wonderful  steam-printing  machinery,  however,  which  is 
most  interesting,  and  here  in  another  department  will  be  seen  printing  machines  in  all 
stages,  from  the  rough-cast  cylinder,  or  malleable  iron,  or  brass  fittings,  to  the  completely 
erected  machine  ready  for  delivery.  Having  given  a  description  of  their  latest  improve- 
ment and  greatest  achievement  in  this  department,  we  nted  not  allude  to  printing  presses 
further  than  to  say,  that  in  one  of  their  newly-invented  card  printing  presses,  a  marvel  of 
ingenuity  is  there  presented.  This  little  machine  not  only  cuts  cards  for  itself,  but  prinU 
them  at  the  rate  of  from  16,000  to  20,000  per  hour!  We  actually  did  not  believe  it,  till 
we  saw  it  in  operation.  It  not  only  does  that,  but  counts  them  oflf  in  quantities  of  20, 40, 
60  or  100,  or  any  quantity  in  fact,  and  prints  consecutive  numbers  on  them,  same  as  the 
paging  of  a  ledger,  up  as  high  as  number  999,000.  These  are  valuable  machines,  where 
railroad  passenger-tickets,  or  such,  are  wanted.  One  of  the  great  difliculties  for  some 
time  was,  how  to  print  these  tickets  and  number  them  at  the  same  time,  and  yet  every 
ticket  to  have  a  different  number.  In  this  press  (railroad-ticket  printing  press)  that  is 
accomplished,  with  the  cards  worked  on  to  this  little  automaton  machine  in  the  shape 
of  a  roll  of  card-board.  It  thus  enters  at  one  end,  and  appears  next,  cut,  printed,  counted, 
im<l  every  one  numbered  differently.  What  will  machinery  be  doing  next  for  us  I  This 
e»<e«  beats  the  automaton  oven  and  baking  machine  described  elsewhere. 

We  had  almost  forgot  vo  say,  that  a  large  portion  of  the  works  are  connected  with  manu- 
facturing from  Spanish  cedar  and  cherry  wood — the  type  cases,  and  the  other  wood  work 


required  by 
for  a  printer 

We  take 
class  workm 
in  similar  w( 
and  all  men 
class  workm( 
heard,  they  I 
When  the 
the  time  of  o 


Hotels  in 
brick  or  stone 
times  rivalling 
are  fitted  up  t 
conducted  upo 
upon  the  Eur 
may  please  the 
Germans,  othe 
cans,  British,  a 
Regarding  tl 
large  hall,  U8e( 
when  two  or  tl 
dred  and  fifty ; 
seen,  say  a  mag 
table-napkins,  i 
side  of  the  tabl 
are  placed  on  s 
whom  has  four 
It  is  one  of  th< 
a  whole  regime 
placed  on  the  t 
thirty  of  these 
in  military  line, 
iiandlf  of  a  disi 
when,  at  anothe 
one  whoop,  and 
is  the  case  in  t 
houses,  the  same 
h»lls,  of  course, 
wloons,  which  r 
always  been  ace 
In  this  large  hi 
ITie  hours  vary  ii 
'm,  or  supper,  ai 
dinners,  set  out  a1 
Mnseofthat  woi 
week,  the  set-out 
the  meals  consist 
OTer  the  States. 
For  breakfast. 


HOTELS  IN  AMERICA.  If 

required  by  the  printing  profeMion.  In  fact,  the  Messra.  Hoe  manu&otare  every  thing 
fur  a  printer,  excepting  types  and  inlc. 

We  talce  pleasure  here  in  stating,  that  Mesera.  Hoe  employ  nothing  but  picked,  fint' 
class  workmen  in  every  department,  to  whom  they  pay  the  highest  wages  given  by  any 
in  similar  works.  Even  the  very  laborers  must  be  good  at  what  they  have  to  do,  and  each 
and  all  men  of  undoubted  steadiness,  and  respectability  of  character.  They  have  firat- 
class  workmen  from  England,  Scotland,  France  and  Germany,  and  at  one  time  we  have 
heard,  they  had  actually  Turks  and  Armenions  working. 

When  the  works  are  as  busy  as  they  can  be,  fully  five  hundred  men  are  employed.  At 
the  time  of  our  visit,  about  three  hundred  and  fifty  were  employed. 


.j.bi-ij 


.M  ,-,■ 


'■•U 


HOTELS  IN  AMERICA. 


Hotels  in  America  are  generally  immense  blocks  of  buildings — sometimes  a  square 
brick  or  stone  block — resembling  a  warehouse  in  London  or  Manchester  (Eng.) ;  at  other 
times  rivalling,  in  exterior  splendor,  that  of  Buckingham  palace.  They  vary  in  size,  and 
are  fitted  up  to  accommodate  from  one  hundred  to  nearly  one  thousand  guests,  and  are 
conducted  upon  different  systems.  Some  are  exclusively  upon  the  American  plan,  others 
upon  the  European ;  others,  on  the  American  and  European  combined — so  that  guests 
may  please  themselves  which  to  adopt.  There  are  hotels  almost  exclusively  frequented  by 
Germans,  others  by  Frenchmen,  whilst  the  principal  hotels  are  all  patronized  by  Ameri- 
cans, British,  and  natives  of  all  parts  of  the  world. 

Regarding  the  hotel  conducted  on  the  American  plan,  we  may  explain  that  there  is  a 
large  hall,  used  exclusively  for  taking  meals.  All  the  guests  sit  at  the  same  table,  unless 
when  two  or  three  tables  are  necessary.  These  halls  range  from  one  hundred  to  two  hun- 
dred and  fifty  feet  long,  by  about  from  fifty  to  one  hundred  feet  broad.  There  will  be 
Been,  say  a  magnificent  set-out  dinner-table  for  one  hundred  or  more  guests,  with  a  line  of 
table-napkins,  in  upright  fantastic  form,  stuck  into  every  tumbler,  which  range  along  each 
side  of  the  table  from  end  to  end.  The  meals — all  previously  prepared  and  brought  up — 
are  placed  on  side  tables,  and  there  delivered  to  the  white  or  colored  waiters,  each  one  of 
wljom  has  four  or  six  guests  only  to  wait  upon. 

It  is  one  of  the  most  novel  sights  for  a  stranger  to  see  in  one  of  those  immense  dining-halls, 
a  whole  regiment  of  Sambos  waiting  for  the  signal  to  uncover  such  of  the  dishes  as  are 
placed  on  the  tables  before  the  guests.  After  all  the  company  are  seated,  say  twenty  to 
thirty  of  these  waiters  are  ranged,  one  half  on  each  side  of  the  table,  behind  the  guests, 
in  military  line.  At  a  given  signal,  each  one  reaches  over  his  arm  and  takes  hold  of  the 
hand)#  of  a  dish.  That  is  the  first  movement.  There  they  all  hold  for  a  second  or  two, 
when,  at  another  signal,  they  all  at  the  same  moment  lift  the  cover,  all  as  if  flying  off  at 
one  whoop,  and  with  as  great  exactness  as  soldiers  are  expected  to  "  shoulder  arms."  This 
is  the  case  in  the  $2.00  or  $2,60  houses  in  the  large  cities.  In  the  smaller  or  cheaper 
houses,  the  same  formality  or  order  is  not  to  bo  seen  in  that  respect,  nor  are  the  dining- 
halls,  of  course,  so  splendid.  In  almost  all  hotels,  there  are  no  carpets  in  the  dining- 
salcons,  which  rather  detracts  from  the  apparent  comfort  in  the  minds  of  those  who  have 
always  been  accustomed  to  dine  in  rooms  nicely  carpeted. 

In  this  large  hall,  all  meals  are  taken ;  breakfast,  dinner,  and  tea — or  supper,  as  it  is  called. 
The  hours  vary  in  different  hotels.  Generally,  breakfast  is  at  7  or  8,  a.  m.  ;  dinner,  1 2  or  1,  p.  m.  ; 
tea,  or  supper,  at  5  to  7,  p.  m.  Some  of  the  large  and  most  fashionable  houses  have  second 
dinners,  set  out  at  6  or  6,  p.  m.  The  meals,  one  and  all,  raoy  be  said  to  be  "  royal,"  in  the  fullest 
sense  of  that  word.  Even  in  hotels,  where  the  charge  is  only  $1  per  day,  or  $3  or  $4  per 
week,  the  set-out  is  not  to  be  despised.  For  the  curious  in  such  matters,  we  may  stuie  what 
the  meals  consist  of,  at  a  house  of  that  description — which  will  be  found  quite  common  all 
over  the  States. 
For  breakfast,  excellent  tea,  coffee,  or  cocoa;  beefsteaks,  mutton  chops,  ham,  fish,  pota- 


a 


HOTELS  IN  AMERICA. 


toe8,  (roasted,  boiled  and  fried);  buuk-wlieat  cakes,  Indian  corn  cakes,  (like  pancakes,) 
Indian  corn  bread,  wheaten  and  brown  bread,  butter,  and  eggs ;  the  latter,  by  the  way, 
broken  and  emptied  into  glasses,  and  supped  with  a  spoon. 

Dinner  is  regulated  by,  of  course,  what  is  in  season.  What  is  provided,  may  be  said  to 
contain  "  all  the  delicacies  of  the  season,"  and  even  a  few  which  are  unknown  at  the  hotel 
dinner  tables  in  Great  Britain. 

In  July  last,  we  found  at  a  $1  per  day  house,  in  a  northern  State,  the  following  bill  of 
fare: —  ■  -  -     ,-..  ^-    -■-  ■.'.'', 

Soup. — Maccaroni  and  vermicelli.  ■.'■■■'  ■>'■!,' 

Fish. — Mackerel,  trout,  and  white  fish.     '  "  .      '  i     '  '  >  i '     ' 

Boiled  Dishes. — Hum,  tongue,  and  chickens. 

Roast  Dishes. — Beef  and  lamb. 

Vegetables. — Potatoes,  (boiled  and  roasted,)  turnips,  green  peas,  cabbage,  beetroot,  let- 
tuce, onions,  Fiench  beans,  squash,  pickles,  etc. 

Pastry. — Apple  pie,  rhubarb  pie,  Indian  corn  pudding,  (like  ground  rice,)  wheaten 
bread  pudding,  floating  island,  sponge  cake,  cheese,  biscuit,  etc. 

Tea — or  supper,  as  it  is  called — consists  of  the  same  as  at  breakfast  time,  with  an  addition 
of  sponge  cake,  jellies,  jams  and  pastry,  suflUcient  for  the  sweetest  of  teeth. 

At  every  meal,  there  is  universally  set  down  a  tumbler  of  cold  water.  In  fact,  that 
accompanies  every  sort  of  meal  in  America. 

Considering  that  the  foregoing  fare  is  provided  in  hotels  where  you  are  boarded  and 
lodged  for  $1  per  day,  you  ask  yourself  the  question.  How  is  it  done,  and  where  in  Great 
Britain  could  you  get  such  fare,  for  any  thing  like  double  the  amount  of  money  ? 

In  the  $2  60  (or  10«.  stg.)  per  day  houses,  of  course  the  meals  are  more  sumptuous 
still,  there  being  magniiicent  desserts  placed  on  the  table  after  dinner,  consisting  of  the 
most  tempting  of  home,  as  well  as  tropically  grown,  fruits. 

In  connection  with  the  meals  at  American  hotels,  we  confess  we  have  failed,  like  Mr.  W, 
Chambers,  to  see  much  of  that  fast  eating  attributed  to  Americans.  We  have  seen  quite 
as  much  of  that  in  England,  as  at  any  hotel  in  America.  At  first-class  houses,  in  the  large 
cities,  we  have  many  times  considered  them  decidedly  slow  at  meot.  We  have  seen 
instances  of  some  finishing  their  meals  quickly — but  we  have  seen  that  excelled  many  a 
score  of  times,  in  "  coffee  rooms"  and  "  commercial  rooms"  of  hotels  in  England,  where 
either  not  being  called  in  time — meals  not  ready  when  wanted  or  ordered — the  unfortunate 
traveler  was  often  obliged  to  "  bolt"  them  at  a  rate  about  as  fast  as  the  approaching  loco- 
motive he  was  anxious  to  be  in  time  for. 

As  a  general  rule,  people  here  do  not  sit  so  long  at  their  meals  as  they  do  at  the  tables 
In  the  hotels  in  Great  Britain,  greatly  owing,  we  think,  because  the  drinking  customs  are 
not  indulged  in  so  much  here.  At  toble,  there  is  not  so  much  ceremony  and  formality,  and 
dining  does  not  generally  occupy  so  long  time — whilst  at  some  tables,  a  proportion  of  the 
guests  may  be  men  in  business,  who  allow  themselves  only  a  certain  time  for  meals,  and  na 
soon  as  done,  are  desirous  of  perusing  a  newspaper,  in  the  reading  room,  before  returning 
to  business. 

The  bedrooms  of  all  hotels  almost,  in  America,  have  one  great  advantage — they  arc  lofty 
and  clean,  as  a  general  rule;  the  first-class  houses  scrupulously  clean.  The  most  gorgeous 
apartments  of  first-class  hotels — or,  as  we  moy  call  them,  the  $2  or  $2.60  (8«.  to  10».)  per  day, 
houses — are  the  ladies'  parlors,  drawing-rooms,  and  reception-rooms. 

Visitors,  on  calling,  are  received  in  the  reception-rooms,  which  are  little  drawing-roonis 
of  themselves. 

The  public  sitting-rooms  are  really  gorgeous  apartments,  and  such,  we  fancy,  as  many  on 
the  Brilisli  side  of  the  Atlantic  have  little  idea  of.  Let  the  stranger  enter  one  of  these 
magnificent,  lofty  rooms,  even  although  he  has  been  accustomed  to  the  Great  Western  at 
Paddington,  the  Euston,  or  any  of  the  fashionable  hotels  in  St.  James  or  Albemarle  street, 
London,  (Eng.,)  or  Douglas's  in  Edinburgh,  he  will  be  met  with  splendor  he  scarcely 
reckoned  on.    On  whatever  point  the  eye  rests,  it  is  only  to  be  dazzled  or  pleased.    If  th8 


dining-halls 
at  the  walli 
the  cornicei- 
tlie  rarest  ai 
softest  and  i: 
(Eng.,)  whic 
the  exquisiti 
for  luxurious 
ture;  whilst 
intricate  woi 
earnest  in  oi 
Queen  of  the 
need  fear  th< 
American  Iiol 
Tlie  ladies' 
and  for  gentl 
Single  gent 
however,  are 
prefer  to  sit  i 
where  the  nei 
Single  gent 
inmotes  of  it, 
allowance  is  n 
versation,  and 
The  fastidio 
time — may  tur 
system  adopte 
stager  on  sorat 
crack  house  al 
best  bedroom— 
on  l/is  arrival- 
clean,  stands  ri 
lined  host  appi 
difference  in  ar 
First  of  all, 
saving  here. 
James's  hotel, 
porters.     Your 
even  in  your  "  1 
«nd  better  cour 
^Vel],  you  can  I 
in  sitting  down 
with  the  eompa 
unknown  guest 
Here  you  will  s 
«ven  by  tlie  pol 
a  well-bred  and 
a  stranger  from 
It  is  true,  that  i 
nne  end,  and  yc 
much  as  you  1 
Mil  even  for  yo 
you  will  feel  " 
leasts  as  is  usua! 


Ik 


HOTELS  IN  AMERICA. 


19 


dinlng-hnlli  were  hanquetinp^-hallg,  truly  these  nre  ely^uims  of  ease  and  grandeur.  Look 
at  the  walls,  and  they  are  touched  off  with  cxcellem  taste,  in  white  and  gold,  (n  rimpsj 
the  cornicei — the  richest  and  most  intricate  efforts  of  the  plasterer ;  the  windows — hung  with 
the  rarest  and  most  costly  dni|'orlea  of  Tournay  or  Bradford ;  the  floors — covered  with  the 
softest  and  most  beautiful  velvet-pile  carpets  of  Urii^ht,  of  Roolidale,  or  Crossley,  of  Halifax, 
(Eng.,)  which  have  found  their  way  here,  to  add  comfort  and  splendor  to  th«  apartment} 
the  exquisitely-carved  rosewood  furniture — sofas  and  easy  chairs  of  all  imaginaMo  shapes, 
for  luxurious  ease  and  elegance — and  the  superb  grand  pianos,  of  America's  best  manufac- 
ture ;  whilst  the  splendor  of  the  mirrors,  and  the  gas-fittings,  and  chandeliers — by  their 
intricate  workmanship  and  beauty,  finish  off  the  gorgeous  aportment.  We  are  in  sober 
earnest  in  ou  it-marks,  as  all  will  know  who  have  seen  thc><e  palatial  residences.  If  the 
Queen  of  the  L  uited  Kingdom  should  visit  those  shores,  neither  Her  Mojesty  nor  guardians 
need  fear  the  want  of  queenly  accommodation,  even  in  the  every-day  life  of  a  first-clasa 
American  hotel. 

Tlte  ladies'  drawing-room  is  appropriated  for  single  ladies,  or  married  ladies  and  children, 
and  for  gentlemen  who  accompany  their  wives,  or  sisters,  and  families. 

Single  gentlemen,  travelling  alone,  will  find  a  gentlemen's  parlor  for  sitting  in.  Such, 
however,  are  not  much  frequented  in  summer,  generally.  In  fine  weather,  the  gentlemen 
prefer  to  sit  about  the  doors,  in  the  cool  of.  the  summer  evening,  or  in  the  reading-rcxwn, 
where  the  newspapers  are. 

Single  gentlemen  are  frequently  invited  into  the  ladies'  drawing-room  by  the  proper 
inmates  of  it,  and  sometimes  strangers  go  in  uninvited,  by  mistake.  In  such  case<>,  full 
allowance  is  made  for  the  error,  and,  most  probably,  some  of  the  ladies  will  open  iij)  a  con- 
versation, and  thereby  make  the  stranger  feel  at  once  at  home. 

The  fastidious  Englishman — when  he  enters  a  hotel  on  the  American  plan  for  the  first 
time — may  turn  up  his  nose  at  some  things  which  he  sees,  simply  owing  to  the  difference  of 
system  adopted  here.  If  he  has  been  a  commercial  travelkr,  for  instance,  who,  as  an  old 
stager  on  some  favorite  ground  in  Britain,  and  as  well  known  as  the  village  clock  at  every 
crack  house  all  along  his  rou  —where  the  chambermaid  will  be  sure  to  put  him  into  the 
best  bedroom — where  the  boots  *  ill  be  like  to  break  his  neck,  and  his  back,  too,  in  assisting 
on  liis  arrival — while  the  oily  waiter,  with  his  crimson  countcnurife  in  white  choker  so 
dean,  stands  rubbing  his  hands,  with  a  towel  under  hi*  left  arm-pit,  and  the  sleek  and  well- 
lined  host  approaches  to  shake  the  arrival  by  the  fist — *'  h  a  gentleman  will  find  a  migt.'y 
'ifference  in  an  American  hotel. 

First  of  all,  let  us  remind  him  that,  in  the  considerav        of  expen*  -,  there  is  a  great 

saving  here.     You  can  live  her^  at  a  hotel  equal  in  maunifioenee  to  a  Mivart's  or  a  St. 

James's  hotel,  for  10».  (stg.)  per  day,  and  no  fees  to  chambermaidf",  wnit<>rs,  Loots,  or 

porters.    Your  meals  will  comprise  delicacios  with  which  you  never  have  i/«en  favored, 

even  in  your  "best  house  on  the  road  ;"  so  that  if  a  different  course  is  pursued  here,  different 

and  better  courses  ar«  laid  before  you.     But  you  may  -*  -h  to  dine  by  yourself,  as  at  hiirn^. 

Well,  you  can  be  accommodated  at  the  hotel,  on  the  Eumpean  plan.    Only  remember,  that 

in  sitting  down  nt  the  public  table  of  a  hotel  here,  on  tlu    American  plan,  you  will  meet 

with  the  company  of  the  most  accomplished  ladies  as  well  a»  gentlem<-'i,  the  former  b'-ing 

unknown  guests  at  your  "commercial  room"  tables  in  old  England,  Scotland,  ov  Ireland. 

Here  you  will  see  ii  deference,  respect,  and  attention  paid  to  ladies',  exceeded  nowhere — not 

even  by  the  politest  people  said  to  be  in  the  world — the  Parisianc.     If  you  are  found  to  be 

a  well-bred  and  true  gentleman,  it  will  r  a  very  difficult  matter,  particularly  to  you, 

a  stranger  from  Britain,  to  get  introdu^uO  i  ■  I'le  drawing-room  to  the  best  of  its  society. 

It  is  true,  that  at  the  public  dinner-tabl-  V'm  ■"  ill  miss  your  accustomed  "  president"  at  the 

one  end,  and  your  "vice"  at  the  other;  you  will  miss  your  bottle  or  two  of  wine,  or  as 

much  as  you  have  been  accustomed  to  "  pui  uway."    But  here  we  are  wrong.     You  may 

call  even  for  your  wine  or  spirits,  and  get  any  thing  of  that  kind  supplied ;  but  if  you  do, 

you  will  feel  "  all  alone  in  your  glory,"  and  be  left  to  propose  and  respond  to  as  many 

toasts  as  is  usual,  from  "  the  Queei.,  and  God  bless  her,"  down  to  "  absent  friends ;"  but  this 


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14 


HOTELS  IN  AUEBICA. 


bear  in  mind,  you  will  do  all  within  younelf— imagining  all  the  while  a  ter/  of  the  old 
*'  bricks"  around  you.  But  the  fact  is,  you  will  forget  all  that  here.  Thf.  'xunpany  by 
which  you  are  surrounded  at  dmner,  the  magnificent  styles  of  the  dre»3«.^ — the  merry 
faces— the  perfect  forest  of  table-napkins  which,  stuck  into  the  tumblers  along  each  side  of 
the  long  tables— which  might  groan  if  they  had  the  power — the  activity  of  the  ser- 
vants, the  whole  scene  of  knife>and-fork  work,  from  ore  end  of  the  table  to  the  other,  and 
the  rich  and  good  things  set  before  you,  will  all  combine  to  make  you  forget  the  com- 
forts even  of  the  " Hen  and  Chickens,"  the  "  Red  Lion,"  the  "White  Horse,"  the  "  Stork," 
the  "  Buck's  Head,"  the  "  Guildhall,"  and  any  and  all  of  the  favorite  houses  yon  have  left 
on  the  other  dde  of  the  water. 

Finished  your  dinner,  for  example,  instead  of  a  bill  of  2<.  6d  sterling  (62  cents)  for  din- 
ner— and,  to  say  the  least,  other  2«.  6d.,  but  oftener  6<.  (|(1.26),  for  wine  alone,  making,  as 
you  well  know,  from  6«.  to  7<.  6dl  (stg.,)  anJ  sometimes  as  high  as  10«.  to  14«.  each,  when 
you  have  had  an  extra  "heavy  go,"  for  dinner-bill  alone — here  you  have  had  all  you 
could  desire  in  eatables,  for  from  1«.  to  28.  (stg.),  depending  upon  the  house  you  stop  at. 

In  connection  with  this  subject,  we  would  refer  yon  to  a  letter  in  the  London  Ihnts  of 
July  10,  1868,  wherein  a  gentleman  complains  of  a  tel  at  BrigfatoUj  (iiot,  however,  the 
"  Clarence,")  at  being  charged  in  a  dinner-bill,  as  fo.  . s: — Bov^,  two  chops,  pease,  pota- 
toes, cheese  and  bread— only  (?)  '7*.  sterling;  and  with  half  a  pint  of  sherry  wine,  38. ;  in 
all,  108.,  or  $2.60 — exactly  the  price  of  one  entire  day's  board  and  lodging  at  one  of  the  tip 
top  houses  in  New  York. 

If  you  should,  however,  think  some  of  the  company  rather  plebeian,  we  would  have  yoa 
to  recollect,  that  at  the  dinner-table  here,  as  well  as  everywhere  else  in  America,  "  Jac!i 
is  as  good  as  his  master ;"  and  if  you  happen  to  have  got  an  engagement  in  a  store,  yoa 
will  meet  your  employer  here  at  table,  and  he  will  meet  you  in  a  very  different  spirit,  nud 
with  very  different  feelings,  from  what  some  "  old  governor,"  you  once  had,  would  have  met 
you  at  the  dinner-table — ^if  he  had  ever  met  you  there  at  all. 

If  it  should  so  happen  that  you  have  not  got  such  a  nice  bed-room  as  you  would  like  at 
the  hotel,  all  you  have  to  do  is  to  give  the  clerk  the  hint,  in  a  quiet,  gentlemanly,  and 
affable  manner,  and  he  will  meet  you  in  the  same  way,  and  give  yon,  most  likely,  the  first 
room  he  can  for  the  better.  The  clerks  at  hotels  here,  are  obliged,  as  thry  are  generally  found 
to  be,  civil,  obliging,  gentlemanly  men ;  bred,  m'Mt  likely,  as  you  yourself  were,  otherwise 
they  could  not  occupy  the  post  of  book-keeper  and  cashier,  and  in  many  cases  speaking 
three  or  four  languages.  If,  however,  you  "  try  it  on"  with  them,  in  the  style  of  ''  born  to 
command,"  so  usual  in  hotels  in  Britain,  you  will  find  yon  make  one  of  the  greatest  mis- 
takes you  are  apt  to  make  in  this  country,  for  want  of  not  knowing  better  how  to  go 
•bout  matters. 

Some  of  the  ]MinciDal  hotels  in  all  large  cities  in  America,  are  open  all  night ;  in  fact, 
they  are  never  shut  from  the  morning  the  honse  is  opened  by  the  tenant,  till  it  ia  closed 
forever  by  him.  A  fresh  clerk,  with  fresh  servants,  go  on  duty  at  night,  and  relieve  each 
other  with  the  name  regularity  as  the  soldiers  relieve  each  other  at  the  Horse  Guards. 

One  great  advantage  of  the  American  hotel  is,  that,  being  open  all  night,  as  we  have 
•aid,  and  that  you  arrive,  say  at  four  o'clock  in  the  morning,  you  will  meet  with  the  same 
attention  and  promptness  as  if  you  had  arrived  at  twelve  at  noon ;  and  in  some  of  the 
hotels,  where  there  is  a  bar  always  open,  you  can  have  meals  at  any  hour  of  the  night  or 
morning,  just  as  promptly  as  at  one  o'clock  in  the  afternoon. 

On  your  arrival  at  a  hotel  in  America,  you  will  not  be  saluted  by  a  waiter  or  two  in 
white  cravat,  black  cloth  suit,  etc.,  and  with  an  immense  deal  of  bowing  and  humbug 
from  either  waiter  or  landlord.  Instead  of  that,  you  enter  the  hotel,  perhaps  unseen ;  go 
right  up  to  the  desk  at  the  office ;  ask  for  t'-.o  visitors'  book,  (where  you  enter  your  name, 
and  where  you  are  from) ;  tell  the  clerk  you  Ii  iVe  some  luggage,  (or  baggage  as  it  is  invari- 
ably called,)  when  he  will  summons  one  of  the  porters  of  the  house  to  bring  it  from  the 
door,  if  there.  You  apply  for  a  bedroom,  the  clerk  presents  you  with  the  key  of  a  room  of 
a  certain  number ;  the  porter,  who  has  brought  in  your  baggage,  ia  desired  to  ascend  with 


HOTELS  m  AMERICA. 


15 


you  to  your  room,  and  tbere  you  will  find  it  all  ready  for  your  reception;  and  let  you  ar- 
rive whenever  you  will,  the  bedroom  you  are  Bent  to  is  certain  to  be  in  that  state,  and 
none  of  the  hurry-eourrying  which  is  to  be  seen  someumes  in  hotels  in  England  and  Scot- 
land, when  a  room  is  not  in  order  for  a  fresh  guest  to  enter  it.  Your  baggage  laid  down 
in  your  room,  it  will  be  better  for  you  to  peruse  the  rules  and  regulations  of  the  house, 
which  you  will  frequently  find  printed  on  a  placard  and  hung  up  in  your  room. 

The  key  which  you  got  from  the  <>krk  is  intended  to  be  used  by  you  by  day  as  well  as 
by  night.  That  is  to  say,  keep  your  door  always  locked  during  the  dey,  and  when  not  in 
your  bedroom,  either  keep  the  key  in  your  pocket,  or  what  is  general,  return  it  to  the 
clerk  at  the  office,  who  will  hang  it  up ;  and  whose  duty  it  is  to  receive  it  from,  and  de- 
liver it  to  you,  whenever  you  like. 

Any  complaint  you  may  have  to  make ;  any  thing  not  exactly  to  your  mind ;  any  change 
you  may  want;  stamps,  wafers,  etc. ;  inquiries  as  to  post-office,  or  any  thing  else  pertain- 
ing to  the  town ;  any  washing  requiring  attending  to,  there  is  only  one  man  to  talk  to  about 
these  and  all  such  matters,  and  that  is,  the  clerk  or  book-keeper  in  the  office.  It  is  no  use 
tolking  to  servants;  they  will  pay  no  attention  to  you,  further,  than  tell  you  to  apply  at 
the  office.  Of  course,  at  any  time,  you  may  ring  the  bell  is  your  room,  and  the  clerk  will 
dispatch  a  porter  to  see  what  you  want 

One  of  the  most  important  assistants  about  a  hotel  here,  is  the  clerk  or  book-keeper; 
he  is,  in  fact,  the  factotum  of  the  establishment,  and  who  is  to  be  found  in  close  attendance, 
as  we  have  said,  at  the  desk  or  in  the  "  office"  of  the  hotel — the  latter  a  department  almost 
unknown  in  hotels  in  Britain.  Wiih  the  clerk  you  make  your  terms  for  board  and  lodg- 
ing on  entering.  Whatever  terms  you  make,  it  will  be  so  much  per  day  or  per  week.  In 
many  hotels,  where  the  charge  is  $2.00  per  day,  you  will  find,  by  making  a  bargain  per 
weeifc,  it  may  not  cost  you  much  more  than  half  that  sum  per  day.  In  the  same  way  with 
houses  whose  charge  is  $1.00  per  day,  you  may  board  and  lodge  for  $3.00  or  $4.00  per 
week ;  and  whether  you  bargain  by  the  week  or  by  the  day,  the  bills  of  fare  are  the  same — 
your  patronage  is  esteemed  just  the  same  Tor  a  day,  as  for  a  week,  and  you  can  stay  as 
long  as  you  like,  or  go  when  you  like.  Only  there  is  this  to  be  remembered,  that  you  had 
better  ascertain  the  hours  for  meals,  as,  if  you  are  not  there  at  meal-hour — and  lose  meals 
—there  is  no  reduction  made  in  the  rate  per  day,  it  being  all  the  same  whether  you  take 
meals  or  not 

Boarding  in  hotels,  as  a  regular  thing,  is  quite  common  by  yorng  men  in  situations,  and 
young  married  couples,  who  have  not  the  means  probably  to  furnish  and  keep  up  a  house 
as  they  would  like,  or  who  do  not  wish  to  have  its  cares  and  troubles.  Families,  however, 
who  have  any  idea  of  residing  permanently  in  a  town,  furnish  at  onoe,  if  they  have  Uie 
means.  We  have  met  many  young  men  in  situations — in  towns  in  the  States — who  bdmg 
unmarried,  board  and  lodge  in  the  hotel,  and  do  so  very  respectably  and  comfortably,  for 
f  3  or  $4  per  week,  and  feel  convinced  they  live  better,  and  are  more  comfortable  than  if 
in  private  lodgings. 

Workmen,  again,  with  and  without  families,  who  are  strangers  in  a  town,  seek  out  a 
respectable  hotel,  where  they  find  it  very  convenient  and  economical,  until  they  get 
either  private  lodgings,  or  rent  a  house  of  their  own.  We  have  met  with  several  work- 
men in  the  northern  and  western  states,  who,  earning  their  $8  to  $10  per  week,  live 
regularly  at  the  hotel,  paying  $3  to  $4  per  week  for  board  and  lodging,  such  as  is  un- 
known to  the  working  classes  in  Great  Britain,  who  have  the  same  amount  of  wages,  viz. : 
82«.  to  40«.  per  week. 

Half  an  hour  or  so  before  each  meal,  a  huge  gong  is  sounded  through  all  parts  of  the 
house,  with  noise  sufficient  to  waken  the  dead,  were  it  possible^  On  the  sound  of  the 
Becoml  gong,  it  is  to  intimate  that  every  thing  is  ready,  and  you  are  desired  to  take  your 
Beat  at  table.  The  top,  or  head  end  of  the  table,  is  always  reserved  for  ladies,  and  gentle- 
men with  kdies,  seated  all  tc^ether.  The  single  gentlemen  take  the  first  seat  they  lay 
hands  on. 
American  hotels  are  owned  or  leased  by  sometimes  only  one  party,  and  in  other  oases  by 


f 


:!h  !\> 


!^«  l-f:''2«Ktb'  i..>  n." 


^..■1.' -tirituns 


16 


HOTELS  m  AMERICA. 


two  or  three  in  partnership.  Sometimes  a  man  is  a  partner  in  a  hotel,  and  a  manufacturer 
or  merchant  at  the  same  time.  He  will  invest  his  money  as  a  speculation  in  a  hotel,  just 
as  soon  as  in  a  cotton  mill,  a  railroad,  or  a  bank.  Again,  there  is  one  man  in  the  States, 
who  is  leseee  of  no  less  than  fire  of  the  largest  houses,  in  different  cities. 

The  conducting  of  a  hotel,  in  America,  is  reduced  to  a  system  as  methodical  and  perfect 
as  the  carrying  on  of  a  cotton  mill,  or  conducting  a  garrison,  and  hotels  here  are  just  as  un- 
like some  of  the  hotels  in  Britain,  as  a  country  draper's  shop  is  to  a  mammoth  sized 
warehouse,  in  Manchester  or  London. 

The  hotel  proprietor  is  generally  a  shrewd,  active,  gentlemanly  man  of  business,  who 
works  more  with  his  head  than  his  hands. 

In  the  offices  attached  to  some  hotels  are  two  or  three  clerks  or  book-keepers,  whose 
duty  it  is  to  answer  all  parties  calling. 

When  about  to  leave  a  hotel,  give  all  your  instructions  to  the  clerk  at  the  office.  If  yon 
leave  word  any  where  else,  it  may  be  forgot.  If  you  leave  it  with  the  clerk,  it  is  almobt 
certain  to  be  punctually  attended  to. 

Near  the  clerk's  office,  there  is  generally  a  washing  room,  where  you  can  wash  your 
hands,  etc.,  without  the  trouble  of  going  up  to  your  room  to  do  so. 

All  hotel  keepers  have  skeleton  keys  to  the  bed-room  doors,  so  that  in  leaving  your  room 
locked,  it  is  better  to  leave  all  your  baggage  locked  up.  Those  keys  are  necessary  to 
enable  the  servants  to  ole^ir  up  the  room  in  your  absence. 

Regarding  the  hotels  upon  the  European  plan,  we  may  observe  that  in  some  of  them 
there  is  a  "  coffee  room,"  similar  to  that  department  of  a  British  hotel,  where  the  guest 
may  take  meals  at  a  table  by  himself;  or  again,  where  the  meals  are  served  up  in  the  pri- 
vate rooms  engaged  by  guests. 

We  may  here  remark  that  the  European  plan  of  hotel  keeping  is  gaining  ground  in  the 
large  cities,  amongst  the  first-class  houses. 

The  hotels  on  the  European  and  American  combined,  are  conducted,  in  every  other 
respect,  same  as  an  exclusively  American  hotel,  excepcing  in  the  serving  of  meals.  It 
is  in  having  a  coffee  room — and  meals  supplied  at  separate  tables  there,  or  in  private 
apartments — in  what  the  difference  consists.  Frequenters  of  first-class  hotels  in  England, 
will  find  themselves  suited  in  America  equally  as  well,  and,  we  suspect,  immensely  cheaper 
than  at  hotels  in  Britain,  and  with  all  the  comforts  of  the  elite  of  the  houses  in  "  Bel- 
gravia"  or  "  Modern  Athens,"  or  in  the  "  Hotel  du  Louvre." 

Suites  of  private  apartments,  with  bath  rooms,  and  every  modern  convenience,  can  be 
engaged,  fitted  up  in  regal  magnificence,  either  in  the  exclusively  European,  or  semi- 
American  and  semi-European  plan,  with  the  best  attendance— carriages,  horses,  and  every 
thing  which  is  generally  attached  to  first-class  houseik 

By  an  ingenious  contrivance,  all  the  nois«  of  ringing  of  bells  in  the  house  is  avoided.  An 
instrument  called  an  "  annunciator,"  is  placed  in  the  clerk's  office.  At  a  given  signal  from 
any  particular  room,  the  number  of  the  room  is  indicated  upon  the  dial-plate  of  the  instru- 
ment, by  one  stroke  of  a  call-bell,  when  a  servant  is  dispatched  to  the  room  to  ascertain 
what  is  wanted. 

Connected  with  every  hotel  there  are  numerous  bath-rooms,  and  a  barber's  shop.  Judging 
from  the  numbers  who  frequent  the  latter,  and  the  time  spent  under  the  peruquier's  handa, 
and  in  the  washing-rooms  attached,  the  Americans  appear  to  be  very  particular  as  to  their 
cleanly  personal  appearance  and  comfort 

Parties  are  recommended  not  to  be  over-communicative  with  strangers  they  may  meet 
staying  at  hotels,  as  almost  all  hotels  are  infested  with  a  set  of  prowling  "  loafers"  and 
sharpers,  who  are  continually  on  the  look-out  after  strangei-s,  on  whom  to  practise  variuiia 
descriptions  of  imposition  and  robbery.  One  may  be  officiously  polite  in  offering  to  show 
you  the  "  lions"  of  the  city  or  town ;  another  will  assume  to  be  a  perfect  stranger  like 
yourself,  in  visiting  such  ;  whilst  a  third  will  pretend  he  is  travelling  to  the  same  place 
you  are  going  to,  and  offers  to  take  you  to  the  proper  plooe  for  obtaining  a  ticket  to  your 
destination — whilst  he  is  only  an  employ^  of  a  "  bogus"  or  swindling  ticket-office,  after  all 
Some  strangers,  who  consider  themselves  very  "  smort"  at  home,  have  found,  to  their  cost, 
smarter  fellow-companions  in  strangers  in  such  cities  as  New  York. 


WORTHY  OP  CREDIT — TRADE  PROTECTION. 


17 


round  in  th« 


ies  in  "  Bel- 


PROTECTION  TO  TRADE  AND  DEBT  COLLECTING. 

A  ooMifEBoiAi,  traveller  acquaintance  of  ours,  once  was  desirona  of  opening  an  account 
with  a  very  good  and  safe  man,  but  such  was  the  nature  of  the  oustonier  he  had  to  meet, 
that  the  traveller  was  for  some  time  at  a  loss  how  to  approach  him,  as,  from  all  he  had 
heard  of  him,  he  was  one  of  those  purse-proud,  ignorant,  and  contemptible  men  who  are  to 
be  met  with  sometimes  behind  a  retail  shop  or  store  counter,  by  travellers  "  on  the  road." 
There  was  only  one  way  to  make  the  attack,  as  he  was  determined  to  let  him  understand 
that  the  obligation  of  doing  business  between  individuals,  was  mutual,  so  he  resolved  to 
"  take  the  bull  by  the  horns."  Walking  into  the  shop,  with  parcel  of  patterns  in  hand,  and 
an  utter  stranger,  although  not  unacquainted  with  the  peculiarities  of  the  man  he  bad  to 
deal  with,  thus  addressed  him:  "I  have  called,  sir,  to  pay  you  one  of  the  highest  compli- 
ments which  one  man  can  pay  to  another,"  delivered  with  all  that  suavity  of  manner  and 
perfect  coolness  with  which  some  accomplished  travellers  are  largely  endowed.  The  cus- 
tomer was  taken  aback  from  so  unusual  a  salutation,  and  was  brought  to  inquire,  "  Indeed, 
sir !  In  what  respect  ?"  "  Simply,  sir,"  said  the  traveller, "  that  the  house  I  have  the  honour 
to  represent,  considers  you  worthy  of  credit."  The  result  was,  that  between  what  the  cus- 
tomer considered  the  audacity  of  the  traveller,  and  that  he  felt  the  truth  of  the  compliment, 
it  led  to  business  between  the  two.  We  mention  this  anecdote  briefly,  to  illustrnte  how 
difficult  it  ie  to  do  business  with  some  men,  however  good  value  may  be  placed  before 
them,  but  more  particularly,  that  the  man  who,  although  at  one  time  in  the  hey-day  of 
prosperity — and  whose  position  is  one  of  undoubted  good  credit,  with  every  one  more 
anxious  than  another  to  do  business  with  him — may  not  always  remain  in  that  excellent 
position,  but  who,  a  few  years  afterwards,  may  afford  as  good  reasons  why  the  commer- 
cial traveller  should  be  as  desirous  of  avoiding  his  acquaintance  as  our  friend  was  of  mak- 
ing it,  and  hence  the  necessity  and  utility  of  one  of  those  "  institutions"  in  America,  called 
"  Commercial"  or  "  Mercantile  Agencies,"  connected  with  which,  is  that  of  Debt  Collecting. 
The  system  of  Trade  Protection  Societies,  as  carried  out  in  Great  Britain  is  in  its  infancy 
when  compared  with  the  system  in  operation  in  America.  Where  is  the  protection  society 
there,  for  example,  that  can  produce  in  its  office  a  record  of  the  commercial  standing  of 
every  man  in  business  from  Penzance  to  John  CGroat's,  or  from  Ballycastle  to  Dundrum 
Bay.  It  is  true,  that  such  as  Messrs.  Perry  of  London  have  a  register  of  all  London  traders 
only,  and  may  procure  information,  perhaps,  regarding  men  at  a  distance ;  or  it  may  be 
that  a  Trade  Protection  Association  in  Manchester  oi-  Leeds  can  give  information  about 
parties  in  those  districts  to  their  members  writing  to,  or  calling  at  their  ofSoes,  but  if  infor- 
mation is  wanted  about  a  man  in  Wick,  (Orkney,)  Enniskillen,  (Ireland,)  or  Truro,  (Corn- 
wall,) or  other  more  out  of  the  way  places  than  these,  they  have  to  write  and  procure  the 
information,  and  ten  chances  to  one  if  they  nave  correspondents  there  from  whom  they  can 
get  any  information  at  all. 

The  mercantile  or  commercial  agencies  of  America  are  conducted  by  private  firms — 
whose  standing  can  be  easily  ascertained  by  parties  desirous  of  employing  them — thus 
doing  away  with  the  objections  to  boards  of  directors  about  such  establishments.  They 
are  carried  on  upon  an  immense  scale,  with  agents  and  correspondents  raraificating 
throughout  the  whole  of  the  Union  and  Canada,  and  now  we  understand  they  are  extend- 
ing their  business  to  Great  Britain,  Ireland,  and  the  continent  of  Europe.  Their  register 
of  traders  extends  to  every  man  engaged  in  business  in  every  town  and  county  in  all 
the  states  and  territories  of  America,  as  well  as  in  Canada.  This  may  be  termed  their 
"  Trade  Protection"  department.  In  this  department  sets  of  books  are  kept,  in  which  is 
entered  the  name,  trade,  and  address  of  every  man  who  is  in  business,  whether  that  is  in 
New  Orleans  or  Nova  Scotia,  in  California  or  Canada,  In  a  certain  folio  in  a  ledger,  every 
man's  n»"ne  is  entered,  followed  up  by  a  variety  of  particulars,  such  as  when  he  commenced 
bueiness,  what  means  he  had,  what  was  his  moral  character  and  business  abilities,  his  mar- 
riage or  family  connections,  etc.,  etc.,  so  as  to  present  a  complete  history  of  every  trader 
from  the  date  he  started  in  business.    Thus  far,  then,  every  roan's  character  and  oircum- 


w 


MERCANTILE  AGENCY  SYSTEM. 


Btances  are  "posted  up"  into  one  of  the  ledgers  of  the  firm.    At  the  end  of  every  six  months, 
a  fresh  entry  is  made  at  Ids  folio  in  the  ledger,  detailing  any  fresh  circnmstances  which 
may  have  arisen  to  alter  the  private  or  business  character  of  the  trader.    Thus,  for  example, 
if  he  began  ten  years  ago,  there  is  an  entry  made  at  the  end  of  every  six  months,  shoving 
all  the  ciroumstances  attending  his  career  down  to  the  pref&nt  day ;  at  all  events,  so  far  as 
has  been  possible  for  the  mercantile  agency  to  get  to  know.    Tlius,  then»  Mr.  John  Smith  may 
have  been  in  good  standing  when  he  started  business,  went  on  all  right,  and  made  money. 
At  the  end  of  the  first  year,  stood  reported  in  the  agencies' books ;  "  perfectly  trustworthy" 
at  the  end  of  the  second  year,  however,  the  report  stood  that  he  was  "  given  more  to  his 
rifle  and  dogs  than  to  industry ;"  at  the  end  of  the  fifth  report,  or  six  months  after  the  last, 
"  seen  frequenting  drinking  saloons  too  often— caution  necessary  in  giving  credit ;"  whilst 
after  other  two  reports,  or  at  the  end  of  other  twelve  months,  the  report  stands,  "  accom- 
modation paper  going  freely  between  him  and  another  house — credit  fast  on  the  decline ;" 
at  the  end  of  the  next  six  months,  the  report  says,  "  soM  out  to  Mr.  A.  B.,  who  has  re-sold 
out  to  Mr.  C.  D.,"  evidently  a  swindle,  thus  putting  a  very  fatal  report  upon  his  future  career, 
During  the  last  two  years  or  so,  houses  who  have  been  desirous  pf  knowing  something  of 
Mr.  Smith,  with  the  view  of  trying  to  do  business  with  him,  or  others  who  have  been  doing 
business  with  him,  have  got  uneasy  as  to  reports  they  have  heard  respecting  him,  so  that 
Messrsi  Cotton,  Cloth  ib  Ca,  or  Messrs.  Brandy,  Wine  &  Co.,  and  many  others,  being  mem- 
bers of  the  agency,  send  to  inquire  what  report  it  has  as  to  Mr.  Smith's  character,  when 
they  are  furnished  with  his  whole  career,  as  embodied  in  those  reports.     When  these 
houses  make  inquiries  aa  to  his  position,  that  fact  also  is  entered  in  his  folio  in  the  ledger, 
BO  that  when  the  report  is  received  that  he  has  "  sold  out  to  Mr.  A.  B.,  and  who  has  re-sold 
out  again  to  Mr.  C.  D.,"  a  note  is  dispatched  by  messengers,  if  in  town,  or  telegraphed  to  a 
distance  to  the  houses,  who  had  made  inquiries  some  time  previous,  to  call  at  the  agency, 
when  they  are  shown  the  information  just  received,  regarding  Mr.  Smith ;  upon  receiving 
which,  they  at  once  take  steps  to  recover.    In  the  course  of  men's  business  lives,  a  variety 
of  oircumstanoes  transpire,  some  of  which  have  very  injurious  effects  upon  their  commer- 
cial standing.     All  these,  so  far  as  can  be  ascertained,  are  recorded.    We  have  given  the 
foregoing  illustration  to  show  the  modus  operandi  of  the  system,  which  is  similar  in  some 
respects  to  the  Trade  Protection  Societies  in  Britain,  but  we  think,  with  this  additional  nd- 
vantage,  that,  as  we  have  said  before,  whilst  a  society  located  at  Glasgow  or  Edinburgh  has 
no  record  of  houses  at  Gal  way,  or  St  Ives,  or  Clonakilty,  or  Abergavenny,  they  are  obliged 
to  write  to  their  correspondents  in  those  towns  if  they  have  any,  before  they  can  get  an- 
swers regarding  parties  there,  when  inquired  after.    Here,  however,  the  name  and  stand- 
ing of  every  trader  is  kept  "  posted  up"  on  the  premises.    Tliey  have  no  occasion  to  write. 
A  member  calls,  and  gets  to  see  at  once  the  position  the  man  holds  as  there  recorded,  which 
is  undoubtedly  in  advance,  and  superior,  in  our  opinion,  to  the  system  at  present  in  exist- 
ence in  Great  Britain.    Again,  the  firms  who  conduct  these  agencies  have  no  interest  but 
to  give  faithful  representations  to  all  their  members  alike.    The  records  in  their  ledgers  are  ' 
open  to  their  members,  respecting  their  customers,  wherever  situated,  and  the  information 
there  recorded,  is  obtained  by  correspondents,  residing  permanently  or  travelling,  going 
over  particular  sections  of  the  country.    Another  means,  however — and  as  far  as  it  goes, 
one  of  the  best  means,  of  knowing  the  "  paying"  position  men  are  in — is  in  the  vast  amount 
of  business  these  agencies  get  to  do,  in  the  way  of  collecting  debts.    This  brings  us  to  the 
other  department  of  their  business,  viz..  Debt  Collecting.    The  Trade  Protection  Societies  in 
England  and  Scotland  sometime  ago  annexed  this  branch  to  their  inquiry,  or  protectiou  to 
trade  department,  for  the  use  of  their  members,  and  we  believe  have  worked  it  very  suc- 
cessfully, often  recovering  debts,  when  the  principals  could  not  get  one  penny  by  direct 
application.    In  this  department  of  the  mercantile  and  commercial  agencies,  debts  are  col- 
lected for  the  general  public  as  well  as  for  members,  which  all  the  more  extends  their  facil- 
itijs  for  acquiring  busincAs  information,  and  makes  the  department  of  great  magnitude  in 
the  amount  of  business  transacted. 

In  such  an  extent  of  country  as  this  is,  it  will  at  once  be  seen  the  great  advantages  which 


DEBT  COLLECTING — ^BANKS  AND  BANKING. 


a9 


inch  agencies  present  to  meroantile  men,  say  in  New  York  or  Philadelphia,  who  can  get 
their  aceounts  collected  for  a  trifle  through  this  means,  although  fifteen  hundred  or  two 
thousand  miles  distant,  these  agencies  having  correspondents  or  agents  every  where,  and 
besides  their  regular  con'espondents,  they  have  intimate  connections  with  banks— the 
officers  of  which  communicate  freely  with  them — expecting  like  faoillties  in  return,  when 
their  business  may  need  them,  They  have  also  correspondence  with  attorneys,  who  keep 
them  advised  of  suits,  encumbrances  upon  the  real  estate  which  parties  may  possess,  and 
other  information  derivable  from  the  public  records.  They  have  thus,  abundant  means  of 
"checking"  the  information  furnished  by  regular  correspondents — and  avoiding  injustice, 
which  might  be  done  by  misrepresentation,  if  entire  dependence  was  placed  upon 
reports  from  one  source — as  most  men,  however  good  and  reliable,  upon  the  whole, 
have  their  own  interest  to  take  care  o£  Indeed,  such  information  must  always,  of  ne- 
eesBlty,  be  strictly  guarded,  and,  to  a  certain  extent,  it  must  be  secret— one  merchant  writ- 
ing to  another  on  such  subjects,  always  expecting  and  enjoining  secrecy — and  would 
think  himself  badly  used  if  his  injunction  was  disregarded. 

Little,  we  think,  do  some  of  the  small  store-keepers  consider  that  their  moral  and  busi- 
ness character  is  so  narrowly  watched,  so  carefully  recorded,  and  taken  such  good  care  of, 
in  a  regular  debtor  and  creditor  account  of  their  virtues  and  successes,  placed  against 
their  vices  and  misfortunes,  and  those  carefully  added  up  every  six  months,  and  the  balance 
then  struck  as  to  what  the  report  should  be  in  the  books  of  the  commercial  or  mercantile 
agencies.  But  so  it  is.  As  an  institution,  these  agencies  may  be  objected  to  by  some ;  but, 
taking  any  little  disadvantages  they  may  appear  to  present,  we  think,  on  the  whole,  that 
in  the  hands  of  respectable  men,  they  are  calculated  to  assist  very  materially  every  man  ia 
avoiding — what  every  man  is  anxious  to  avoid — making  a  bad  debt ;  or  if,  after  goods  are 
sold  to  a  doubtful  customer,  they  prove  of  value  in  assisting  in  the  recovery  of  the  money, 
or  getting  security  for  the  debt  ^^  .^(f"" 

There  is  no  doubt  but  that  the  system  is  an  inquisitorial  one  in  some  respects,  but  not 
more  so  than  is  in  operation  by  some  London  and  Manchester  houses,  who  keep  such  i-egis- 
ters  of  all  their  customers,  and  the  amount  they  are  worthy  of  credit  for,  and  who,  by 
means  of  their  travellers  covering  the  ground,  and  their  own  private  "  bailiff" — as  a  depart- 
ment of  the  counting  house — who  is  retained  to  look  after  all  long-winded  customers,  and 
who  holds  himself  in  readiness  to  be  despatched  at  any  moment  of  night  or  day,  with  the 
peremptory  orders  in  his  pocket  of— cash — SKCOTtm  — or  bankruptcy,  to  fire  red  hot  into  the 
unfortunate  customer  who  has  a  screw  or  two  loose,  or  even  fancied  to  be  loose.  The  sys- 
tem of  commercial  agencies  is  only  that,  carried  out  for  the  whole  business  community, 
what  many  firms  do  on  their  own  account. 

Members  pay  a  certain  amount  yearly,  and  are  furnished  with  replies  to  any  inquiriea 
they  may  make  respecting  the  circumstances  and  character  of  traders.  Some  of  these 
establishments  have  branch  offices  in  the  principal  cities  all  over  the  States  and  Canada. 
One  of  them,  the  oldest  and  largest,  (B.  Douglass  &  Co.,)  having  as  many  as  19  offices  in 
different  parts,  and  employing  in  the  aggregate  nearly  400  clerks — over  130  being  em- 
ployed at  the  chief  oflSce  in  New  York  alone. 

a^i'^n  i>'.n  h^!>j.M-.  BANKS  AND  BANKING.      ■:«  Ja^»  .'ft<.S*^>r!»  i»<* 

In  America  there  is  no  "Bank  of  America,"  as  one  institution — similar  to  the  old  lady  in 
Treadneedle  street,  London — who,  in  a  fit  of  the  fidgets,  or  an  aflfection  of  spasms,  occa- 
sionally spreads  her  effects  through  the  veins  of  the  commercial  body  throughout  the 
whole  world,  cramping  up  and  levelling,  in  one  day,  all  the  paper-houses  and  castles  in  the 
air  of  the  most  wide-a-wake  speculator,  or  who,  some  other  day — when  she  feels  inclined 
to  be  liberal — from  the  fact  of  having  more  gold  in  her  coflfers  than  she  knows  what  to  do 
with — will  open  her  purse,  as  well  as  her  heart,  and  discount  more  freely  at  a  low  rate, 
aflFording  relief  to  the  distressed  broker  with  settling-day  not  far  ofif,  and  in  fact  to  every 


20 


BANES  IN  AMEBIOA. 


one — even  flrom  Roth8chl'.>,  who  may  have  heen  negotiating  a  loan  for  some  "foreign 
power,"  who  is  not  powerfui  enongh  to  malce  ends  meet— down  to  the  poorest  workmen 
out  of  employment,  who  when  life,  activity,  and  confidence  has  emanated  from  the 
old  lady  referred  to,  Is  again  in  the  receipt  of  weekly  wages.  In  England  the  system  cen- 
tres in  one,  alike  in  banking,  as  well  as  in  government. 

In  America  it  is  in  banking  as  in  govecnment.thorough  republican,  all  upon  one  footing. 
In  some  of  the  Western  States,  all  can  issue  notes,  from  the  best  and  wealthiest  joint  stock 
concern,  who  affords  to  its  customers  the  security  of  the  State,  down  to  the  speculative 
"  Wild-Cttt"  banker,  who  does  not  trouble  himself  about  anybody's  security  and  safety  but 
his  own,  and  who,  in  the  issue  of  the  notes  of  hi»  bank,  or,  as  they  are  termed,  "  Shin- 
plasters,"  trusts  to  a  long-eared  public  taking  them  as  fast  as  those  of  any  other  bank. 

To  give  any  thing  like  an  adequate  idea  as  to  the  banking  system,  in  America,  and  the 
different  methods  on  which  it  is  conducted  in  different  States,  would  require  a  volume,  so 
we  can  only  merely  glance  at  some  of  its  features,  at  present. 

Any  man,  or  body  of  men  can  open,  and  carry  on  a  bank,  and  issue  their  own  notes, 
the  law  requiring,  that  to  be  a  legitimate  banking  institution,  affording  the  greatest  possi- 
ble security,  it  should  deposit,  in  the  hands  of  the  comptroller  of  the  State  in  which  it  is, 
government  stocks  to  the  value  of  its  issue. 

For  example— a  bank  is  started  with  $600,000,  (£100,000,)  and  out  of  that  capital,  an 
issue  of  notes  to  the  extent  of  $100,000  is  wanted.  The  proprietors  go  and  purchase  State 
stocks  to  the  value  of  the  $100,000  and  take  these  to  the  comptroller  of  the  banking 
department  of  the  State,  who,  having  received  these  State  stocks,  countersigns  the 
bank  notes,  (or  "bank  bills,"  as  they  are  called,)  for  those  parties  for  that  amount 
of  stocks  which  they  have  pledged,  or  deposited  with  him.  Tlie  safety  to  the  public, 
who  take  these  notes,  consists  in  having  the  notes  secured  in  the  manner  stated.  The  public 
holding  such  notes  in  the  event  of  such  a  bank  suspending  payment,  have  recourse  upon 
the  comptroller,  who  "  winds  up"  the  concern,  and  pays  the  note-holders,  the  omount  of 
the  notes,  snbject  to  a  deduction  for  expenses  incurred  in  winding  up.  In  such  cases,  the 
note-holders  have  to  wait  some  time,  before  the  matters  of  Bnh  concerns  are  settled,  ond 
hope  for  as  near  100  cents  to  the  dollar,  as  possible. 

No  such  bank  can  issue  more  than  the  quantity  they  have  given  pledges  for,  because 
every  note  bears  on  its  face,  the  signature  of  the  comptroller,  and  he  will  not  sign  his 
name  for  more  than  he  has  received  value  for. 

Banks,  whose  safety  to  the  public  are  thus  secured,  have  on  the  face  of  their  notes  the 
words  printed — "Skcubkd  bt  the  pledge  of  public  stocks,"  and  in  addition  to  having  tliesig- 
natures  of  the  president  and  cashier  of  the  bank,  the  note  is  stamped  thus  in  oval  form, 
generally,  "  Countersigned  and  Registered  in  the  Bank  Department."  Then  follows  the 
signature  of  the  comptroller,  specifying,  also,  of  what  State.  Thus  far,  then,  as  one 
sample — as  to  the  issue  of  legitimate  paper,  or  bank  bills,  or  notes. 

Depositors  have  no  recourse,  as  in  Britain,  upon  the  shareholders  of  any  joint  stock  bank. 
They  have  to  take  their  proportion  of  a  dividend  out  of  the  estate  of  such — as  in  any  other 
ordinary  suspension  or  bankruptcy.  This  was  illustrated  in  the  case  of  the  Ohio  Life  and 
Trust  Company  of  Cincinnati,  which  was  a  banking  institution,  and,  previous  to  its  suspen- 
sion in  October,  1857,  enjoyed  the  greatest  amount  of  public  confidence,  and  was  looked 
npon  as  safe  a  concern  as  the  Bank  of  England  itself.  Those  who  had  deposited  their  funds 
there,  had  no  recourse  against  the  individual  members  or  shareholders  of  that  company. 
It  may  be  remembered,  that  it  was  the  very  first  to  succumb  to  the  pressure,  of  either  mis- 
management or  some  other  cause,  and  the  concern  which  sounded  the  first  key-note  of  dis- 
trust, suffering,  and  want  of  confidence  which  has  spread  all  over  the  world,  and  which, 
even  now,  is  far  from  having  recovered  from  it. 

An  immense  amount  of  banking  is  carried  on  by  men  who  issue  no  notes,  and  who  as- 
sume the  title  of  banker,  and  who  are  just  as  ;<nuch  entitled  to  it,  and  as  worthy  of  it  as 
Glyn,  Mills  &  Co.,  or  Coutts  &  Co.,  of  London,  who,  of  course,  as  is  well  known,  issue  no 
notes  of  their  own. 


WILD-CAT  BANKING. 


21 


"  foreign 

workmen 

from  the 

^stem  cen- 

ae  footing, 
joint  stock 
ipeoultttive 
safety  but 
3d,  "  Shin- 
;r  bank, 
ca,  and  tlie 
volume,  80 

own  notes, 
atest  possi- 
■wliioli  it  la, 

b  capital,  an 

rcliase  State 

;he  banking 

terugns  tlie 

hat  amount 

the  public, 

The  public 

course  upon 

ae  amount  of 

ich  cases,  the 

settled,  and 

'or,  because 
not  sign  his 

ir  notes  the 
avingthesig- 
n  oval  form, 
follows  the 
ihen,  as  one 

t  stock  bank. 
in  any  other 
)hio  Life  and 
to  its  suspen- 
was  looked 
d  tlieir  funds 
int  company, 
if  either  mis- 
y-note  of  di3- 
~1,  and  wliich, 

and  who  as- 
Irtiiy  of  it  as 
Iwn,  issue  no 


Such  men  carry  on  their  business — and  most  extensively — on  similar  principles  to  the 
aforesaid  London  bankers,  and  are  to  be  found  in  all  the  chief  cities  and  towns  in  the 
Btates.  In  cities  or  towns  where  there  is  no  bank  constituted  as  we  have  explained,  and 
who  issues  its  own  notes,  tlie  trading  community  are  necessitated  to  keep  their  money 
in  the  hands  of  private  bankers,  and  depend  upon  them  for  discounting  bills  and  receiv- 
ing temporary  assistance  at  any  particular  time.  With  banking,  they  connect  the  "  exchange" 
business,  a  branch  of  business  little  known,  comparatively  speaking,  by  the  great  mass  of 
tlie  people  in  Britain,  arising,  no  doubt,  from  the  fact  that  the  matter  of  exchange,  or 
rather,  the  difference  in  the  value  of  money  in  bank  notes  is  not  affected  by  differences  in 
locality  so  much  in  Great  Britain  as  is  the  case  in  America.  This  leads  us  into  the  matter 
of  exchange,  which  we  will  notice  by  itself.  Before  we  dismiss  the  matter  of  banks  of 
issue,  we  will  refer  to  the  system  of  Wild-Cat  Banking  as  it  is  called. 

WILD-OAT  BANKING. 

Wk  cannot  explain  how  it  is  that  the  banking  genut  homo  has  thus  been  connected 
with  the  untamed  of  the  feline  species;  certain  it  is,  however,  that  the  signification  is 
well  understood,  and  a  "  wild-cat"  bank  note,  if  suspected,  is  looked  at  and  handled  aa  a 
man  would  handle  a  hot  poker,  and  if  he  should  have  been  unfortunate  enough  to  bum  his 
fingers  by  the  operation,  he  very  often  suffers  in  silence,  till  he  puts  it  into  the  hands  of 
some  one  else  who  is  not  aware  of  its  quality,  and  who,  in  travelling,  may  pay  it  away 
quite  innocently  1000  miles  off  in  two  days  afterwards,  its  appearance  being  hailed,  per- 
haps, as  a  small  god-send,  by  some  one  who  has  not  seen  the  "  colour"  of  money  for  some 
time.  In  this  way  "  wild-cat"  bank  notes  get  into  circulation,  and  continue,  sometimes  for 
long  periods,  absent  from  home.  Thousands  and  tens  of  thousands  of  dollars'  worth  of 
those  notes  are  in  circulation ;  over  the  Western  States  more  particularly.  They  have 
cost  the  "  wild-cat"  only  the  paper,  engraving,  and  his  business-like  signature  to  them, 
with  the  "  promise  to  pay,"  on  demand,  too,  but  forgetting  to  add,  even  by  way  of  nota 
bene,  if  he  is  able  and  willing,  Hin  game  sometimes  is,  after  he  has  got  out  as  many  as  be 
cares  about  having  out,  or  can  get  out,  perhaps  some  friend  raises  a  "  hue  and  cry"  aa  to 
the  stability  of  his  bank,  and  he,  poor  unfortunate  (?),  what  can  he  do  but  decline  business 
— "  collapse,"  "  burst  up,"  or  put  a  printed  placard  on  his  shutters,  "  Gone  to  Kansas,"  if 
not  for  change  of  air,  certainly  for  change  of  scene,  for  future  operations. 

It  happens,  however,  sometimes,  that  such  "  wild-cat"  concerns  go  on  for  years,  and  make 
a  sort  of  legitimate  banking  business  out  of  it,  so  long  aa  it  answers  their  purpose. 

As  an  assistance  for  the  detection  of  wild-cat,  and  all  spurious  or  "  broken  bank"  notes, 
see  our  notice  headed  "  Bank  Note  Reporters." 

As  Ulustrative  of  something  akin  to  this  description  of  banking,  and  having  reference  to 
State  Stock  Banks,  (or  banks  having  their  notes  secured  by  the  deposit  of  State  stocks  as 
already  explained,)  wo  give  the  following  quotation  from  the  St.  Louis  Evening  Neum,  of 
Sd  September,  as  showing  that  even  that  description  of  bank  bills  are  tampered  with,  and 
circulated  in  a  manner  never  intended  by  the  law. 

Active  measures  are  taking  to  organize  a  brood  of  stoclc  banks  In  the  State  of  Iowa,  under  the  general  bank- 
ing law  recently  adopted  in  that  State.  Of  course,  St.  Louis  and  Chicago  will  be  expected  to  take  all  that 
comes  of  that  fresh  flood  of  irredeemable  money,  and  turn  it  into  gold  and  exchange.  The  Israelites  that 
were  compelled  by  their  Egyptian  task-mastera  to  make  bricks  without  straw,  were  not  harder  worked  than 
tre  these  two  western  cities  to  support  the  foreign  speculators  In  State  bonds,  by  converting  their  reams  of 
"lampblack  and  rags"  Into  actual  cash. 

When  will  the  people  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  rouse  up  to  the  clear  comprehension  of  the  swindle  that  Is 
practised  upon  them  by  the  stock  banks  of  the  West  ?  Those  banks  never  redeem  their  notes  In  gold  or  sil- 
ver, except  when  they  are  "  wound  up"  by  the  comptroller.  They  never  furnish  exchange  at  the  points 
where  It  is  wanted,  and  where  their  lying  promises  to  pay  are  gathered,  In  the  course  of  trade.  The  system 
of  stock  banking,  without  the  Clearing  House  feature,  is  an  enormous  fraud,  and  a  self-perpetuating  evil, 
that  will  exhaust  the  West  of  Its  gold,  and  end  in  a  vast  expansion  of  paper  money,  and  a  ruinous  revulsion 
before  many  years. 

Just  consider  the  operation  of  these  banks  a  moment :  a  set  of  speculators— most  probably  having  their 
abode  In  Wall  street,  New  Tork— to  obtain  $60,000  'f  State  bonds.  With  this  start  they  organize  a  bank, 
lay  on  Raccoon  Creek,  W^lsconsln.  Tliey  deposit  the  bonds  with  the  State  comptroller,  who  Issues  them  a 
batch  of  bank  notes  thereon  These  notes  are  sent  to  St.  touis  and  sold,  as  any  like  bundles  of  paper 
might  be,  at  1  per  cent  discount.    Our  brokers,  banken  and  merchants  give  countenance  to  this  kind  of 


EXCHANGE  BUSINI'SS — DIFFERENCES  OF  EXCHANGE. 


■onar.  Th«jr  all  My  "  It'i  good,  perfcoUy  lecnre,  eto.,  sod  w«  moit  Uk«  It,  all*  v«  will  Injure  the  trade  of 
the  city."    It  If  told  by  the  meken  and  luuem  of  It  at  1  per  cent  dlicount  for  MIsiourl  paper. 

The  ownen,  through  their  8t.  L.oul«  agent*,  preamt  thene  Mlsitnurl  notes  In  the  banks  and  demand  tht 
»p«cit.  It  la  paid,  and  Immediately  shipped  to  New  York,  and  Invested  In  another  batch  of  Btate  bonds, 
which  Slate  bonds  are  made  the  basis  of  another  new  bank  on  Wildcat  Creek,  Iowa;  and  the  note*  of  this 
new  "  wildcat"  are  In  like  manner  sent  to  8t.  Loul*  and  sold  for  Missouri  paper,  whereby  more  specie  Is 
drawn  from  the  Missouri  banks,  and  sent  away  to  organise  more  such  banks. 

Thus  does  the  swindling  proceed,  and  multiply  luelf  without  check  or  limit.  The  country  I*  filled  with 
Worthies*  bank  bills  that  are  nerer  redeemed.  The  specie  la  drawn  from  Missouri  bank*  and  *hli>ped  to 
New  York  to  buy  bonds  ;  and  for  every  dollar  so  lost  we  get  a  paper  dollar  In  return.  And,  Intelligent  (f ) 
people,  Influential  bankers  see  this  living  outrage  on  honest  labour  and  legitimate  banking  going  on,  and  stand 
Aeedl**!,  a*  if  paralysed  before  the  evil. 

The  only  safety,  the  only  permanent  relief,  will  be  fbund  In  putting  a  check  on  the  expansion  of  an  Irre- 
deemable paper  eurrencv  In  the  Mississippi  Valley.  i-f>  '■very  bank  note  that  circulates  be  forced  to  recog- 
nlie  the  specie  basis  In  St.  Louis  and  In  Chicago.    ''"  a  merchant  In  St.  Louis  wants  eastern  exchange, 

and  has  |fi,000  or  $10,000  In  Illinois  or  Wisconsin  he  may  go  to  the  Clearlng-lluuae  of  such  money, 

and  get  the  gold  or  the  exchange.    Ho  will  not  be  1,  as  now,  to  sell  his  currency,  lose  a  part  of  it 

by  discount,  get  Missouri  note*  In  return,  and  thei  I  and  obtain  gold  flrom  the  Missouri  banks. 


Although  Great  Britain  cannot  boast  of 
that  the  events  of  the  late  co'nmercial  pai 
to  be  found  eren  among  tht        'iking  fr 
and  impetuous  Ireland  ;  a  fra      -^ity,  ^ 
somewhere  in  the  region  of  the 
as  recent  events  have  proved,  it»  ... 


at"  bankers  in  name,  it  must  be  confessed 

developed  the  fact  that  "  wildcats"  nre 

of  wealthy  England,  cautious  Scotland, 

way,  which  is  popularly  believed  to  exist 

en  of  honour,  morality,  ond  infallibility,  but 

.tre  only  mortal  after  all,  and  who  are  as  liable 


to  err,  morally  as  well  as  criminally, .  ae  young  and  rising  merchant,  whose  bills  they 
may  be  desirous  of  discounting,  so  long  as  it  answers  the  purpose  of  manager  or  directors, 
until  he  is  cast  off,  and  launched  suddenly  into  the  slaughter-house  of  some  accountant,  in 
whom  the  banker  may  be  specially  interested,  or  otherwise  into  the  court  of  bankruptcy. 
The  doings,  however,  of  such  wildcat  banking  establishments,  have  not  the  same  facilities 
in  Britain  and  Ireland,  as  they  hove  'n  some  districts  of  America,  in  so  far  as  the  issue  of 
notes  is  concerned,  whilst  the  unlimit.ed  liability  of  shareholdership  secures  for  the  note- 
holder, at  some  time  or  other,  20».  in  the  £,  or  100  cents  to  the  |. 

Upon  the  whole,  therefore,  it  is  only  just  to  say,  that  whilst  the  banking  system  of 
America  is  as  we  have  endeavoured  to  give  samples  of,  it  can  boast  of  men  in  the  profession 
of  as  high  standing,  not,  perhaps,  in  means,  but  in  integrity  of  purpose,  and  commercinl 
financing  abilities  as  what  Great  Britain  can  do,  and  her  first-class  bankers  in  such  os  New 
York,  Philadelphia,  and  elsewhere.  Inherit  the  confidence  of  the  public  as  much  as  any 

joint  stock  bank,  or  even  the  Bank  of  England  itself,  does  in  England,  Scotland,  or  Ire- 
land,   ''^''-'■'i  '^t''-<'"  i<  «'»  !:-i7iJt»i;|  ;..KJir."j  .T  iL'.j  i.T    -,'r^j  ■'-.•■u  :  •■  '\"y;L: 


itii  -.ii  Las, 'TIS 


EXCHANGE   AND   EXCHANGE   OFFICES.  *''i 


This  branch  of  the  banking  business  is  supposed  to  be  a  very  speculative,  and  sometimes 
a  very  money-making  one,  that  depending  upon  the  nature  of  the  exchange  business  done, 
and  the  qualifications  of  the  operator.  Some  bankers  purchase  the  notes  of  "  broken 
banks,"  or  banks  which  have  suspended — and  the  affairs  of  which  uru  still  uiisellled.  Tliey 
pay  BO  much  per  dollar  upon  the  bills  or  notes  of  such — and  take  their  chance  of  getting 
more  than  they  pay  for  them.  Their  knowledge  of  the  position  of  all  banks  which  are 
being  "  wound  up,"  and  what  prospect  there  is  as  tu  u  dividend,  r-nables  them  to  speculate 
accordingly — pretty  safely — and  obtain  a  good  margin.  Again,  sometimes  a  panic  is  raised 
about  the  stability  of  some  one  or  more  banks  In  certain  districts ;  the  public  who  hnve  tlio 
notes  of  such  banks,  getting  to  hear  of  it,  become  frightened,  and  go  to  these  exchange- 
bankers  or  brokers,  who  offer  what  they  like  for  them ;  the  said  banker,  in  some  cases, 
knowing  perfectly  well  that  the  bank  is  all  right,  and  thus  pockets  perhaps  25  per  cent 
by  the  transaction.  Such  reports  as  to  the  standing  of  perfectly  good  banks,  are  sometimes 
got  up  by  interested  parties,  to  the  great  profit  of  the  brokers,  who  buy  up  the  notes  from 
5  to  26  per  cent  discount,  as  the  case  may  be. 

The  whimsicalities  of  banking,  and  confidence  in  certain  bank-notes,  was  curiously  illns- 
trated  last  July,  when  the  brokers  took  into  their  heads  to  "  throw  out"  the  notes  of  nearly 
all  the  banks  of  the  State  of  Wisconsin,  whilst,  at  the  same  time,  it  was  followed  by  an  an- 
liounoement  from  the  railroad  companies  Uiere,  that  the  notes  of  these  very  banks  wonld 


THE  BANK  NOTES  OF  AMERICA. 


28 


ihe  trad*  of 

emand  tlit 
itate  bondi, 
lotea  of  thli 
ore  specie  to 

I  filled  with 

thlpped  to 

stemgentC?) 

D,  anditBDd 

1  of  an  Irre- 
id  to  recog- 
n  exchange, 
luch  money, 
a  part  of  It 
baoki. 

e  confessed 
ildcats"  nre 
I  Scotlasd, 
ed  to  exist 
liblUty,  but 
re  as  liable 
)  bills  they 
)r  directors, 
jountant,  in 
Bankruptcy, 
ne  facilities 
the  issue  of 
ir  the  note- 

g  system  of 
le  profession 
commercial 
such  as  New 
inch  as  any 
land,  or  Ire- 


be  token  at  par,  or  full  valne.  If  there  was  no  "  dodge"  somewhere  in  that,  it  certainly 
looked  like  it  So  far,  therefore,  as  regards  broken  banks,  and  buying  notes  under  raluo,  • 
The  legitimate  exchange  business,  however,  consists  more  in  the  exohanglng  of  the  bank* 
notes  of  ope  State  for  those  of  another  State,  or  paying  their  value  In  gold  or  silver.  Thus, 
for  example,  if  a  £1  Scotch  bank  note  Is  taken  to  London,  (Eng.,)  no  London  banker  will 
take  it  as  worth  20«  stg.,  if  he  takes  It  nt  all.  To  get  It  converted  Into  silver  It  must 
i)e  taken  to  some  silversmith  or  Jeweller,  who  is  In  the  habit  of  exchanging  money  of 
that  sort,  or  to  a  "  bullion  broker,"  whose  business  is  that  of  exchanging  the  money 
of  any  foreign  country  for  that  of  England,  or  vice  vena.  He  is  the  English  "  exchange 
banker  or  broker."  On  going  to  him  with  a  Scotch  one  pound-note,  he  would  give  only 
19«.,  or  19<.  and  6<£  for  it;  thus  charging  6(£  or  Is.  fbr  "  exchange."  Such  is  the  prin- 
ciple here,  only  that,  sometimes,  the  notes  of  one  State  are  more  valuable  1000  miles  from 
the  plaee  where  issued,  than  the  notes  of  those  you  wish  to  exchange  them  for,  as  we  will 
endeavour  to  explain.  Thus,  for  example,  the  notes  of  a  first-olass  New  York  bank  ar« 
more  valuable  in  Chicago,  than  the  notes  of  •  Chicago  bank  are  there,  because  the  bankers 
and  merchants  in  Chicago  can  send,  say  a  $6  New  York  note,  to  New  York,  and  get  credit 
for  $6  In  full ;  but  if  they  were  to  send  a  $6  Chicago  bank  note,  the  parties  In  New  York 
receiving  It  would  deduct,  perhaps,  1^  per  cent,  or  equal  to  7^  cents,  off  that  note.,  as 
Chicago  notes  in  New  York  are  not  worth  so  much  there,  as  New  York  notes  are,  although 
the  Chicago  note  is  good  enough,  and  worth  $6  In  full  in  tbo  State  where  Issued,  The 
difference,  therefore,  between  the  value  of  a  $6  Chicago  note  .;  Chicago,  and  in  New 
York,  Is  1^  per  cent,  or  *l\  cents,  on  a  $6  note.  That  difference  is  called  the  "  difference 
of  exchange,"  or,  that  Chicago  notes  in  the  New  York  Market  are  1^  per  cent  below  par,  or 
fall  standard  value.  Thus,  a  $5  Chicago  note  is  worth  only  f  4.92^ — (four  dollars  and 
ninety-two  and  a  half  cents)  in  New  York.  o«uivil.i>:ii  j.uf^.ii-!  . 

As  a  general  rule,  we  think  we  may  say,  that  after  a  note  of  any  State  almost,  except- 
ing New  York  and  the  New  England  States,  travels  out  of  the  State  where  it  was  issued, 
it  loses  in  value  the  further  it  travels  from  home,  as  it  were,  (In  the  same  way  as  the  Scotch 
pound  note  does,  when  It  goes  to  London,)  and  is  subject  to  a  deduction  to  a  small  extent, 
if  you  wish  to  convert  It  Into  gold  or  silver.  As  we  have  said,  this  applies  to  almost  all  the 
notes  of  banks  issued  in  every  State,  excepting  those  stated ;  from  the  fact  of  New  York 
being  the  centre  where  money  is  due,  and  having  to  be  paid  there,  it  is  cheaper  to  pay 
with  New  York  notes  than  any  other,  as  we  have  already  stated. 

In  travelling,  therefore — if  you  are  a  stranger — see  that  you  are  carrying  no  notes  of  one 
State  into  another  State  with  you.  The  best  money  for  you  to  take  is  gold— in  1,  2i,  8,  6, 
10,  and  20  dollar  pieces.    They  will  go  anywhere  for  full  valu& 

All  exchange  oflSces  are  not  always  what  they  profess  to  be.  In  many  places  they  par- 
take of  the  character  of  gambling-houses,  and  such  like.  Respectable  exchange  oflSces, 
who  can  be  trusted  with  business  safely,  are  in  every  city  and  town,  and  are  easily 
foand  out  « 

At  many  places,  the  sign  of  "  Exchange"  is  put  up,  when  it  means  a  pawnbroker's  shop, 
a  drinking  saloon,  or  where  farm  produce  is  bartered  for  dry  goods,  groceries,  etc.,  so  that 
this  is  one  of  the  many  things  which  takes  time  for  a  stranger  to  thoroughly  understand 
tin-i  to  discriminate  between  the  different  kinds  of  "Exchange"  p^-ces  of  business  there 
are,  and  pick  out  the  "wheat  from  the  cha£" 

■■'■■'       'isa  ..v-:!.!  f    THE  BANK  NOTES  OF  AMERICA. 

The  bank  notes— or  bank  bills,  as  they  are  called— both  of  the  United  States  and  Canada, 
are  different,  in  many  respects,  to  those  of  Great  Britain.  They  have  all  one  great  and 
good  feature  about  them,  viz.,  they  are  all  one  size,  and  neither  like  the  dumpy  £1 
uole  of  Scotland,  the  broad  sheet  of  Ireland,  nor  yet  like  the  "  promise  to  pay"  of  Mr, 
Matthew  Marshall,  of  the  Bank  of  England.  In  one  respect,  however,  they  are  like  the  £1 
notes  of  Scotland  and  Ireland— they  are  used  till  they  become  quite  as  filthy,  greasy,  dirty. 


24 


BANK   NOTES  AND  REPORTERS. 


ragged-looking  remnant*  of  belter  days.  Like  the  Bootoh  and  Iriah  banks,  we  preinmo, 
the  American  banks  tlilnk  it  too  muoli  of  a  good  thing  to  follow  tlie  example  of  the 
Bank  of  England,  who,  every  time  its  notes  oome  back  to  it,  are  never  sent  out  again, 
although  they  were  issued  only  the  day  before.  They  are  not  so  prodigal  with  their 
paper,  in  that  respect,  as  the  "  old  lady  of  Threadneedle  street"  is ;  besides,  it  might 
be  sometimes  rather  inconvenient  to  be  issuing  fresh  batches  of  notes,  seeing  that,  for  the 
most  part,  they  end  in  amount  whore  Dank  of  England  notes  begin,  viz.,  £0,  or  $20,  and 
not  only  so,  but  the  well-thumbed,  "  all  tattered  and  torn"  dollar  note  begets  confidence  in 
its  very  rugs  and  length  of  service,  and  thus  it  goes,  from  hand  to  hand,  till  its  flimsy  form 
evaporates  somewhere,  or  finds  its  way  back,  perchance,  to  be  "  paid  on  demand,"  if  it  is 
in  a  condition  capable  of  being  read. 

The  American  bank  note  is  about  8  inches  deep,  and  1  inches  long,  exquisitely  engraved, 
with  all  the  minuteness  of  the  engraver's  art,  and  signed  and  decorated  with  all  the  para- 
phernalia attendant  on  such  representatives  of  public  confidence  and  wealth. 

They  are  issued  from  $1  upwards,  running  2,  8,  and  6,  and  from  that  to  lO's,  rising 
6  each  time.  From  f  10,  they  rise  to  20  and  60,  by  lO's,  and  from  that  to  $100,  and  from 
(bat,  by  lOO's,  on  to  $600,  and  from  that  to  $1000. 

They  are  made,  generally,  of  thin,  greyish-white  coloured  paper,  with  sometimes  sundry 
glaring-coloured  stamps,  etc.,  upon  them.  None  of  them,  when  new,  which  we  have  seen, 
have  the  appearance  of  a  new,  snow-white  Bank  of  England  note,  but  resemble  in  appear- 
ance the  Scotch  bank  notes,  when  new,  but  the  paper  not  half  so  thick  or  tough  as  they 
are.  Tellers,  in  British  and  Irish  banks,  may  judge  of  what  the  counting  and  sorting;  of 
notes,  value  4«.  each,  must  be,  and  the  number  of  banks  about  2000.  We  can  fancy  noth- 
ing that  could  possibly  rufile  the  temper  of  some  of  the  methodical  gentlemen  in  the  Bank 
of  England,  or  the  fast-looking  gentlemen  in  some  of  the  London  private  banks,  so  much 
08  having  only  a  couple  of  thousand  pounds'  worth,  of  a  miscellaneous  lot  of  American  bank 
notes,  to  sort  and  pay  out.  If  they  thought  the  paying  out  of  their  bran-new  6  pounden 
a  bore,  we  fancy  th'-y  would  perfectly  revere  the  sight  of  them,  ever  afterwards.  After 
all,  however,  as  one  gets  accustomed  to  even  the  $1  notes,  they  are  preferable  for  carrying, 
compared  to  a  lot  of  gold  or  silver,  in  the  pocket. 

As  ,%  means  of  distinguishing  good  notes  from  bad  ones,  publications  called  "  Bank  Note 
Repor'.er3"  are  used,  a  few  particulars  regarding  which  we  annex. 


■t!  n^/' 


,i  ': 


BANK-NOTE  REPORTERS. 


AiioNOBT  the  literature  of  America,  a  perfect  host  of  publications,  all  under  one  title,  is 
issued,  which,  so  far  as  we  are  aware,  is  almost  unknown,  and,  we  may  also  add,  perfectly 
unnecessary  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.  The  publications  we  refer  to  are  small  news- 
paper-looking periodicals,  termed  "  Bank-Note  Reporters,"  or,  in  a  few  cases,  "  Bonk-Note 
Lists."  Tliey  are  issued,  generally,  of  about  82  pages  of  the  imperial  size,  closely  printed 
with  very  small  type,  and  some  giving  wood-cut  engravings  of  all  the  known  coins  in  cir- 
culation throughout  the  world,  and  their  relative  value. 

In  every  place  of  business, — whether  it  be  at  the  office  of  the  largest  hotel,  the  largest 
wholesale  or  retail  store,  down  to  the  old  woman  who  retails  out  8  cents'  worth  of  sugar- 
candy — the  bank-note  reporter  is  to  be  seen  hung  up  at  hand — in  cities,  towns,  villages, 
and  even  in  a  solitary  shanty  in  the  woods,  so  be  that  any  thing  is  sold  there. 

Bank-note  reporters  are  issued  by  the  exchange  bankers  or  brokers,  and  contaiii 
lists  of  every  bank  in  the  United  States  and  Canada,  and  profess  to  give  their  read- 
ers a  correct  idea  of  the  position  and  standing  of  every  bank,  as  well  as  all  who 
have  failed,  been  closed,  or  are  at  a  low  discount,  and  how  much  below  par  their 
notes  are,  if  any — whether  they  are  "  shin-plasters,"  or  "  counterfeits,"  or  "  imitotions"— 
what  is  the  correct  current  value  of  "  broken  banks,"  and  all  "  uncurrent  money,"  ond,  in 
fact,  every  particular  by  which  yon  can  tell  a  good  note  from  a  bad  one,  when  it  is  pre- 
sented, whether  it  be  a  $1,  or  a  $500  note,  or  bill. 


0UKI0SITIE8  OP  BANKING  LITERATURE. 


25 


;>rMumo, 
16  of  the 
It  again, 
Ith  their 
It  niiglit 
b,  for  the 
930,  and 
Sdence  in 
nity  form 
I,"  If  it  li 

engraved, 
the  para- 

lO'i,  rising 
and  from 

net  sundry 
have  seen, 

in  appuar- 
gh  a«  they 
1  lorting  of 
fancy  noth- 
n  the  Banlc 
ks,  BO  much 
erican  bank 

6  pounders 
u'ds.  After 
or  carrying, 

Bank  Note 


one  title,  is 
Id,  perfectly 
small  news- 
'  Bonk-Note 
sely  printed 
I  coins  in  oir- 

[,  the  largest 
th  of  sugar- 
fns,  villages, 

land  contaia 
their  read- 
as  all  who 
|w  par  their 
Imitations"— 
ley,"  and,  in 
len  it  is  pre- 


Tliese  publications  are  a  public  necessity, and  the  busin.ss  of  the  country  could  not  be 
carried  on  safely  without  them.  Wore  they  to  go  out  of  existence  to-morrow,  the  whole 
country  would,  most  likely,  bo  flooded  with  counterfeits  and  imitations  of  the  notes  of 
banks  in  cxistonco,  ns  well  as  the  notes  of  bunks  which  had  no  existence,  except  on  paper. 
In  all  the  cities,  these  rejwrters  are  issued  in  largo  quantities,  and  as  every  exchange 
broker  has  one  set  of  corresjwndents  in  other  large  cities,  he  gets  the  value  of  stocks  cor- 
rected by  these  correspondents  in  their  various  localities,  and  thus  presents,  probably,  I  itho 
"  Reporter"  the  prices  of  stocks  in  each  of  the  leodliig  cities,  in  addition  to  his  quoto- 
tions  respecting  the  character,  and  value  of  all  bank-notes,  in  the  city  where  ho  pub- 
lishes his  reporter. 

The  reporters  are  published  daily,  trl- weekly,  semi- weekly,  ond  weekly,  so  as  to  suit  nil 
clnssps  of  purchasers — the  old  woman  alluded  to,  probably,  being  content  to  carry  on  her 
business  by  getting  "  posted  up"  weekly,  at  a  cost  of  4  or  ti  cents — whilst  the  larger 
operators  wish  to  be  "  posted"  daily,  on  the  some  subject. 

It  will  at  once  be  seen  how  necessary  it  is,  that  such  publications  should  bo  conducted 
by  men  of  undoubted  Integrity,  and  who  ought  to  have  no  interest,  other  than  in  ren- 
dering their  publications  as  trustworthy  as  the  quototions  of  stocks  is  considftrod  to  be  in  u 
London  or  any  other  first-class  newspaper.     Wo  have  no  doubt  some  of  them  ore  con- 
ducted by  men  of  high  moral  principle,  who  state  the  exuit  standing  of  every  banking 
concern  in  the  whole  country,  as  they  believe  it  to  be,  and  ibat  their  opinions  and  quota- 
tions may  bo  perfectly  correct.     Whilst  wo  admit  that  freely,  we  hove  every  reason  to  be- 
lieve, that  bank-note  reporters  ore  issued,  in  some  Instances,  from  very  different  motives, 
and  who  do  not  state  the  facts  as  to  the  position  of  nil  bonks,  tn  tbfuUy  and  feorlessly.     In 
some  cases  it  Is  well  known,  that  unless  a  banking  concern,  will/ee  and  bribe  the  publish- 
ers of  certain  bank-note  reporters,  they  will  quote  the  sold  banks  lower  than  they  ought 
to  do,  and  by  such  meons  create  a  fania  or  prejudice  ogoinst  them,  no  doubt  to  some 
extent  injurious  to  the  banks  thus  assailed,  by   this  species  of  block-mail,  which  is 
levelled  against  them.    Tliot  is  in  the  case  of  perfectly  good  bonks.    On  the  other  hand, 
again,  there  is  no  doubt,  that  that  class  of  reporter  publishers  are  guilty  of  quoting 
"wildcat"  bonks  ot  prices  they  are  not  entitled  to,  and  by  other  means  puffing  the  notes 
of  such  into  circulation,  on  receiving  o  hordsome  douceur  for  their  trouble.    Such  bank- 
note reporters  arc,  of  course,  any  thing  but  reliable  ;  the  only  difficulty  is,  how  you  are  to 
tell  one  from  another — seeing  that  they  ore  all  published  by  exchange  brokers,  who  cull 
themselves  bankers.     As  we  said  before,  there  is  no  doubt,  whatever,  that  there  are  respecta- 
al)le  ones  omongst  them — those  guilty  of  such  practices  os  olluded  to  being,  we  believe,  the 
exception — yet  it  is  only  by  a  long  residence  in  the  town  where  they  are  published  that 
you  will  be  enabled  to  discriminate  between  the  real  and  the  doubtful  of  these  sofe-guords 
of  the  public  pocket.    Tlie  circulation  of  some  of  the  most  respectable  of  them,  averages, 
it  is  said,  100,000  copies  each  publication. 

Presuming  you  wont  to  know  if  0  bank  is  good,  you  have  only  to  refer  to  the  olphobeti- 
cal  list  of  all  bonks  published  In  the  reporter — and  if  you  do  not  find  It  amongst  that  list, 
you  may  conclude  it  is  bad — or  you  may  find  it  amongst  the  list  of  "  Broken  Banks." 
The  banks  in  every  State  are  alphabetically  arranged  by  themselves,  so  that  there  is  no 
difficulty  in  finding  out  the  nome  of  the  bonk  you  wont.  Any  one  who  has  to  do  with 
money,  and  the  receiving  of  It — in  notes,  to  him — a  bank-note  reporter  is  indispensable. 
They  abound  in  oil  large  cities.  ,  ' 

CURIOSITIES  OF  BANKING   LITERATURE. 

As  we  have  no  doubt  there  are  many  who  ore  not  aware  of  the  existence  of  a  few  curi- 
osities in  banking  literature,  which  are  to  be  found  in  America,  we  think  we  will  be  con- 
fening,  perhaps,  some  information,  as  well  ae  ..musement,  if  we  give  a  few  extracts  from 
one  of  the  "  Bank-Note  Reporters,"  before  alluded  to.  These  public  informants  present  a 
few  features,  we  think,  quite  unknown  by  many  of  even  the  banking  population  of  Great 


26 


EXTRACTS  FROM  BANK-NOTE  REPORTERS. 


Britain,  as  well  as  by  the  great  maas  of  the  people  there,  consequently,  we  annex  a  few  ex- 
tracts from  one,  as  exhibiting  illustrations  of  "  Wild-Cat"  banking,  and  the  amount  of  in- 
genuity there  must  be  at  work  in  the  lithographing  and  engraving  world,  to  produce  the 
hosts  of  counterfeit  or  bogus  notes  there  are  in  existence. 

The  first  sample  we  will  present,  is  a  piece  of  advice  tendered  to  the  Carroll  County 
Bank,  N.  H.,  to  see  that  its  notes  are  better  printed  in  future.  Fancy  one  of  the  small 
publications  of  London  talking  to  the  Bank  of  Scotland,  perhaps,  in  the  following  strain  1 

"  We  would  call  the  attention  of  the  Legislature  of  New  Hampshire  to  the  miserably  en- 
graved issues  of  the  Carroll  County  Bank,  Sandwich.  We  have  seen  several  of  their  is- 
sues, and  took  particular  notice  of  them.  The  bank  ought  to  be  indicted  for  getting  out 
such  abominably  engraved  notes,  as  the  temptation  tt  counterfait  them  will  be  almost  ir- 
resistible." 

It  is  quite  evident  that  the  Bank-Note  Reporter  has  the  public  welfare  at  heart  in  its 
magnanimous  advice,  as  quoted. 

The  next  intimation  is  of  a  very  gratifying  nature,  when  it  says,  with  regard  to  the  State 
Bank  of  Indiana,  that  "  it  is  now  demonstrated  that  the  State  of  Indiana  will  realize  about 
$2,000,000  clear  profit,  through  its  connection  with  this  bank  and  the  Sinking  Fund." 

Talking  of  a  certain  bank  in  Litchfield,  (the  name  of  which  we  do  not  give,)  the  Re- 
porter is  again  solicitous  after  the  safety  of  the  public,  in  talking  very  much  as  if  it  was 
hunting  up  a  "  wild  cat,"  when  it  says : — 

"  This  institution  has  been  under  investigation  for  some  time,  and,  to  quote  from  a  Con- 
necticut journal,  it  is  a  "sort  of  a  fast  and  loose"  arrangement,  which  was  "  of  no  use  to  any 
one  but  the  owner ;"  and  like  a  certain  horse  navigator,  who,  once  upon  a  time,  took  a  ride 
on  a  Jersey  road,  and  gave  the  steed  too  much  headway;  the  bank,  like  the  horse,  was  too 
much  to  manage,  and  went  its  way  accordingly."  u 

We  next  find  an  explanation  of  marks  and  letters  which  are  inserted  after  the  names  of 
particular  banks.     Thus  it  says ; — 

"  The  figures  on  the  line  with  the  bank  expresses  the  discount  on  its  notes. 
"  The  descriptions  under  each  bank  are  of  counterfeits  or  alterations  on  the  bank. 
"  The  letter  (F)  on  the  line  with  the  bank  shows  it  to  be  a  free  bank,  with  notes  secured 
by  a  deposit." 

Where  the  letter  (<S)  occurs,  it  is  understood  to  mean  that  that  particular  bank  is  organ- 
ized under  the  "  Safety  Fund  Bank  Law,"  but,  strange  although  it  may  appear,  says;— 
"  These  banks  have  no  security  deposited  for  the  redemption  of  their  notes." 
Other  explanations  follow,  for  example,  showing  the  caution  exhibited  for  the  welfare 
of  the  public,  yet  not  forgetting  member  one,  in  the  last  sentence : — 

"  The  letter  (D)  means  that  we  consider  the  bank  doubtful. 

"  A  dash  ( — ),  that  it,  is  unsaleable. 

"An  index  (HJ^"),  that  we  know  too  little  of  the  bank  to  quote  it. 

"  A  star  (*),  that  the  quotation  is  not  reliable — doubtful  whether  we  buy  at  all.'' 

We  now  givo  a  few  samples  of  how  the  counterfeits  are  noticed  and  described. 

Taking  the  case  of  the  "  Farmers'  Bank,  Orwell,  Vermont,"  it  would  appear  that  tlio 
genius  of  the  counterfeiters  had  been  directed  to  impose  upon  the  simple  farmers  in  that 
State,  of  lovely  scenery,  in  the  following  manner : — 

$1,  vignette,  farmer,  sheaf  of  grain,  rake,  etc.;  female,  shield,  and  figure  1  on  right  end. 

$2,  vignette,  farmer  feeding  hogs — altered  trom  Farmers'  Bank,  Wickford,  R.  I. 

f '2,  spurious — vignette,  cattle  under  tree. 

$2,  figure  2  in  the  centre — female  and  eagle  on  the  left — three  females  on  the  right. 

$3,  altered  from  broken  Farmers'  Bank,  Wickford,  R.  I. 

$3,  vignette,  men,  boy,  horses,  sheep,  house,  etc. — female  feeding  chickens  on  right  lower 
corner. 

$5  ond  $10,  vignette,  man  lying  on  the  ground,  sheaf,  rake,  etc. — hea(?  on  lower  loft 
corner,  female  on  lower  right — Orwell  is  spelled  "  Orwidds." 

On  the  notes  of  the  Farmers'  and  Mechanics'  Bank,  in  Burlington,  Vt.,  again,  the  follow 
ing  counterfeits  are  thus  described; — 


|3,| 

$6,h 

|5,  V 

|5,  $ 

110,  ■ 

$20,1 

eagle  or 

160,1 

one  foot 

$100, 

It  wil 
the  farm 
sharp  ey 
out-of-th( 
crossing 
don  to  th 
Bank,  Br 
The  im 

$2,  spn 
$3,  vigi 
$3,  vigi 
$5,  agri 
$5,  alte 
$5,  altei 

Not  dau 
Bank"  itsel 

$3,  vign 
$6,  Indif 
$5,  spuri 
$5,  spuri 

$5,  Mass 
$10,  $20 

We  coulc 
another,  as 
the  books 

Whether 
ciently 

Who  wou 
8on,  being  at 
ing,  on  the 

Genuine  : 
careful. 

$5,  steam 

$5,  Toron 

genuine  it 

ronto,"  in  ge 

$5.  Montr 

and  pay  W. 

$5,  Jterec 

110,  lithof 

$10,  alterc 

|10,  pnrliti 

vlO,  photo 

We  fancy 
"le  "  nose  of 
and  the  other 

Having  th» 


po 


COUNTEBFEITS,   AND  IMITATIONS  OF  BANK  NOTES. 


)J7 


$8,  |6,  $10,  |20,  spurious — Washington  on  each  end. 

$6,  letter  B — vignette  figure  6 — men  and  horses  on  each  side, 

$5,  vignette,  a  female  caressing  an  eagle. 

|5,  |10,  $20,  150,  and  $100,  altered. 

$10,  vignette,  a  female,  bheaf  of  wheat,  cattle,  etc. 

$20,  vignette,  female  with  a  spinning-wheel — an  Indian  on  the  right  end — female  and 
eagle  on  the  left  end. 

$60,  vignette,  figure  of  Hope— on  the  right  end  a  stag— on  the  left,  a  female  figure,  with 
one  foot  on  a  globe. 

$100,  Lafayette  and  Washington  on  the  ends. 

It  will  thus  be  seen,  that  notwithstanding  the  ingenuity  displayed  in  trying  to  dazzle 
the  farmers  and  mechanics  of  Orwell  and  Burlington  with  the  illustrations  alluded  to,  the 
sharp  eye  of  the  "  reporter"  is  upon  them.  Not  content  with  trying  their  hand  at  such 
out-of-the-way  places  ns  quoted,  some  more  daring  spirits  come  into  New  York  State,  and 
crossing  over  from  New  York  to  Brooklyn— as  it  might  be  crossing  from  the  city  of  Lon- 
don to  the  Borough — there  they  make  a  dead  set  on  the  notes  of  the  veritable  "  Mechanics' 
Bank,  Brooklyn,"  which  has  got  its  genuine  notes  secured  by  deposit  of  State  stocks. 

The  imitations  on  its  notes  are  thus  given ; — 

$2,  spurious — vignette,  ship  imder  sail,  female  on  right.  '  S  i^  ', 

$3,  vignette,  blacksmith  on  right  corner  at  work.  "^      • 

.f  3,  vignette,  eagle  and  shield,  Washington  with  3  on  each  side. 

$5,  agricultural  implements,  with  female  seated  on  a  rock  on  the  left  of  vignette. 

$5,  altered — vignette,  horse-shoeing. 

$6,  altered — vignette,  sailor  at  a  wheel. 

Not  daunted  at  that  attempt,  another  is  actually  made  upon  the  "New  York  State 
Bank"  itself,  of  which  the  celebrated  Rufus  H.  King  is  president    Thus : — 

$3,  vignette.  State  Arms,  portrait  between  signatures. 

$5,  Indian  on  right  end.  ; 

$5,  spurious — vignette,  four  females  supporting  a  "6," 

$5,  spurious — vignette,  images  swinging  in  a  wreath. 

$5,  Massachusetts'  coat  of  arms  on  tlie  right  side,  "  New"  in  New  York  is  spelt  "  Now.'" 

$10,  $20,  $50,  altered — vignette,  female,  eagle,  ship. 

We  could  fill  a  good-sized  volume  with  such  descriptions,  and  as  our  lost,  we  will  give 
another,  as  showing  that  even  in  Her  Majesty's  dominions,  a  leaf  or  two  is  desired  out  of 
the  books  of  issue,  and  taken  without  the  liberty  of  the  best  banks  in  Canada. 

Whether  the  counterfeits  are  of  American  or  Canadian  manufacture,  we  are  not  suffi- 
ciently "  posted"  to  say. 

Who  would  have  thought  of  the  good  old-fashioned,  cautious  Scotch  banker,  Mr.  David- 
son, being  attempted  to  be  imposed  upon  in  this  manner,  with  such  imitations  as  the  follow- 
ing, on  the  "  Bank  of  Montreal."    Thus  we  quote : — 

Genuine  notes  of  this  bank,  it  is  said,  are  in  circulation,  with  counterfeit  signature,  Be 
careful. 

$5,  steamer  on  upper  right  corner;  cattle  on  left;  5  in  centre;  an  eagle  between  signatures. 

$5,  Toronto  Branch,  letter  A,  pay  Baker;  the  word  "  value"  to  left  of  "Toronto,"  in 
genuine  it  is  over  "Toronto;"  in  counterfeit,  nose  of  small  dog  comes  near  "T"  in  "To- 
ronto," in  genuine  it  is  an  eighth  of  an  inch  from  the  "T." 

$5,  Montreal  Bank — pay  cash  or  beaier  •  others  pay  L.  Carlle,  in  Quebec,  April  2, 1819, 
and  pay  W.  Radenhaun. 

$5,  .Itered — vignette,  farmer  reclining  on  5 ;  others  V  in  circle  at  bottom.    ■ 

$10,  lithograph — they  are  numbered  19,0-1:7. 

$10.  altered  from  $1. 

$10,  pnrliament  is  spelled  parltment. 

$10,  photograph  on  the  Petersborough  Branch. 

We  fiincy  we  see  a  genuine  smile  come  over  the  grave  face  of  the  manager,  when  he  saw 
the  "  nose  of  small  dog"  coming  into  too  close  proximity  with  one  of  his  head  agencies, 
and  the  other  dodges  to  deceive  him  and  his  "  cute"  tellers. 

Having  thus  given  a  few  scmples  of  the  counterfeit  notes  in  circulation,  we  will  now  con- 


!l 
il 


28  BROKEN  BANKS — USURY  LAWS.  ^ 

elude  our  extracts  of  these  gems  of  banking  literature,  with  an  illustration  or  two  of  how 
the  character  or  death  of  some  of  the  "  institutions"  are  thus  so  ruthlessly  recorded,  with- 
out the  least  regard  for  the  feelings  of  the  living,  or  the  friends  of  departed  heroes  of 
banking  renown. 
Thus  a  few  of  the  Canada  banks  is  recorded : — 

Cmr  or  Hamilton,  (shinplaster,)  Hamilton no  sale. 

Colonial  Bank  of  Chatham,  U.  C — 

Commercial  Bank,  Brockville cloied. 

Commercial  Bank,  Fort  Erie closed. 

Mechanics'  Bank,  Montreal fraud. 

Merchants'  Bank,  Toronto. fraitd. 

National  Bank,  Montreal fraud. 

Niagara  Suspension  Bridge  Co failed. 

Ottawa  Bank,  Ottawa failed. 

People's  Bank  of  Toronto closed. 

Crossing  the  St.  Lawrence,  we  find  in  the  United  States,  the  following,  out  of  hundreds, 
as  showing  there  that  "  shinplasters"  won't  go  down  at  any  price,  no  more  than  they  will 
in  Canada : — 

Commonwealth  Bank closed. 

Commercial  Bank ^ closed 

Etna  Iron  Furnace,  (shinplaster,) no  sale. 

Atlantic  Bank,  May's  Landing closed 

Atlantic  Bank,  Cape  May,  C.  H , . . . .  closed.    ■■  > 

Bank  of  America,  Cape  May closed. 

Bank  of  Cape  May  Co.,  Cape  Island,  Cape  May  Co — 

That  the  counterfeits  on  some  banks  are  numerous,  may  be  inferred  from  the  fact,  that 
on  the  "  State  Bank  of  Ohio,"  alone,  we  count  no  less  than  33  different  descriptions  of  coun- 
terfeit notes  on  it. 

When  a  new  bank  is  started,  it  is  laconically  announced,  for  example,  thus : — 

"  The  Manufacturers'  Bank,  at  Elizabethport,  N.  J.,  has  just  commenced  business,  with 
N.  P.  Saris,  as  president,  and  James  Wilson,  as  cashier." 

"The  directors  of  the  Fayette  County  Bank,  at  Uniontown,  Pa.,  met  and  organized  on 
Monday  last.  Alfred  Patterson,  Esq.,  was  elected  president  of  the  bank,  and  William 
Wilson,  Esq.,  cashier." 

We  advise  all  who  have  6  cents  to  invest,  to  get  a  "  bank-note  reporter."  It  may  not  be 
long  before  it  proves  its  worth,  to  be  equal  to  its  weight  in  gold.  .     • 


'     THE   USURY   LAWS. 


As  one  of  the  peculiarities  connected  with  American  finance,  we  append  a  list,  showing 
the  rates  per  cent,  which  can  be  legally  claimed  for  the  loan  of  money  in  the  respective 
States,  and  the  penalties  incurred  for  exacting  more  than  is  legal. 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  "  crime"  of  usury  has  a  wide  margin,  ranging,  in  most  cases, 
from  6  to  10  per  cent  In  the  State  of  Minnesota,  we  believe  it  is  16  per  cent  The 
penalties,  however,  attached  to  charging  a  higher  rate  of  interest,  act  as  a  dead  letter,  it 
being  well  known,  to  use  a  common  saying  in  this  country,  "  It  is  an  easy  matter  to  whip 
the  devil  round  the  post,"  or,  in  other  words,  evade  the  law,  by  various  modes.  Nothing 
is  easier,  by  those  who  are  so  disposed. 

It  is  now  four  years  ago  (5th  Au^.,  1864)  since  the  usury  laws  of  England  were  repealed, 
and  from  the  tone  of  some  influential  journalists  in  America,  we  shall  be  surprised,  if  such 
absurd  and  powerless  laws  should  be  much  longer  deferred  in  being  repealed  there  also. 

.  .,.  States.     /  Legal  Interest.       Penalties  for  Charging  more  than  Legal  Rates. 

Maine.  6  per  cent  Loss  of  excess,  and  interest,  and  law  costs. 

^  New  Hampshire.  6    "     "  Loss  of  3  times  excess  of  interest 

Vermont  6    "     "  Loss  of  excess  of  interest 


USURY  LAWS — COMMERCIAL  COLLEGES. 


29 


Siatet. 

Legal  Interest. 

MassitchuBetts. 

6  per  ( 

zent. 

Rhode  Island. 

6 

U 

tt 

Connecticut. 

6 

it 

tt 

New  York. 

7 

u 

tt 

New  Jersey. 

6 

u 

it 

Pennsylrania. 

6 

tt 

tt 

Delaware. 

6 

it 

It 

Maryland. 

6 

n 

tt 

Virginia. 

6 

« 

it 

North  Carolina. 

6 

tt 

tt 

South  Carolina. 

7 

tt 

«* 

Georgia. 

7 

tt 

a 

Alabama. 

8 

tt 

tt 

Arkansas. 

6 

it 

tt 

Florida. 

6 

tt 

a 

Illinois. 

6 

tt 

tt 

Indiana. 

6 

tt 

tt 

Iowa. 

6 

tt 

tt 

Kentucky. 

6 

tt 

tt 

Louisiana. 

8 

tt 

tt 

Michigan. 

7 

tt 

tt 

Mississippi. 

6 

tt 

it 

Missouri. 

6 

tt 

it 

Ohio.         '■■ 

6 

tt 

tt 

Tennessee. 

6 

tt 

tt 

Texas. 

8 

tt 

tt 

Wisconsin. 

12 

tt 

tt 

California. 

10 

tt 

tt 

PenaUktfor  Charging  more  ihan  Legal  Rates. 

Loss  of  8  times  the  whole  interest  and  law  costs. 

Loss  of  excess  of  interest. 

Loss  of  all  interest. 

Forfeiture  of  contract,  and,  in  criminal  action,  fine  not  exceed- 
ing 11,000  (£200  stg.),  and  imiprisontnent  not  exceeding  six 
months. 

Contract  void,  and  principle  and  interest  forfeited. 

Excess  of  interest  only  forfeited. 

Principal  and  interest  forfeited.  , 

Loss  of  excess  of  interest. 

Usurious  contracts  void. 

Principal  and  interest  forfeited;  and,  if  usury  is  paid,  double 
the  amount  of  principal  and  interest. 

Loss  of  interest. 

Loss  of  interest. 

Loss  of  interest. 

Loss  of  interest. 

Loss  of  interest. 

10  per  cent,  allowed  on  contract,  and  loss  of  interest  if  ex- 
ceeding this. 

Loss  of  five  times  the  interest. 

10  per  cent,  allowed  on  contracts,  forfeiture  of  excess  of  in- 
terest. 

Loss  of  interest.  ^^. 

Loss  of  interest.      ■••''•     ■  - '  '■ 

Same  as  Iowa.  ";.»'.■ 

Same  as  Iowa.  ''.,..  , 

Same  as  Iowa.  '  "  '  ' 

Same  as  Iowa.  -■  •  -  ' 

Liable  to  an  indictment  for  misdemeanour.   Forfeiture  of  usu- 
rious interest,  and  fined. 

12  per  cent,  allowed  on  contracts.     Forfeiture  of  all  con- 
tracts. 
Loss  of  interest. 
No  penalty. 

The  Territories  are  not  subject  to  any  usury  laws. 

The  State  of  Pennsylrania  hof  been  the  first  to  pronounce  in  favour  of  free  trade  in  money  mat- 
ters in  this  respect. 

Some  European  readers  may  be  reminded,  that  the  difference  of  rates  in  the  States,  is  owing  to 
the  fact  that  each  State  frames  its  own  laws,  and  what  may  be  justice  according  to  law,  in  one 
State,  may  not  be  considered  so  in  some  of  the  other  States  in  the  Union. 

In  Canada  the  legal  interest  has  been  at  the  rate  of  6  per  cent,  but  by  a  law,  passed  last 
Bession,  individuals  may  exact  any  rate  of  interest  which  may  be  agreed  upon  between 
them.  Banks,  however,  are  prohibited  from  exacting  a  higher  rate  of  discount  than  7 
per  cent.,  and  are  prohibited  from  paying  interest  upon  deposits. 

COMMERCIAL  COLLEGES. 

As  we  have  stated  elsewhere,  the  commercial  education  of  the  Americans  is  in  genernl 
far  more  varied  and  more  generally  useful  than  that  enjoyed  by  young  men  in  commercial 
circles  in  Great  Britain.  The  education  there  terminates  too  frequently  with  a  boy  obtain- 
ing at  school  n  slight  knowledge  of  book-keeping  and  accounts,  so  that  by  the  time  he  goes 
abroad  into  the  world,  he  knows  about  as  much  respecting  such  matters,  as  if  he  had  never 
heard  of  a  day-book,  bill-book,  or  ledger. 

Until  some  years  ago,  the  same  state  of  things  existed  in  America,  until  institu- 
tions of  an  exclusively  commercial  charactei  were  established,  called  "  Commercial  Col- 
leges." Such  establishments  are  carried  on  by  teachers  on  their  own  account,  in  a  great 
many  of  the  large  cities  in  the  United  States,  but  not  in  Canada,  so  far  ns  we  are  aware. 

Such  an  institution  generally  consists  of  one  or  more  immense  large  rooms  or  halls,  hung 
round  with  blackboards,  diagrams,  and  superb  specimens  of  caligraphy,  and  filled  with 
8  large  supply  of  tables  and  chairs. 

Students  attend  there,  varying  from  16  to  nearly  60  years  of  age.  The  students  sit 
apart  from  each  other,  so  that  one  student  is  not  aware  as  to  the  state  of  proficiency  of 
the  one  nearest  to  him.     Scholars  of  all  ages  are  to  be  seen  listening  to  the  teacher  from 


80 


COMMERCIAL  COLLEGES — AUCTION  »OOMa 


the  black-board — working  out  their  accounts — or,  perhaps,  trying  to  improve  their 
handwriting.  In  this  way,  tlie  man  of  30  years  of  age,  who  finds  his  commercial  edu- 
cation in  some  respects  deficient,  is  taught  in  such  a  way  as  not  to  display  his  ignorance  of 
such  matters  to  the  young  lad  of  15  or  16.  The  course  of  instruction  is  so  arranged,  that 
students  can  enter  and  commence  their  studies  at  any  time,  and  receive  from  the  instruc- 
tions of  the  teacher  the  advantages  of  a  class,  all  commencing  at  one  time.  There  is  no 
special  attendance  insisted  upon,  but  the  system  is  so  worked,  that  every  student — young 
and  old — at  once  feels  it  to  be  his  interest  to  attend  regularly  and  work  diligently,  as,  until 
he  reaches  a  given  point  of  perfection,  he  is  refused  the  diploma  of  efiiciency,  which  is 
given  only  to  those  who  attain  the  standard  fixed  upon  by  the  proprietor  of  the  college, 
the  particulars  of  which  every  student  is  made  aware  ot 

We  had  the  pleasure  of  seeing  one  of  the^e  institutions  in  full  operation  at  Cincinnati 
(where  they  are  carried  on  most  efficiently),  and  were  very  much  pleased  with  the  method 
pursued,  and  forcibly  impressed  with  the  value  which  such  an  education  must  prove, 
in  advancing  young  men  in  coniinercial  positions  afterwards,  as  well  as  enabling  them 
to  take  situations  in  a  counting-house  or  office  of  whatever  description.  Tliey  are  taught 
not  only  the  every-day  affoirs  of  how  to  keep  books  by  single  and  double  entry,  make 
out  accounts,  calculate  interest,  draw  bills,  understand  commission  business — ond  the  whole 
by  a  regular  system  of  books  throughout — but  the  information  conveyed  extends  to  insu- 
rance, railroad  business,  shipping,  monufacturing,  and  banking  operations.  On  particular 
days  each  week,  lectures  are  delivered  to  the  whole  school  en  maaee,  by  one  of  the  pro- 
fessors, on  certain  commercial  subjects.  We  had  the  pleasure  of  attending  one  of  these 
lectures  (by  Mr.  R.  M.  Bartlett,  of  Cincinnati,)  and  were  highly  gratified  by  the  lucid  explana- 
tions he  gave  of  banking  operations — how  conducted — the  nature  of  such  as  the  deposit- 
ledger,  discount-ledger,  and  the  various  other  books  used  in  banks,  and  the  relation  eacli 
assistant  has  to  particular  books — all  conveyed  in  such  language  that  the  dullest  student 
could  comprehend  it. 

The  system,  altogether,  of  commercial  colleges,  is  an  excellent  one,  and  must  tend  great- 
ly to  the  advancement  of  the  students  who  attend  them.  So  much  are  they  now  in  use, 
and  so  highly  valued,  that  one  of  the  best  credentials  a  young  man  can  produce  of  his  com 
mercial  ability,  is  to  present  his  diploma  from  a  well-known  commercial  college.  The 
requirements  at  some  colleges  are  greater  than  others,  and  hence  the  difference  in  the 
accomplishments  of  their  members,  as  well  as  in  the  standing  of  different  colleges. 

The  periods  to  which  the  course  of  instruction  extends,  depends  entirely  upon  the  stu- 
dent himself.  Some  will  finish  in  8  or  10  weeks — others,  again,  will  take  double  tlitit 
length  of  time ;  and  in  neither  case  do  they  get  their  diploma  till  they  have  reached  the 
standard  of  proficiency  fixed  upon. 

In  the  wcitern  cities,  many  who  attend  such  colleges  are  the  sons  of  farmers,  who,  not 
having  had  the  advantages  of  acquiring  information  on  such  matters  at  the  public  schools, 
repoir  to  these  colleges  to  complete  their  commercial  cdueotion,  so  as  to  fit  them  for  com- 
mencing in  their  first  situation  ;  others,  again,  as  we  have  said,  much  older  in  years,  attend 
these  colleges,  to  perfect  themselves  in  branches  they  found  themselves  deficient  in. 

One  of  the  peculiarities  of  the  colleges  referred  to,  is,  in  summer  weather,  to  find  every 
student,  with  scarcely  an  exception,  studying  without  coat  or  jacket— one  and  all  being 
iu  their  shirt  sleeves— on  account  of  the  great  heat. 

AUCTION   ROOMS  AND  AUCTIONEERS. 

The  auction  rooms  in  America — such  as  in  New  York,  for  example — ore  carried  on  in  a 
style,  and  an  amount  of  bond  fide  business  transacted  in  them,  which  strangers  to  this  coun- 
try have  little  idea  of. 

Goods  are  exjiorted  from  Britain  and  the  continent  of  Europe  to  be  sold  in  the  auction 
room,  and  also  imported  by  many  houses  here,  who  take  advantage  of  it  as  their 
regular  and  only  means  of  disposing  of  their  imports,  whilst  others  again,  who  have  over- 


imported 

into  the  i 

and  "Fa 

parts,  bu_ 

stationen 

storekeep 

Sale,"  as  i 

London,  I 

are,  state 

At  a  book 

there  mei 

quaintanc 

To  give 

the  trade  i 

than  nboa 

one  house 

p.  u.,  sho-w 

catalogue 

month  pre 

At  that  sal 

at  one-eigh 

Immense 

In  no  otl 

from  all  pi 

room.     It  1 

of  such.     If 

when  all  ar 

object.   Ab< 

you  will  fin 

chatters  on 

until  he  is  ( 

and  pencil  i 

the  New  Y 

Montreal,  ir 

souri  and  C 

pitted  again 

blooded  Me 

man;  the  q 

pered  Frenc 

to  put  awtt; 

jealousy  or 

his  employei 

ploy  being  p 

hands  and  g 

The  great 

ait;  fastened, 

ees,  and  ribb 

the  j[;oods  nr( 

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vocal  powers 

You  need 
ntioii  of  the  ( 
or  expect  to 
in  order  to  as 


TRADE  SALES — AN  AUCTION  BOOM   IN  NEW  YORK. 


8t 


imported,  or  with  a  bad  prospect  before  them,  or  a  lot  of  old  stock  on  hand,  throw  them 
into  the  auction  room  to  be  sold  for  what  they  will  bring,  during  the  terms  of  the  "  Spring" 
and  "  Fall"  seasons'  trade.  The  best  wholesale  and  retail  houses  in  New  York,  and  in  all 
parts,  buy  at  these  sales.  There  are  auction  rooms  for  dry  goods,  others  for  books  and 
stationery,  others  for  hardware,  and  so  on.  Each  auction  room  is  filled  with  merchants  or 
storekeepers  interested  in  the  respective  classes  of  goods  to  be  sold.  Thus,  at  a  "  Trade 
Sale,"  as  it  is  called,  of  books,  for  example,  you  will  find  books  sent  there  by  publishers  in 
London,  Boston,  Philadelphia,  and  New  York.  The  catalogues  specify  whose  books  they 
are,  state  publishing  price,  and  how  many  copies  there  are  of  each  particular  book. 
At  a  book  trode  sale,  all  the  leading  booksellers  in  the  country  are  drawn  together,  and 
there  men  meet  who  have  not  seen  each  other  for  6  montlis  or  more,  and  sometimes  ac- 
quaintanceships are  renewed  or  formed  for  mutual  pleasure  and  advantage. 

To  give  an  idea  of  the  extent  of  business  done  at  these  sales,  we  may  mention,  that  ot 
the  trode  sale  in  September  last,  in  New  York,  books  were  sold  to  the  amount  of  no  less 
than  about  $400,000,  or  £80,000,  stg.,  out  of  145  invoices.  The  largest  amount  sent  in  by 
one  house  being  $20,000,  or  £4000  stg.  The  sale  occupied  11  days,  from  8,  a.  m.,  to  10, 
p.  M.,  showing  an  average  amount  of  about  £7272  worth  of  books  sold  every  day  The 
catalogue  of  all  the  works  sent  in  for  sale  is  ready,  and  in  the  hands  of  the  trade,  about  a 
month  previously.  The  largest  number  of  copies  of  any  one  book  sold,  was  4000  copies. 
At  that  sale  an  offer  was  made  and  refused  for  200,000  copies  of  a  particular  spelling-book, 
at  one-eighth  of  a  cent  less  than  the  regular  price.  -    -. 

Immense  quantities  of  stationery  are  also  sold  at  these  sales. 

In  no  other  congregation  of  individuals  will  be  found  such  a  heterogeneous  mass  of  men 
from  all  parts  of  America,  and  belonging  to  all  countries  os  is  to  be  seen  in  the  auction 
room.  It  has  been  often  said  that  no  place  equals  New  York  for  its  numerous  specimens 
of  such.  If  that  be  true,  we  should  say  that  no  opportunity  for  seeing  such,  is  equal  to  that, 
when  all  are  collected  together  in  a  dry  goods  auction  sale-room,  and  all  bent  on  the  same 
object.  About  1 1  o'clock  in  the  forenoon,  any  day  during  the  season  of  a  fall  or  summer  trade, 
you  will  find  an  auction  room  in  "  full  blast,"  with  the  cry  of  the  nervous  auctioneer  as  he 
cliatters  on  the  everlasting  ditty  of  buy,  buy,  buy — up,  up,  up,  up — in  one  incessant  stream, 
until  he  is  about  gasping  out  his  last  breath.  Around  him,  with  memorandum-book  in  left, 
and  pencil  in  right-hand,  checking  off  the  lots  as  they  "  go"  and  are  "  gone,"  you  will  find 
the  New  York  wholesale  storekeeper  alongside  of  those  from  all  parts,  exteiding  from 
Montreal,  in  Canada,  to  New  Orleans,  Louisiana,  or  from  Massachusetts  in  the  est,  to  Mis- 
souri and  Chicago  in  the  west — aye,  even  as  far  as  the  shores  of  the  Pacific.  There,  all 
pitted  against  each  other,  you  will  find  the  business-like  Englisliman  alongside  of  the  high- 
blooded  Mexican  trader,  the  cautious  Scotchmen  making  a  bid  after  the  volatile  French- 
man ;  the  quiet  down-east  Yankee  alongside  of  the  phlegmatic  German ;  the  quick-tem- 
pered French  Canadian  beside  the  little  wide-awake  Jew,  whilst  Pat,  honest  fellow,  assists 
to  put  away  the  lots  as  they  are  knocked  down.  There,  between  the  cupidity  of  some, 
jealousy  or  ignorance  of  others,  the  auctioneer  rests  his  hopes  to  realize  a  good  price  for 
his  employer,  the  importer.  There,  day  after  day,  the  same  scene  is  to  be  seen ;  the  same 
play  being  performed,  and  during  the  process,  thousands  of  dollars'  worth  of  goods  changing 
liands  and  getting  spread  all  over  this  mighty  continent. 

The  great  factotum  of  the  auction  room,  however,  is  the  auctioneer.  Upon  him  all  eye? 
ait;  fastened.  There  he  mounts  the  counter,  encircled  amid  o  bower  of  silks,  satins,  la- 
ces, and  ribbons,  all  hanging  around  him,  suspended  from  the  iron  rods  above,  on  which 
the  floods  are  placed  as  they  are  knocked  down.  There  he  stands,  with  pencil  and  book  in 
hand — in  shirt  sleeves — without  collar  and  handkerchief,  so  as  to  have  free  scope  for  his 
voeul  powers,  in  his  everlasting  prattle. 

You  need  not  suppose  that  he  is  gifted  with  much  eloquence,  or  that  he  is  a  fit  represent- 
ation of  the  departed  George  Robins,  of  Covent  Garden  renown,  in  his  descriptive  powers ; 
or  expect  to  hear  that  eternal  "  going,"  "  once,"  "  twice,"  "  thrice,"  and  waiting  for  a  bid, 
in  order  to  assist  off  tlie  goods  under  review,  and  ending  up  with  "  going,"  and  "  gone." 


88 


THE  AUCTIONEER— TRADE  WITH  CANADA. 


However  great  the  volnbility  of  the  American  auctioneer,  it  is  not  spent  on  any  snch  super- 
fluities,  or  upon  either  ornamentation  or  praise  of  the  articles  submitted,  bnt  confined  to  one 
everlasting,  breathing,  gasping  ditty  on  that  almighty  subject — dollabs  and  cents — and 
with  only  one  soliloquy — and  that,  one  incessant,  scathing,  soaring  up  and  down  cry 
from  E  flat  to  double  bass,  of  up,  up,  up,  up,  up,  up — and  buy,  buy,  buy,  buy,  buy,  buy. 
That  is  his  Alpha  and  Omega — uttered  with  all  the  declamatory  powers  of  a  Demos- 
thenes—down to  the  quietest  whisper,  as  he  is  about  to  stop,  out  of  breath,  to  take 
in  another  supply  of  air,  to  fill  his  exhausted  lungs — when  he  starts  afresh  again,  with  all 
his  usual  vigour,  till  he  knocks  down  one  article,  and  commences  on  another  in  the  same 
breath.  He  has  no  time  to  descant  upon  the  qualities  of  the  black  gros,  hung  up  before 
you.  He  passes  no  opinion  as  to  its  being  either  good,  bad,  or  indifferent;  whether  the 
moire  antique  there, has  a  cotton  back  or  a  silk  one ;  there  it  is ;  judge  for  yourself;  bid 
if  you  like,  or  be  silent,  it  is  all  the  same  to  him :  his  course  is  onward  with  his 
everlasting  cry  of  buy,  buy,  buy,  buy — and  up,  up,  up,  and  upwards  with  the  price, 
when  he  fancies  he  has  got  even  the  sixteenth  part  of  a  move  of  the  head  towards  a  bid. 
The  New  York  auctioneer  is  one  of  those  unique  characters  only  to  be  met  with  in  this  coun- 
try, and  a  phase  of  business  may  be  seen  by  the  stranger,  in  a  Now  York  auction  room, 
never  seen  before.  The  same  remarks  apply  to  auction  rooms  in  Philadelphia  and  such 
cities. 

Talk  of  your  crack  auctioneers,  either  at  the  Mart,  Dabenham  and  Storrs,  and  all  such 
well-known  places  of  resort !  Tne  British  auctioneer- if  he  wishes  to  increase  his  vocal 
powers,  in  volubility — must  come  to  this  side  of  the  Atlantic,  and  go  under  training 
in  a  wholesale  dry  goods  auction  room.  We  will  warrant  he  will  return,  only  to  make 
Charles  Matthews  jealous,  as  a  rival,  in  "  Paicer  versus  Clatter."  In  the  "  Peter  Funk"  retail 
auction  room  in  New  York,  again,  the  same  ijenwi  homo  is  to  be  seen  and  heard,  in  shirt 
sleeves,  long  flowing  beard,  with  his  clear,  ringing  voice,  trying  to  get  up  the  steam 
before  his  confr^es,  and  between  them,  by  their  mock-auction  dodges,  trying  to  decoy  sueli 
as  you  into  their  trap — there,  to  have  an  opportunity  of  "  selling"  yourself,  along  with 
a  watch  of  best  Birmingham  gold-plated  make,  for  eighteen  carat  gold.  The  man  who 
goes  there  without  any  thing  valuable  about  him,  and  with  a  sharp  look-out,  may  even  be 
amused  with  that  specimen  of  an  auctioneer,  and  auction  room.  Such  places  exist  in  all 
large  towns  in  Great  Britain,  where  "  Peter  Funk"  frequently  performs  with  considerable 
profit  Here,  however,  he  appears  to  us  to  be  more  advanced  in  his  education,  and  with 
vocal  powers  which  would  at  once  take  the  breath  forever  from  his  friend  in  tlie  Poultry 
of  London,  or  Trongate  of  Glasgow. 


THE  TRADE  WITH  CANADA  FROM  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

That  the  trade  from  the  United  States  to  Canada  is  rapidly  increasing,  whilst  that  from 
Great  Britain  is  on  the  decline,  may  be  seen  from  the  following  abstract  from  tables  which 
we  give,  drawn  up  by  the  Canadian  government  on  the  subject,  which  shows  the  extent  and 
progress  of  the  trade  between  Canada  and  the  United  States. 

In  1853  the  total  imports  into  Canada  from  all  sources  amounted  to 131,981,436 

Of  which  was  imported —  ', 

From  Great  Britain,  $18,489,120;  from  United  States,  $11,782,144. 

The  balance  of  imports  were  taken  from  other  foreign  ports. 
In  1854  the  total  imports  into  Canada  amounted  to 40,529,324 

Of  which  was  imported — 
From  Great  Britain,  |22,963,823  ;  from  United  States,  $15,333,096. 

Balance  of  imports  were  from  foreign  ports. 
In  1855  the  total  imports  into  Canada  amounted  to 36,086,168 

Of  which  was  imported — 
From  Great  Britain,  $13,803,460 ;  from  United  States,  $20,828,676. 

Balance  of  imports  were  from  foreign  ports. 
For  the  }rear  past,  ending  Dec.  81,  1856,  the  total  value  of  imports  into  Canada  was. .  43,584,384 

Of  which  was  imported — 
From  Great  Britain,  $18,212,932  ;  from  United  States,  $22,704,508. 

From  this  statement  it  will  be  seen  that  a  steady  increase  in  the  imports  from  the  United 
States  hag  continued  us  far  back  as  1858. 


TRAPE  WITH  CANADA.    BAKERIES. 


88 


For  the  year  18RS  the  total  amount  of  imports  trom  Great  Britain  amounted  to 118,489,130 

For  the  year  1856 18,212,988 

Showing  a  falling  off  between  {h«  tvoo periods  above  mentioned  of 2,761,188 

Referring  to  the  imports  for  1858  from  the  United  States,  they  amount  to 11,782,144 

For  the  year  1856 22,704,508 

Showing  an  increase  between  these  two  periods,  in  favour  of  United  States,  of 10,922,864 

Thu^  it  will  be  seen  that  while  the  importation  of  goods  from  Great  Britain  into  Canada  has 

considerably  diminished,  the  trade  from  the  United  States  has  increased  enormously. 
The  exports  from  Canada  also  keep  pace  with  the  imports,  as  will  be  seen  by  the  following  :— 

In  1853  the  total  exports  amounted  to \ 28,801,800 

Of  whii:h  were  sent  to  Great  Britain,  11,465,404 ;  and  to  the  United  States,  8,936,880. 

For  the  past  year,  1856,  the  total  exports  from  Canada  amounted  to 82,047,016 

Of  which  was  exported — 

To  Great  Britain,  10,467,744 ;  to  the  United  States,  17,979,762. 

Thus,  in  four  years,  there  was  a  decrease  of  exports  to  Great  Britain  of. . . ,      995,660 

While  our  exports  to  the  United  States  have  increased 9,048,87 

The  following  exhibits  the  value  of  imports  at  one  port  alone,  viz.,  Montreal,  for  the  past  four 

years  : — 

1853 $18,526,156    I    1855 $12,256,244 

l&o4 17,264,828    |    1856 16,144,696 

The  following  are  a  few  of  the  leading  articles  imported  into  Canada  from  the  United  States 
during  the  past  year : — 


Paper $47,724 

Paper  Hanging 66,172 

Parasols  and  Umbrellas 13,288 

Silks 41,936 

Straw  Goods 138,672 

Spirits  of  Turpentine 35,088 

Articles  not  enumerated 305,404 

Coffee 224,856 

Cigars 75,740 

Molasses 429,312 

Wines  and  Spirits 540,620 

Sugar,  all  kinds 1,673,732 

Dried  Fruits 140,760 

Pimento,  Allspice  and  Pepper 52,920 

Cassia  and  Tea 1,968,952 

Tobacco 503,684 

Brooms 20,688 

Candles 46,000 

Carpets 28,968 


Clocks  and  Watches $51,656 

Clothes,  ready  made 103,824 

Combs  and  Brushes 86,290 

Cotton  Manufactures 671,186 

Drugs  and  Medicines 215,280 

Fancy  Goods.   ! 146,870 

Glass ...  23,620 

Glassware 108,800 

Hats  and  Caps,  not  fur 230,448 

India  Rubber 28,684 

Iron  and  Hardware 1,401,948 

Jewelry  and  Plate 86,436 

Leather  Boots  and  Shoes 359,948 

Leather 66,980 

Do.     Tanned 264,832 

Machinery 344,600 

Musical  Instruments 141,961 

Oil 81,120 

Oil  Cloth 67,312 


MECHANICAL  BAKERIES. 

Sdch  is  the  title  given  to  wholesale  bread  manufactories,  where  the  greater  portion  of 
the  work  is  performed  by  machinery.  As  a  most  decided  improvement  upon  the  old  system 
of  men  baking  with  their  hands,  and  tramping  the  dough  with  their  bare  feet — not,  per- 
haps, at  all  times  so  clean  as  they  ought  to  be — has  induced  us  to  notice  one  of  those 
establishments  which  we  saw  in  ()peration  whilst  at  Cincinnati.  We  may  observe  that 
Mechanical  Bakeries  are  established  in  several  of  the  large  cities,  and,  although  they  may 
not  in  some  cases,  as  yet,  liave  succeeded  in  turning  out  such  great  quantities  of  bread  as 
their  projectors  anticipated,  yet,  we  feel  satisfied,  they  will  extend,  not  only  in  increase  of 
budnesB  of  those  already  started,  but  that  every  large  city  will,  in  the  course  of  time,  have 


34 


BAKING  BY  STEAM — THE  AUTOMATON  OVEN. 


them  in  operation,  from  wiiicli  the  public  v/i\\  bo  supplied  with  pure,  wholesome,  and  un- 
adulterated bread,  made  of  the  best  materials,  and  in  tlie  most  unexceptionable  manner. 

The  establishment  at  Cinuinnati  we  may  take  to  be  a  model  one  of  its  kind.  It  was 
started  last  July  by,  wo  believe,  a  company  of  four  gentlemen,  viz. :  two  shrewd  Americans, 
with  two  "  canny"  Scotchmen  for  partners,  one  of  the  latter  being  the  practical  manager. 
They  have  erected  a  handsome,  square-built,  brick  building,  more  like  a  Manchester  ware- 
house than  a  baking  Cbtablisliment.  The  ground  floor  is  chiefly  taken  up  with  the  sales 
department,  where  broad  is  kept  in  large  "  bins"  ond  drawers,  and  sold  retail  as  well  us 
wholesale.  Up  stairs  there  are  tiiree  floors.  On  the  highest  floor  is  where  the  stock  of 
flour  and  other  ingredients  for  mixing  are  kept.  After  the  ingredients  are  all  mixed,  they 
are  emptied  into  the  baking,  or,  rather,  kneading-machine,  which,  revolving  slowly,  with 
its  internal  simple  machinery,  kneads  the  bread  most  completely.  This  machine  is 
capable  of  kneading  ten  barrels  of  flour  in  twenty  minutes.  After  it  is  thus  made  into 
dough,  ready  for  being  baked  into  loaves,  it  is  allowed  to  fall  out  at  an  opening  at  the 
bottom  of  the  machine,  in  quantities  as  wanted,  into  troughs,  and  from  there  taken  to  the 
floor  below,  where  the  dough  is  cut  into  quantities  of  two  or  four  pounds  each,  weighed 
off,  and  formed  into  the  shape  of  loaves,  as  wanted.  During  the  whole  of  this  process,  tlie 
dough  is  only  handled  by  the  bakers  when  giving  the  small  pieces  a  roll  round  and  placiug 
them  in  the  loaf-pans,  ready  for  the  oven.  Thus  far,  then,  a  great  saving  of  labour  is  effected, 
and  the  dough  not  once  touched  by  hands  or  feet  in  the  whole  process  of  kneading,  and 
only  touched  when  shaping  it  into  loaves,  as  we  have  stated. 

In  the  oven  department  there  is  not  so  great  a  saving  of  labour  to  be  effected  compara- 
tively with  the  kneading  process,  from  the  fact  of  there  not  being  much  labour  required 
about  ovens,  further  than  merely  putting  in  and  drawing  out  the  "  batch,"  when  ready. 
But  that  even,  in  the  Mechanical  Bakery,  is  done  by  machinery.  After  the  bread  is  moulded 
into  shape,  and  put  into  pans,  they  are  placed  on  iron  trays,  each  containing  about  thirty 
loaves.  The  tray  is  then  placed  on  a  carriage  in  front  of  the  oven  door,  when,  at  a  given 
signal,  the  door  is  drawn  up,  the  tray,  with  its  load,  is  carried  into  the  inside  of  the  oven  on 
the  carriage,  and  the  door  falls  down  gently — the  whole  done  as  if  by  magic.  Regardini,' 
the  oven — which  is  correctly  named  the  Automaton  Oven — we  append  the  following  de- 
scription of  it  and  its  working,  as  supplied  to  us  by  the  superintendent  of  the  establibhuent; 

"  The  oven  is  upright,  it  has  its  foundation  and  heating  furnaces  in  the  basement,  and  its 
doors  in  the  first  and  second  stories.  Tiie  dough  is  put  into,  and  the  bread  discharged  from 
them  on  both  these  floors  when  in  full  operation.  The  baking-cars,  loaded  on  the  iii'st 
floor,  ascend  through  the  oven,  end  discharge  the  baked  bread  on  the  second  floor,  and  the 
cars  loaded  on  the  second  floor,  descend  and  discharge  on  the  first  floor.  The  oven  coutaiii3 
twenty-six  cars,  thirteen  of  which  are  ascending  and  thirteen  descending  at  the  same  time, 
Each  car  passes  through  the  oven  in  thirty  minutes,  when  baking  common-sized  loaves; 
but  the  speed  is  regulated  by  the  size  of  the  loaf  and  the  time  required  for  baking. 

The  capacity  of  one  "  baking  car"  is  sixty  loaves,  weighing  about  a  pound  and  a  half 
each.  The  temperature  of  the  oven  is  uniform,  and  is  maintained  at  any  degree  of  heat 
necessary,  by  dampers.  Thermometers  in  the  oven  indicate  the  temperature  to  the  attend- 
ants.   The  loaves  are  all  baked  precisely  alike,  and  never  either  burned  or  under-done, 

Tlie  temperature  for  baking  in  the  automatic  oven  is  more  than  two  hundred  degrees 
higher  than  can  be  used  in  the  common  baker's  oven,  without  burning  the  bread  to  a  cin- 
der ;  because  the  hot  air  in  a  chamber  without  draft  is  strong  and  penetrating,  and  notrav 
and  scorching  like  the  heat  in  an  ordinary  oven,  where  the  fire  is  in  the  oven  itself,  and 
acts  directly  on  the  bread  while  baking,  besides  exposing  it  to  the  impurities  of  dust, 
smoke,  etc.  The  oven  being  uprifi;ht,  with  the  car  loads  of  bread  in  it,  one  above  another, 
and  having  no  draft  through  ii,  all  the  alcoholic  vapor  arising  from  the  fermented  dougli 
is  condensed  on  and  absorbed  by  the  cold  dough,  whereby  the  bread  13  improved  in  flavor, 
and  its  nourishing  properties  sensibly  increased. 

The  machinery  which  produces  the  automatic  movements  of  the  oars,  is  placed  on  the 
back  of  the  oven,  and  may  be  seen  best  on  the  second  floor." 


MECHANICAL  BAKERIES.  WHO  ARE  YANKEES. 


86 


Altogether  it  is  a  moet  myBterloua-looking  operation,  and  from  the  fact  of  no  one  handling 
or  aBsisting  the  bread  into  the  oven,  or  out  of  it,  opening  and  shutting  the  oven  doors,  and 
travelling  of  the  carriages — all  moving  as  if  by  clock-work,  and  yet  doing  that  perfectly 
by  machinery  which  is  not  always  done  so  by  human  hands — we  think  it  well  deserves  the 
name  of  the  "  Automaton  Oven." 

When  in  "  full  blast,"  the  bakery  can  bake  no  less  than  260  barrels  of  flour  per  day  into 
bread.  At  our  visit,  the  establishment  had  just  newly  started,  but,  even  then,  was  doing 
a  largo  business,  their  bread  being  sold  in  shops  in  different  parts  of  the  city. 

With  highly  commendable  straightforwardness,  the  company  invite  tlie  public  to  call  and 
see  the  whole  operation — the  quality  of  flour,  which  is  tho  best — and  all  other  ingredients, 
go  that  they  may  have  every  confldence  in  what  is  supplied.  One  part  of  the  arrangement, 
we  understood,  was  not  complete  when  we  were  there,  viz. :  that  of  cutting  and  weighing 
off  the  quantity  of  dough  for  each  loaf.  It  was  then  done  by  hand  and  a  pair  of  scales, 
but  we  understand  that  it  will  be,  (if  not  by  this  time,)  cut  off  and  weighed  by  machinery 
also,  so  that  matliematical  precision  in  weight  will  be  obtained,  and  greater  speed  in  pre- 
paring the  dough  for  the  pans. 

Every  description  of  bread  is  made,  from  "crackers"  to  large  loaves. 

An  inspection  of  the  rules  of  the  establishment,  as  to  chewing  tobacco,  drinking,  and 
cleanliness,  show  that  the  proprietors  are  up  to,  if  not  a  little  a-head  of,  the  times. 

We  observe  that  their  price  for  a  28  oz.  loaf  is  6  cents,  or  about  2irf.  (stg.),  for  Ccuh,  for 
which  only  they  deal. 


WHO  ARE  YANKEES?  ' 

Many,  we  think,  use  the  word  Yankee,  without  knowing  its  exact  meaning,  whilst  others 
apply  it  with  reference  to  the  whole  American  people,  when  they  designate  them,  "  Yan- 
kees." 

According  to  the  last  American  authority,  Webster,  the  meaning  of  the  word  Yankee 
stands  thus:  "  A  corrupt  pronunciation  of  the  word  English  by  the  native  Indians  of  Ame- 
rica." 

From  the  fact  that  the  English  first  landed  in  New  England,  tho  word  Yankee  thus  be- 
came applicable  to  them,  and  it  still  retains,  to  this  day,  its  significance  as  a  term  applica- 
ble to  all  who  belong  to  the  New  England  States,  and  to  them  only.  To  apply  the  name 
of  Yankee  to  all  Americans,  wherever  situated,  is  an  error.  Just  as  well  may  the  High- 
lander of  Scotland,  be  considered  a  "  cockney,"  or  a  "  John  Bull,"  as  to  suppose  an  inhabit- 
ant of  the  Northern  States  of  America,  to  be  a  "  Yankee."  It  is  the  New  Englanders, 
alone,  who  are  considered  Yankees — although  the  term,  altogether,  is  ono  of  a  convention- 
al nature,  and  very  often  applied  to  any  thing  supposed  to  be  of  very  speculative,  doubt- 
ful, or  dodging  character. 


86 


WATER  AND  WATER  DRINKING — DRINKING  CUSTOMS. 


WATER  AND  WATER  DRINKING. 

Wk  hnve  never,  b»  yet,  met  In  thli  country  with  nn  inntAnce,  »uch  as  wo  onco  met  with 
in  Miinchester,  (Eng.,)  wliero  tlio  cliildron  of  a  fiiuiily  Imd  never  tiisted  water  from  tlie 
time  tiiey  were  born,  always  l)oin«  BupplieJ  witli  "l)oer,"  wlien  tliirsty — a  practice,  wc 
fear,  for  too  common  in  families  in  tho  jnanufactiiring  districts. 

From  all  wo  have  seen  at  public,  as  well  as  private  tfli)leB  hero,  pure  water  seems  to  l)e 
almost  the  only  beveruno — first  tiling  in  the  morning  and  tho  lust  at  night,  and,  alto- 
gether, are  inclined  to  believe  tho  Americans  to  be  the  greatest  water-drinkers  in  the 
world. 

At  breakfast,  a  tumbler  of  water  is  placed  alongside  of  your  cup  and  saucer — at  dinner 
time,  i»  is  tlicre — at  tea,  or  supper,  again  it  appears.  Many  we  have  Hi'en  at  tho  tables  of 
tho  large  ..atels  who  take  neither  tea  nor  coffee — but  water  only — along  with  their  eatables, 
Tliese  are,  of  course,  exceptions — still  wo  have  been  surprised  to  meet  with  so  many  who 
do  so.     Some,  again,  take  cold  water  and  milk,  mixed,  instead  of  either  tea  or  coffee. 

Whether  it  is  tho  nature  of  tho  climate,  tho  heat  of  summer,  and  consequent  perspira- 
tion, we  know  not ;  but  tho  consumption  of  water  for  drinking  purposes,  is  certainly  enor- 
mous. In  a  counting-house,  it  would  be  thought  as  great  a  wunt  to  have  no  pens  and  ink- 
to  write  with,  as  to  have  no  cistern  full  of  water,  and  a  tumbler,  in  a  handy  corner  for  the 
day's  consumption.     Workshops  are  similarly  supplied. 

The  quality  of  the  water  consumed  differs  in  different  localities.  In  New  York,  no  bet- 
ter water  could  be  desired  than  is  obtained  from  the  reservoir  at  the  Croton 
works.  In  other  cities,  on  tho  sea-board,  it  is  also  generally  good,  and  all  spring  water. 
Proceeding  West,  to  the  Ohio  district,  it  is  also  good  in  many  parts.  At  Cincinnati,  liow- 
ever,  for  instance,  the  water  used  there  is  that  from  the  Ohio  River,  and  is  frequently  almost 
unfit  to  drink — unfiltered  :  but  wlien  filtered,  and  cooled  witli  ice,  is  very  good.  Pawing 
further  West  to  the  Mississippi,  again,  there  tho  water  is  of  very  doubtful  quality,  as 
well  as  purity.  So  much  it'  that  the  case,  that  strangers  are  advised  to  be  careful  in  par- 
taking of  it  So  powerful  is  it,  in  its  effects,  that  we  question  if  tho  most  staunch  tceto- 
taller  would  not,  for  health's  sake,  be  inclined  to  partake  of  tho  light  "  lager  beer"  of  the 
Germans,  than  run  tho  risk  of  quaffing  out  of  tho  "  Father  of  Waters."  All  up  and  down 
the  Mississippi  it  is  the  same.  Of  course,  where  spring  wells  are  stationed  in  towns,  the 
water  is,  in  general,  excellent ;  and  there  is  scarcely  a  farmer,  or  resident  in  tho  country, 
but  who  has  a  spring  well  at  his  door,  and  who  can  easily  supply  himself  with  pure  aqua. 

The  tax  for  water,  is,  generally,  paid  by  the  landlord,  and  included  in  his  estimate  of 
rent 

The  consumption  of  water,  in  summer,  for  watering  the  streets,  either  to  lay  the  dust, 
or  cool  the  ground  in  front  of  the  houses,  is  also  very  great ;  and  a  system  of  watering 
in  thot  respect — by  means  of  hose,  attached  to  the  mains — is  carried  out,  to  an  extent  un- 
known in  Britain.  For  hours  men  are  employed  every  day,  at  different  intervals,  to  keep 
a  continuous  stream  of  water  playing  upon  the  ground  in  front  of  houses  and  stores,  for  the 
purpose  stated.  That  is  in  addition  to  woter-carts,  perambulating  the  streets,  watering 
them  as  they  go  along. 

In  some  cities,  certain  hours  are  fixed,  after  which  no  water  is  allowed  to  be  used  in 
the  manner  described.  • 


DRINKING   CUSTOMS. 

In  the  above  remarks,  wo  have  endeavoured  to  make  clear,  that  the  greatest  drinking  cus- 
tom in  America,  is  in  the  consumption  of  cold  water.  It  must  not  be  supposed,  liowever, 
that  no  malt  or  spirituous  liquors  are  consumed.  As  a  whole,  we  should  say,  that  altliough 
a  large  amount  of  botli  musv  be  consumed  in  this  country,  both  from  what  is  manufactured 
and  what  is  imported,  still  the  average  consumption  per  man  is  a  trifle  compared  with  the 


THE  DRINKING  CUSTOMS  OF  AMERICA. 


87 


average  amount  consumed,  in  either  Enf^land,  Bcotlnnd,  or  Ireland.  The  drinking  out- 
toniB,  for  the  most  part,  are  coniincd  to  drlnlcing  wliiist  standing  at  tlio  bars  of  the  hotels 
and  drinlcing-saloons — Rrother  Jonutliun  performing  that  operation  decidedly  fast  As  a 
general  rule,  there  is  none  of  that  sitting  down  to  brondy  and  water,  or  "  punch"  and 
pipes,  on  an  afternoon  after  dinner,  or  in  the  evening,  which  is  to  be  seen  in  the  snuggeries 
in  London,  nor  yet  those  jollifications  over  whislcy-toddy,  which  are  too  common  in  8cot- 
Innd,  or  over  the  grog  or  "  potheen"  in  Ireland.  Nothing  of  the  sort.  After  dinner,  Jonn- 
tlian  goes  off  to  have  a  sniolce  and  a  read  of  the  newspaper,  and  thence  to  business,  with- 
out, as  a  general  rule,  tasting  one  drop  of  liquor.  Ho  has  neither  the  time  nor  tlie  inulina- 
tiun  for  it. 

After  business  hours  at  night,  there  is  not  thot  amount  of  frequenting  "  howfs"  or  pot- 
houses, which  is  common,  amongst  young  men  in  business,  in  the  large  cities  and  towns  in 
Great  Briaitn.  They  live,  most  probably,  a  good  way  otf,  and  are  glad  to  got  liorao  m 
Boon  as  possible.  If  f'oy  board  at  o  hotel,  they  prefer  tho  billiord-room  to  the  drlnlcing- 
snlonn.  As  we  have  said  before,  the  Americans  prefer  to  drinlt  at  the  bur,  standing.  The; 
order  what  they  wont,  swollow  it  at  one  breath,  and  off  they  go. 

Tlie  greatest  cause  which  we  can  assign  for  the  undoubted  temperance  of  the  Ameri- 
can people,  as  a  whole,  consists  in  the  detestation  with  which  they  look  upon  drunkenness 
as  a  vice,  and  the  care  they  exercise  against  indulging  in  it,  from  prudential  motives. 

Employers  are  more  particulor,  probably,  about  the  sober  habits  and  steady  conduct  of 
an  assistant  than  any  other  qualification — for  what  they  term  his  being  a  "  reliable  man." 
If  there  is  one  thing  more  than  another,  which  will  make  them  doubt  a  man's  copability 
to  servo  them  faitlifuUy,  it  is  hislnebriety  of  character,  well  knowing  as  they  do,  with 
drink  being  so  cheap  hero,  that  if  a  man  gets  to  use  it  frequently,  and  begins  to  like  it,  he 
is  going  fast  on  the  high  road  to  destruction. 

Brought  up  with  such  ideas  and  habits  themselves,  and  taught  to  look  at  the  drinking 
customs  with  something  like  fear  and  trembling,  and  knowing  how  much  a  man's  value 
consists  in  his  being  a  strictly  sober  roan,  they  arc  particularly  careful  in  the  selection  and 
conduct  of  the  aeiistants  they  employ,  to  see  that  they  are  of  sober  habits,  and  that  they 
remain  so.  Men  lose  situations  here,  from  no  other  cause  than  being  known  to  frequent 
the  bar,  or  a  drinking-saloon,  too  often,  although  they  may  be  steady  enough  at  their  busi- 
ness. 

There  is  no  doubt,  after  all,  that  there  is,  probably,  far  too  much  drink  consumed  In  this 
country,  particularly  in  sea-port  cities,  where  sen-foring  men  come  in  contact  with  the 
commercial  classes,  and  also  about  the  drinking-ealoons  of  the  hotels,  when  salesmen  or 
merchants  meet  their  country  customers  there. 

As  we  have  said  elsewhere,  lager  beer,  a  light  description  of  home-brewed  beer,  is  the 
great  beverage  of  the  German  population,  and  there  is  not  a  town  or  village  but  what  has 
its  "  lager  beer  saloon."  Tlie  Germans  sit  down  ot  tables,  and  converse  and  smoke  over 
their  beer,  consuming  often  large  quantities  before  th'jy  rise.  It  is,  however,  compara- 
tively speaking,  harmless,  when  compared  with  the  villanous  "  fire  water,"  which  is  dis- 
tilled, in  the  shape  of  whisky,  from  Indian  corn,  rye,  etc.,  and  sold  nt  a  mere  trifle  per 
pint    Wholesale  price,  86  cents  (or  Is.  6d,  stg.)  per  gallon. 

Drink  is  not  sold  at  the  bar  at  so  much  per  measure — but  the  bottle  is  placed  for  you 
to  help  yourself — into  a  tumbler — unless  you  wish  any  of  the  fancy  drinks,  such  as  "  gin 
Bling,"  "  brandy  smash,"  "  whisky  skin,"  etc.,  etc.  In  that  case,  they  are  mixed  up 
ready  for  you,  and  charged  accordingly. 

As  connected  with  the  use  of  non-intoxicating  liquors  by  the  American  people,  we  may 
mention  as  a  fact — differing  so  much  as  it  does  from  the  customs  in  Great  Britain, 
where  beer,  ale,  "stout,"  or  wine  form  almost  indispensable  adjuncts  of  the  dinner- 
table — that,  in  America,  nothing  of  that  sort  is  ever  to  be  seen,  almost,  at  the  dinner  tables 
in  private  houses — but  tea  or  coffee  (generally  tea)  takes  the  place  of  malt  or  spirituous 


lii 


\H 


i 


:..J 


88 


KEFRESIIING  DRINKS — THE   ICE  TRADE. 


llquora ;  and  a  oiip  of  tea  it  liantled  round  the  tnbln  to  each  guest,  Just  a«  ho  would  he  a»- 
tinted  to  a  glaas  of  ulu  or  wine.  To  tliu  itrangor,  from  Britain,  tliis  Recma  somowlint  prcu- 
liar,  yot,  after  nil,  it  tir  wutor  is  the  more  rutioiwilhoveroije.and  cortninly  not  liltely  to 
lead  to  such  con8e(jucnccs  as  follow  sometimes  from  the  appearance  of  the  "  l)ottle,"  on 
the  family  toble. 


KEFRESIIING   DRINKS  IN  HOT  WEATHER. 

TiiK  stranger,  in  passing  throngli  any  of  the  large  "'lies  in  the  United  States,  will  find  Iho 
•tores  of  the  chenilHts  crowded  with  parties,  who,  tliii  Hy  from  licat  and  perspiration,  fly  to 
such  places  to  quaff  tlio  deliciously  cool  L^.erages  which  ore  there  supjilied,  at  from  'A  to 
6  cents  per  glass.  These  consist  of  a  mixture  of  soda  water  and  a  variety  of  native  winea 
or  uniiitoxicnting  cordials,  either  of  which,  mixed  with  soda  water,  makes  a  cool,  efferves- 
cing, and  refreshing  drink.  It  is  surprising  to  see  the  number  of  ladies  and  gentlemen,  and, 
in  fact,  all  closses,  who  stand  round  the  handsome  marble  fountains  which  are  fitted  up  in 
such  places,  getting  a  tumbler  thus  filled  up,  drinking  the  contents  at  once,  paying  their  8 
or  6  cents,  and  departing.  Tlie  consumption  of  such  beverages  is  enormous,  one  lad  in 
eacii  chemist's  store  attending  to  the  fountain  alone. 

The  soda  water  is  kept  in  large  vessels  underneath  the  counter,  from  which  it  is  led  up 
to  the  fountain  and  there  supplied  through  a  silver  tap  into  the  tumbler  containing  the 
cordial  to  be  mixed  with  it 


K 


THE  lOE  TRADE. 


R 


One  of  the  many  things  which  strikes  the  stranger  from  Great  Britain,  on  his  visiting 
this  country  for  the  first  time,  is  the  traffic  which  is  carried  on  during  the  summer  months 
in  the  article  of  ice— one  as  necessai'y  in  summer,  as  the  fuel  for  fire  is  in  winter. 

The  trade  is  carried  on  by  private  individuals  as  well  as  by  public  companies.  Tu  every 
city  and  town,  without  exception,  you  will  see  the  ice  cart  perambulating  the  streets  in  a 
similar  manner  to  what  tlie  coal  carts  do  whilst  dispensing  tliat  ortiele  in  small  quantities 
to  the  poorer  classes  in  the  cities  and  towns  of  Britain. 

In  the  cities  of  the  seaboard,  thi;  ice  trade  is  carried  on  "  wholesale,  retail,  and  for  ex- 
portation." Some  are  engaged  in  the  "  shipping  business"  exclusively,  sending  sliip-londs 
of  it  to  the  West  Indies  and  other  tropical  climates,  where  it  is,  no  doubt,  duly  appreciated. 

In  the  cities,  the  carts  go  round  with  immense  blocks,  about  12  to  20  inches  thick,  and 
about  from  22  to  27  inches  in  length  and  breadth.  The  carts  have  canvas  covers  over 
them  to  protect  the  ice  from  the  sun  as  far  as  possible,  but  still  it  continues  gradually  '., 
vanish,  notwithstanding.  It  is  beautifully  clear,  and  on  a  scorching  hot  day  makes  one  al' 
most  feel  cool  to  look  at  it. 

Every  morning,  the  men  in  charge  of  its  delivery,  visit  their  customers  as  regularly  m 
the  baker  does  with  bread,  and,  carrying  up  a  loaf  of  ice,  deposits  it  at  the  outside  of  the 
door.  The  difficulty  of  handling  the  ice  is  got  over  by  the  use  of  a  huge  pair  of  calipers, 
which  stick  into  the  block  on  each  side,  and  thus,  lifted  by  a  chain  attached  to  them,  it  is 
carried  up  or  down  stairs.  Tlius  deposited  at  the  door  of  the  customer,  it  is  left  t'.ere  at 
his  risk,  and  if  he  does  not  look  after  it  soon,  may  shortly  afterwards  find  that  it  has  gone  into 
its  original  element,  and  run  off.  We  may  safely  say,  there  is  not  a  private  family  almost, 
not  a  counting-house,  store,  bonk,  or  any  place  of  business  whatever,  but  what  has  its  de- 
livery of  ice  every  morning,  and  put  into  the  small  cistern  of  water,  which  is  placed  in  a 
cool  corner  of  the  premises,  to  supply  the  inmates  for  the  day.  The  common  supply  for 
counting-houses  and  families  is  a  piece  about  20  inches  square,  for  which  they  pay  10  cents 
(or  6d.).  Only  those  who  know  what  a  hotsummer  day  is,  in  such  as  New  York,  can  fully 
oppreciate  the  luxury  of  a  tumbler  of  iced  water.  In  the  drinking  saloons  it  is  used  in 
every  sort  of  liquor,  both  malt  and  spirituous. 

In  winter  it  is  cut  out  in  large  squares  from  the  frozen  rivers  and  lakes,  preserved,  well 


'At- 


CUTTING   OUT  THE  ICE — ICE-HOUSE  AT  ROCKLAND   LAKE. 


89 


covered  u^  In  ic«  honsw,  on  the  banks  of  river*  genernlly,  for  the  convenience  of  trun«[y'V 
atlon  to  the  large  oltlet  liy  water. 


Tlie  nliove  engraving  represents  a  scono  in  winter  at  one  of  the  largest  company's  depots, 
viz.,  Rockland  Lake,  which  is  situated  about  one  mile  distant  from  the  River  Hudson,  al- 
though in  a  part  of  the  country  250  feet  above  the  level  of  that  river.  The  instruments 
used  in  cutting  out  the  ice,  are  termed  ice  planes,  or  cutters,  and  ice  ploughs,  with  which 
the  fields  of  ice  are  marked  off  and  cut  into  squares,  and  from  there  stored  in  large  "  barns," 
or  ice-houses,  one  of  which  will  be  seen  in  the  above  view.  Some  of  those  store-houses 
contain  as  much  as  60,000  ton«,  where  the  blocks  are  built  up  in  regular  order,  and 
covered  over  with  long  grass,  saw-dust,  shavings,  etc.,  to  preserve  it  from  the  external 
heat  of  summer.  The  ice-house  represented  above  was  built  to  contain  20,000  tons. 
Some  idea  of  this  trade  may  be  formed,  when  we  state  that  about  $10,000,000  is  employed 


'i  I!;! 


40 


CONSUMPTION  OF  ICE — RAILROADS  IN  AMERICA. 


in  it,  in  different  parts  of  the  States.    From  returns  publisiied  as  to  the  consumption,  we 
find  that  in  one  year  it  was  estimated  as  follows : — 


Boston tons .  60,000 

New  York 800,000 

Philadelphia 200,000 

Baltimore 45,000 

Washington 20,000 


Charleston tons.  15,000 

Mobile 15,000 

New  Orleans 40,000 

St.  Louis 25,000 

Cincinnati 25,000 


From  Rockland  Lake,  the  city  of  Now  York  derives  its  chief  supply  of  ice. 
It  is  estimated  that  40  men,  with  lli  horses,  can  cut  and  stow  away  about  400  tons  in 
one  day. 

RAILROADS  IN  AMERICA. 

The  British  traveller,  on  going  over  the  railroads  in  America,  is  apt  to  find  more  fault 
with  the  construction  of  the  "  plant,"  or  road  itself,  than  he  is  with  the  "  rolling  stock," 
such  as  cars,  etc.  He  will  miss  all  the  well-made  fences  along  the  lines,  that  firm  ballast- 
ing of  the  road,  those  solid  st«ne  or  brick  built  station-houses,  with  locked  gates — ^at  which 
you  can  neither  get  out  nor  in  till  you  are  allowed  ingress  or  egress — the  array  of  porters 
in  suits  of  oliv  3  green  corduroy,  and  guards  in  suits  of  bottle-groen  cloth,  with  chronome- 
ter and  whistle  slung  over  their  shoulders.  There  is  little  of  that  to  be  seen  in  America. 
For  the  most  part,  the  whole  train  dashes  along  through  fields,  over  cross  roads,  through 
forests  and  swamps,  with  aU  the  freedom  and  independence  characteristic  of  the  country, 
If  an  unfortunate  cow  should  happen  to  be  taking  an  airing  along  the  line,"  the  "  cow- 
catcher'  lifts  her  oflf  her  legs  before  she  knows  where  she  is,  and  tosses  her  into  some  soft 
ditch,  perhaps,  at  the  road  side,  with  such  a  lesson  as  she  will  not  forget  in  a  hurry,  if  she 
happens  to  have  the  power  of  recollection  left  within  her  at  all  1  Any  one  "  on  the  tramp" 
along  "  the  track"  is  warned  of  the  approach  of  the  train  by  the  loud-sounding  bell,  which 
he  will  be  very  deaf,  indeed,  if  he  does  not  hear,  letting  alone  the  great,  hoarse,  unearthly 
cry  from  the  locorjoti'^o,  to  get  out  of  the  way. 

The  stranger  is  ojt  to  find  fault,  more  particularly,  in  there  being  only  one  "track"  or 
line  of  rails,  on  many  of  the  lines — and  few  of  them  being,  as  we  have  said,  so  firmly  made 
or  ballasted  as  the  lines  in  Great  Britain.  In  "ime  lines  this  is  very  apparent,  and  not 
only  in  the  laying  of  the  rails,  but  in  the  construction  of  vcy  temporary  looking  wooden 
bridges — the  bad  policy  of  building  which  has  been  found  out  by  this  time.  In  such  lines 
as  the  Grand  Trunk  of  Ca.iada  an,,  the  Great  Central  of  Pennsylvania,  (from  Philadelphia 
to  Pittsburg,)  or  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  railroad,  the  case  is  different — such  lines  more 
resembling,  in  substcntiality,  "      iish  made  railroads. 

There  is  only  one  way,  we  think,  of  accounting  for  this  difference  in  the  solidity  of  the 
roads  of  *he  two  countries.  If  not  mistaken,  there  is  a  difference  of  no  less  than  £30,000  in 
the  construction  of  every  mile  of  railroad  in  the  United  States,  compared  with  that  in  Britoin; 
that  is  to  say,  that  the  average  ''ost  of  every  mile  of  road  (1853)  in  the  United  States  was 
about  £5,460,  whereas  every  mile  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  averages  the  sum  of  £35,400 
(inYjOOO),  making,  as  we  havo  stated,  about  £30,000  per  mile  of  difference  in  the  cost  of  the 
railroads  of  the  two  countries. '  No  doubt  the  single  lines  of  road  constructed  here,  together 
with  the  free  grants  of  land,  ought  not  to  have  cost  any  thing  like  what  the  double  linos  of 
rail  in  Britain  cost,  still  it  is  quite  evident  that  the  American  roads  have  cost  a  trifle  iu 
comparison  to  those  there,  and  hence,  we  think,  the  reason  why  American  railroads  are 
not  so  substantially  built  as  they  would  have  been,  had  the  same  proportionate  amount  of 
money  been  spent  upon  them  as  on  those  in  Britain.  The  lands  in  Gi'eat  Britain,  tlirougl: 
which  the  lines  pass,  were  a  heavy  item  of  expense  in  the  construction  of  railroads,  but  tliat, 
again,  is  in  some  measure  counterbalanced  by  the  high  rates  paid  for  labour  and  the  extra 
cost  of  much  of  the  material  in  America,  compared  with  what  such  was  procured  at  in 
Britain. 

To  cover  the  extent  of  territory  they  have  done,  we  do  not  see  how  the  Americans  could 


COST  OP  BBITISH  AND  AMEBICAN  BAILROADS. 


41 


have  done  otherwise.  They  were  determined  to  open  up  their  country,  to  give  their  peo- 
ple in  distant  parts  the  benefit  of  railroad  locomotion,  and  if  it  was  not  to  be  had  in  so 
substantial  a  manner  as  in  Great  Britain,  they  appeared  to  make  the  most  of  their  capital — 
whether  it  was  borrowed  or  not. 

The  construction  of  many  of  their  bridges  seems  to  be  the  greatest  error  they  have  made; 
but  experience  is  now  showing  them,  that  the  sooner  they  replace  all  wooden  ones  with 
iron  or  stone,  the  sooner  will  their  lines  pay  better  dividends,  and  afford  more  public 
confidence. 

In  1853,  they  had  then  in  progress  of  completion,  no  less  than  12,681  miles  of  railroad,  in 
addition  to  which  they  had  18,266  miles  actually  in  operation,  the  latter  being  close  upon 
as  many  miles  as  was  in  operation  over  all  Europe  at  that  time — which  was  14,142  miles. 

Since  then,  we  find  that,  at  the  commencement  of  1858,  they  had  in  operation,  no  less 
than  TWENTY-SIX  THOUSAND  TWO  HUNDRED  AND  T^.N  MILES  of  railroad,  the  average  cost  of 
which  per  mile,  is  estimated  about  $35,000  (£7,000),  and  that  the  total  coat  of  the  26,210 
miles  opened  wos  |919,990,516,  or  £183,998,103,  or  say,  in  round  numbers,  £184,000,000 
sterling. 

Had  they  constructed  their  lines  on  the  same  expensive  scale  as  those  of  Great  Britain, 
it  would  have  taken  the  sura  of  about  £918,523,800  stg. — a  sum,  we  presume,  not  likely 
to  have  been  raised  for  the  construction  of  railways,  alone,  in  '.merica. 

Tlie  conclusion,  therefore,  seems  to  us  to  be,  that  had  the  Americans  not  built  their  roads 
as  they  have  done,  thousands  of  miles  of  country  now  opened  up,  and  thousands  of  acres 
now  under  cultivation,  and  yielding  crops,  would  have  been  still  dreary  prairies  or  forests, 
with  a  poor  probability  of  the  country  advancing  as  it  has  done. 

Taking,  therefore,  every  thing  into  account — how  they  had  money  to  raise — the  distance 
they  hud  to  bring  much  of  their  iron  (in  bringing  it  from  Great  Britain) — the  high  price  of 
their  labour — and  the  immense  territory  they  have  covered  with  the  iron  net  work — it  is 
only  another  proof  of  that  indomitable,  thorough  going  "  go-ahead"  character  of  the  people, 
in  accomplishing  what  they  have  done,  and,  considering  all  these  things,  will  assist  us  to 
account,  why  it  is  that  their  roads  are  not  so  well  built  as  those  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland. 

According  '.'^  the  American  Railroad  Journal,  we  find  that  "the  total  receipts  of  the 
roads  will  probably  reach,  $120,000,000  (or  £24,000,000  sterling,)  and  that  the  net  receipts 
will  probably  reach,  at  least,  6  per  cent  on  their  entire  cost." 

One  fact  connected  with  railway  travelling,  in  America,  is  that  you  may  travel  over 
some  thousands  of  miles,  and  never  pass  through  a  solitary  tunnel,  the  whole  of  the  roads 
bt>lng  chiefly  laid  in  the  valleys  of  hilly  ports  of  the  country. 
Amongst  otiier  officers  connected  with  railways  may  be  mentioned 
The  Master  of  Transportation,  who  is  intrusted  with  procuring  and  accommodating  the 
trade  and  travel  of  the  line  with  the  rates  of  fares,  the  getting  up  of  time  tables,  the  running 
arrangements,  atul  other  details  connected  witli  the  proper  working  of  the  line. 

The  Master  of  Machinery,  who  has  the  full  superintendence  and  control  of  all  matters 
relnting  to  purchasinp",  building,  repairing  of  the  locomotives  and  cars,  and  general  rolling 
plant  of  the  line. 

7%e  Master  of  the  Road,  who  has  the  general  charge  of  all  matters  relating  to  the  metnls, 
sleepers,  bridges,  tunnels,  and,  in  fact,  all  the  buildings  on  the  line — providing  water — and 
otliti'  duties  essentially  necessary  for  the  efficient  working  of  the  road. 

Hiu'ng  thus  noticed  the  plant,  construction,  and  management  of  the  line,  we  will  now 
notice  a  little  of  the  "  rolling  stock,"  and  its  management  First,  then,  we  will  notice  the 
railroad  carriages. 

RAILWAY  OARS. 

The  "  carriages"  of  Great  Britain  are  styled  "  cars"  in  America,  Here  they  are  dif- 
ferently constructed.  Instead  of  the  small  compartments  for  6  tirstrclnss,  or  8  or  10 
second-class  passengers,  as  in  Britain,  the  whole  car  inside  is  an  open  space,  os  a  saloon- 


■I 


% 


42 


THE  AMERICAN  RAILROAD  PASSENGER  CARS. 


carriage.  Up  the  centre  ther«)  is  a  passage.  The  seats  are  arranged  on  each  side  of  the  pas- 
sage, and  fitted  up  handsomely  with  crimson  plush  velvet  seats  and  backs  for  2  paseengers 
in  each  seat  By  an  ingenious  contrivance,  the  backs  of  the  seats  ere  made  to  turn  right 
over  the  seat,  thus  2  passengers  can  sit  with  their  faces  opposite  to  other  2,  which  is  very 
handy  when  4  of  a  party  wish  to  talk  together,  or  have  a  game  at  cards,  chess,  etc.,  etc. 
Tlie  whole  interior  fittings  of  the  cars  are  good,  with  mirrors  at  each  end.  In  the  corner 
of  all  carriages  there  is  a  private  retiring  saloon,  with  water-closets,  etc.  On  some  lines 
there  is  one  for  ladies  and  another  for  gentlemen,  in  each  car.  Each  car  conveys  from  60 
to  60  passengers.    Almost  all  the  cars  open  at  the  ends,  where  there  is  a  platform  extend- 


;,  ,  ^    THE  AMERICAN  RAILROAD  PASSENGER  CAR.  *'  ' 

ing  out  about  2  feet ;  thus  the  platform  of  one  carriage  joins  that  of  another,  and  with  the 
doors  at  both  ends  of  the  car,  opening  like  the  door  of  a  room,  a  passage  is  thus  formed 
from  oue  end  to  the  other  of  the  entire  train. 

Along  the  ceiling  of  each  car,  there  is  a  rope,  which  is  attached  throughout  the  whole 
train,  so  that  the  conductor,  or  any  passenger,  in  any  part  of  the  train  can  stand  up  and— 
by  pulling  this  rope — ring  a  bell  which  is  placed  at  the  side  of  the  engine  driver,  and  thus 
stop  the  train,  if  necessary.  By  this  means,  serious  accidents  are  avoided,  and  passengers 
experience  a  feeling  of  sal  jty,  by  having  such  means  within  their  reach.  This  is  rather  an 
improvement,  it  must  be  allowed,  on  the  boasted  efficiency  of  some,  of  the  English  rail- 
roads, the  trains  of  which  have  been  known,  sometimes,  to  catch  fire,  and  have  the  wliole 
train  flying  along  in  a  blaze,  and  passengers  burned  before  tlie  engine  driver  could  be  com- 
municated with.  We  allude  more  particularly  to  an  occurrence  of  that  nature  which  oc- 
curred on  the  Great  "Western  (of  England)  Railroad,  some  time  ago. 

There  }  only  one  class  of  cars  in  the  United  States  for  all  classes,  excepting  emigrants. 
Emigrai.:,  cars  are  just  like  the  Sd-class  carriages  in  Britain,  only  that  they  are  arranged 
in  the  same  style  inside,  as  Ist-class  cars  here. 

Tlie  cars  are  much  longer — say  about  half  a  length  longer  than  the  average  length  of 
carriages  in  Britain— or  about  the  same  length  as  some  of  the  long  carriages  on  tlie  Glfls- 
gow  and  Greenock,  or  London  and  South-eastern  lines  of  railroads  there.  The  body  of 
the  car  rests  upon  swivels  attached  to  a  sort  of  truck,  or  carriage  of  4  wheels — (2  at  each 
side).  One  of  those  trucks  are  under  each  end  of  the  carriage ;  there  is  thus  a  free  space 
of  about  30  feet  between  the  fore  and  after  wheels  of  the  cars.  The  car  thus  placed  on 
these  trucks,  and  upon  swivels,  as  stated,  enables  them  to  be  run  over  curves  with  much 
greater  case  and  safety  than  if  constructed  on  the  British  plan.  In  fact,  we  do  not 
think  that  the  British  railroad  carriage  could  travel,  with  safety,  so  fast  in  this  country 
as  what  the  American  car  does,  simply  owing  to  the  construction  of  the  rond,  ond  the 
build  of  the  car,  with  wheels  so  close  to  each  other,  and  body  having  no  room  to  "  plaj. 
or  swing  round  a  little,  in  turning  a  curve.  On  the  other  hand,  again,  we  fancy,  that  o 
car,  built  on  the  American  model,  would  travel  infinitely  more  easy,  and  much  more  sa!t 


ly,  whe; 

some  Br 

field,  or 

Theej 

time,  on( 

For  ou 

some  of  1 

chances  i 

windows 

beside  yoi 

cars  in  thi 

sance  whi 

might  be, 

civil  orag 

fer  some  o; 

stance,  on 

ton,  where 

one.    Such 

London  and 

the  cars  he 

them,  are  c 

however,  wi 

agement,  or 

heat  their  h( 

Whilst  tra 

inside  the  ca 

pile  of  wood, 

of  the  body  tl 

Wdden,  a^  ir 

linppen  when 


The  railwa 
locomotive  m 
America  are  ( 
of  the  body  a 
ished  iron,  stc 
s^en  in  strong 
Jfewcastle  or 
"ly  thing  but 
The  most  pror 
country,  whici 
08  the  plain  st 
(Scotland).    T 
'"g  wood,  and 
•'''  the  top,  by 
"«1.  seen  to  vie 
gainly-looking 
fope  in  the  har 
'"SP  of  roads. 
As  an  impro 
'ion  of  driver , 
is  most  decided 


>- 


OARS  OF  AMERICA  AND   ENGLAND — ^THE  LOCOMOTIVE. 


43 


ly,  when  going  round  some  of  those  beautiful  sharp  curves  which  occur  here  and  there  on 
some  British  lines,  or  in  "going  over  the  stones"  on  such  as  the  line  from  Penniston  to  Shef- 
field, or  from  Bishopstoke  to  Salisbury  (Eng.). 

The  external  appearance  of  the  cars  are  exceedingly  plain — and,  on  entering  for  the  first 
time,  one  is  not  prepared  to  find  them  so  handsomely  fitted  np  as  they  are. 

For  our  part  we  prefer  these  saloon-carriages,  so  well  and  comfortably  fitted  up,  to  even 
some  of  the  first-class  carriages  in  Britain,  with  their  compartments  of  six  each,  where,  ten 
chances  to  one,  if  you  can  get  a  seat,  without  being  half  suffocated  with  heat  from 
windows  being  closed,  or  with  tobacco  smoke,  from,  perhaps,  2  or  3  cigars  blazing  away 
beside  you.  Whereas,  to  compare  the  best  2d-clas8  carriages  in  Great  Britain  with  the 
cars  in  this  country,  is  out  of  the  question — setting  aside  altogether,  the  intolerable  nui- 
sance which  the  non-smoking  public  in  England  feel,  in  being  compelled  to  travel,  as  it 
might  be,  in  a  small,  cramped-up  smoking  saloon,  with,  sometimes,  the  smokers  not  over 
civil  or  agreeable,  even  when  females  are  present.  For  ourselves,  we  would  rather  pre- 
fer some  of  the  emigrant  cars  here  to  such  2d-cla88  carriages  as  are  to  be  found,  for  in- 
stance, on  the  London  and  South-Western  Railroad,  between  Portsmouth  and  Southamp- 
ton, where  an  ordinary  sized  man  cannot  sit  upright  with  his  hat  on,  far  less  stand  up  in 
one.  Such  cramped-up  dog-kennels  as  these,  and  some  of  the  old  2d-class  carriages  on  the 
London  and  North- Western,  and  other  lines,  are  unknown  in  tliia  country.  The  only  fault 
the  cars  here  have,  is  in  the  winter  season  when  the  stoves,  which  are  then  placed  in 
them,  are  over-heated,  sometimes,  making  them  uncomfortable  in  that  respect,  a  fault, 
however,  which  does  not  rest  with  the  construction  of  the  car,  so  much  as  in  the  misrat^n- 
agement,  or  over-heating  of  the  stove,  in  the  same  manner  in  which  the  Amer'.jans  over- 
heat their  houses  in  winter,  rendering  them  unconrfortably  hot  for  British  visitors. 

Whilst  travelling  on  the  cars  here,  strangers  are  cautioned  to  keep  their  arms  and  heads 
inside  the  cars,  as,  possibly,  when  exposing  them  outside,  the  train  may  pass  a  bridge,  or 
pile  of  wood,  where  there  is  no  room  to  allow  for  passing  such  with  safety  with  any  part 
of  the  body  thus  exposed.  Standing  on  the  platform  outside,  between  the  cars,  is  also  for- 
bidden, as,  in  that  case,  the  company  will  not  be  responsible  for  any  accident  which  may 
Imppen  when  parties  are  standing  there. 


1 

■1; 


THE  LOCOMOTIVE. 


The  railway  engine  is,  of  course,  similarly  constructed  to  those  of  Great  Britain,  as  a 
locomotive  must  be  pretty  much  the  same  in  all  parts  of  the  world.  The  engines  of 
America  are  characterized  by  great  expense  being  put  on  external  painting  and  decoration 
of  the  body  and  finishing  of  the  outward  working  parts.  A  large  amount  of  bright  pol- 
ished iron,  steel,  and  brass-work  is  to  be  seen  about  all  American-made  engines,  as  can  be 
seen  in  strong  contrast  on  the  Great  Western  Railway  of  Canada,  for  example,  where  some 
Newcastle  or  Manchester-made  engines  are  running.  Tlieir  dirty,  dark-green  hue  forms 
nny  thing  but  a  pleasing  contrast  to  the  bright  polished  vork  of  the  American  engine. 
The  most  prominent  features  in  appearance,  however,  is  in  the  chimney  adopted  in  this 
country,  which  is  certainly  more  useful  than  ornamental,  and  yet,  it  is  about  as  hnndsorae 
as  the  plain  straight  up-and-down  chimney  pots  on  the  engines  of  the  Caledonian  Railway 
(Scotland).  The  peculiar  form  of  the  American  chimney  is  necessary,  on  account  of  burn- 
ing wood,  and  the  quantity  of  sparks  which  fly  up  the  inner  funnel,  but  which  are  caught 
nt  the  top,  by  what  is  called  the  "  spark  arrester,"  which  forms  a  part  of  the  outside  fun- 
nel, seen  to  view.  So  that,  after  all,  there  is  utility  if  there  is  not  ornament  in  the  said  un- 
gainly-looking funnel  referred  to.  A  bell  is  attached  to  all  engines,  which  is  rung  by  a 
rope  in  the  hand  of  the  drive  as  he  starts,  or  is  about  to  stop,  or  when  passing  over  cross- 
ings of  roads. 

Ab  an  improvement  upon  the  "  spectacles"  of  the  British  railroad  engine  for  the  protec- 
tion of  driver  and  stoker  from  the  wind  and  weather,  the  covering  of  the  American  engine 
is  most  decidedly  superior,  protecting  on  all  sides,  as  well  as  from  above,  the  driver  and 


:l 


;■  }; 


44 


THE  AMERICAN  RAILllOitli  %id60M0TIVE. 


Btoker,  and  rendering  them  nearly  as  comfortable  as  if  indde  a  dar  altogether,  and  yet  with 
light  and  room  enough  to  perform  their  duty  properly. 

The  "cow-catcher"  at  the  front— which  takes  theplao6  of  the  "life-guard"  of  the  British 
engine — is  a  very  formidable-looking  affair,  and  carries  in  its  triangled  shape  and  huge 
iron  bars,  any  thing  but  an  idea  of  its  benevolent  intentions  of  saving  the  lives  of  all  the 


•% 


«;   V,' 


t 
H 
O 

o 
o 
o 

< 

o 


» 
O 
u 


sundry  animals  which  come  in  its  way.  Yet  so  it  is  found,  that  where  a  cow,  sheep,  or 
ox,  for  instance,  would  be  certain  almost  to  be  killed  in  coming  in  direct  contact  against 
the  perpendicular  front  of  the  engine,  when  flying  along  the  rails — the  cow-catcher,  on  the 
other  hand,  catches  them  so  that  they  are  lifted  at  once  off  their  feet,  and  rolled  off  on  to 
either  the  one  side  or  the  other  of  the  line,  thus  giving  them  a  greater  chance  of  escaping 
with  life  than  otherwise.  Sometimes  animals  are  thus  caught  up  and  thrown  on  one  side 
without  any  serious  injury,  although,  at  other  times,  they  are  killed  on  -he  spot  before 


THE  CONDUCTOR  AND  NEWSMAN. 


45 


they  are  thrown  off  the  cow-catcher.  Such  an  article  is  more  necessary  in  America,  where 
the  lines  are  not  protected  by  fences  as  they  are  in  Britain,  and  consequently  much  more 
subject  to  cattle  straying  about  on  them. 


,t: 


THE  RAILROAD  CONDUCTOR. 

In  attendance  upon  each  train,  there  is  a  driver,  stoker,  one  conductor,  two  or  three 
bralcesmen,  and  an  attendant  in  the  shape  of  waiter — who  acts  also  as  travelling  newsman, 
bookseller,  and  dealer  in  Yankee  notions. 

The  conductor  on  an  American  railroad  is  a  smart,  gentlemanly  looking  person  gen- 
erally, and  were  it  not  for  a  very  small  badge  which  he  wears  either  on  his  cap  or  coat 
breast,  you  could  not  tell  him  from  any  ordiu.'>ry  gentleman  traveller.  He  is — as  he  requires 
to  be — a  sharp,  shrewd  man  o(^  business,  with  the  eye  of  an  eagle,  excellent  powers  of  dis- 
crimination as  regards  the  various  forms  human  nature  takes,  when  passing  under  his  re- 
view— thoroughly  "  posted  up"  as  to  all  the  "  wild  cat,"  "  broken  bank,"  and  "  uncurrent" 
notes  in  circulation — who  can  tell  a  counterfeit  25  cent  piece  by  feeling,  without 
troubling  himself  to  look  at  it — and  who,  withal,  is  particularly  attentive  to  ladies,  in  pro- 
viding them  with  seats  in  cars — where  mostly  ladies,  or  ladies  accompanied  by  gentlemen 
are — and  who,  upon  the  whole,  is  civil,  obliging,  and  attentive,  with  a  sharp  look-out  after 
tickets,  and  those  who  have  none.  .  '■;.,:  . 

On  a  summer's  morning,  you  will  find  him  enter  the  car,  as  he  gives  the  word  "  all 
aboard,"  dressed  as  if  newly  out  of  a  band-box,  in  a  suit  of  white,  or  unbleached  linen, 
from  head  to  foot,  hat  and  boots  included.  For  a  rollicking  bit  of  fun,. he  will  enter  the 
carriage,  giving  some  well-known  passenger  a  "  dig  in  the  ribs,"  as  he  sings  out  his  morn- 
ing salutation  of  "  How  are  you,  old  feller  1"  at  the  same  time  saying  to  the  passenger,  "  I 
oal'clate  you  didn't  see  the  calf  we  ketched  upon  the  cow-ketcher."  On  the  passenger  pro- 
fessing his  ignorance  as  to  such  an  event  having  happened,  but,  being  very  desirous  of  get- 
ting "  posted"  on  the  subject,  is  eager  for  all  the  information  he  can  get — the  conductor, 
in  return,  still  bent  on  a  bit  of  fun  to  start  the  day's  business  with,  then  relates  in  his  own 
peculiar  fashion — which  it  is  hopeless  for  us  to  describe,  and  more  particularly  regarding 
all  the  incidents  connected  with  the  catching  of  the  animal  referred  to,  and  the  variations, 
exclamations,  emendations,  and  additions  with  which  he  garnished  up  his  wonderful  story — 
suffice  to  say  that  the  story  was  well  told,  and  ended  by  the  conductor  completely  "  sell- 
ing" his  eager  listener,  when  he  told  him,  with  a  rich  leer  in  the  one  eye,  that  the  animal 
was  on  board,  and  he  (the  passenger)  was  the  calf.  With  that,  the  conductor  would  bolt 
to  the  other  end  of  the  car,  leaving  the  whole  compony  in  a  roar  of  laughter  at  the 
unfortunate  wight  who  was  so  eager  to  hear  something  of  the  marvellous,  which  Brother 
Jonathan  is  always  ready  to  supply,  when  he  can  meet  with  a  proper  customer  who  will 
take  it  in. 

Tliere  is  another  character  "  on  board"  the  car,  however,  it  would  almost  be  unpardon- 
able to  omit  noticing,  namely,  the  attendant  newsman.    ,  ,  - 


!  \i  li 


:W'l 


THE  RAILROAD  NEWSMAN  ANT  BOOKSELLER. 

In  America,  there  are  almost  no  book-stalls  connected  with  the  railroad  stations,  as  in 
Great  Britain,  where  newspapers,  periodicals,  books,  etc.,  are  sold  in  such  vast  quantities. 
It  must  not  be  imagined,  however,  that  the  railroad  traveller  is  neglected,  in  that  respect, 
ab  will  be  found  by  experience  on  the  lines,  here. 

Started  on  your  journey,  you  have  not  gone  far  before  you  are  visited  by  the  attendant 
newsman  alluded  to,  "  Morning  paper,  sir  1"  "  morning  paper,  sir  1"  and  thus  he  goes  from 
one  end  of  the  train  to  the  other,  selling  the  morning  paper  for,  perhaps,  3  cents — being 
one  cent  above  publisher's  price — ^but  cheap  enongh  withal.  After  he  thinks  you  have 
had  time  to  "read,  mark  well,  and  Inwardly  digest"  all  the  3  cents'  worth,  he  visits  you 
again,  dispensing  this  time  gratuitous  literature,  by  handing  to  all  ajid  sundry  a  bill  of 


46 


THE  RAILROAD  NEWSMAN- 


-"  PUSHING  THE  TRADE." 


8ome  "  heavier"  article  in  the  literary  market — "  Life  and  Times  of  Hugh  Miller,"  just  out, 
giving  particulars  regarding  that  publication — the  great  sale  it  has  had — and  if  you  wish 
to  consider  yourself  a  well  "  posted-up"  man  on  such  matters,  you  ought  to  buy  a  copy  at 
the  price  of — the  almighty  dollar.  You  have  just  finished  reading  the  prospectus,  when  he 
returns  and  picks  up  all  the  prospectuses,  as  he  cannot  afford  to  have  them  either  wasted, 
or  to  give  you  one  gratis.  You  wait  to  see  "  what  next,"  when  next  he  appears  with  an 
armful  of  books  nicely  bound,  one  of  which  he  hands  to  every  passenger.  It  is,  "  Life  and 
Times  of  Hugh  Miller."  He  thus  passes  through  the  car,  and  having  given  you  an  oppor- 
tunity of  perusing  prospectus  and  work  also,  he  waits  a  little  till  you  have  begun  to  scan 
the  pages  over,  and  when  you  are  nicely  at  work  perusing  some  interesting  story  con- 
nected with  the  life  of  that  excellent  specimen  of  Scotland's  self-made  men,  the  attendant 
is  at  your  elbow,  and  at  your  ear  also,  making  the  polite  remark,  "  Only  one  dollar,  sir ;" 
if  you  hesitate — "  the  greatest  book  out,  sir."  Still  you  are  doubtful — "  No  man  but 
thinks  of  having  that  book,  sir;"  and,  at  last,  between  the  eloquence  of  the  author  and 
salesman  of  the  book,  you  are  minus  one  dollar,  but  an  addition  to  your  library  of  one 
volume.  Thus  you  watch  the  tact  and  perseverance  without  many  words,  with  which  the 
newsman  goes  along,  selling  all  he  can  of  those  he  had  left  with  the  passengera 

He  now  disappears.  By-and-by  his  next  visit  is  in  anotlicr  character.  By  this  time,  he 
supposes  you  are  getting  thirsty — «e  will  not  suppose,  for  a  moment,  on  account  of  the 
matter  being  rather  dry,  that  he  had,  a  few  minutes  before,  sold  yon ;  but,  at  all  events, 
he  appears  now  with  a  tin  can  full  of  iced  water,  which  he  dispenses  in  a  tumbler  to  every 
thirsty  person,  gratis — handling  both  articles  with  some  nicety — as  the  train  flies  along. 
Thus  he  supplies  all  who  wish  to  drink.  Having  completed  his  journey  in  this  line  of 
business,  he  shortly  appears  again,  loaded  with  another  supply  of  books.  This  time,  it  is 
a  "  Railroad  Guide."  He  leaves  a  copy  of  that  also  as  before,  and  proceeds  on.  After  you 
have  perused  it,  you,  probably,  are  inclined  to  be  posted  up  as  to  the  time  of  the  railroad, 
as  well  as  the  time  of  day,  and  feel  disposed  to  invest  25  cents  for  that — well-investeJ 
money  as  the  newsman  may  tell  you — "  save  many  a  train,  sir."  So  on  he  passes,  picking 
up  those  copies  not  wanted,  and  picking  up  the  quarter  dollars  where  they  are  to  be  met 
with. 

In  this  way  does  this  attendant  pass  and  repass,  delivering,  selling,  and  taking  up  copies 
of  books  of  all  sorts — magazines,  illustrated  newspapers,  etc. — so  that,  between  reading 
what  you  may  have  bought,  and  glancing  over  all  those  which  are  tlirown  in  temptation's 
way,  the  time  on  a  railroad,  in  America,  passes  away  very  fast,  even  although  you  should 
be  travelling  without  any  acquaintance  to  converse  with.  After  a  lopse  of  an  hour  or  so, 
and  after  he  has  exhausted  his  variety  of  good  things  for  the  mind,  our  industrious  friend 
now  appears  with  something  approaching  to  "  lolly  pops"  in  appearance,  but  intended  as 
food  for  the  body.  This  is  the  veritable  "  pop  corn,"  all  done  up  in  paper  bags,  at  "  only 
5  cents  opiece." 

■  You  have,  probably,  never  tasted  pop  corn,  you  see  every  body  else  investing,  and 
80  goes  another  twentieth  part  of  the  said  almighty  dollar,  for  a  bag  of  pop  corn.  From 
its  starchy  white  look  and  appearance  to  some  nice  confectionary,  you  expect  to  get  a 
sweet  mouthful.  However,  you  will  be  disappointed,  whether  agreeably  or  not,  we  do 
not  say,  ns  that  is  a  matter  of  taste.  All  we  can  «iy  is,  thot  we  like  it  well  enough,  and  that 
it  appears  to  be  a  great  favourite,  from  the  quantities  you  will  see  consumed  on  cors,  steam- 
boats, in  theatres,  etc.  It  is  the  Indian  Corn,  subjected  to  heat,  by  some  process,  and  blown 
up  into  a  light  confectionary-looking  article,  sprinkled  over  with  salt,  and  a  very  healthy 
and,  we  dare  say,  nourishing  article,  for  those  who  like  it. 

Having  left  you  to  finish  your  stock  of  "pop  corn,"  the  faithful  attendant  is  at  your 
service  once  more,  and  if  you  were  disappointed  at  his  last  visit,  by  not  getting  some 
"  lolly  pops,"  as  you  expected,  you  will  now  have  an  opportunity  of  investing  another 
quarter  of  a  dollar  on  some  genuine  "candy"  of  Mr.  Somebody's  excellent  nmnufac- 
ture.  There  is  no  mistake  this  time,  so  you  are  inclined  to  speculate  once  more.  But 
26  cents'  worth  of  candy,  what  are  you  going  to  do  with  uU  that  ?    If  you  are  at  a 


THE  NEWSMAN — RAILROAD  REFRESHMENT  STATIONS, 


loss,  the  attendant  will  at  once  give  you  a  proof  of  his  kindness,  and  afford  you  an 
opportunity  to  exercise  yours,  by  suggesting  that  it  will  no  doubt  afford  you  pleasure  to 
divide  it  with  the  "  little  dears"  in  the  seat  before  or  behind  you,  and  if  there  are  none 
actually  so  close  at  hand,  he  will  find  some  in  the  train  who  will  become  the  grateful  r&- 
cipients  of  your  benevolent  kindness.  Thus  appealed  to,  you  may  be  led  to  be  generous ; 
or,  if  in  stoical  humour  that  day,  in  that  respect,  you  begin  to  look  at  both  sides  of  your 
quarter  dollar,  before  you  exchange  it  for  the  packet  of  candy,  done  up  so  inviting  as  it  is 
in  white  and  gold  paper.  The  "  pop  corn,"  however,  by  this  time,  urges  the  necessity  of 
something  to  allay  the  thirst  which  it  created ;  so  you  begin  to  hesitate,  and,  at  last,  make 
up  your  mind  you  will  not  spend  25  cents  on  candy  then — it's  too  much.  To  eat  it  all, 
perhaps,  would  turn  the  equilibrium  of  your  stomach,  and,  whilst  in  that  mood,  between 
hesitation  and  want,  the  attendant — faithful  man — puts  an  end  to  your  soliloquy  by  the 
information  thot  "  Wall,  I  guess  you  can  have  a  dime's  worth."  That  will  do — p  borgain 
is  struck,  and  you  bond  out  your  10  cents,  and  he  gives  you  a  portion  of  a  package,  value 
one  dime.  Thus  engaged,  tlierefore,  between  allaying  your  thirst  with  the  candy,  and  on- 
joying  your  invfstments  in  literature,  you  whirl  along  till  you  come  to  a  station  where  the 
iron  horse  take*  in  fuel  and  water.  "  All  aboard"  again,  and  you  are  once  more  meditating 
upon  some  of  the  beauties  of  nature,  which  you  are  passing  rapidly,  when  another  attendant 
appears,  with  a  great  bundle  of  newspapers  under  liis  arm.  At  the  last  stopping-place, 
the  faithful  attendant,  who  had  so  sedulously  attended  to  your  mental  and  material 
wants — with  profit  to  himself  and  to  you — has  disappeared  from  off  the  stage — of  the  car,  at 
all  events — and  you  see  no  more  of  him.  His  place  is  taken  by  another,  who  has  come  up 
the  line,  perhaps  40  or  50  miles,  with  an  up  train,  with  the  evening  paper  of  the  next 
large  town  or  city  you  are  opprooching.  "  Important  news  by  telegraph  ;"  "  News  by  the 
ocean  telegraph ;"  "  To-day's  London  news."  You  are  now  hit  home,  perhaps,  and  in  your 
eagerness  to  know  what  the  news  is,  you  inquire  "  What  is  it?"  when  you  are  brouglit  to 
your  senses  by  the  doUar-and-cent  laconic  reply,  "  3  cents,  sir."  You  had  forgot ;  the 
newsman,  however,  had  not;  so  you  hand  out  3  cents,  and  have  it  all  before  you. 
Between  your  morning  paper,  your  evening  paper,  your  one  dollar  volume,  your  Eail- 
roiid  Guide,  your  pop  corn,  and  your  candy,  and  sundry  drinks  of  water,  you  have  been 
pretty  well  occupied  during  the  journey,  ond  we  are  bound  to  think  that  you  have  not 
wearied  any  more  with  travelling  only  at  the  rate  of  20  miles  per  hour,  than  you  would 
have  done  if  you  had  been  on  the  Great  Western  Express,  railing  it  at  the  punctual  time  of 
60  miles  an  hour,  with  "  Hell  Fire  Jack"  as  driver,  from  London  to  Bristol. 

The  newsman  on  the  railroad  car  is  a  character  perfectly  unique,  and  only  to  be  met 
with  on  an  Americon  railroad,  or  steamboat  sometimes. 


RAILROAD  REFRESHMENT  STATIONS. 


The  great  distinguicV.lng  difference  between  the  refreshment  saloon  at  the  railway  sta- 
tions hero  and  in  Britain  is,  that  those  in  Britain  are,  for  the  most  part,  occupied  with 
bars,  for  the  sale  of  liquors  of  all  kinds,  and  wretched  tea  and  coffee,  or  soup — with  the 
latter  so  scalding  hot,  however,  that  you  have  neither  time  nor  patience  to  wait  till  it  is 
cool  enough  to  enjoy  it  In  America  it  is  just  the  reverse.  The  bar,  where  intoxicating 
liquors  are  sold,  is  scarcely  to  be  seen  at  some  stations.  It  forms  a  very  secondary  place  in 
the  establishment.  The  refreshment  saloon  proprietor  finds  it  necessary  to  supply  the  best, 
most  wholesome,  and  substantial  victuals  for  travellers,  whilst  the  railroad  companies 
allow  their  passengers  time  to  enjoy  them.  People  in  this  country  have  no  idea  of  travelling 
300  or  400  miles,  on  an  old  fusty  biscuit,  or  spunge  cake,  and  keeping  up  the  "  inner  man" 
with  brandy  and  water,  or  pale  ale — things  all  very  well  in  their  proper  place,  but  not  to 
travel  upon  for  from  12  to  24  hours. 

DiNNEH. — In  your  journey  along  the  line,  we  omitted  to  convoy  you  to  the  dining  saloon. 
Wlicn,  Uierefore,  the  bell  on  the  engine  has  rung  its  last  stroke  of  stoppage,  you  jump  off 
the  cor,  and  are  informed — "  20  minutes  here  for  dinner."    You  are  now,  probably,  landed 


48 


A  WAY-SIDE  REFRESHMENT  SALOON — SLEEPING  gARS. 


at  a  Btation  not  far  from  a  dense  forest,  or  in  the  midst  of  a  deep  valley,  with  a  range  of 
mountains,  perhaps,  on  every  side,  with  nothing  to  be  heard  but  the  "  iron  horse"  snorting 
till  he  comes  to  a  stand-still,  and  the  sound  from  his  nostril  reverberating  through  the  val- 
ley, and  re-echoed  again  and  again.  You  feel  disposed  to  disappointment  in  being  landed 
at  such  a  primitive-looking  station,  which  presents,  from  all  you  see  around  you,  externally, 
such  scanty  means  of  providing  a  good  dinner,  for  you,  who  have  tasted  nothing  very  sub- 
stantial, probably,  from  6  to  6,  a.  m.,  and  now  it  is  12.80  or  1,  p.  m.  Besides,  there  is  not 
the  magnificent  refreshment  saloon  as  in  England,  like  the  Midland  at  Derby,  or  Carlisle — 
with  its  ecclesiastical  looking  ceiling,  and  its  baronial  fire-place.  If  you  have  not 
that,  you  have,  in  just  such  a  station  as  thot  of  Stafford,  or  at  Bristol,  a  wooden 
refreshment-room,  well  stocked  inside.  You  now  enter  the  dining-room — take  your  seat — 
and  we  will  guarantee  you  will  gut  a  most  sumptuous  dinner,  there  and  then,  for  50  cents, 
(or  2«.  stg.,)  and  have  time  to  take  it  in  comfort,  compared  with  the  "  bolting"  necessary  at 
some  of  the  refreshment  stations  in  Great  Britain,  where  you  have  to  pay  62^  cents  (or  2». 
ad.  stg.).  At  this  country  way-side  station,  they  are  all  prepared  for  your  coming,  every 
thing  is  ready  to  the  minute  the  train  is  due.  Most  of  the  dishes  ure  cut  up,  all  ready,  and, 
between  soup,  delicious  trout  from  the  mountain  streams  ot  hand,  farm-yard  poultry,  mut- 
ton, beef,  pork,  vegetables,  and  pies  and  tarts  innumerable,  with,  for  dessert — in  summer  sea- 
son— water-melons,  musk-melons,  huckleberries,  and  several  fruits  we  cannot  name,  to- 
gether with  pure  iced-water — we  can  vouch  you  have  finished,  most  satisfactorily,  20  min- 
utes' good  hard  work  in  the  use  of  knife  and  fork.  You  now  retire,  we  will  be  bound  to 
say,  agreeably  disappointed  with  the  refreshment-saloon,  even  at  a  way-side  station  in  the 
United  States  of  America.  At  some  stations,  the  charge  is  only  25  cents,  and  a  very  good 
dinner  is  got  All  the  passengers,  sit  down  ut  an  immense  long  table.  There  are  no 
2d-clus8  refreshment-room  stations — all  are  1  st-class,  but  at  2d-cla88  English  prices.  The 
conductor,  driver,  and  all  the  attendants  of  the  train,  join  at  the  universal  table ;  but  none 
of  them  until  they  have  washed  themselves  in  the  washroom  adjoining  the  dlning-saloon. 

Bbjeakfabt. — Travellers  who  start  very  enrly  in  the  morning,  or  who  may  have  been 
travelling  all  night,  will  hail  the  arrival  at  the  breakfast  station,  with  its  plenty  of  good 
cheer,  in  hot  coffee,  tea,  toast,  potatoes,  ham  and  eggs,  beef  steaks,  mutton  chops,  bread  and 
butter,  eggs,  (boiled,  poached,  and  fried,)  etc.,  etc.,  etc.,  with  a  tumbler  of  iced-water. 
Charge  for  such  varies  froA  25  to  60  cents,  depending  upon  localities,  and  set  out  Time 
allowed,  20  minutes. 

Tea  or  Suppkb. — Generally  about  5  o'clock — unless  near  destination  of  chief  terminus— 
the  train  will  stop  for  tea  or  supper,  allowing  20  minutes.  The  fare  presented  is  similar  to 
breakfast,  with  the  addition  of  pies,  tarts,  etc.,  with  all  kinds  of  preserves.  Charge,  25  to 
60  cents.  Of  course  there  are  no  fees  to  waiters.  At  all  the  refreshment-saloons  on  the  rail- 
roads here,  the  attendance  is  most  efficient,  with  damsels  which  rivol,  in  every  respect,  the 
far-famed  waitresses  at  such  as  "Wolverton,  Stafford,  Peterborough,  or  Swindon  stations,  in 
England.  <  '        =     .    i  ■        i 

SLEEPING  CARS  ON  RAILWAYS. 

Amongst  the  many  improvements  introduced  in  connection  with  comfortable  locomotion, 
none  of  so  important  a  character  for  travellers  by  night  trains  has  ever  been  introduced  as 
that  of  the  sleeping  berths  fitted  up  for  passengers  in  some  of  the  railroads  in  Canada  and 
the  United  States. 

On  the  Grand  Trunk  Railroad  in  Canada,  the  sleeping  cars  are  the  most  comfortable  of 
any  we  have  seen ;  almost  in  every  respect  like  the  berths  of  a  first-class  cabin  in  a  steamer 
— all  enclosed,  with  the  conveniences  and  comforts  of  a  good  bed,  washstand,  etc. — so  that 
travellers  going  between  Montreal  and  Toronto  during  night  can  go  to  bed  and  rise  in  the 
morning  at  their  destination  much  more  refreshed  than  if  they  had  sat  up  all  night  Tliis 
luxury  can  be  enjoyed  by  paying  $1  extra.  On  several  lines  in  the  United  States  cars  are 
fitted  up  similarly,  but  not  quite  so  completely  nor  so  comfortable  as  those  in  Canada,  al- 
though a  great  improvement  so  far.    £.$tween  Cleveland  and  Cincinnati,  for  instance,  each 


1'/: 


CHURCHES  OF  AMERICA — ATTENDANCE  AT  CHURCH. 


49 


car  is  fitted  up  for  66  berths,  for  which  the  extra  charge  is  60  cents  each.  Altogether,  it  is 
a  move  in  the  right  direction,  ond,  we  should  suppose,  might  be  adopted  with  advantage 
on  the  long  line  runs  of  such  as  the  Great  Northern  and  London  and  North- Western,  be- 
tween London  and  Edinburgh,  the  night  trains  of  which,  for  comfortable  accommodation, 
are  nothing  to  compare  with  the  cars  alluded  to  in  this  country.  On  the  Pennsylvania 
Central  Road,  there  are  high-backed  sofa  seats,  which  one  can  repose  upon  very  comfort- 
ably, at  no  extra  charge. 

THE  CHURCHES  OF  AMERICA. 

The  elegance  of  the  churches  in  the  United  States  and  Canada  is  well  known  to  every 
American  traveller.  Whilst  there  cannot  be,  of  course,  such  venerable  edifices  to  be  seen 
as  the  fine  old  cathedrols  of  such  as  Salisbury,  York,  London,  and  Westminster,  (Eng.,)  or 
Glasgow  and  Elgin,  (Scot.,)  yet  we  have  no  hfisitation  in  saying,  that  in  modern  churches, 
those  of  Canada  or  the  States  will  compare  favourably  with  any  in  Great  Britain  or  Ire- 
land, either  in  artistic  excellence  in  architectural  design,  as  well  as  substantiality.  We 
know  of  few  towns  in  Great  Britain,  which,  in  comparison  with  its  size,  can  show  such  a 
turn  out  of  elegant  places  of  worship  as  is  to  be  seen,  for  example,  in  the  city  of  Toronto. 
In  one  or  two  other  towns,  such  as  Montreal,  the  Catholi  excel  in  the  external  beauty 
as  well  08  size  of  their  cathedrals,  although  internally  they  are  nothing  to  boast  of,  some 
of  them  even  betraying,  in  our  opinion,  very  bad  taste.  The  English  Episcopalian  cathe- 
dral ond  churches,  as  well  as  those  of  the  Congregotionalist  and  other  bodies  again,  both 
externally  and  internally,  show  generally  excellent  taste,  combined  with  great  comfort. 

The  Presbyterian  churches,  both  English  and  Scotch,  also  present  some  very  handsome 
edifices,  excelling,  as  a  general  rule,  we  think,  the  buildings  which  the  Scotch  Free  Church 
Presbyterians  have  been  erecting  lately  in  many  of  the  Scotch  towns,  most  of  which,  for- 
tunately, moke  no  pretensions  to  orchitecturol  beauty  of  design.  For  the  some  amount  of 
money  which  many  of  these  churches  have  cost,  if  the  Americans  had  had  to  build  them, 
they  would  in  all  probability  have  erected  neat  and  tastefully-designed  churches  entirely 
of  wood,  and  by  pointing  them  white,  with  green  round  the  windows  ond  doors,  and  with 
their  bright  green  Venetian  blinds,  would  have  presented,  as  they  do  in  country  districts 
here,  churches  ond  chopels,  that,  however  small,  at  once  commend  themselves  for  their  ele- 
gance and  neatness. 

In  the  large  cities  on  the  seaboard,  such  as  New  York,  in  the  lavish  expenditure  of 
money  which  must  have  been  spent  on  the  magnificent  edifices  there,  we  should  say,  that 
the  Americans  have  good  reasons  to  be  church- proud.  (See  New  York,  for  engravings  of 
such.) 

THE  ATTENDANCE   AT  CHURCH. 

On  visiting  the  churches  in  the  United  States  and  Canada,  the  stronger  will  find  them 
well  filled,  generally  speaking.  In  summer  time,  the  ladies  are  to  be  seen  going  dressed 
in  the  most  expensive  mualins  and  laces,  with  bare  arms,  perhaps,  under  elegant  mantillas  of 
the  most  zephyr  thinness,  displaying  easily  the  shape  of  the  figure,  be  it  handsome  or 
otherwise.  In  the  autumn  or  "  fall,"  the  most  gorgeous  silks,  brocades,  and  velvets  are 
worn.  This  being  the  age  of  "  hoops,"  of  course  the  ladies  assume  larger  dimensions  thon 
usual ;  the  use  of  that  article  in  this  country  being  carried  to  as  great  excess  as  we  think  it 
possible  to  be  done. 

As  0  generol  rule,  the  congi-egations  of  oil  places  of  worship  ore  exceedingly  well  dressed, 
and  present,  in  summer  time,  some  features  rather  different  from  those  in  Britain.  In  the 
summer  time,  ladies  take  fons  with  them  to  church — the  value  of  that  article  ranging  from 
a  5-cent  dried  palm-leaf,  to  every  sort  ond  design  of  the  most  costly  Chinese  ond  French 
manufacture.  During  the  service,  the  fans  ore  kept  in  olmost  constant  motion  in  cooling 
their  possessors,  much,  we  should  suppose,  to  the  onnoyance  of  the  speaker,  seeing  these 
waving  back  and  forword  before  his  eyes,  at  rates  varying  from  6  to  50  miles  per  hour. 
The  gentlemen  go  in  suits,  some  of  black,  some  white,  some  drab,  and  some  brown,  just  no 


50 


DRESS  AT  CUURCII— CHURCH   PSALMODY. 


it  luita  their  tante,  convenienco,  or  comfort  Mony  witli  wliolo  auita  of  wliito  llnon,  ond 
being  newly  WHslied  and  "gotii]),"  with  pure  white  niilrt-fronts,  turn-down  collara,  and 
Binall  ribbon  fur  noclc-tie,  look  uncommonly  well,  neat,  and  clean-loolcing,  ond,  in  the 
hot  weather,  tlie  most  comfortable  drcas  of  all.  As  we  have  sat  broiling  under  our  black 
coat,  vest,  and  trowsers — all  woollen — wo  have  many  time*  envied  tliose  gentlemen  in 
white  und  fine  linen.  In  the  matter  of  hots,  tw),  the  big  black  chimney  pot  is  thrown  aside 
by  many,  and  the  light  straw  or  felt  hat  odoptcd  in  its  place,  so  that,  dressed  up  as  now 
described,  with  a  pair  of  thin  patent  leather  boots  or  shoes,  fit  for  a  l)all,  it  will  bo  seen, 
that  the  American  gentleman  dresses  so  as  to  bo  as  cosy,  light,  and  comfortable  as  he 
can.  Little  boys  are  similarly  dressed  os  the  gentlemen ;  and  girls — women  in  miniature — 
they  must  follow  the  fashion  allotted  to  them,  and  are  dressed  and  screwed  up  like  bo  many 
big  dolls,  but  certainly  with  the  most  exquisite  neatness  and  taste,  and  some  of  them  at  no 
BDioll  cost.  In  the  winter  months  it  is  just  the  very  reverse  of  all  this.  Nothing  can  be 
too  thick,  almost,  from  the  sole  of  the  foot  to  the  crown  of  the  head,  for  ladies,  gentlemen, 
and  children. 

The  working  classes  turn  out  to  church  exceedingly  well  dressed,  ond  if  it  was  difficult 
to  tell,  at  one  time,  the  difference  between  a  Manchester  or  Glasgow  fuotory-girl  from  the 
doughter  of  o  mill-owner,  on  Sunday,  it  is  pretty  much  the  cose  now  in  America — Sally 
of  the  hotel  or  the  private  residence,  as  well  as  the  well-paid  workman's  wife,  being  de- 
sirous of  allowing  off  as  well  as  those  of  the  "  upper  ten" — not  forgetting  their  fan,  either, 
when  they  go  out. 

CHURCH  PSALMODY. 

On  entering  olmost  any  church,  chapel,  or  meeting-house  of  any  denomination  what- 
ever, the  stranger  must  at  once  be  struck  with  the  most  excellent  psalmody  which  he  hears 
in  the  places  of  worship.  Generally  speaking,  there  is  as  great  a  difference  between  the 
psalmody  and  music  in  American  churches,  when  compared  with  that  heard  in  England, 
as  there  is  between  the  sing-song,  drawling,  unmusical  notes  to  be  heard  in  some  of  tlie 
churches  in  country  parishes  in  Scotland,  when  compared  with  the  music  in  such  os  St 
Bride's,  in  Fleet  street,  or  Rev.  Dr.  Binnie's,  in  Fish-street  Hill,  London. 

The  reoson  appears  to  us  to  arise  from  the  study  which  the  Americans,  as  a  people,  give 
to  the  art,  commencing  with  them  when  very  young  ot  the  piano  or  melodeon,  ond  hav- 
ing thus  early  learnt  it,  become  to  like  it,  and  carry  it  into  their  religious  services. 

In  the  choirs  of  places  of  worship,  as  is  well  known,  the  wives  and  diughters  of  the  most 
respectable  families  nssist,  ond  scarcely  is  there  a  choir,  we  should  aoy,  but  what  can  boast 
of  its  prima  donna,  belonging  to  the  upper  classes,  omongst  its  volunteer  assistants.  Struels, 
sometimes,  with  some  porticulor  tenor,  towering  above  all  the  others,  wo  have  found, 
upon  inquiry,  the  voice  to  be  thot  of  the  lady  of  Mr.  A.,  the  importer,  or  hearing  an  ex- 
cellent boss  voice,  were  told  it  wos  Mr.  B.,  the  manufacturer.  In  some  of  the  churches  in 
the  large  cities  is  this  particularly  the  cose,  the  singing  being  such  as  we  fancy  could  not 
fail  to  arrest  the  attention,  and  pleose  the  mon  who  does  not  know  even  one  note  from  an- 
other. In  some  congregations,  tlie  hymn  books  have  musical  notes  printed  in ;  otliers, 
ogain,  hove  music  books  with  airs  only — consequently,  a  large  trade  is  done  in  supplying 
congregations  with  socred  music  books,  or  witli  liymn  books  set  to  music. 

We  do  not  find,  however,  that  the  congregations,  as  a  body,  let  their  voices  be  liearil, 
any  more  than  they  are  heard  in  many  churches  in  Britain,  They  oppear  to  allow 
the  choir  and  the  organ  to  do  the  work,  and  in  many  churches  they  are  mere  listeners. 
As  on  exception  to  this,  may  be  named  such  as  Rev.  Mr.  Beecher's  church,  in  Brooklyn,  New 
York.  Tliere  the  whole  congregation  oppeor  to  sing  with  hearty  good  will — in  itself,  a 
treat  to  hear. 

Every  place  of  worship  has  a  musical  instrument  of  some  kind,  generally  an  organ,  or 
melodeon.  Even  the  small  congregotion,  in  the  large  Scotch  Presbyterian  Church  of  St. 
Andrew,  at  Clifton,  (Canada  West,)  appears  to  have  been  inoculated  in  favour  of  a  musical 
Instrument,  for  without  waiting,  we  presume,  for  authority  from  headquarters,  (being  a 


LUMBER  AND  LUMBERMEN. 


61 


Hcotch  CBtablishod  church)  they  have  ttssertod  the  right  In  their  adopted  land— and  being 
in  close  proximity  to  tlie  "  Innd  of  liberty"— to  introduce  a  niilodiion  to  aitciat  their  psal- 
mody, ond  with  good  effect  in  singing  the  good  old-fuwiiionod  puiiliuB  and  purupliragea  of 
the  "  authorized  vernion." 

A  controversy  is  now  going  on  in  the  church  meetings,  in  Canodu,  upon  the  subject  of 
introducing  instrumental  music  into  clmrclics,  similar  to  tliut  wiiicli  is  going  on  In  Scot- 
bud,  amongst  the  members  of  the  United  Tresbyterian  body  there. 


■",» 
'< 


LUMBER  AND  LUMBERMEN. 


The  term  "lumber,"  is  meant  to  represent  all  kinds  of  timber,  whetlier  in  logs,  deols, 
spars,  sliingles,  or  ony  otlior  description  of  cut  or  uncut  timber.  "  Lumbermen"  os  those 
wlio  are  employed  in  cutting  down  the  timber,  preparing  it  for,  and  making  it  into  rafts, 
imd  "  rafting"  or  sailing  those  rafts  down  tlie  rivers  to  a  port.  Tlius  a  ruft  is  "  rtm"  or 
"  roftod"  down  a  river,  when  it  is  being  token  to  market  to  bo  sold.  The  term  raftsmen 
is,  therefore,  synonymous  with  lumbermen,  wlien  conveying  tlie  lumber  along  the  rivers. 

The  lumljermen  of  Canada  are  chiefly  French  Canadians,  and,  in  many  respects,  they 
lead  a  solitary,  exposed,  and  hard-working  life. 

In  the  Bunmier  season  these  men  arc  engaged  by  large  "  lumber  houses,"  owners  of  im- 
mense tracts  of  forest  lands  and  swamps.  Tiiey  aro  sent  hundreds  of  miles  up  the 
country,  to  certain  stations  in_  the  interior ;  along  with  them  they  take  a  supply  of  pork, 
flour,  nnd  biscuit,  and  warm  clotliing,  sutficient  to  last  over  the  winter  season,  and  until 
the  river  navigation  opens.  When  winter  sets  in,  they  are  engaged  "chopping,"  or 
felling  down  the  trees,  and  preparing  them  into  logs.  Some  do  nothing  but  chop ;  others, 
nguin,  attend  to  the  "  logging,"  that  is,  yoking  the  bullocks  and  attending  to  them  in 
drawing  the  logs  out  of  the  forest,  to  the  nearest  outlet  of  the  river,  or  point,  where  they 
are  prepared  into  rafts.  Another  is  employed  as  cook  for  the  party,  who  remuins  ot  liome 
nil  day,  preparing  the  food,  and,  perhaj)s,  exercising  himself  in  the  use  of  the  rifle,  in  bring- 
ing in  some  game  so  as  to  furnish  an  extra  savory  dish  now  and  then.  Thoy  live  in  wooden 
"shanties,"  or  log-houses,  wliich,  by  plastering  or  the  use  of  bark,  are  rendered  as  warm  as 
ony  stone  house.  Tliere,  during  the  dreary  months  of  winter,  with  snow  and  ice  on  every 
side,  and  a  dense  forest  around  them  for  many  miles,  do  these  hardy  men  exist,  enlivening 
their  evenings  by  games  at  cards,  or  probably  reading  the  latest  newspaper,  if  one,  by  any 
chance,  should  come  in  their  way.  The  winter  time,  when  every  thing  is  frozen  hard 
aroimd  them,  is  frequently  a  more  comfortable  time  for  them  than  at  other  seasons,  when 
in  swamps  they  are  obliged  to  stand  in  water  and  chop  or  log.  In  winter  they  wear  suits 
of  the  heavy  Canadian  cloth,  alluded  to  elsewhere,  with  long  boots,  of  a  very  heavy  ond 
substantial  make.  In  Canada  alone,  it  is  estimated  there  arc  upwards  of  30,000  lumbermen 
regularly  employed,  chiefly  in  the  Ottawa,  and  far  north-west  districts.  They  are  engaged 
for  the  season,  perhaps.  They  go  to  work,  live  in  the  bush,  as  described,  during  the 
winter,  nnd,  after  tliey  have  got  all  their  logs  made  into  rafts,  they  aro  prepared  to  "  run" 
thera  when  the  ice  disappears.  The  running  of  rafts  is,  sometimes,  a  very  dangerous  opera- 
tion, particularly  on  such  as  the  Rivers  Ottawa  and  St.  Lawrence,  where  there  are  so  many 
rapids;  however,  by  the  use  of  long  oars,  at  each  end  of  the  raft — each  oar  acting  as  a 
helm  to  steer  with — and  experience,  the  practised  lumberman  gets  along  without  much  dan- 
ger, excepting  where  he  gets  into  a  wide  expanse  of  the  river  wliere  the  small  lakes  are 
formed,  and  a  storm  coming  on,  he  runs  the  risk  of  the  raft  being  blown  in  different 
directions,  and  thus  "  wrecking"  the  raft,  sometimes,  beyond  hope  of  recovery,  and  with 
lo3s  of  life  often.  On  sucli  a  lake  as  St.  Peter's,  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  is  this  sometimes 
the  cnse. 

We  here  give  an  engraving  of  rafts  "  running"  the  rapids  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  at  Cedars, 
Canada  East,  36  miles  S.  W.  from  Montreal,  which  will  give  an  idea  of  one  of  the  most 
dangerous  and  exciting  scenes  during  the  voyage  of  a  raft,  on  its  way  to  market 


Ri 


i  ■'! 


I 


I  n 


52 


UAFT8  OP   LUMBER  RUNNING  THE   RAPIDS. 


In  some  diitrioU,  the  rafti  are  divided,  and  made  to  dcBoend  the  "  dides" — where  there 
are  no  rapldt,  or  other  means  of  conveying  them  past  locks  or  falls. 


H 
CO 

U 

a 

H 

>! 

O 

r/I 

<1 
Q 

U 

H 

< 

Q 


b 

C4 


eq 

o 

CO 
H 


On  the  rafts  are  erected  temporary  houses,  or  huts,  and  with  a  cooking  stove,  barrels  of 
flour,  pork,  etc.  Thus  they  may  be  seen,  making  their  way  for  hundreds  of  miles  down  the 
rivers  to  various  ports  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  but  particularly  to  Quebec,  the  greatest 
lumber  shipping  port  in  America.  The  lumbermen  are  engaged  for  so  much  per  season, 
with  victuals.  When  they  arrive  at  Quebec  with  the  rafts — the  proceeds  of  their  winter's 
work — they  are  then  paid  the  amount  due  them,  and  are  ready  to  engage  for  the  next  sea- 
son. Sometimes  the  lumbermen  are  very  troublesome,  in  breaking  engagements  with  their 
employers,  and  hiring  themselves  to  others  when  they  get  up  the  country.    Employers 


TUE   LUMBER  TRADE — FIRE-ENGINE    ESTABLISHMENT.  58 

complain  of  thin,  ■whilst  the  men,  on  the  other  hnnil,  complain  of  l>o(l  trcntinent,  or  the 
tennB  of  the  engngement  not  being  noted  up  to.  An  attempt  wan  mnihs  to  esfaibllsh  a 
registry  of  lumbermen  in  the  Ottawa  district,  with  the  view  of  checking  the  evil  alluded 
to,  but  nothing  of  a  legislative  ohoractcr  hnn  yet  been  done,  to  render  any  such  measures 
legolly  binding.  The  rafts  on  the  Deluwore,  may  bo  seen  in  similar  manner,  tlooting  down 
to  rhihidelphia,  which  is  the  nmrkct  for  iU  lumber.  All  the  large  cities  on  the  seaboard 
are  more  or  loss  lumber  markets,  and  by  the  cheapness  of  this  article,  are  the  people  kept 
in  a  supply  of  firewood,  (the  only  fuel  in  most  places,)  as  well  as  material  for  building, 
fitting  up,  ond  furnishing  houses,  in  doing  which,  the  United  States  and  Canada  certainly 
do  "  lick  all  creation." 

To  give  an  idea  of  the  mognitude  of  the  trode  done  at  Quebec,  in  the  single  article  of 
lumber,  of  Canodian  growth,  we  annex  the  following  statement : — 

An  Ahgtraot  of  th«  Numhtr  qf  Plecet  of  all  Lumber  {itquare  timber  eaceptetl)  meaeured  in  Quebeo 

during  the  eeaaon  of  1866. 

1,618  m»st«  and  bowsprits;  1,008  spBrs  ;  61,496  oars;  2,089  cords  of  lathwood;  1,878,178  standard  pina 
deals  ;  Mli,402  staiidnrd  spruce  deals ;  888,^S6  standard  pine  and  spruce  deals,  unculled  ;  186,882  pine  plank 
and  boards,  culled  ;  16,110  pIno  plauk  and  boards,  counted  ;  78,419  spruce  plank  and  boards,  culled;  14,086 
spruce  plank  and  boards,  counted  ;  1,839,082  standard  staves  ;  940,184  West  India  staves. 

Tlie  total  exports  of  timber  of  all  kinds  from  Canada,  In  the  year  1960,  amounted  In  value  to  |10,016  888: 
and  the  value  of  ships  built  In  Quebec  and  sold  out  of  the  country  amounted  to  |1,218,070 ;  making  a  total 
of  wood  goods  exported  of  |U,188,969. 

The  receipts  by  the  Canadian  government,  were  as  follows : — 

During  the  year  1866  the  gross  receipts  were — 

On  account  of  Timber  Licenses |214,012  00 

1)0.  Government  Slides 82,788  90 

246,801  80 

Deducting  charges  of  management,  Timber  Licenses 28,086  70 

Do.  do.  do.  Government  Slides 1,896  69 

84,981  8» 

Leaving  a  net  of $211,870  41 

V 

FIRE-ENaiNE  ESTABLISHMENT. 

Who  has  not  heard  of  this  "Ini.*itution" — one  so  hallowed  in  the  recollection  of  every 
American,  from  16  to  100  years  of  oge  {  As  to  the  regular  paid  firemen  of  Great 
Britain,  the  British  public  care  no  more  about  them,  than  they  do  obout  their  chimney- 
Bwceps,  or  street-scavengers,  Tliey  are  nil  men  who  are  paid  i'or  doing  their  work,  and 
are  expected  to  do  it  well.  If  they  do  not  do  it  so,  some  one  else  will  be  got,  who  will  do 
it  right,  and  so  there  is  an  end  of  it.  Not  so  in  America.  The  fire-engine  of  the  Ameri- 
can is  associated  with  his  first  breath  of  life,  perhaps  the  toy  of  his  childhood,  till  it 
reaches  into  manhood  with  him — growing  with  his  growth — his  first  thought  in  the  morn- 
ing, ond,  too  often,  his  lost  thought  and  action  at  night.  Grown  out  of  a  voluntary  act, 
when  towns  were  not  able  to  support  fire-engines,  and  pay  men  specially  for  looking  af- 
ter them,  the  institution  of  the  fire-engine,  and  firemen  companies,  have  become  a  power, 
alas !  however,  like  all  human  greatness,  destined  to  reach  the  summit  of  its  greotness,  and 
wane  grodually  till  it  disappears,  at  last,  altogether  from  sight,  or  memory.  To  express  an 
opinion  against  this  institution  at  one  time  was  tantamount  to  blasphemy — and  to  doubt  their 
ciSciency,  as  a  body,  was  downright  infidelity.  It  may  be  osked  by  some,  who  and  what 
are  these  firemen  there  is  so  much  said  and  written  about  ?  They  are  simply  a  body  of 
men,  generally  young  men  and  lads,  who,  in  a  porticular  district  of  a  city,  form  themselves 
into  a  firemen's  company,  with  the  laudable  desire  of  assisting  in  putting  out  fires,  and 
saving  the  property  at  such  as  much  as  possible.  Tlie  corporation  furnishes  them  with  an 
engine,  engine-house,  hose,  hooks,  ladders,  etc.,  etc.  They  pay  for  the  decoration  and 
furnishing  of  their  engine  themselves.  They  are  very  particular  about  having  their  en- 
gine to  beat  every  other  engine  already  in  existence,  or  which  ever  may  come  into  exist- 
ence. It  shall  be  more  expensively  painted  and  decorated.  Its  fittings  of  brass,  copper, 
and  silver-gilt,  shall  shine  so  as  to  dim  the  lustre  of  all  others  within  eye-sight  on  a  parade 


w 

i:' 


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64 


THE   firemen's   "KUN  OUT." 


day.  Its  power  shall  be  such  as  to  throw  a  jet  of  water  higher  than  the  highest  yet  at- 
tained, and  carry  on  its  front,  us  a  mark  of  its  gallantry  and  strength,  a  pair  of  the  horns 
of  an  ox. 

With  all  these  beauties  and  qualifications,  it  must  combine  in  it,  all  the  ease,  lightness, 
and  grace  of  a  fairy  chariot,  and  none  of  the  clumsy  red  and  black  painted  wheels  of 
an  engine  of  Tilley's,  or  Mer-cweather's,  of  London.  No ;  the  '•  Nonpareil"  fire-en- 
gine of  the  '00th  district  -'Nonpareil  Company,"  with  the  "Knickerbocker  Hook  and 
Ladder  Company,"  '.vith  hose,  and  hose-carriage,  is  a  paragon,  to  match  which  the  world 
is  challenged.  When  the  awful  sound  of  a  conflagration  is  heard  tolling,  mournfully,  it 
may  be,  over  the  city,  with  the  news  of  the  "  devouring  element"  being  at  work  some- 
where, it  is  then  that  the  philantliropic  fireman  is  to  be  seen  in  nil  his  excitement  and 
glory — then,  that  his  bowels  of  compassion  to  save  life  as  well  as  property,  urges  hiui  to 
the  scene — it  is  then,  that  the  "  Nonpareil"  engine,  with  the  "  Knickerbocker"  hook  and 
ladder,  and  hose,  close  behind,  are  expected  to  be  at  the  fire  first  of  all.  Yonder  you  see 
it  coming  scampering  down  the  hill,  in  full  flight  with  Its  20  human  horses  in  the  traces, 
with  red  jackets  and  helmets,  nearly  cap-a-pie,  rushing  along,  and  clearing  the  streets  iis 
they  go,  with  captain  in  front,  and  as  he  runs,  shouting  out.  his  orders  through  his  sil- 
•"f  --gilt  trumpet.  Tliere  they  are  in  full  cry,  when  behind  them,  another  company  with 
engine  No.  1,  wheels  round  the  corner,  and,  in  its  attempting  to  pass  the  renowned  "Nonpa- 
reil," gets  jammed  up  against  the  first  lamp  post,  and  maimed  for  doing  any  more  good  or 
harm,  for  the  remainder  of  that  day  or  night.  Tlie  "Nonpareil"  still  holds  on  its  trium- 
phant career,  although  it  may  have  broken  a  leg  or  two  of  its  members,  in  its  encounter 
with  No.  1.  It  arrives  within  half  a  gun  shot  of  the  scene  of  action,  when  another  com- 
pany. No.  2,  (liives  up,  before  the  redoubtable  ''  Nonpareil,"  and  pitching  into  it,  smashes 
its  slender  body,  and  all  "the  fixings,"  into  smithereens,  till  at  last  No.  2,  and  a  few  others 
arrive  nt  the  fire,  and  find  i'.; — a  false  alarm,  after  all.  What  is  the  meaning  of  all  this  ? 
will  be  asked.  Only — that  the  firemeu  of  one  company  had  sounded  the  alarm  of  fire, 
.ond  wanting  a  run  for  themselves,  thought  they  would  show  how  soon  they  could  be  at  a 
particular  spot,  in  advance  of  all  their  neighbours,  and  thus  taks  the  "shine"  out  of  them. 

In  sober  earnest,  however,  the  foregoing  is  no  exaggeration  of  a  scene  in  going  to  an  ac- 
tual or  reputed  fire.  The  scenes  of  rivalry  which  the  system  has  engendered,  the  fights 
at  fires,  the  loafers  and  scoundrels  of  all  sorts  which  have  lately  got  connected  witii  fire 
companies — whose  only  object  is  to  get  up  fires  for  the  sake  of  plunder — has  led  to  the 
doom,  as  we  believe,  of  the  existence  of  volunteer  companies  in  connection  with  fire-en- 
gines and  fire-brigades.  Public  opinion,  backed  by  the  insurance  companies,  have  now 
found  out  a  remedy  for  reducing  the  number  of  fires,  and  also  the  amount  of  destruc- 
tion of  jiroperty  which  follow  them.  That  remedy  is  the  establishing  the  steam  fire-en- 
gine, and  a  regular  paid  staff  of  fireuien. 

The  public  in  all  the  large  cities  almost,  seem  alive  to  the  importance  of  adopting  the 
new  system,  and  appear  to  give  it  their  hearty  support,  against  the  deadly  opposition  of 
the  volunteer  fire  companies,  who  cannot  but  see  that  the  day  of  their  services  is  fixed 
— that  their  net  fire-engines  may  be  put  in  glass  cases  as  relics  of  the  past,  as  soon  as  tlioy 
like,  instead  of  a  run  out  with  tlieir  engine,  and  breaking  sundry  legs  and  arms— or 
turning  out  of  bed  now  and  then  to  actual  fires,  they  will  be  able  to  spend  their  evenings 
more  pleasantly  and  profitably  in  the  mag.^ificent  saloons  and  reading-rooms  of  their  mer- 
cantile libraries,  and  sleep  sound  at  night  without  giving  themselves  any  trouble  whoso 
propertj-  is  on  fire,  as  the  iron  horde,  will,  ere  long,  cleir  all  before  hin.,  and  soon  drown 
out  the  biggest  fire  which  has  evr  iiappened,  in  a  100th  part  of  the  time  it  would  tnke 
60  volunteer  fire-engines,  however  neat  and  truu  they  may  be. 


THE  STEAM  FIBE-ENGINE. 


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THE   STEAM  FIRE-ENGINE. 

One  of  the  greatest  inventions  of  modern  times,  as  connected  with  saving  property  from 
destruction  and  theft  at  fires,  and  for  raising  the  dividends  of  fire  insurance  companies, 
is  that  of  the  application  of  steam  to  the  fire-engine. 

In  cities  where  these  engines  are  in  use,  the  dividends  of  the  fire  insuronce  companies 
have  risen  about  6  per  cent ;  people  sleep  sound  in  bed  at  night,  feeling  confidence  in  the 
])ower  of  the  fire  (steam)  engine — putting  all  fires  out  quickly,  and  in  doing  so,  respecting 
property — with  very  few  fires  taking  place  now,  compared  with  what  occurred  formerly. 
These  are  some  of  the  results  of  the  steam  fire-engine  being  established.  To  Cincinnati 
belongs  the  honour  ""f  first  setting  the  worthy  example  in  this  respect,  and  to  one  man 
there,  viz.,  Mi'es  Greenwood,  of  the  Eagle  Foundry,  belongs  the  credit,  more  than  to  any 
other  man,  for  carrying  it  out,  although  frequently  at  the  risk  of  health  and  life. 

When  at  Cincinnati,  we  had  an  opportunity  of  seeing  these  engines  at  work,  at  fires, 
and  most  admirably  did  they  answer  the  purpose. 

First  of  all,  it  must  be  understood,  that,  as  in  the  London  brigades,  men  are  at  the  fire- 
engine  stations  constantly,  night  and  day.  They  have,  moreover,  towers  at  each,  from  the 
top  of  which  a  watch  is  kept  all  over  the  city,  so  that  when  a  fire  breaks  out,  it  is  seen  at 
once.  For  each  engine  there  are  4  powerful  horses  kept  rtady  harnessed.  Each  engine  is 
kept  filled  with  water  and  fuel,  and  all  ready  to  fire  up.  No  sooner  is  the  alarm  of  fire 
given,  '.han  one  man  puts  a  match  to  the  fuel,  when  it  is  burning  in  a  minute — the 
horses  are  yoked,  and  in  two  minutes  are  on  their  way  to  the  scene  of  the  fire.  The 
burning  fuel  in  the  engine  is  getting  up  the  steam,  and  before  six  minutes  has  elapsed,  steam 
is  up  to  the  required  pressure,  so  that,  on  arriving  at  the  fire,  it  is  ready  to  work  the  en- 
gine, ond  throw  the  water  through  the  hose.  If  the  steam  is  up  before  the  destination  is 
reached,  it  propels  the  engine  forward,  making  it  light  work  for  the  horses.  At  night,  it 
is  a  novel  sight  to  see  the  horses  and  steam-engine  together,  careering  along  the  street, 
snorting  up  the  steam  and  smoke  as  they  gallop  along,  and  making  the  fire-sparks  fly  from 
their  heels.  There  is  something  positively  grand  and  exciting  in  such  a  sight,  and  one  can- 
not help,  in  this  matter,  admiring  the  go-ahead  character  of  the  people,  in  a  most  practi- 
cal direction. 

When  they  arrive  at  the  scene  of  the  fire,  the  horses  are  unyoked,  and  the  firemen  con- 
nect the  main  hose  of  the  engine,  with  the  water-plugs — these  conveying  the  water  into 
the  fire-engine — and  from  there,  it  is  pumped  against  the  fire.  There  the  engines  stand 
quietly  working  away,  as  easily  as  possible,  with  the  stoker  behind  adding  fuel,  and  an 
engineer  in  front  looking  after  the  machinery. 

The  power  of  throwing  water  through  these  engines  is  almost  beyond  belief. 

Since  their  successful  establishment  in  Cincinnati,  almost  all  the  large  cities  have  been 
supplied  with  them. 

It  is  supposed,  because  the  steam  fire-engine  cannot  eat,  drink,  and  bribe,  that  it  has  not 
made  much  greater  headway  in  some  cities ;  however,  its  advantages  are  compelling  its 
adoption,  and,  ere  long,  we  sliould  suppose,  its  use  will  be  universal  in  all  largo  towns. 

Tlie  steam  fire-engine  is  made,  also,  for  2  horses,  and,  cm  some  occasions,  steam  has  been 
got  up  in  4  minutes,  46  seconds. 

EXPRESS. 

ThatV  the  word  in  America !  It  is  applied  to  every  moving  thing,  animate  and  inani- 
mate— to  movements  of  the  stcomship,  tlie  locomotive,  the  body,  as  well  as  the  mind.  Every 
tiling  anil  every  body  is  alive,  and  goes  by  express.  The  people  live  and  think  by  express, 
as  many  of  them  acknowledge.  From  the  forwarding  a  box  of  goods  to  their  conclusions 
on  the  theory  of  human  progression,  all  is  express  work.  If  you  want  to  send  a  parcel 
300  miles  per  "  goods  train,"  and  expect  it  delivered  in  16  or  18  hours,  as  in  England,  you 
must  send  it  here  per  "  express  freight."    In  that  case,  however,  you  may  be  glad  if  you 


i'i 


5-:    I 


! 


56 


EXPRESS  PEOPLE  AND   EXPRESS  COMPANIES. 


have  it  delivered  thif  distance  off  in  60  hours.  If  you  wiBh  to  go  180  miles  in  3  to  4 
hours,  as  in  England,  simply  per  "  express,"  you  must  here  go  by  the  "  lightning  express," 
and  yop.  need  not  fret  your  existence  away  because  you  are  from  7  to  9  hours  ou  tho  road. 
If,  however,  they  cannot  go  by  rail  quite  so  fast  as  they  do  in  Britain,  with  the  or- 
dinary goods  trains  r.r  expresses,  they  make  up  for  it  other  ways.  Although  some  "  down 
easters"  are  said  to  take  a  long  time  to  "  calculate"  what  they  are  revolving  in  their  mind, 
the  nervous  New  Yorker,  and  even  the  grey  and  drab  Philadelphian  will  think  and  act  50 
to  1  compared  with  many.  They  are  the  living  types  of  "  express"  people.  They  drive 
by  express,  they  walk  by  express  when  the  steam  is  up,  they  count  their  bills  by  express, 
drink  by  express,  and,  according  to  the  opinion  of  the  Hon.  M.  P.  for  Dundee  (Scot.),  they 
eat  and  spit  by  express.  We  say  they  drink  by  express;  for  whoer:;  i,aw  an  American 
sit  down  and  spend  half  an  hour  or  more  over  his  pint  of  beer  or  gill  of  whisky  ?  No, 
that  is  decidedly  too  slow.  He  stands  at  the  bar  of  the  saloon,  and  after  the  "  cock  tail," 
or  "  gin  sling,"  or  brandy  and  water  is  placed  before  him,  the  bottom  of  tlie  tumbler  ia 
reached  at  one  operation.  There  is  no  sitting  and  "  fuddling"  over  the  drink,  as  a  general 
rule.    Down  it  goes  at  a  mouthful,  and  off  he  starts  to  some  thing  or  somewhere  else. 

We  have  met  many  intelligent  men,  who  deplore  that  fast  working  of  the  brain  which 
is  so  prevalent.  One  consequence  is,  such  people  do  not  live  to  enjoy  the  robust  health 
thf  I  prht  otherwise  do.  Our  remarks  apply,  of  course,  more  particularly  to  men  engaged 
in  al  L  II  business  in  the  large  cities.  Some  farmers,  and  many  who  live  in  the  coun- 
try, may  en,  actually,  one  would  suppose,  trying  how  long  a  time  they  would  take  to  d« 
nothing ;  v  inlst  others,  again,  who  have  made  a  small  independency,  are  satisfied  to  let  the 
world  wag  as  it  likes — they  purpose  enjoying  it,  and  its  comforts  and  blessings,  by  taking 
thingH  easy.  In  the  rural  districts  as  good  specimens  in  that  respect  are  to  be  seen  as  iu 
Farmer  Giles,  of  Devonshire  or  Buckingham  (Eng.).  "  Express  companies,"  however,  form 
a  different  feature  of  American  commercial  life,  and  which  we  may  here  notice. 


EXPRESS    COMPANIES. 


The  great  carriers — such  as  Pickford,  Chaplin  &  Horne,  and  Carver  &  Co.,  of  England 
— assume  the  title  of  "  Express  Companies"  in  America — who  send  all  their  goods  by  "  ex- 
press," as  it  is  called. 

The  heavy  goods,  to  a  great  extent,  are  consigned  to  the  railway  companies,  who  for- 
ward them  per  "  express  freight"  cars,  which  are  proverbially  slow  in  their  speed,  com- 
paratively— so  much  so,  that  unless  for  very  heavy  articles,  the  great  bulk  of  the  goods 
sent  over  the  country  are  consigned  to  the  care  of  express  companies. 

Some  of  these  companies — in  the  large  cities — partake  of  tho  character  of  the  "  parcels 
delivery  company"  of  London,  not  extending  their  operations  out  of  the  city.  Whereas 
the  larger  express  companies  extend  their  business,  by  agencies,  over  the  entire  United 
States  to  California,  as  well  as  throughout  all  Canada. 

With  every  express  train,  they  have  either  half  of  a  car,  or  an  entire  car,  devoted  to 
the  goods  they  are  conveying.  They  send  a  special  messenger  with  each.  At  the 
other  end  of  the  same  car,  is  generally  the  U.  S.  Mail,  under  charge  of  the  mail  guard. 
In  the  express  companies'  portion  of  the  car,  the  messenger  who  has  charge  of  the 
packages,  delivers  them  out  at  their  respective  stations,  and  receives  others  to  forward 
onward.  A  large  and  strong  wooden  box,  and  sometimes  on  iron  safe,  travels  along 
with  him,  in  which  is  deposited  all  letters,  small  and  valuable  packages,  money-parcels, 
etc. 

They  undertake  the  delivery  of  money  and  goods  in  any  portion  of  America  nearly.  If 
you  wisli  to  send  $100  in  money,  to  a  man  at  Chicago,  for  example,  you  put  it  in  an  en- 
velope— give  into  the  express  office — and  they  undertake  to  deliver  the  package,  although 
in  their  receipt,  they  do  not  acknowledge  to  have  received  that  amount,  but  merely  a  par- 
««1,  "  said  to  contain  such."    There  are  three  or  four  companies  who  absorb  the  greater 


EXPRESS  COMPANIES — WINTER  TIME. 


f, 


portion  of  the  trade,  and  one  can  scarcely  credit  tlie  magnitude  of  their  operations.  Great 
as  such  a  concern,  as  Pickford  &  Co.'s  is,  in  Britain,  it  actually  becomes  a  second-rate  car- 
rying concern,  when  compared  with  the  chief  express  carrying  company  here.  One  of 
these  express  companies,  last  October,  opened,  by  contract,  the  great  Pacific  overland  route 
from  the  Mississippi  to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  joining  St.  Louis  (Missouri)  with  San  Francisco 
(California),  an  overland  journey  of  "6  days,  with  relays  of  horses  at  every  few  miles, 
and  forcing  a  passage  through  the  Rocky  Mountains,  carrying  mails,  treasure,  goods, 
and  passengers,  not,  however,  without  danger  from  the  troublesome  Indians  on  the 
route.  Next  to  laying  the  ocean  telegraph,  it  is  the  greatest  achievement  which  has 
been  accomplished  for  many  years.  It  is  more  than  probable,  that  all  that  line  of  road, 
will  be  shortly  "  located,"  wherever  found  suitable  for  settlement. 

In  every  arrival,  for  example,  from  California,  thousands  of  dollars  in  specie,  notes,  etc., 
are  consigned  to  their  care  by  merchants  and  bankers  there,  for  delivery  to  parties  in  New 
York  and  other  cities  in  the  east,  and  which  is  received  and  paid  over  with  the  greatest 
regularity.  These  companies,  therefore,  engross  a  very  large  amount  of  business,  which 
the  railroad  companies  would  have  to  attend  to ;  but,  with  the  express  company,  the  rail- 
road company  has  only  one  account  to  keep,  instead  of  thousands.  In  the  delivery  of  goods 
several  hundreds  of  miles  off  not  being  so  expeditious  as  that  experienced  in  Great  Britain, 
the  cause  is  attributable  to  the  transit  over  the  railroads,  and  not  to  the  express  companies, 
as  their  arrangements  for  expediting  the  forwarding  of  goods,  so  far  as  they  are  concerned, 
are  most  systematic  and  extensive. 


WINTER  IN  AMERICA. 

Residents  in  Great  Britain  are,  we  think,  too  apt  to  fancy  that  the  people  in  the  United 
States  and  Canada,  with  the  thermometer  at  20  below  zero  sometimes,  must  dress  some- 
thing after  the  fashion  of  Laplanders,  never  be  away  from  the  fireside,  and  such  as  are  to 
be  pitied  in  a  country,  with  nothing  but  fields  of  snow  and  rocks  of  ice  on  every  side. 
To  the  poor  man,  who  has  not  a  sufficiency  of  warm  clothing,  fuel,  and  food,  there  is  no 
doubt  but  that  he  feels  acutely  the  winter  in  all  its  severity ;  and  more  so  than  he  does  in 
Britain.  The  man,  however,  who  can  wrap  himself  well  up  when  he  goes  out,  and  has 
food  and  fuel  enough  to  keep  him  warm  in  doors,  the  winter  presents  to  him  even  greater 
attractions  than  any  other  time  of  the  year.   ,      . 


SLEIGH  DRIVING. 

Then  that  well-known  gentleman,  "  Paterfamilias,"  the  merchant,  rigs  out  his  sleigh  or 
"  cutter,"  as  it  is  called,  which  has  been  idle  for  9  months,  gets  on  the  harness,  with  all  the 
paraphernalia  of  bells,  etc.,  on  his  favourite  "tit,"  yokes  him,  and  with  wife  and  children 
all  seated  cozily  in  their  furs — robes  of  buffalo  skins — and  "  dreadnoughts,"  start  otf  for  a 
drive,  with  the  sun  shining  from  a  cloudless  sky  over  their  heads.  The  bracing  air  tells 
upon  man  and  beast,  and  what  with  that,  the  rattling  of  bells,  and  every  one  driving  aa 
if  on  the  road  to  the  Derby,  the  scene  on  tlie  public  streets  is  exciting  beyond  supposition. 
There  goes  Paterfamilias  bowling  along,  with  a  keen  north  wind  blowing  in  his  face,  when 
up  comes  behind  him,  rattling  along  with  another  lot  of  bells — and  in  a  twinkling,  passing 
within  on  inch  of  his  horse's  nose — a  pretty  little  sleigh  drawn  by  a  couple  of  bay  spank- 
ing beauties,  driven  by,  perhaps,  another  in  human  form,  with  a  lady  companion  at 
her  side.  Old  paterfamilias — fond  as  he  is  here  of  a  bit  of  fast  horse  flesh — has  too  heavy  a 
cargo  on  board,  so  that  he  has  no  chance  with  the  fair  damsels,  whose  occasional  pitching 
up  and  down,  and  skilful  use  of  the  whip  and  ribbands,  go  ringing,  rattling,  and  bounding 
along,  the  "  observed  of  all  observers."  By-and-by,  up  comes  another  pair  of  Morgan 
greys,  slashing  along,  making  the  snow  fly  from  their  heels,  also  driven  by  a  lady,  who, 
with  a  gentleman  at  her  left  side,  are  now  bent  upon  disputing  the  right  of  road — at  all 
events,  as  regards  speed — with  the  two  lady  friends  and  the  bays  before  them.    Now  they 


58 


WINTER  TIME  IN  AMERICA. 


are  abreast  of  each  other.  The  horses  understand  what  is  to  be  up,  so,  without  many 
words  froni  their  fair  drivers,  off  they  set  to  test  their  powers  at  "  2.40"  work — ringing  and 
jolting — with  the  2  little  bays  stepping  out  to  double-quick  time,  with  a  fair  and  square 
good  English  step,  whilst  the  greys  go  thundering  along,  rolling  about  in  true  "  racker" 
style,  with  tiieir  big  Morgan  heads  nodding  up  and  down  as  they  go.  There  is  a  "  clear 
aUge  and  no  favour"  then.  At  it  they  go.  There  the  ladies  sit,  with  a  rein  firmly  held 
in  each  hand;  they  get  excited,  the  horses  are  at  it  full  swing,  and  thus  they 
bowl  along  till  the  Morgans  prove  rather  strong  and  long  in  the  limbs  for  the  bays,  and, 
after  a  most  exciting  contest,  they  pass  their  gallant  and  pretty  competitors,  and  with 
a  merry  and  graceful  lift  of  the  whip  handle,  by  way  of  salute,  the  lady  drivers  part  com- 
pany, till  some  other  party  orives  up  to  them  with  whom  they  may  renew  the  race. 

In  all  the  excellent  broad  streets  with  which  America  abounds,  lady  drivers,  gent  drivers, 
sleighs  with  1  horse  and  sleighs  with  16  horses,  are  to  be  seen ;  and  what  with  hallooing, 
shouting,  ringing  of  bells,  cracking  of  whips,  snowballing  as  they  go,  and,  perhaps,  an  up- 
set now  and  then,  by  way  of  a  change,  who  will  say  that  such  people  are  to  be  pitied  in 
winter  time.  If  they  do  not  indulge  in  Scotia's  "  roaring  game,"  they  have,  we  are  bound 
to  think,  all  the  excitement  of  it. 

After  the  drive,  what  with  the  excitement  and  oxygen  they  have  imbibed  from  the  pure 
Rir_  they  return  home  for  the  day,  with  a  famous  appetite  for  dinner,  and  in  excellent  trim 
for  the  reunion  at  friend  Jones's  in  the  evening. 


WINTER  EVENINGS. 


In  the  winter  evenings,  more  particularly  close  after  New  Years'  Day,  balls  and  par- 
ties, of  one  sort  and  another,  follow  in  quick  succession.  Then  the  dry  goods  importer  is 
careless  about  the  solitary  case  which  has  got  out  by  the  last  steamer,  although  it  should 
not  be  opened  for  a  week  at  least ;  the  agent  for  the  go-ahead  manufacturing  company, 
whose  headquarters  are  at  New  England,  cannot  mend  the  trade,  there  being  no  buyers, 
so  he  is  at  ease  with  himself  and.  the  world  in  general ;  the  bank  teller  is  not  harassed 
and  pestered  with  such  lots  of  "  shinplasters"  and  "  uncurrent,"  or  "  broken  bank"  bills  be- 
ing thrust  across  the  counter  to  him ;  the  exchange  broker  can  scarcely  get  a  nibble  of  a 
shave,  hcv.ever  small — each  and  all  making  short  work  of  their  business  for  the  day;  and 
as  for  the  captain  of  the  river  or  lake  steamer,  he  has  been  laid  up  for  a  month,  and  will 
be  for  other  2  months,  so  that  all  parties  are  then  inclined — having  little  else  to  do^to  go 
hunting  up  old  friends  and  making  new  ones,  giving  and  accepting  invitations  to  the  nu 
merous  and  pleasant  little  family  meetings,  which  form  so  large  and  so  pleasant  portions 
of  the  winter  evenings  in  American  society,  where  the  piano,  the  melodeon,  the  guitar,  or 
the  violin  lend  their  assistance  in  one  room,  whilst  the  chessboard,  or  a  game  at  penny 
whist,  or  "  eukre"  is  being  played  in  another,  and  thus,  in  a  round  of  evenings  spent  mer- 
rily and  happily,  do  the  people  pass  the  evenings  inside  the  house,  whilst  the  starry  heavens 
above  proclaim  a  dry  and  rarified  atmosphere,  unknown  almost  in  Great  Britain. 

If  the  winter  is  thus  a  scene  of  gayety  and  mirth  in  the  large  cities,  it  is  doubly  import- 
ant to  the  farmer  and  the  country  store-keepers. 

When  the  country  is  covered  with  snow,  then  the  farmer  loads  his  sleigh,  and  drives 
over  fields  and  roads  in  as  straight  a  line  as  he  can,  the  whole  country  affording  him  a  road 
in  any  direction  where  cleared.  Thus  laden  with  poultry,  and  all  sorts  of  farm  produce, 
he  reaches  the  neorest  town,  and  converts  these  into  cash,  or  barters  them  for  articles  of 
domestic  use,  with  which  he  returns  home  loaded.  By  this  means,  the  whole  country  is 
opened  up,  every  one  finding  a  highway  for  himself.  The  trade  of  the  country  towns  is 
naturally  very  much  increased,  and  then  the  heart  of  the  country  store-keeper  is  light 
when  he  is  doing  the  best  part  of  the  whole  year's  trade.  In  some  of  the  more  northerly 
portions  of  Canada  the  winters  are  very  long,  but  all  the  time  the  farmers  are  not  idle,  as 
may  be  supposed,  but  busy  in  burning  brusliwood,  and  other  work  they  had  partly  pre 


WINTER  TIME — AMUSEMENTS  AND  SPORTS. 


59 


pared  during  the  summer  months.  As  the  weather  decreases  in  severity,  and  spring  be- 
gins to  open  up,  then  the  farmer  gets  his  seed  into  the  ground,  as  soon  as  it  is  prepared, 
and  although  that  may  be  far  on  in  the  year,  compared  with  the  seed-time  of  Great  Britain, 
yet  the  seed  is  brought  forward  with  extraordinary  rapidity,  arising  from  the  moisture  the 
ground  has  received,  and  the  great  heat  of  the  sun,  which  then  enables  the  farmer  to  turn 
his  attention  to  other  things. 

The  farm  produce  brought  into  towns  in  winter,  in  the  shape  of  poultry,  etc.,  are  all 
frozen  as  hard  as  ice  itself,  and  in  tliat  condition  they  keep  a  long  time  quite  fresh,  so  that 
large  quantities  of  such  are  brought  in  that  state,  and  kept  in  ice  for  months.  When  about 
to  be  used,  all  that  is  necessary  is  to  place  them  in  cold  water,  which  at  once  reduces  them 
to  a  proper  temperature  for  cooking. 

Winter  time  in  America,  therefore,  is  looked  forward  to,  by  almost  every  one,  with  very 
different  feelings  from  what  many  in  Great  Britain  are  apt  to  suppose. 

In  the  months  of  November  and  December,  generally,  there  is  little  of  that  raw,  damp, 
cold,  muggy  weather,  so  much  experienced  in  all  parts  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.  In- 
stead of  that,  the  sun  beame  forth  in  all  his  splendour,  with,  perhaps,  a  cold  but  dry  and 
pure  atmosphere,  then  termed  the  Indian  summer  part  of  the  year,  a  time  more  enjoyed 
than  any  other  by  strangers  from  Great  Britain. 


AMUSEMENTS  AND  SPORTS. 


m 


If  horse  racing  can  boast  of  being  one  of  England's  greatest  national  sports,  that  of  trot- 
ting matches  with  horses  in  harness,  may  be  said  to  be  one  of  the  great  sports  of  America. 
There  is,  however,  no  great  day  as  a  "  Derby  day"  of  such  interest  as  that  day  is  with 
Englishmen,  when  it  sets  aside  the  more  important  duties  of  business,  and  even  parliament 
itself.  True,  the  Americans  have  a  greater  holiday,  because  more  universal,  viz.,  the  cele- 
bration of  Independence  day  (4th  July),  but  that  is  of  a  totaly  different  character,  being 
one  of  jubilee  and  rejoicing. 

Last  year;  the  turf  appeared  to  be  making  a  little  more  headway,  and  the  steam  is  to  be 
tried  to  be  got  up  to  a  point  in  future,  when  the  "  fashion  course"  of  New  York  is  expect- 
ed, some  day,  to  rival  that  of  Doncaster,  Epsom,  or  Goodwood.  A  popular  expressed  wish 
Beems  to  be  that  some  English  blood  horses  should  be  brought  over  to  try  their  metal  on 
American  soil,  in  return  for  the  importation  into  England  of  "  Prioress,"  and  her  com- 
patriots, on  the  English  fields  of  horse  racing.  If  the  Americans  cannot  boast  of  such 
races  as  those  of  England,  their  trotting  matches,  and  trotting  horses,  are,  in  our  opinion 
far  ahead  of  any  thing  of  that  kind  in  Great  Britain. 

To  give  the  British  reader  an  idea  of  how  a  horse  is  yoked,  equipped,  and  driven  lu  a 
trotting  match,  we  give  an  illustration  of  one  in  full  swing  at  fully  "  two  forty." 

The  machine  drawn,  is  built  very  light,  yet  as  strong  as  there  is  occasion  for,  with  seat 
only  sufficient  for  the  driver.  It  will  be  seen  that  the  horse  is  attired  in  a  very  light 
6uit  of  harness,  which,  with  the  machine,  or  "  buggy,"  presents  a  very  slim  appearance. 
Those  horses,  generally,  have  a  peculiar  gait,  called  "  racking,"  hence  they  are  called 
"  rackcrs,"  or  "  pacing  horses."  The  "  racking,"  or  trotting  motion  of  the  horse,  is  not  the 
throwing  of  the  body  and  legs  of  the  animal  straightforward,  but  a  sort  of  rolling  about 
motion,  and,  when  going  slowly,  partakes  of  the  appearance  of  a  fast  walk  and  a  slow  trot 
coml)ined.  It  is  a  peculiar  motion,  and  not  a  handsome  action  of  the  horse,  according  to 
our  ideas.  On  the  saddle,  however,  we  are  told  that  the  motion  is  particularly  easy  for 
tlic  rider,  and  that  many  lady  equestrians  prefer  a  good  "  pacer,"  or  "  racker,"  to  any  other 
sort  of  horse,  on  that  account. 

It  is  the  ambition  of  many  who  keep  horses,  to  be  able  to  boast  of  how  few  minutes 
they  will  take  to  trot  one  mile.  Those  who  can  trot  1  mile  in  2  minutes  and  40  seconds 
are  considered  up  to  the  mark  as  "  fast"  horses.  From  this  has  arisen  the  common  remark 
of  "  2.40,"  when  applied  to  any  thing  which  is  done  fast.    Thus  they  have  2.40  men,  2.40 


f^ 


K] 


tf 


O 


Sr 


TBOTTING  MATCHES — BILLIARDS  AND   CHESS. 


61 


women,  2.40  steamboats,  2.40  workmen,  same  as  there  are  2.40  horses,  and  if  we  can  be- 
lieve one  common  idea  in  England,  it  is  that  all  America,  every  thing  in  it,  and  which  is 
done  in  it,  is  2.40. 

These  trotting  matches,  generally,  consist  of  matches  of  one,  two,  or  fou"  horses,  and  are  just 
as  exciting  to  the  American,  as  a  horse  race,  when  ridden  by  jockies,  is  to  an  Englishman. 
The  time  for  trotting  is  sometimes  2.31,  and  2.32  for  1  mile. 

Tlie  breed  of  horses  considered  the  best  trotters,  are  called  the  Morgan  breed,  with  big, 
unseemly  heads ;  and  are  large-boned,  and  long-limbed  horses.  They  trot  along  at  a  fear- 
ful pace,  and  as  tliey  pass,  you  are  apt  to  expect  to  see  the  whole  machine  fly  into  a  thou- 
sand pieces ;  but  no,  it  whirls  along  over  the  ground,  as  if  it  was  a  feather  at  the  tail  of 
the  horse,  the  driver  seeming  to  sit  on  nothing.  To  our  ideaa  of  driving  the  driver 
will  be  seen  holding  his  arms  very  far  out,  and  much  further  than  English  drivers,  we 
think,  are  accustomed  to  do,  but  we  understand  it  is  for  the  purpose  of  giving  them  as 
much  "  purchase,"  or  power  over  the  horse — some  of  the  Morgan  horses  being  very  "  hard 
in  the  mouth,"  and  strong  in  the  head  to  guide — when  they  get  excited  in  the  game  they 
are  playing.  As  drivers,  we  should  be  inclined  to  say,  the  Americans,  as  a  people,  have 
no  superior,  if  any  equal,  in  the  world.  When  little  boys,  and  able  to  hold  the  reins,  they 
will  be  seen  stuck  in  between  the  knees  of  the  parent,  and  driving  along  with  great  ex- 
pertness,  until  they  will  be  met  with  alone,  or,  perhaps,  two  together  in  a  buggy,  and  try- 
ing the  metal  of  their  horse  at  "  two  forty"  work,  with  all  the  relish  and  skill  of  men,  and 
thus,  in  time,  become  excellent  hands  at  handling  the  reins. 

Many  ladies  drive  regularly,  and  in  Cleveland,  and  some  of  the  western  cities,  we  saw 
some  excellent  "  whips"  amongst  them. 

We  may  here  remark,  that  in  some  cities  of  America,  horse  exercise  is  a  good  deal  adopt- 
ed by  ladies,  and  in  one  part  of  the  country  a  lady  teacher  advertises  as  engaged  in  giving 
lessons,  with  many  excellent  reasons  why  it  should  be  more  practised  by  ladies  than  it  is. 
Cricket  is  not  engaged  so  much  in  as  in  England,  but  "  base-ball "  and  "  quoits"  are  very 
much  played. 

The  great  pastimes — as  games  or  amusements — however,  are  in-doors,  and  those  are  the  sci- 
entific games  of  billiards  and  chess,  but  more  particularly  the  former. 

Large  as  some  of  the  billiard  rooms  in  London  are,  they  are  only  a  few  in  number  com- 
paratively, which  are  fitted  up  in  that  style  of  magnificence  which  characterize  the  bil- 
liard rooms  of  such  as  New  York,  Philadelphia,  Cincinnati,  and  Buffalo.  In  these  cities, 
the  number  of  billiard  tables  is  almost  incredible.  At  night,  the  lager  beer  saloons  of  the 
Germans  are  filled  by  men  playing — and  few  there  are  but  what  has  its  billiard  table 
—even  the  very  meanest-looking  places  have  one.  It  is  the  great  game  with  the  German 
people,  and  hence  its  great  enjoyment  with  them.  In  billiard  rooms  in  Cincinnati  we  have 
counted  16,  18,  and  20  tables  in  one  establishment,  whilst  the  billiard  rooms  of  the  cele- 
brated player — M  Phelan,  in  New  York — are  fitted  up  with  30  magnificent  tables,  all  of 
the  manufacture  of  O'Connor  &  CoUinder,  the  largest  billiard  table  makers  in  America. 
Mr.  Phelan's  rooms  night  after  night,  are  thronged  with  gentlemen  enjoying  this  game. 
Markers  and  attendants  wait  on  each  table,  and  altogether  it  appears  an  exceedingly  well- 
conducted  establishment  In  America,  the  playing  of  billiards  is  rendered  more  respecta- 
ble than  it  is  in  England.  If  it  is  right  for  billiards  to  be  played  in  hotels  and  club-houses, 
and  there  conducted  respectably — the  game  has  extended  itself  amongst  the  people,  and 
forms  one  of  the  greatest  enjoyments  of  city  life  after  business  hours — and  from  all  we  could 
see  and  hear  of  it,  throughout  the  country,  it  is  conducted  as  one  of  the  respectable  and 
healthy  recreations  of  the  people — but,  of  course,  like  every  thing  else,  liable  to  abuse. 
There  is  not  a  young  man  scarcely  to  be  met  with,  but  who  understands  the  game,  and  wlio 
can  play  at  billiards.  Tlie  apartments  of  billiard  rooms  are  generally  large  rooms  or  halls 
—well  ventilated  and  comfortably  fitted  up,  both  for  the  looker  on  and  the  player. 

In  the  autumn,  or  "  fall,"  must  be  mentioned  the  "  target  excursions,"  as  they  may  be 
termed — although  an  amusement  of  a  decidedly  practical  character.  From  about  the  com- 
mencement of  October,  up  till  the  end  of  November,  never  a  day  passes  almost  but  what 


fl^E]M; 


62 


DEGENERACY   OF  THE   AMERICAN  PEOPLE. 


a  Bmall  regiment  of  the  employees  of  some  large  manufacturing  or  commercial  establish- 
ment will  be  seen  parading  through  the  streets  in  militory  uniform,  on  their  way  to  some 
part  of  the  suburbs — preceded  by  nn  excellent  bross  band,  with  invarlobly  a  coloured 
Bttendont  carrying  the  target  in  the  reor,  and  the  invited  guests  carrying  the  gold  or  silver 
articles  as  prizes,  which  are  to  be  shot  for — those  going  nearest  the  bull's  eye  obtaining 
prizes  respectively  for  their  skill.  Parties  of  this  sort,  are  to  be  seen  numbering  from  fifty 
to  hundreds,  depending  upon  the  size  of  the  establishment  or  association.  In  general,  they 
ore  all  neatly  dressed  in  uniform,  ond  with  their  muskets — with  fixed  bayonets,  shoulder 
high,  present  a  decidedly  military  appearance.  Previous,  however,  to  their  going  out  on 
such  excursions,  .they  are  regularly  drilled  in  the  use  of  fire-arms  by  a  military  official,  and 
the  target  excursion  may  be  said  to  be  the  review  day — when  each  is  called  upon  to  attest 
his  proficiency  in  the  art  of  handling  a  musket,  and  in  being  a  good  marksman.  They 
start  off  in  the  morning  and  spend  the  day  in  this  monner,  dine  at  some  appointed  house, 
where  dinner  has  been  prepared  for  them,  and  return  home  in  the  evening. 

In  this  way  are  the  great  majority  of  the  male  population  proficient,  to  a  certain  extent, 
in  the  art  of  war — so  that  in  case  of  emergency,  an  immense  force  of  citizen  soldiery  can 
be  calculated  upon.  ;  .  ^ 


THE  DEGENERACY  OF  THE  AMERICAN  PEOPLE. 

Ahonobt  the  many  popular  errors  entertained  in  Great  Britain  respecting  America  and 
the  American  people,  we  find  we  must  include  that  which  has  been  promulgated  in  certain 
quarters,  as  to  the  decay  or  degeneracy  of  the  Americans,  in  their  physical  strength  and 
condition  as  a  people.  We  confess  that  until  we  had  visited  the  country,  we  were  some- 
what of  a  similar  opinion.  From  what  we  hiivo  seen  of  the  people,  however,  over  a  wide 
extent  of  country,  we  are  led  to  a  different  conclusion. 

We  think  the. error  has  crept  into  British  minds  from  the  fact,  that  almost  the  only  op- 
portunity they  have  of  judging  of  the  American  people,  is  from  what  they  see  of  them  in 
the  samples  of  Americans  who  visit  Great  Britain — as  merchants,  bankers,  dry  goods  or 
hordware  storekeepers — as  buyers  or  sellers.  There  is  no  other  opportunity  of  judging  of 
them  otherwise,  excepting  by  coming  over  and  travelling  through  different  districts  of  the 
country.  To  take,  therefore,  the  sample  of  Americans  from  the  close,  confined  counting- 
houses  of  New  York  or  Boston,  as  fair  samples  of  a  whole  people,  covering  such  a  conti- 
nent as  this,  is,  we  think,  hasty  and  erroneous.  As  well,  in  our  opinion,  may  we  take  the 
people  of  such  as  Hampshire,  in  the  south  of  England,  and  declare  that  they  are  fair  sam- 
ples of  the  British  people — when  the  size  of  their  heads  and  breadth  between  their  shoul- 
ders has  only  to  be  compared  with  those  of  the  natives  of  Aberdeenshire,  (Scotland,)  or  as 
a  whole,  with  the  stalwart  Highlanders  of  Scotland,  or  the  natives  of  Cumberland,  (Eng.) 
to  see  the  difference. 

Just  as  well,  also,  may  we  say  that  the  hard-worked  entry-desk  clerk  in  a  dry-goods 
warehouse  in  Wood  street,  or  a  banker's  clerk  in  Lombard  street,  London,  with  tlieir 
bleached  faces  aud  slender  forms,  are  fair  samples  of,  and  the  very  personification  of  John 
Bull  himself. 

We  connot  take,  therefore,  the  commercial  classes  of  the  New  England  States  or  New  York, 
and  say  that  they  are  fair  samples  of  the  American  people — whilst  it  is  well  known  that 
the  tall,  big-boned  native  of  Kentucky  exhibits  as  great  a  difference  from  such,  as  there  is 
in  the  cases  we  have  cited  as  regards  the  British.  If  we  are  to  take  the  descendants  of  Eu- 
ropeans as  comprising  the  population  of  America — and  we  cannot  do  otherwise,  as  we  are 
not  treating  of  the  aborigines  of  America — we  osk,  do  the  hundreds  of  thousands  of  the 
children  of  Germans,  who  form  gi  large  a  portion  of  the  population  of  America,  look  like 
a  people  running  to  decay  ?  Or.  again,  do  the  hardy  sona  of  Scotland,  scattered  all  over 
America  and  Canada,  bear  out  the  truth  of  such  a  conclusion  ?  We  are  aware  that  there 
are  local  causes — such  as  fever  and  ague — and  that  the  extreme  heat  and  cold  has  an  ener- 
vating effect  for  a  time  on  the  constitution ;  but  with  proper  care,  and  avoiding  the  causes 


ri 


DEGENERACY  OF  THE   AMERICAN  PEOPLE. 


68 


of  Buch  local  dieeases,  the  constitution  of  the  Earopean  stands  as  healthy  now,  under  the 
purer  atmosphere  of  America,  than  ever  it  did  amid,  we  think,  the  still  more  tryiug  cli- 
mate of  Great  Britain,  when  taken  as  a  whole. 

We  may  be  met  with  the  remark,  that  the  American  people  do  not  look  so  fresh  and 
healthy-looking,  and  so  fat  as  those  who  enjoy  the  roast  beef  of  old  England,  with  tlieir 
"  stout"  and  beer  after  dinner  to  their  hearts'  content. 

All  we  can  say  is,  that  both  in  Canada,  and  the  northern  and  western  States  of  Ameri- 
ca, we  I'.avo  found  as  fresh  and  healthy-looking,  and  as  strong  men  as  ever  wo  met  in  Bri- 
tain. We  will  admit,  however,  that  the  rosy  colour  on  the  cheek  is  not  to  be  seen  to  such 
an  extent  in  America  as  in  the  country  districts  of  Great  Britain  or  Ireland,  nor  tliat  the 
people,  as  a  whole,  are  so  fat  and  stout-looking.  But  in  reality,  that  does  not  matter  so 
much  of  itself.  What  is  wanted  to  constitute  health  and  strength,  is  not  by  eoting  enor- 
mously, and  drinking  porter,  and  being  fot.  What  is  wanted  in  a  people  is  bone  ond  mus- 
cle,  and  we  feel  convinced  that  more  muscle  and  real  strength,  and  health,  also,  is  to  be 
found  in  the  wiry  frames  of  the  moderately  fat — or  even  in  the  thin  timbers  of  an  active 
ond  healthy  constitution — than  in  the  extraordinary  fat  individual,  as  we  presume  it  will 
be  admitted,  that  fat  forms  a  very  small  part  in  constituting  the  strength  or  enduring  quali- 
ties of  any  animal,  but  rather  an  impediment  to  healthy  action.  If  proof  is  needed  of  our 
remarks,  we  refer  no  further  than  to  the  agility  and  strength,  ond  liealth  of  the  North 
American  Indian  hunters,  who,  to  look  at  them  closely,  show  none  of  that  superabundant 
fat,  or  size,  we  are  apt  to  give  tliem  credit  for,  and  yet  we  will  be  bound  to  say,  that  for 
enduring  fatigue — half  shattered  as  their  constitutions  have  been  during  many  years  with 
the  whisky  of  the  white  man — they  will  equal  ony  average  samples  of  British  strength. 
We  may  here  observe,  that  having  hod  an  opportunity  of  meeting  with  about  40  repre- 
sentotives,  or  chiefs  of  tribes  of  North  American  Indians,  last  summer,  on  their  way  from 
Washington  to  their  territories  beyond  Minnesota,  we  remarked,  particularly,  the  small 
but  nimble  foot  and  leg  of  these  men,  some  of  them  over  60  years  of  age,  but  moving 
along  with  all  the  agility  of  men  of  20  or  30  years  of  age.  They  were,  one  and  all,  liter- 
ally skin,  muscle  and  bone,  and  in  that  respect,  rather  upset  our  previous  notions  of  what 
we  expected  to  find  amongst  them. 

The  great  mistake,  we  think,  seems  to  be,  that  Americans  are  looked  upon  as  weak  in 
constitution  and  p*vength,  simply  because  they  are  not  so  blown  up,  and  of  such  portly  di- 
mensions 08  John  Bull  and  his  associates  are  represented  to  be.  But  if  expertness,  or 
agility  and  strength,  are  the  essentials  required,  we  have  no  hesitation  in  saying  that  as 
great  on  amount  of  these  qualities  will  be  found  throughout  America,  as  a  whole,  as  in 
any  port,  either  of  Great  Britain,  or  probably,  in  the  world. 

Looking  at  the  matter  in  the  aggregate,  therefore,  we  think  that  the  very  fact  of  what 
has  been  done  in  the  country — the  immense  strides  it  has  mode,  with  comparatively  little 
money  at  command — the  extensive  trocts  of  forest  converted  into  fields  of  waving  grain, 
or  pasture — the  enormous  cities  they  have  reared — tlie  roads  they  have  made — and  in  com- 
paratively so  short  a  period,  speaks  volumes  for  the  physical  energy  of  the  people. 

It  may  be  that  the  brains  of  commercial  men  in  America,  are  overworked,  perhat)? 
more  than  they  are  in  London,  for  instance — although  we  doubt  it — and  that  they  su 
physically,  in  consequence ;  but  it  is  folly,  we  think,  therefore,  to  say,  that  the  whole  peo- 
ple of  America  are  degenerating,  simply  because  a  few  merchants  in  their  hurry  to  get 
rich,  fritter  away  body  as  well  as  mind  in  the  operation. 

Whoever  sees  an  American  thoroughly  alive  at  his  business,  and  having  manual  labour 
to  perform,  whether  that  is  packing  a  bale  of  goods,  chopping  down  a  tree,  swinging  a 
tilt  hammer  overhead,  or,  above  all,  going  to  a  fire,  or  working  a  fire-engine,  will  see  nei- 
ther the  want  of  will,  nor  want  of  power  to  do  it.  If  he  can  invent  a  machine  to  do  it 
for  him,  he  will  do  so  fast  enough,  and  quite  right,  too,  to  make  machinery  work  as  much 
as  possible  for  him. 

As  connected  with  this  subject  in  some  degree,  we  would  refer  to  the  excellent  practice 
kept  up  by  many  of  the  Scotch  portion  of  the  population  in  keeping  up  their  national 


■« 


'     ! 


T 


H 


DECLARATION   OP  INTENTIONS. 


giime*  wherever  practicable,  and  whoever  witneued  the  Scottish  f^nmea  held  in  Jones'* 
wood,  Now  York,  last  September,  will  say,  they  never  saw  the  "  cubor  tossed"  or  the 
"  Uigliland  fling"  dunced,  or  the  "  putting  of  the  stone,"  exeoutod  with  greater  agility  or 
strength  on  the  sides  of  Kinloch  Uannocli,  or  even  Hracniar. 

It  raoy  be  that  In  out-door  sports  the  Americans  would  bo  all  tlio  better,  if  tlioy  had 
even  more  holidays  than  they  have,  where  games  and  gymnastic  exercises  were  encour- 
aged and  indulged  in,  so  as  to  improve  their  physical  strength.  In  that  respect,  however, 
we  believe  they  are  quite  alive  to  the  importance  of  suoh. 


DECLARATION  OF  INTENTIONS. 

Tnx  emigrant  who  arrives  in  the  United  States  with  the  view  of  becoming  a  permanent 
settler,  and  who  wishes  to  enjoy  all  the  privileges  of  native-born  citizens,  must  go  through 
the  form  of  what  is  called  the  "  Declaration  of  Intentions,"  as  well  as  be  a  resident  in  the 
country  for  6  years.  The  law  requires  such,  before  a  vote  at  elections  is  extended  to  for- 
eigners— and  also  to  entitle  them  to  bequeath  real  estate  property.  Tlie  intention  to  be- 
come a  citi  r.en  must  be  notified  at  least  2  years  before  tlie  naturalization  papers  are  ob- 
tained, or,  in  fact,  before  the  applicant  becomes  a  naturalized  citizen. 

The  declaration  of  such  intentions  can  be  made  before  any  state  court,  being  a  court  of 
record,  and  having  a  seal  and  clerk,  and  common  law  jurisdiction ;  before  a  circuit  court, 
or  district  court  of  the  United  States ;  or  before  a  clerk  of  either  of  these  courts. 

In  New  York,  the  office  for  declaration  of  intentions  is  situated  in  the  City  Hall,  at  the 
public  {)ark.  On  going  there,  the  emigrant  will  see  a  board  up  with  "  Naturaliaation  Of- 
fice" painted  upon  it  On  entering  the  office,  and  stating  that  he  wishes  to  declare  his  inten- 
tions, he  is  asked  where  he  comes  from,  his  name,  age,  etc.  All  such  particulars  are  en- 
tered in  a  book,  which  states  that  on  a  particular  day  he  has  declared  his  '  ''entions  of  bo- 
coming  a  citizen  of  the  United  States.    That  book,  with  such  dcclaratior  inded  to  the 

applicant  to  sign.     That  being  done,  the  clerk  makes  out  a  document,  o  we  give  a 

copy,  so  that  parties  from  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  may  bo  aware  of  the  terms  upon 
which  they  are  to  expect  the  privilege  they  ask  for.         .,    .      .^  . 

The  document  referred  to  reods  thus : —  j 

,1,  ..,     !.'    ;■■.  ■■    I"    ■>   .  ,1  .1    .  , 

;  _^.^,  ^^  _._   ,  ,^  ,  .  (Copy.)    ■■       ■'„/. ,,;v' ' ','./',..[ 

STATE  OF  NEW  YORK.  '",.,,,  ., / 

/b  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  for  the  City  and  County  of  New  York :     '■    "        ■ 
I,  A.  B.,  do  declare  on  ooth,  that  it  is  bona  fide  my  intention  to  become  a  citizen  of  the 
United  States,  and  do  renounce  forever  all  allegiance  and  fidelity  to  any  foreign  prince, 
potentate,  state,  or  sovereignty  whatever,  particularly  to  the  Queen  of  the  United  Kingdom 
of  Great  Britain  ond  Ireland,  of  whom  I  nm  a  subject. 

Sworn  this day  of month,  185 — .     ,,(,.„),,  i 

[Signed,]    A  B. 

Signed  by  C.  D.,  clerk,  in  the  clerk's  office.  Court  of  Common  Pleos,  for  the  city  and 
county  of  New  York. 

I  certify  that  the  foregoing  is  a  true  copy  of  an  original  Declaration  of  Intention  remain- 
ing of  record  in  my  office. 

In  witness  whereof,  I  have  hereunto  subscribed  my  name  and  affixed  the  seal  of  said 
court,  this day  of month,  185 — 

J         ...  ..  y.M,  1  ,t,  Signed  hereby   C.  D.,  Clerk  aforesixid. 


Previous  to  obtaining  the  obove  document,  the  opplicant  has  to  pay  the  fee  of  25  conts. 
After  the  five  years  has  elapsed  from  the  day  of  the  applicant's  arrival  in  the  country 


T 


w 


DECLARATION  OF   INTENTIONS. 


eo 


and  prcBumlng  ho  has  dticlnrud  hi«  intentions  in  duo  form  ns  elated,  lio  inimt  prove  l>y  tlie 
oatli  of  two  citizena  of  tlio  Unitod  States,  tViat  lio  linit  l)i'cii  reoidcnt  for  Avo  yt'iirH,  und  ose 
year  vritliin  tho  State  where  tiio  court  is  Iield,  before  he  gets  ids  naturalization  papers. 
Wo  quoto  tho  following  as  what  appears  to  be  the  law  on  the  subject : — 

"  If  ho  have  been  a  minor,  and  sboU  hove  resided  in  the  United  States  for  three  yenrs 
next  before  attaining  Ids  majority,  ho  may  be  admitted  without  such  dcclomtion,  on  prov- 
ing by  two  witnesses  tliat  ho  has  resided  five  years  in  tho  United  States,  three  as  a  uiinor 
and  two  since  he  became  of  age,  making  tho  declaration  of  his  intention  at  the  time  of  his 
admission,  and  declaring  on  outh,  and  proving  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  court,  that  for 
three  years  next  precedhig  it  has  been  his  bona  fide  intention  to  l)ccome  a  citizen. 

"  The  alien's  country  must,  at  the  time  of  his  admission,  be  at  peace  with  the  United 
State*. 

"  If  an  alien  die  after  having  made  his  declaration  of  intention,  and  before  his  admission, 
his  widow  and  children  are  citizens. 

"The  minor  children  of  any  one  duly  naturalized,  if  dwelling  in  the  United  States,  are 
citizens. 

"  A  foreign  married  woman  cannot  hold  property  in  her  own  name,  unless  she  be  natural- 
ized, though  site  may  after  naturalization  hold  It  separate  and  distinct  from  her  husband," 

The  feo  for  obtaining  the  "  naturalization  papers"  is  60  cents,  T6  cents,  or  %\  (2».  3a.  or  4«.) 
according  to  the  style  of  the  getting  up  of  the  document,  and  ornamental  printing  of  said 
papers. 

Wliatever  may  have  been  the  reason  which  led  to  the  adoption  of  such  a  law,  before  a 
foreigner  could  hold  a  legal  title  to  real  estate,  we  should  suppose  that  the  sooner  it  is 
wiped  from  off  the  statute  book  of  the  United  States  tho  better,  as,  so  long  as  it  exists  as 
it  is,  It  presents  no  additional  inducement  for  settlers  to  become  purchosers  of  real  estate 
in  the  country,  whilst  they  are  not  placed  on  a  footlns;;  of  equality  with  other  purchasers, 
simply  because  they  happen  not  to  hove  been  6  yeai    in  the  country. 

We  hove  no  doubt  this  law  will  be  repealed  ere  long.  In  fact,  the  subject  is  beginning 
to  be  "  ventilated,"  from  an  article  we  observed  in  the  New  York  Daily  Times  of  18th  Sep- 
tember last,  in  which  tho  editor  soys : — 

"  Tlie  statutes  in  question  are  not  required  by  any  considerations  of  public  utility,  and 
ore  founded  upon  the  obsolete  moxims  of  o  by-gone  oge.  Why  should  it  be  necessory  that 
an  alien  should  file  with  the  Secretory  of  State  a  declorotion  of  his  intention  to  be  notu- 
rnllzed,  before  lie  can  be  authorized  to  toko  and  hold  rcol  estate  ?  Until  such  declaration 
is  filed,  he  cannot  take  title  to  reol  property,  either  by  purchase  or  by  will.  Any  devise 
to  such  ollen  is  void,  and  the  property  posses  to  the  heirs-at-low.  Now  all  such  provisions 
ore  entirely  uncalled  for.  They  couse  trouble,  ond,  In  some  coses,  defeat  the  intentions  of 
testators.  The  general  policy  of  our  low  is  to  make  the  acquisition  of  property  open  and 
full.  If  there  is  donger  to  our  institutions  from  foreigners  amongst  us,  that  donger  is  cer- 
tninly  lessened,  and  not  increased,  by  tlieir  becoming  interested  in  the  soil.  We  trust  the 
leglsloturo,  at  its  next  session,  may  find  time  to  consider  this  subject."  -•    ,v 


-'V*    \ 


!     .    •■ 


66 


AMERICAN  HOUSES,   AND  MODES  OF  LIVING. 


AMERICAN  HOUSES. 


'    The  interior  of  the  houses  in  the  United  States  vesembl'^,  in  many  respects,  the  neat, 
clean,  and  tidy  appearance  of  a  well-regulater  English  house. 

The  houses  of  the  upper  classes  are  furni&hed  in  a  style  of  great  magnificence,  partioa- 
larly  as  regards  furniture — it  being  universally  much  cheaper  here  than  in  Great  Britain. 

All  the  rooms  are,  generally  speaking,  very  lofty,  and  airy.  The  dining-room  of 
the  Americans  is  generally  on  the  basement  floor  of  the  house,  on  a  lev6l  with  the 
kitchen.  When  the  meals  are  announced  as  all  ready  and  on  the  table,  the  family  retire 
down  stairs  to  the  dining-room — generally  a  pl.iinly  furnished  apartment,  compared  with 
the  other  rooms  up-stairs.  After  meals  they  retire  at  once  up-stairs,  and  use  the  sitting- 
room,  parlour,  or  drawing-room  and  library,  as  they  feel  inclined.  It  is  the  same  after 
every  meal.  Ii\  very  small  houses,  even,  *'i\e  inmates  take  their  meals,  generally,  on  the 
ground-floor  alst.',  and  sit  in  a  room  up-s  airs.  By  this  means,  all  waiting  until  tables  are 
"  covered,"  "set,"  or  "  removed,"  is  avoi  led,  besides  being  much  more  convenient  for  ser- 
vants, in  having  no  meals  and  dishes  to  can  y  up  and  down  stairs. 

The  meals  generally  consist  very  much  ^i  the  same  dishes  and  viands  as  in  Great  Britain, 
with  a  few  variations  in  the  article  of  fisl ,  and  additions  in  vegetables  and  bread,  unknown 
in  Great  Britain,  for  example : — 

At  breakfast  and  supper  the  Indian  corn  forms  an  excellent  and  favourite  bread,  like 
sponge  cake  in  appearance,  is  very  substantial,  and  allowed  to  be  nutritious.  It  is  also 
baked  into  "  pancakes" — called  "  Indian  corn  cakes" — which,  with  the  "  Buckwheat  cakes" 
baked  in  the  same  manner,  are  evidently  enjoyed,  from  the  enoi'mons  consumption  there  is 
of  them,  at  all  breakfast  and  tea-tables,  as  they  are  served  up,  plate  after  plate,  piping  hot 
They  are  used  along  with  butter  and  golden  syrup,  and  are  baked  as  light  as  possible.  A 
breakfast  or  tea-table  here,  is  considered  ruite  as  incomplete  without  its  buckwheat,  or  In- 
dian corn  cakes,  as  a  Scotch  tea-table  would  be,  without  its  jams,  jellies,  or  marmalade. 

There  are  only  thre-;  meals  a  day — ureakfest,  about  1  to  8,  a.  m.  ;  dinner,  12,  to  1,  p.  u. ; 
and  tea,  (or  supper,  as  it  is  called,)  from  6  to  7,  p.  m.  See  our  notice  of  hotels  in  America, 
for  an  idea  what  breakfast  and  supper  consist  of,  which  is  a  fair  sample  of  an  American 
table  generally. 

As  we  have  stated  elsewhere,  the  almost  invariable  beverage  appears  to  be  cold  water, 
with  the  addition  of  tea  or  coffee  being  supplied  at  dinner,  in  the  great  majority  of  private 
houses. 

From  the  abundance  of  various  descriptions  of  fruits,  the  desserts,  at  the  humblest  dinner- 
tables,  are  such  as  are  unknown  in  Great  Britain,  excepting  at  the  dinner-tables  of  the 
wealthy  classes.  Even  at  the  tables  of  the  working  closses  here,  we  have  seen  magnificent 
apples,  peaches,  grapes,  watermelons,  muskmelons,  etc.,  which  are  had  most  seasons,  com- 
paratively speaking,  for  nothi-'^  ;  whilst  the  cranberries,  whortleberries,  pumpkins,  bram- 
bleberries,  blackberries,  currants,  citrons,  etc.,  afford  excellent  material,  and  assist  to  make 
up  the  immense  variety  of  pies  which  are  to  be  seen  on  every  dinner  and  supper-table. 

We  may  here  remark,  that,  in  other  respects,  the  tables  of  the  working  classes,  os  a  gen- 
eral rule,  are  furnished  in  a  manner  enjoyed  only  by  the  very  best  paid  workmen  in  Gieat 
Britain. 

In  the  country  towns,  almost  all  classes  own  the  houses  they  reside  in,  it  being  the  ambi- 
tion of  every  working-man  even,  to  have  a  house  he  can  literally  call  his  own,  and  where, 
with  a  piece  of  ground  attached,  he  can  raise  his  own  vegetables,  fruits,  and  flowers.  For 
tliat  reason,  one  does  not  hear  rents  spoken  about,  so  much  in  America  as  in  Great  Britain. 

The  hcisos,  for  the  most  part,  excepting  in  the  large  cities,  are  built  of  wood,  and  al- 
though to  a  stranger,  accustomed  to  sec  the  substantial  stone  houses  in  Scotland,  or  brick 
houses  in  England,  the  w<x)den  houses  may  not  appear  so  comfortable,  yet  they  can  be 
miule  equally  as  comfortable  as  any  stone  house. 

The  almost  universal  fuel  in  America,  is  wood.    Parties  supply  wood  as  they  do  coak 


AMERICAN  HOUSES,  AND  HOUSEHOLD  AFFAIRS. 


67 


i!l| 


It  is  Bupplied  generally  in  logs— cut  up— but  requiring  a  man  to  chop  it  up  into  the  proper 
length  for  use  in  the  almost  universal  fire-place— the  stove— which  article  acts  the  part  of 
a  kitchen-range  as  well,  in  very  compact  form,  as  with  it  you  can  bake,  boil,  roast,  and 
stew,  all  at  one  time.  Stoves  are  made  all  sizes,  and  sold  with  cooking-dishes,  etc.,  complete. 

In  some  of  the  large  cities  on  the  seaboard,  such  as  New  York  and  Pliiladelphia,  coal  is 
used  to  a  large  extent,  and  is  increasing  every  y»ar  in  consumption.  It  is  of  a  very  hard, 
brittle  nature,  and  comes  chiefly  from  Pennsylvania.  There  is  no  smoke  from  this  descrip- 
tion  of  coal,  nor  almost  any  from  rhe  wood  used— so  that  it  is  one  of  the  things  which 
strikes  the  stranger,  on  visiting  American  cities,  to  fin  1  the  atmosphere  of  all  as  clear  and 
pure  as  if  there  were  not  a  fire  burning  in  a  single  house.  Rather  a  diflferenoe  this,  from 
the  murky  atmosphere  of  such  as  Sheffield,  Birmingham,  London,  Manchester,  and  Glas- 
gow, with  an  additional  supply  of  "  blacks,"  which  now  and  then  ornament  the  faces,  or 
shirt  fronts  of  the  people,  as  they  walk  along  the  streets  I 

"We  may  mention,  that  in  New  York,  the  Scotch  system  of  building  houses  in  floora,  or 
"  flats,"  with  one  and  sometimes  two  families  living  on  each  floor,  is  carried  out  to  a  small 
extent  Such  "  lands"  are  filled,  for  the  most  part,  with  Germans  and  Irish— the  Scotch 
people  appearing  to  prefer  the  small,  "  self-contained"  house,  where  they  can  procure  them. 
The  pressure  of  the  times,  during  the  last  18  months,  has  compelled  many  to  '"vide,  f  eir 
housies,  by  sub-letting  the  upper  portion  of  them,  either  furnished  or  unfuru.jhed.  In  this 
way,  there  are  hundreds  of  eases  in  New  York,  where  one  house  contains  two  families, 
which  was  tenanted  by  only  one  family  previous  to  the  panic  of  1857. 

Regarding  the  performance  of  household  duties,  we  find  that  amongst  the  families  of  the 
mercantile  classes  the  daughters  of  a  family  are  brought  up  to  understand  what  household 
work  is,  and  also  how  to  do  it ;  in  fact  they  are  necessitated  to  do  it,  as  that  "  greatest 
plague  in  life,"  a  servant,  here,  is  not  always  the  speedy,  cleanly,  and  bidable  gentlewoman 
to  be  found  in  England  or  Scotland.  There  is  so  much  ignorance  and  unbecoming  habits 
on  the  part  of  the  vast  proportion  of  imported  servants,  that  families  are  obliged  to  be  able 
to  assist  themselves  when  left  in  the  lurch  by  any  sudden  whim  of  temper  or  taste  on  the 
part  of  their  "  help." 

"We  find  that  the  American  ladies  are  not  only  good,  but  quick  workers,  throwing  all 
that  nervous  energy  of  character  they  are  possessed  of  into  their  work,  to  get  done  with  it 
as  speedily  as  possible ;  so  that  whether  It  be  at  sweeping  out  a  room,  squaring  up  a  bed- 
room, or  cooking  a  meal,  we  have  found  them  "  smart"  at  their  work.  It  is  not  in  the 
nature  of  an  American  lady,  no  more  than  it  is  in  an  American  gentleman,  to  do  any  thing 
slow.  No  doubt,  American  ladies  can  take  their  ease,  and  enjoy  a  rest  on  a  sofa,  or  on  one 
of  their  easy  rocking  chairs — particularly  on  a  hot  day,  with  the  mercury  100°  in  the 
shade — as  well  as  any  other  lady.  Again,  in  the  matter  of  early  rising,  the  American 
Indies,  in  our  opinion,  put  many  British  ladies  completely  to  the  blush,  in  that  respect. 
What  would  some  of  our  English  or  Scotch  ladies  think  of  getting  up  at  4  or  5,  a.  m.,  in 
the  summer  season,  and  going  to  market  then  ?  This  is  necessary  both  in  Canada  and  the 
United  States,  as,  if  delayed  much  longer,  there  would  be  no  butcher's  meat  to  be  had  long 
after  these  hours.  As  we  have  said,  in  the  families  of  merchants,  manufacturers,  etc.,  the 
daughters  are  taught  to  work  in  good  earnest,  and  some  of  the  little  girls  of  8  and  ,10  years 
old  will  be  found  quite  as  smart  as  the  boys  of  thoi  years  are  generally  acknowledged 
to  be. 

Ladies  who  board  at  hotels  are,  perhaps,  the  only  exception  to  what  we  have  stated. 
The  lady  who  is  a  permanei.t  boarder  at  a  hotel  has,  of  course,  nothing  to  do  with  the  cares 
and  work  of  housekeeping,  but,  ten  chances  to  one,  if  even  she  does  not  know  how  things 
ought  to  be  done,  although  she  is  not  obliged  to  do  them. 

All  frmilics  try  to  do  with  as  few  servants  as  possible,  preferring,  in  many  cases,  to  do 
without  extra  assistance,  rather  than  pay  high  wages  for  very  indifferent  and  troublesome 
"help." 

We  may  here  mention  that  many  American  ladies  are  to  be  found  engaged  in  business, 
«uch  as  the  medical  and  literary  professions,  more  particularly  in  connection  with  the 


;k,U 


68 


';J'rrj.'VCA  EXPENSES  OF  HOUSEKEEPING. 


provincial  newspaper  press,  as  well  as  writing  for  magazines,  periodicals,  etc.,  whilst  the 
daughters  in  most  respectable  families  are  to  be  found  engaged  at  particular  descriptions 
of  work  at  home,  for  stores,  so  as  to  enable  them  to  be  all  the  more  independent  of  assist- 
ance from  their  parents  in  paying  for  the  superior  style  and  excellence  of  the  dresses  they 
wear.  American  ladies  will  and  do  dress  well,  and,  to  enable  them  to  do  so,  work  hard 
rather  than  appear  in  any  thing  approaching  to  "  shabby  genteel." 


l-> 


EXPENSES  OF  HOUSEKEEPING. 


Reoardinq  the  cost  of  living  or  housekeeping,  it  much  depends  upon  the  locality  and  the 
knowledge  of  individuals  what  the  expenses  are. 

In  country  districts,  where  parties  raise  their  own  butter,  milk,  eggs,  pork,  wheat,  vege- 
tables, fruits,  etc.,  of  course  the  expenses  are  infinitely  lower  than  in  the  large  cities. 

Taking  New  York  as  the  most  expensive  standard,  we  may  safely  affirm  that,  taking  every 
thing  into  copsideration,  living  is  net  more  expensive  than  it  is  in  London  (Eug.). 

To  give  an  idea  of  the  chief  items  of  expenditure  for  housekeeping  in  New  York,  we  an- 
nex the  following  particulars : — 

Bents. — A  half  house  and  use  of  kitchen,  from  £15  to  £40 — all  depending  upon  situation, 
size,  and  style  of  house,  etc.  Houses  may  be  got  even  lower,  and,  of  course,  higher.  The 
way  to  find  out  such,  is  for  the  stranger  to  consult  the  columns  of  the  principal  daily  news- 
papers in  all  large  cities,  where  he  is  almost  certain  to  find  houses,  or  portions  of  houses, 
advertised,  which  may  suit,  or  he  may  advertise  for  the  description  of  house  he  wants. 

We  annex  particulars  of  some  houses  of  different  sizes  we  saw  advertised  to  let  in  New 
York,  which  will  give  an  idea  of  the  rents,  accommodation,  etc.,  there  in  December  last. 


PART  OF  A  HOUSE  IN  BROOKLYN,  ONLY  FIVE 
minutes'  walk  from  the  ferry  ;  house  new,  three 
story,  flrst-class,  and  cost  |7000 ;  pleasant  and  healthy 
neighbourhood.  Rent,  to  a  respectable  family  without 
children,  $6  (30*.  stg.)  a  month. 


TO  LET.— UNFURNISHED,  TO  A  FAMILY  OF 
two  respectable  persons,  the  third  floor  of  the 
private  dwelling,  West  Twenty-ninth  street,  consisting 
of  three  fine  rooms,  with  large  pantries,  gas,  bath,  and 
Croton  water  attached.    Monthly  rent  $12  (£3  stg.). 

TO  LET,  WITH  ALL  THE  MODERN  IMPROVE- 
raents.  West  Thirty-sixth  street,  five  rooms  on 
the  second  floor.  Rent  |12  (£3  stg.)  per  month.  One 
family  in  the  house. 

IN  BROOKLYN,  THREE  MINUTES'  WALK  FROM 
South  or  Wall  street  ferry,  a  front  parlour,  bed- 
room, and  pantry,  second  floor,  comfortably  furnished 
for  two  persons.  Price  $200  (£40  stg.)  per  annum, 
gas  and  flres  included,  attendance,  etc. 

UNFURNISHED,  AT  WEST  FIFTEENTH  STREET, 
kitchen  and  three  rooms,  with  all  conveniences 
for  housekeeping;  hot  and  cold  water,aud  gas  through- 
out, and  bath.    Rent  $20  (£4  stg.)  per  month. 

TO  LET  TO  A  SMALL  FAMILY,  IMMEDIATE 
posse-'sion,  the  second  floor,  with  attic  bedroom, 
n  house.  Walker  street,  near  Broadway.  Rent  $300 
(£80  stg.). 


A  LOWER  PART  OP  A  HOUSE  TO  LET,  TO  A 
respectable  family  ;  six  rooms,  marble  mantels, 
chandeliers,  gas,  bath,  range,  hot  and  cold  water; 
rent  $81  (£6  4«.  stg.)  per  month.  A  small  family  in 
the  upper  part. 

A~  N  ELEOANTlJAMILY  CUPOLA  COTTAGE  TO 
let,  furnished,  in  Williamsburg,  Brooklyn ;  splen- 
did chandeliers,  bathroom,  balcony,  piazza,  carriage- 
house  ;  location  in  a  most  beautiful  avenue ;  stages, 
eto.    Rent  $500  (£100  stg.)  per  annum. 

THE  FOI'R  STORY  BASEMENT  BRICK  HOUSE, 
West  Twenty-second  street,  pleasantly  situated, 
and  replete  with  modern  Improvements.  Rent,  to  a 
good  tenant,  $650  (£130  stg.). 

THREE  STORY  ENGLISH  BASEMENT  HOUSE, 
fitted  with  ail  the  modera  conveniences.    Kent 
$700  per  annum. 

V E R V  COMFORT ABLE~nion  "FRONT^ AS& 
meiit,  occupied  the  last  twenty  years  as  a  doc- 
tor's oflice,  unfurnished,  for  $10  per  month.     The 
house  flrst-class,  quiet,  and  respectable. 

BOARD.  — A  PLEASANT  HOME  CAN  BE  SE- 
cured  for  the  winter  in  a  flrst-class  house  near 
Broadway,  in  a  central  location.  Gentlemen's  rooms, 
with  board,  from  $5  to  $U  (258.  to  80«,  stg.),  with  fire; 
also  a  sitting-room  for  gentlemen.  A  flne  parlour,  with 
bedrooms,  on  second  floor  front,  for  $6  to  $T  (•'il)«.  to 
86».  stg.).    Dinner  at  6  o'clock.    Reference  required. 


Houses  are  rented  by  the  month,  three  months,  or  longer  if  desired.  When  rented  by  tlie 
working  classps,  the  rent  is  paid,  very  generally,  monthly,  in  advance. 

(Jas  is  burned  in  the  houses  of  thr  wealthier  classes  only.  A  liquid,  called  "  burning 
fluid,"  is  used  most  extensively.  It  is  somewhat  similar  to  camphene,  and  gives  a  light 
equal  to  2  good  candles,  for  about  25  cents  (or  Is.  stg.)  per  week. 

Coal,  where  used  for  fuel,  is  about  18«.  stg.  per  ton — burns  clean,  with  little  waste, 
Wood,  however,  is  the  principal  fuel  used  in  most  places — is  sold  at  so  much  per  "  cord.' 
The  expense  is  considerably  greater  than  for  coal. 


HOUSEKEEPING,   BREAD,   ETC. 


69 


In  eatables  we  will  first  notice  the  great  "  staff  of  life,"  viz. :  Bread,  etc. 

The  principal  kind  of  bread  used  in  the  cities  is  wheaten,  and  the  same  grain  forms  the 
larger  portion  of  that  consumed  throughout  the  northern  States  and  Canada.  Rye  and 
Indian  corn  is  used  to  a  considerable  extent,  but  oatmeal  is  confined  to  portions  of  Canada, 
and  some  of  the  New  England  States. 

Every  good  housewife  bakes  her  own  bread,  cakes,  pies,  etc.,  and  the  former  is  raised 
•with  yeast  obtained  in  verious  ways.  "  Salt  risings,"  "  hop  yeast,"  and  "  yeast  cakes,"  are 
used  in  the  country,  and  t  lese  with  brewers'  yeast  in  cities.  The  cooking  stoves  are  well 
adapted  for  baking. 

It  takes  usur  lly  some  time  for  some  emigrants  to  relish  corn-bread,  and  this  is  also  the 
case  with  rye. 

Bread  made  of  half  rye  and  half  corn-meal,  is  both  sweet  and  nutricious,  but  the  methods 
of  making  all  these  are  best  learned  from  some  good  -cook,  and  the  American  women  are 
always  willing  and  ready  to  teach  a  stranger  the  mysteries  of  the  kitchen,  if  properly  re- 
quested to  do  so.  Every  American  cookery  book  has  a  large  number  of  these  receipts,  but 
a  little  practical  knowledge  is  always  essential. 

We  find  the  following  remarks  published  on  the  subject  of  Indian  Corn  Meal,  and  Indian 
Com  Bread:  ,         >  " 

"A  bushel  of  Indian  com  contains  more  nutriment  than  a  bushel  of  wheat.  Indian  corn  should 
never  be  ground  fine.  Fine  meal  may  be  eaten  when  fresh  ground,  but  it  will  not  keep  sweet. 
The  broken  oil  globules  become  rancid  and  bitter. 

"  Corn  cakes,  made  of  meal  and  water,  with  a  little  salt,  mixed  into  a  stiflf  dough,  verv 
thoroughly,  and  baked  on  a  board  before  a  hot  fire,  or  in  a  hot  oven,  or  in  little  cakes  on  a  grid,- 
dle,  tilfentirely  done,  are  very  sweet,  wholesome  bread. 

"  Corn  and  wheat  bread  is  wholesome  and  nutricious,  and  easilv  made — if  you  know  how.  Stir 
two  teacupfuls  of  white  meal  in  a  pint  of  hot  water  for  each  loaf;  free  it  of  lumps,  and  let  it 
stand  twenty-four  hours.  Boil  two  or  three  potatoes,  peel  and  slice,  and  mash  in  a  pint  of  water, 
which  thicken  with  flour  until  it  is  stiff  batter,  and  then  add  half  a  teacupful  of  bakers'  yeast. 
You  will  use  about  one-third  os  much  meal,  scalded  as  above,  as  you  do  of  nour;  knead  the  meal 
and  yeast,  and  sponge,  and  add  a  little  salt  with  the  flour  nil  together,  and  work  it  well,  and 
mould  in  pans  to  rise  moderately,  and  then  bake,  at  first,  in  a  hot  oven.  This  bread  will  be 
moist,  and  more  nutricious,  and  more  healthy  than  if  it  were  all  flour. 

"  Buckwheat  cakes  are  improved  by  adding  corn  meal,  prepared  in  the  same  way,  in  about  the 
same  proportion  as  for  bread.  A  little  wheat  flour  may  be  added  to  advantage.  Don't  let  your 
batter  over-rise  and  sour,  and  never  use  saleratus  if  it  does. 

"Corn  meal  pudding  may  be  made  of  yellow  meal,  stirii'd  into  scalded  skimmed  milk,  till  as 
thick  as  gruel,  and,  when  cool,  add  ginger,  cinnamon,  nutmeg,  salt,  and  sweetening  to  suit  the 
taste,  and  a  little  flne-cut  suet,  and  some  raisins,  "i-  dried  peaches,  or  a  fine-cut  apple.  It  should 
bake  an  hour  or  more,  according  to  size.  You  ^  l<i  not  believe  any  thing  made  of  corn  meal 
can  be  good,  will  please  try  this  recipe  for  a  puci 

Bakers  are  numerous  in  the  cities;  but  it  is  pooi  oonomy  to  purchase  that  kind  of  bread, 
for  home-made  is  much  healthier  and  cheaper.  The  ub(;  of  nli  u  and  other  drugs  is  as  well 
understood  in  America  as  in  Britain,  although  bread,  generally,  is  made  froi  the  best 
flour. 

No  people  consume  so  many  cakes,  pies,  tarts,  preserves,  etc.,  as  the  Anierieans, 
and  their  tables  are  always  set  with  an  abundance  of  these.  This  is  probably  owing  to  ihe 
ease  with  which  the  materials  are  procured,  and  the  skill  of  the  women  in  baking,  with  the 
facility  of  cooking  afforded  by  their  stoves.  An  industrious  woman  may,  ith  ease,  set  a 
good  table  at  small  expense. 

Large  quantities  of  "  saleratus,"  or  bicarbonate  of  soda,  is  used  in  baking  bread  and  pas- 
try. 

A  description  of  pic-nic  biscuit,  called  "  crackers,"  are  very  extensivelj  and  are 

sold  for  from  6  to  8  cents  per  lb.  (Sd.  to  id.  stg.).  We  have  failed  to  meet  wiiU  the  "Aber- 
nethy"  or  "  Wine"  biscuits,  so  well  known  in  Scotland. 

Wheat  flour  is  about  4|  cents  (2J(/.)  per  lb. 

Indian  corn  meal  is  about  3  cents  {l^d)  per  lb. 

As  regards  animal  food,  we  will  first  notice  the  article  of 

Beek. — The  price  of  beef  per  lb.  depends  upon  the  "  cut"  and  quantity  bought,  and  also 
if  purchased  at  one  of  the  large  public  markets. 


70 


MEAT,  POULTRY,  VEGETABLES  AND  FRUIT. 


Roasting  pieces,  per  lb 12  a  lOcts. 

Chuck  roast,  per  lb 8  a  12 

Second-cut  chuck,  per  lb 6  a  10 

Porter-house  steak,  per  lb 16  a  18 


Sirloin  steak,  per  lb 12  a  IScts 

Rump  steak,  per  lb 0  a  12 

Corned,  per  lo 4  a  11 


Mutton  is,  generally  speaking,  more  akin  to  what  may  be  purchased  in  Leadenhall  Mar- 
ket, excepting,  protably,  very  choice  "  south  down." 
It  is  sold  as  follows: —  -v 


Hind  quarters,  per  lb 8  a  IRcts. 

Fore  quarters,  per  lb Ac    6 

Chops,  per  lb 10  a  14 

Lambs,  quarter 76  a  $1.60 


Lambs,  per  lb « . .  11a  IScts. 

Veal  sells,  bind  quarters,  per  lb. .  10  a  12i 

"         fore  quarters,  per  lb. . .  5  a   8 

"         cutlets,  per  lb 14  a  16 


PouLTRT  AND  Gaus, — Immense  quantities  of  excellent  poultry  is  sold,  although  it  is  not 
Bo  fat  and  good  as  is  sometimes  desirable.  The  prices  are,  acvever,  much  lower  than  in 
Britain.     We  quote  as  follows — for' 


Fowls,  per  pair 78o.  a  $1.50cts. 

Fowls,  Buck's  County,  per  pair.  $1.00  a  1.75 
Chickens,  roasting,  per  pair. . .  1.00  a  1.25 
Chickens,  Spring,  per  pair. ...        50  a  1.00 

Spring  Ducks,  per  pair 75  a  1.25 

Spring  Geese,  each 1.25  a  1.76 

Turkeys,  per  lb 15  a    20 

Western  poultry,  per  lb 11  a    15 

Pigeons,  wild,  per  doz 1.25  a  2.25 


Pigeons,  squab,  per  doz $2.25  a  S.OOcts. 

Woodcock,  per  doz 4.00  a  4.50 

Woodcock,  per  pair 75  a    871 

Snipe,  Curlew,  and  Merlin,  per 

doz 2.50  a  8.00 

Snipe,  Dowlcher,  per  doz 1.00  a  1.50 

Snipe,  Ox-eyes,  per  doz 37  a    60 

Plover,  per  doz 2.50  a  8.00 

Partridge,  per  pair 1.00  a  1.25 


Fish, — The  price  of  fish  varies  very  considerably  with  the  supply,  so  it  would  be  of  no 
practical  utility  to  give  quotationsw  We  may  say  that  trout,  cod-fish,  pickeril,  mackerel, 
halibut,  eels,  flounders,  salmon,  and  even  frogs,  can  be  bought  quite  as  cheap  as  in  England. 

Vegetables. — The  price  of  vegetables  varies  considerably  some  seasons,  and  also  the  man- 
ner iu  which  they  are  bought.  Many  housekeepers  purchase  potatoes,  for  example,  per 
barrel,  and  save  considerably  by  so  doing. 


Potatoes,  new,  per  bbl 

Potatoes,  new,  per  bushel 

Potatoes,  new,  naif-peck 

Sweet  potatoes,  per  half  peck. . 

Green  corn,  per  100  ears 

Green  corn,  per  doz 

Turnips,  new,  Russian,  per  bu. 
Turnips,  new,  per  doz.  bunches. 

Turnips,  new,  per  bunch 

Carrots,  new,  per  doz.  bunches. 

Carrots,  new,  per  bunch 

Beets,  new,  per  doz.  bunches. . 

Beets,  new,  per  bunch 

Onions,  per  doz.  strings 

Onions,  per  strine 

Onions,  new,  per  half  peck.... 

Green  Peppers,  per  doz 

Okra,  per  100 

Okra,  per  doz 

Cabbage,  new,  per  doz 

The  melons,  in  the  list  of  vegetables,  form  a  very  cheop  and  most  delicious  article  for 
desert  in  summer. 

Fbuit. — ^The  variety  of  fruit  is  very  great,  and  in  good  seasons  is  exceedingly  moderate 
in  price.  Last  season  fruit  was  very  dear,  in  consequence  of  the  small  supply.  The  fo'- 
lowing  were  the  prices  then. 


JJl.CO  a  2.76ct8 

62*a  1.00 

15  a 

18 

25  a 

37 

37  a 

62i 

5  a 

10 

62*a 



6'>*a 

75 

6  a 

8 

87  a 

50 

4a 

5 

37  a 

50 

4a 

5 

75  a 

— 

6a 

8 

18  a 

25 

12  a 

18 

31a 

87 

5a 

6 

■■n  a 

87 

Cabbage,  new,  per  head 

Tomatoes,  per  bushel  basket. 

Tomatoes,  per  quart 

Beans,  per  peck 

Lima  Beans,  per  bushel , 

Lima  Beans,  per  half  peck. . , 

Cucumbers,  per  doz 

Parfley,  per  ounch 

Mint,  per  bunch 

Leeks,  per  bunch 

Garlic,  per  bunch 

Garlic,  per  doz 

Egg  Plants,  each 
"ail  •  "       • 


Salad,  per  doz.  heads. , 

Salad,  per  head 

Squashes,  per  bushel. 

Squashes,  each 

Watermelons,  each  , . . 
Mushmelons,  each..,. 


4a 

9cts 

80  a 

40 

3a 

— 

25  a 

37* 

62  a 

75 

12  a 

— 

6a 

9 

2a 

3 

la 

— 

6a 

— 

—  a 

10 

—  a 

1.00 

6a 

— 

18  a 

87 

2a 

4 

81a 

37 

la 

2 

6a 

37 

la 

6 

Peoches,  per  basket $1.00  a  4.00ct8. 

Peaches,  per  quart 

Plums,  per  quart 

Citrons,  each 

Grapes,  hot-house,  per  lb 

Blackberries,  New  Rocbelle,  per 
basket 16  a     18 

The  foregoing  are  all  native  growth. 


8a 

81 

10  a 

31 

6a 

8 

60  a 

62* 

Blackberries,  Lawton,  box —  a    80 

Blackberries,  common,  per  qt..  15  a     18 

Whortleberries,  per  quart 12  a     15 

Apples,  new,  per  half  peck.. .,  18  a     50 

1     . 1-9,  new,  per  basket |1.00  a  6.00 

Piurs,  new,  per  half  peck 12  a  1.25 


DOMESTIC  SERVANTS — PROFESSIONAL  MEN. 


71 


FoRKiON  Fruits  sell  as  follows : — 


Lemons,  per  box $3.00  ii  S.SOcts. 

Lemons,  per  doz 12ia     87i 

Pine  Apples,  per  doz. .   25  a  1.50 

Pine  Apples,  each ..  8  a     15 

Coacoanuts,  per  100 2.00  a  8.25 

Coacoanuts,  per  doz 81  a    50 

Figs,  per  box 50  a    — 

Figs,  per  lb 10  a    — 


Dates,  per  lb 10  a    — ots. 

Raisins,  per  lb 10  a     12 

Raisins,  bunch,  per  box 2.00  a  2.50 

Currants,  per  lb 10  a    13 

Preserved  Ginger,  per  jar,  about 

6  lbs 1.00  a    — 

Green  Ginjzer,  per  lb 25  a    — 

Oranges  (Havana)  per  doz 62i  a.  $1.00 

Dairy  Produce,  Egos,  etc.,  sells  as  follows : — 


Butter,  State,  by  the  tub,  per  lb,  18  a  24cts. 

Butter,  State,  per  lb 25  a  25 

Butter,  Orange  Co.,  per  lb 26  a  28 

Butter,  Orange  Co.,  oy  the  pail, 

per  lb 16  a  — 

Butter,  Ohio,  per  lb 16  a  22 


Cheese,  new,  per  lb 6  a  11 

Eggs,  seven  ror 12  a  — 

Eggs,  fifteen  for 25  a  — 

Eggs,  sixty-four  for $1.00  a  — 

Honey,  pure  northern,  per  bottle.       50  a  75 


Mii.K. — Skimmed  milk  is  seldom  used  by  any  one.  Although  a  considerable  quantity  of 
milk  is  sold,  known  as  distillery  milk — (obtained  from  cows  fed  upon  distillery  slops) — the 
very  finest  milk  is  retailed  through  the  cities,  in  carts,  at  6  cents  (3rf.)  per  quart. 

SuoAR,  lump,  10  to  12  cents  (5rf.  to  6d.)  per  lb.    Brown,  6  to  9  cents  (3d  to  ^d.)  per  lb. 

Coffee,  roasted  and  ground,  from  9  to  18  cents,  (4id  to  9d.)  stg.  per  lb. 

Tea. — ^There  being  no  duty  on  tea  as  in  Britain,  excellent  tea  can  be  bought  for  60  centi< 
(28.  stg.)  per  lb.,  although  it  is  sold  lower  and  higher  than  that. 

The  foregoing  prices  quoted,  are  the  retail  prices.    For  every  cent  reckon  one-halfpennj'. 

The  wages  paid  for  all  descriptions  of  servants  are  very  high,  it  being  one  of  the  great 
characteristics  of  the  country,  that  every  description  of  labour  is  well  paid,  and  even  the 
humble  washerwoman  shares  in  the  receipt  of  good  pay,  compared  with  what  is  paid  to 
such  in  Britain.  In  New  York,  such  women  receive  75  cts.  to  $1  (3«.  to  4s.  stg.)  per  day, 
with  meals,  for  10  hours'  work.  Giving  out  clothes  to  be  washed  costs,  on  the  average,  60 
cents,  (28,  stg.)  per  dozen,  and  if  ironed  or  got  up,  75  cents  to  $1,  (38.  to  48.  stg.)  per  dozen. 

Domestic  servants  are  paid  good  wages,  and  although  really  good  servants  are  scarce, 
very  ordinary  "  helps"  are  paid  from  £12  to  £20  per  annum.  Servants  in  America,  for  the 
most  part,  are  either  Irish  or  German,  and  we  can  assure  ladies  at  home,  that  the  "  greatest 
plagues  in  life"  are  as  abundant  in  America  as  anywhere,  as  on  arrival  here,  girls  who  would 
be  very  civil  and  thankful  to  get  £4  per  annum  in  Ireland,  will  be  found  not  over 
clever,  tidy,  or  tractable,  when  receiving  $60  to  $75  (£12  or  £15)  per  annum.  After  Irish 
girls  have  been  in  the  country  for  some  time,  they  improve  considerably — their  ideas  of 
themselves,  and  the  wagjs  they  ought  to  receive,  expanding  likewise. 

Servants  are  employed  differently,  in  some  respects,  from  what  they  are  in  Great  Britain ; 
for  example,  in  first-class  houses  no  laundresses  are  kept.  The  table  and  bed  linen  is  washed 
by  the  cook,  on  a  particular  day,  and  the  body  clothes  are  washed  by  the  maid  of  all  work 
and  housemaid  on  anotho:  day,  of  the  same,  or  following  week. 


'■'1 


PROFESSIONAL  MEN  IN  AMERICA. 

Ih  the  course  of  our  travels  through  the  United  States  and  Canada,  we  were  led  to  make  an 
inquiry,  as  to  the  position  which  professional  men  occupied,  and  the  remuneration  paid  to 
them.  The  answer  to  our  first  enquiry  so  surprised  us,  that,  from  curiosity — and  also  to  ascer- 
tain if  the  answer  to  our  first  inquiry  was  general — we  made  further  notes  as  we  went 
along,  on  the  same  subject.  As  a  few  of  these  way  prove  interesting  to  many  in  Groat 
Britain,  we  annex  them  for  general  information — young  men  in  the  learned  professions 
there  being,  in  many  cases,  as  ignorant  concerning  matters  in  America,  as  many  of  their 
less  educated  brethren  are. 

As  stated  elsewhere,  men  engaged  in  some  of  the  professions,  find  it  absolutely  necessa- 
ry to  eke  out  an  existence  by  acting  the  part  of  postmaster,  reeve,  general  storekeeper, 
and  magistrate.    This  applies  more  particularly  to  medical  men.    Fortunately  for  such,  it 


72 


CLERGYMEN  IN  AMERICA. 


Is  not  considered,  in  Canada,  or  in  country  districts  in  the  United  States,  infra  dig,  for 
them  to  exercise  their  abilities  out  of  the  regular  path  of  surgery,  and  medicine,  etc.,  etc. 

Clergymen,  from  their  position,  and  the  embargo  which  has  been  laid  upon  them  in  that 
respect,  are  left  to  exercise  their  ability  in  their  own  particular  sphere,  depending  for 
their  remuneration  upon  their  talent,  and,  to  some  extent,  upon  the  honour  of  the  congre- 
gations who  employ  them. 

"  The  clergy  are  at  a  discount,  in  Canada,  and  no  mistake,"  was  the  remark  of  a  gentle- 
man— whom  we  met  there — well  entitled  to  speak  upon  the  subject.  "  All  the  young  men 
of  promise,"  he  added,  "  are  studying,  either  for  medicine,  or  for  the  bar."  "  Facts  are 
stubborn  chiels  and  winna  ding,"  and  facts  and  figures,  moreover,  bear  out  the  assertion  of 
our  friend's  observation  and  experience  regarding  the  principal  professions. 

"  Tlie  Clergy  Reserve,"  as  the  grants  of  land  originally  appropriated  by  the  Provincial 
Government  for  the  support  of  the  clergy  of  the  Established  Church  of  England  and  Scot- 
land, as  well  as  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  were  called,  have  been  commuted  ;  that  is 
to  say,  the  lands  have  been  sold,  and  the  proceeds  have  been  invested  in  lands,  the  interest 
yielded  by  which  is  managed  and  administered  by  the  several  churches  for  the  support,  or, 
rather  supplement  of  the  clergy  connected  with  them ;  and,  of  course,  every  addition  to 
their  numbers,  reduces  the  general  dividend.  We  cannot,  therefore,  vouch  for  the  exact 
stipend  paid  to  the  clergj',  either  of  the  Established  Churches  of  England  and  Scotland,  or 
of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church.  The  salaries  of  the  Presbyterian  ministers,  except  in 
large  cities  where  they  rise  to  £500,  range  from  £100  to  £150  stg.  As  for  the  paltry  pit- 
tance paid  to  Methodist  ministers — unless  we  are  misinformed — £30,  in  addition  to  his  board 
in  the  house  of  some  family  where  he  is  temporarily  located,  is  doled  out  to  "  a  young  man 
without  any  encumbrances,"  and  £50  to  the  man  who  carries,  like  Peter,  "  a  wife,  a  sis- 
ter," along  with  him  in  his  itinerancy,  with  the  addition  of  a  consideration  for  every  child 
in  his  family. 

From  published  documents  we  find  that  the  entire  staff  of  clergymen  of  all  denomina- 
tions in  Canada,  numbers  somewhere  about  2,270.  Composed  of  as  follows ; — Episcopal 
Church,  300 ;  Roman  Catholic  Church,  between  700  and  800 ;  Established  Church  of  Scot- 
land, 90  ;  Free  Church  of  Scotland,  150 ;  United  Presbyterian  Church,  80 ;  Wesleyan,  New 
Connexion,  Episcopal  and  Primitive  Methodists,  600 ;  Congregational,  70 ;  Baptist,  180. 

"  The  pastoral  tie  is  a  very  brittle  one,  in  Canada,  as  well  as  in  tlie  United  States,"  is  a 
clerical,  as  well  as  a  common  remark.  When  a  congregation  hear  a  popular  minister,  a 
meeting  is  summoned,  a  vote  taken,  and  if  he  offers  no  objection  to  the  salary,  board  is 
provided  instanter,  and  the  Presbytery  is  requested  to  proceed  with  his  ordination  or  inlro 
duction  without  delay.  The  process  of  dismission  is  equally  summary.  If  he  has  dnred 
to  attack  some  social  vice,  or  giTen  offence,  no  matter  how,  to  the  "  sovereign  people,"  a 

meeting  is  called,  the  resolution  passed  that  Mr.  's  services  are  no  longer  required, 

and  he  is  accordingly,  nolens  volens,  cashiered.  Greater  attention,  it  is  true,  is  pnid  to  ec- 
clesiastical forms  amongst  the  presbyterians  in  Canada,  but  demissions  are  very  frequent, 
and  perpetual  change  is  the  law  that  holds  almost  universolly,  which  cannot  excite  sur- 
prise to  those  who  are  aware  that  a  congregational  "  promise  to  pay"  of  £100,  to  the  min- 
ister, on  his  settlement,  very  often  dwindles  down  to  three-quarters,  or  one-half  of  the 
stipulated  sum  before  the  end  of  the  year.  "  Why  don't  the  clergy  remind  the  people  of 
their  duty?"  an  old  country  clergyman  would  say.  What  do  our  readers  suppose  would 
be  the  reply  when  thus  appealed  to,  to  remind  the  "sovereign  people"  of  their  duty? 
"  Have  you  the  impertinence  to  tell  me  to  my  face,  in  my  own  house,  that  I  hove  not  kept 
my  word  ?"  roared  out  one  of  their  number,  to  a  minister  of  the  gospel,  when  the  aubjoct 
was  complained  of  by  a  hard-working  minister.  "  Walk  out,  sir !"  and  suiting  the  action 
to  the  word,  he  threw  open  the  door.  "  Walk  ont,  sir  I  my  house  is  my  castle,  niid  I 
won't  submit  to  be  called  a  liar  in  my  own  house.  Walk  out,  sir!  you  won't  long  remain 
in  connection  with  the  church,  I  guess,  if  you  try  that  tack  I  Walk  out,  sir !"  AVe  must 
confess  we  were  more  astonished  with  the  answer  the  honest  minister  got,  than  he  was. 
Talking  on  ecclesiastical  matters  one  day,  a  friend  said,  "  Tlie  Associate  Reformed  Congre- 


PROFESSIONAL  MEN  IN  AMERICA. 


73 


gation  at  • 


•  wl»hed  to  engage  the  Bervicca  of  the  Rev.  Mr. ,  who  had  demitted 


excite  sur- 
o  the  niin- 
lialf  of  the 
people  of 
pose  would 
licir  tlnty? 
e  not  kopl 
the  aul)ject 
the  ftction 
itle,  niul  I 
ig  remain 
We  must 
nn  ho  was. 
ed  Congre- 


his  charge  in  connection  with  the  United  Presbyterian  Church,  but  they  could  not  come  to 
terms,  and  he  ultimately  left  his  own  body  and  accepted  the  offer  of  the  congregation 
in  connection  with  the  Established  Church  of  Scotland  at ,  where  he  is  still  ex- 
ercising the  functions  of  the  ministry."  That  was  by  no  means  a  singular  instance  of  a 
dissenting  clergyman  connecting  himself  either  with  the  Established  Church  of  England, 
or  Scotland,  both  of  which  hold  out  the  inducement,  if  not  a  permanent  endowment  at 
least,  of  the  bait  of  a  tolerable  supplement  to  the  stipend  offered  by  the  congregation. 
Again  we  were  gravely  assured  that  you  may  bid  "  good-bye"  to  your  clerical  friend,  a 
plain  Presbyterian,  and  shake  hands  with  him  on  your  return,  hatted,  gowned,  and  apron- 
ed, as  a  pompous  Bishop  in  full  canonicals.  The  story  goes  that  a  Scotch  clergyman,  who 
had  undergone  the  above  transformation,  met  his  old  friend — another  Scotchman — a  Pres- 
byterian worthy,  in  the  street,  laid  his  hand  upon  the  lapel  of  his  coat,  and  remarked  that 
it  was  rather  bare  for  a  Doctor  to  wear,  upon  which  the  Presbyterian  took  up  the  corner 
of  the  Bishop's  apron,  and  twirling  it  in  his  fingers,  responded,  "  Very  true,  Johnny,  man ; 
but  I  wadna  sell  my  soul  for  a  dadle !"  (Scottice  for  an  apron).  From  this  it  would  ap- 
pear that  the  new  world  of  Her  Majesty's  dominions  has  not  escaped  the  tainted  touch  of 
degrading  simony. 

Such  being  the  ecclesiastical  condition  of  Canada,  the  legal  and  medical  professions, 
frequently,  hold  out  the  fairest  prospects  of  remuneration  and  success,  and  sufficiently  ac- 
counts for  the  fact  that  numbers  of  young  men  who  have  studied  for  the  church,  have  ul- 
timately betaken  themselves  to  the  study  of  law,  medicine,  or  the  practice  of  teaching  in 
the  common  or  grammar  schools  of  the  province.  Barrister's  fees  are  no  less  in  Canada 
than  in  Great  Britain,  and  the  medical  tariff  is  prodigiously  high ;  consequently,  med- 
ical men  sometimes  realize  fortunes.  It  is  said  that  the  people  are  notorious  for  suing 
each  other  on  the  most  trifling  occasions,  and  if  one  may  judge  from  the  space  allotted  to 
puffing  quack  medicines — all  of  them,  of  course,  "  Infallible  Remedies"  for  "  all  the  ills  that 
fiesli  is  heir  to" — in  the  provincial  papers,  John  Bull,  junior,  appears  to  be  as  guiiible  as  his 
portly  papa  in  the  old  country. 

The  same  remarks  apply,  in  a  great  measure,  with  regard  to  professional  men  in  the 
United  States.  It  was  only  in  December  last  we  met  with  an  instance,  where  a  clergyman, 
in  connection  with  a  Presbyterian  Church,  in  Brooklyn,  New  York,  had  commenced  to 
sue  (for  balance  of  salary)  the  managers  of  the  congregation,  who  had  dismissed  him  with- 
out assigning  any  particular  reason. 

From  a  statement  published  some  time  ago,  it  appears  that  the  salaries  of  some  clergy- 
men in  the  United  States  (such  as  Rev.  H.  W.  Beeeher,  and  Rev.  Dr.  Chapin,  of  New  York,) 
reach  as  much  as  $5000  (£1000  stg.)  per  annum — and  be  it  observed,  on  the  "  voluntary" 
principle — a  proof  that  clergymen  of  sterling  ability  are  as  much  appreciated,  and  as  well 
paid  by  the  people  in  the  United  States,  as  any  other  quarter  of  the  globe. 

Medical  men  in  cities  in  the  States  realize  largo  incomes,  from  the  high  fees  they  charge. 
We  have  met  several  surgeons,  who  have  been  practitioners  in  England  and  Scotland,  and 
who  have  great  reason  to  be  satisfied  in  having  transferred  their  services  to  the  TTnitcd 
States.  They  are  unanimous  in  announcing — much  better  fees,  and  fewer  bad  debts,  than 
they  were  accustomed  to  in  Great  Britain.  '■        '' 


74 


EDUCATIONAL   INSTITUTIONS. 


THE  EDUCATIONAL  INSTITUTIONS  OF  ABIERIOA. 

Look  into  the  face  of  every  child  you  meet  with  from  Maine  to  Florida,  or  from  New 
York  to  San  Francisco,  for  aught  yuu  know  you  may  be  gazing  upon  the  president  of  the 
United  States  in  embryo.  To  be  sure,  it  may  be  only  upon  the  future  governor  of  a  single 
State.  Be  that  as  it  may,  the  child  is  father  of  the  man,  and  the  American  people  are  ag 
fully  conscious  of  the  fact,  as  they  are  aware  that  the  diffusion  of  general  knowledge  is  the 
sole  preparative  for  the  proper  exercise  of  the  rights,  as  well  as  the  performance  of  the 
dutiefl  of  citizenship.  And  thoroughly  determined  as  they  are  to  perpetuate  their  political 
institutions  to  latest  posterity,  they  have  resolved  to  establish  a  system  of  common  school 
education,  well  calculated  to  accomplish  their  noble  and  national  purpose ;  a  brief  outline 
of  which  is  all  that  we  can  pretend  to  furnish  within  our  narrow  limits.  Take  the  Consti- 
tution of  any  SUce  }'ou  please,  you  will  find  that  it  embodies  an  enunciation  of  the  advan- 
tages and  objects  of  education — provision  for  suitable  school  accommodation  and  furniture, 
as  well  as  for  the  support  of  the  teachers,  the  expenses  of  which  are  defrayed  by  revenues 
derived  from  lands  appropriated  for  school  purposes,  and  general  taxation ;  and  the  devolution 
of  the  general  management  upon  a  committee  of  gentlemen  elected  by  the  people.  We  can 
only  point  to  the  importance  attached  to  the  selection  of  a  healthy  site  for  the  school-room 
to  the  attention  paid  to  ventilation,  temperature,  and  lighting ;  to  the  wisdom  displayed 
in  the  classification  of  pupils,  and  in  their  courses  of  study,  as  well  as  in  the  regulations  of 
Bchools  and  committees,  and  must,  therefore,  refer  the  reader  to  the  numerous  volumes, 
reports,  and  blue  books  professedly  published  to  diiTuse  general  info.mation  regarding  the 
management  of  the  educational  institutions  of  America. 

There  is  a  regular  gradation  of  schools — primary,  intermediate,  grammar,  and  high 
Bchools — through  which  the  pupil  passes  during  the  course  of  instruction,  preliminary  and 
preparatory,  to  matriculation  in  the  college. 

When  a  child  arrives  at  4  years  of  age,  he  can  obtain  admission  into  the  priinary  schools, 
which  are  generally  taught  by  ladies,  a  class  of  teachers  who  "  are  considered  by  the  peo- 
ple," as  Miss  Bremer  correctly  remarks  in  her  "  Homes  of  the  New  World,"  "  as  more  skil- 
ful than  men  in  the  training  of  early  youth,"  and  receive  a  remuneration  ranging  from  300 
to  600  dollars  per  annum.  If  pupils  have  been  detained  by  sickliness,  delicate  iiealth,  or 
by  the  negligence  of  parents,  and  other  causes,  from  attendance  at  the  primary  schools  for 
a  length  of  time,  they  are  sent  to  the  "  intermediate"  schools,  from  both  of  which  they  nre 
drafted  on  the  report  of  satisfactory  progress,  at  7  years  of  age,  into  the  "grammar''  schools, 
where  they  remain  under  the  tuition  of  a  master,  and  a  male  and  female  assistant — if  boys 
— until  they  are  14 ;  and,  if  girls,  until  they  have  reached  their  16th  year.  Lastly,  the 
**  high"  schools  are  provided  for  the  instruction  of  those  who  have  undergone  a  creditable 
examination,  and  aspire  to  matriculation  in  the  college ;  to  whose  charocter  Sir  Charles 
Lyell  beare  the  following  high  testimony ; — "  The  high  schools  of  Boston,  supported  by  the 
State,"  says  he,  in  his  "  Second  Visit  to  the  United  States,"  "  are  now  so  well  managed, 
that  some  of  my  friends,  who  would  have  grudged  no  expense  to  engage  for  their  sons  the 
best  instruction,  send  their  boys  to  them,  as  superior  to  any  of  the  private  establishments 
supported  by  the  rich  at  great  cosl.'  "  I  was  surprised  to  find,"  is  the  statement  of  the 
Hon.  Mr.  Baxter,  M.  P,  for  Dundee,  "  that  the  masters  of  the  Latin  and  English  High 
Schools  in  Boston,  get  each  $2400  a  year,  or  only  $100  less  than  the  Governor  of  tlie 
State."  In  New  York,  also,  we  have  met  with  gentlemen  largely  engaged  in  mercantile  nnd 
manufocturing  operations,  who  prefer  sending  their  children  to  the  common  schools  of  the 
city — free,  although  tliey  are — feeling  convinced  of  their  superiority  to  any  private  acnde- 
mies  they  arc  acquainted  with. 

The  enormous  sum  of  £6,000,000  sterling  has  been  contributed  by  voluntary  taxation 
for  educational  purposes  alone  throughout  the  United  States.  According  to  a  late  account 
20  schools  of  law,  40  schools  of  medicine,  and  no  fewer  than  200  universities,  with  12,000 
matriculated  students,  nnd  700  public  libraries,  containing  2,500,000  volumes,  have  been 
catablished  throughout  the  Union. 


EDUCATION  IN  THE   UNITED  STATES  AND  CANADA. 


76 


A  stranger,  on  visiting  one  of  the  public  schools  in  any  of  t'i\e  large  cities,  cannot  but  be 
struck  with  the  excellence  of  the  arrangements  and  wstem  jjenerally  adopted.  In  the 
olass-rooras  of  these  institutions  will  be  found  the  most  complett  attention  on  the  part  of 
all,  the  order  and  decorum,  in  all  their  movements,  being  equal  in  precision  to  that  of  a 
well-drilled  regiment,  as  each  little  male  and  female  pupil  mavohes  out  or  in,  in  regular 
file,  to  tlie  sound  of  the  piano,  played  by  another  young  pupii  of  8  or  10  years  of  age. 
There,  instruction  is  made,  as  far  as  possible,  a  pleasure  instead  ot  a  task,  whilst  it  is  of  a 
character  which  the  most  fastidious  could  not  but  appreciate.  >Ve  can  attest  to  the 
superiority  of  the  method  by  which  information  is  conveyed,  having  he^rd  scholars  of  8  or 
10  years  of  age  answering  questions,  in  mental  calculations,  which  wouIg  put  thousands  of 
individuals,  three  times  their  oge,  to  the  blush  in  answering,  Specimem.  of  writing  and 
drawing,  also,  we  have  seen  equally  surprising. 

Whilst  such  an  excellent  education  is  afforded  to  all,  free,  it  must  not  be  supposed  that 
no  interest  is  taken  whether  scholars  attend  regularly  or  not  If  one  should  happen  to  be 
absent  a  single  morning,  a  messenger  is  dispatched  to  the  residence  of  the  pupil  to  ascer- 
tain the  cause  for  non-attendance,  whilst  equal  strictness  is  observable  in  the  pupils' 
punctual  attendance  at  the  proper  hours. 

The  foregoing  remarks  apply  to  the  common  or  public  schools  of  the  United  States.  In 
Canada  the  common  schools  are  similarly  conducted,  and  also  free,  so  that  education  is 
brought  to  the  very  doors  of  the  people,  not  only  in  large  cities,  but  in  every  section 
throughout  the  province,  and  altogether  the  educationol  institutions  of  the  province  are 
alike  creditable  to  the  council  which  established,  and  the  government  that  sanctioned 
them. 

Toronto  is  the  seat  of  a  university  possessed  of  a  talented  staff  of  professors ;  of  a  normal 
school,  in  which  teachers  receive  a  scientific  training  for  their  profession  from  efficient 
masters ;  and,  at  the  same  time,  of  a  model  grammar  and  common  school.  The  province  is 
not  only  divided  into  counties,  but  is  also  sub-divided  into  townships  (corresponding  to  a 
Scotch  parish)  and  school  sections,  in  the  centre  of  each  of  which  last  sub-divisions  a  com- 
mon school  is  situated  and  managed  by  a  local  board  of  trustees.  Grammar  schools  have 
been  established  in  the  principal  cities  and  towns,  in  which  classical  and  mathematical  in- 
struction is  communicated  by  a  highly  educated  and  intelligent  class  of  teachers,  in  addi- 
tion to  the  elementary  branches  of  an  English  education,  sometimes  combined  with  natural 
philosophy,  taught  in  the  common  schools.  Both  grammar  and  common  schools  are  ex- 
amined by  inspectors  appointed  for  the  purpose,  and  the  management  of  the  system  is 
entrusted,  by  the  provincial  gevernment,  to  a  council  of  education.  Rev.  Dr.  Ryerson  at 
present  being  the  general  superintendent. 

A  school-tax  is  levied  by  the  trustees  for  the  support  of  the  teacher,  from  which  a  salary 
is  provided  ranging,  in  proportion  to  the  wealth  of  the  section  and  the  number  of  the 
pupils,  from  £60  or  £70  in  the  common  schools,  to  £200  and  upwards  in  the  grammar 
schools;  and  the  only  defect  discoverable  in  the  system  is,  that  dwelling-houses  are  not 
attached,  as  in  Scotland,  to  the  schools — a  defect  which  will  probably  be  removed  by  their 
erection  in  the  course  of  the  progressive  prosperity  of  the  province  by  the  people. 

We  have  thus  presented  an  outline — a  meagre  outline  only,  it  is  true — of  the  educational 
institutions  of  the  United  States  and  Canada;  institutions  which,  notwithstanding  the 
diversity  of  sentiment  that  exists  on  political  as  well  as  ecclesiastical  subjects,  have  been 
established,  and  are  supported  with  cordial  unanimity ;  from  which,  it  must  be  evident  to 
every  intelligent  reader,  that  they  form  at  once  the  "  foundation  of  the  nation's  greatness," 
and  a  fitting  theme  for  the  children's  song  and  prayer: —  ,      -  ..; 

"  Then  blessings  on  our  common  schools 

:    ,  Wherever  they  may  stand ;  '.'   _ 

..  '      .  They  are  the  people's  colleges,  '  -,  r 

The  bulwark  of  the  land.  '  "*^* 

'lis  a  happy  theme ;  like  a  golden  dream  its  memory  seems  to  be,  ""  • 

And  I'll  sing,  while  I  have  a  voice  or  tongue,  'The  Common  School  for  me.' "   «*•• 


76 


ELECTIONS  IN  AMERICA. 


ELECTIONS  IN  AMERICA. 


RxADXBS  in  Great  Brituin  hove,  no  doubt,  reod  or  heard  of  the  Republican,  or,  it  may 
be,  the  Democratic,  or  American  "  Ticket,"  in  connection  with  elections  in  America.  Dif- 
fering as  the  mode  of  electing  members  for  Congress  does  from  that  of  members  for  Par- 
liament, we  subjoin  a  few  particulars  which  may  prove  interesting  to  those  unacquainted 
with  the  modus  operandi  of  voting  by  ballot— or  popular  elections  in  the  New  World. 

First  of  all,  then,  we  may  explain  that  there  is  no  "  nomination  day"  in  connection  with 
elections  in  America — but  the  formation  of  what  is  designated  a  party  "  Ticket"  appears 
to  be  the  same  sort  of  proceeding,  only  carried  out  differently.  The  "  Ticket"  consists  of 
a  list  of  say,  four  candidates,  who  are  nominated  at  a  preliminary  meeting  of  some  of  the 
leading  men  of  the  party,  and  decided  upon  as  "  fit  and  proper  persons"  to  represent  the 
party  and  their  principles  faithfully  in  Congress,  and  are  submitted  for  the  support  of  the 
party.  For  example,  the  Republican  party,  meet  and  fix  upon  their  men,  and  have 
their  names  printed  on  a  small  slip  of  white  paper — not  much  larger  than  a  railroad  tickit 
— issue  them  to  all  true  Republicans  to  support,  and  carry  the  election  of  one  out  of  the 
four  names  chosen.  Only  one  can  be  elected,  but  four  are  submitted  for  the  people'tt 
choice,  as,  although  all  Republicans,  electors  may  have  their  prodelictions  in  favour  of  a 
particular  man — to  any  of  the  other  three — consequently,  the  elector  takes  his  choice  and 
votes  accordingly,  for  one  man,  scoring  out  the  names  of  the  other  three,  when  he  goes  U> 
vote.  The  meeting  referred  to,  is  called — the  "  primary  election" — and  the  list  of  names 
(which  may  be  two,  three,  four,  or  six)  is  termed  the  "  Republican  Ticket"  or  the  "  Lima- 
cratic  Tickit,"  as  the  case  may  be,  the  chief  men  in  each  party  nominating  or  forming  their 
ticket  in  the  manner  described. 

We  moy  here  remark,  that  the  party  ticket,  properly  speaking,  consists  of  a  series  of 
tickets,  representing  the  different  offices  for  the  Legislature  of  the  State,  as  well  as  for 
members  for  the  Congress  of  the  United  States,  and  that  nearly  all  such  elections  take 
place  on  the  same  day,  so  that  the  names  which  comprise  the  Republican  ticket  or  tickets, 
as  a  whole,  include  the  names  of  different  candidates  for  the  different  ofiicea  in  the 
State  Legislature,  in  the  same  manner  as  already  described  for  the  election  of  members  uf 
Congress.  An  elector,  therefore,  has  to  provide  himself  with  a  series  of  tickets,  suitable, 
to  enable  him  to  vote  for  the  officers  of  State,  and,  if  a  Republican  in  politics,  he  will  in 
all  probability  provide  himself  with  Republican  tickets  throughout,  and  vote  accordingly 
for  the  man  he  deems  the  best  for  each  office  to  be  filled. 

To  simplify  the  matter  in  illustration  of  the  electoral  system,  we  will  refer  more  par- 
ticularly to  the  election  of  members  for  Congress,  the  principle  of  election  in  all  other 
offices  being  the  same. 

When  the  Republican  ticket  (or  list  of  names)  is  fixed  upon,  as  already  explained,  the 
party  at  once  set  to  work  to  secure,  by  every  means  in  their  power,  the  election  of  a  Re- 
publican candidate  over  the  Democratic  one.  The  names  of  the  candidates  may  be  seen 
a  week  or  two  previous  to  election  doy,  printed  on  large,  squore  banners,  which  are  sus- 
pended from  the  roofs  of  houses  across  the  principal  thoroughfares  in  the  city,  as  a  sort  of 
standing  advertisements  of  their  claims  for  support ;  so  that  for  some  time  the  streets  pre- 
sent rather  a  novel  appearance,  from  the  number  and  variety  of  the  banners  thus  ex- 
hibited. 

To  keep  alive  the  excitement,  and  advance  the  interest  of  the  respective  candidates,  public 
meetings  are  held  regularly,  and  in  the  open  air  sometimes,  in  the  different  wards  oftliecity, 
which  latter,  present  a  few  novel  features.  In  the  afternoon  or  evening,  a  small  hustings- 
capable  of  containing  from  50  to  60  persons — is  erected  in  the  street — in  a  square,  or  vacant 
place,  convenient  for  the  purpose.  At  about  8,  f.  m.,  the  meeting  assembles.  On  the  hustings 
the  friends  and  supporters  of  the  party  are  to  be  seen.  At  one  corner,  on  the  platform,  a 
pyrotechnist  is  placed,  with  a  good  supply  of  fireworks.  In  front,  five  or  six  large  flam- 
beaux are  kept  blazing.    Some  dozen  or  so  of  paper  lanterns  are  hoisted  on  long  pules, 


ELECTIONS  IN  AMERICA. 


77 


each  one  having  printed  on  tljeir  Bides  the  names  of  the  party  candidates,  in  whose  inter- 
est the  meeting  ia  held.  On  the  ground,  at  one  end  of  tlie  hustings,  is  placed  a  piece  of 
ordnance,  generally  about  a  12  or  16  pounder,  which,  with  the  speakers  on  the  platform, 
and  the  people  in  front,  form  the  component  parts  of  a  political  meeting  in  the  City  of 
New  York. 

Thus  "  fixed  up,"  as  the  Americans  would  say,  the  speakers  address  the  audience  amid 
the  smoke  and  glare  of  the  burning  flambeaux.  Should  there  be  disapprobation  from  any 
part  of  the  meeting,  the  services  of  the  pyrotechnist  are  called  into  play,  who  at  once 
sends  a  few  rockets  whizzing  up  into  the  air.  The  variegated  forms  displayed  by  them 
ns  they  explode,  has  the  effect  of  attracting  the  attention  of  the  audience,  and  quiet  is 
again  r  fored.  By  this  means,  the  speaker  proceeds  as  before,  when,  after  a  hearing  for 
some  time,  another  burst  of  opposition  breaks  forth — this  time  more  powerful  than  previ- 
ously— the  fireworks  are  once  more  put  in  operation,  but  this  time  with  doubtful  effect, 
when  the  artilleryman  in  charge  announces  a  salvo  of  blank  cartridge  from  his  12  or  16 
pounder — the  smoke  and  sound  of  which,  repeated  two  or  three  times,  at  last  silences  the 
noise  of  all  opposition,  and  thus  again  restores  order.  By  such  means  the  speakers  are  not 
kept  waiting  long  until  silence  is  restored.  In  this  way  the  meeting  proceeds,  interrupted 
now  and  then  by  the  dissentient  part  of  the  meeting,  with  other  sundry  displays  of  fire- 
works, and  a  little  more  harmless  thunder  from  the  "  dog  of  war"  at  hand. 

The  excitement  and  interruptions  alluded  to,  as  witnessed  by  us  at  a  ward  open-air 
meeting  in  New  York,  last  November,  were  exceedingly  mild  from  what  we  expected  to 
meet  with,  and  nothing  in  comparison  with  the  scenes  we  have  witnessed  on  "  nomination" 
days  in  England  and  Scotland. 

As  we  have  stated,  the  hustings  were  erected  in  the  afternoon  or  early  in  the  evening, 
the  meeting  is  held  at  8,  p.  m.,  and  by  10,  or  10  SO,  p.  u.,  it  has  separated,  the  hustings  are 
taken  down  and  cleared  off,  and  not  a  vestige  remained  of  what  was  a  scene  of  excite- 
ment, only  one  hour  before.  Each  party  holds  its  meetings,  in  this  manner,  on  different 
evenings  in  tlie  several  wards  of  the  city,  and  pays  its  own  expenses. 

The  day  of  election,  however,  arrives,  and  brings  with  it  much  of  the  quiet  appearance 
of  a  Sunday  morning.  All  the  liqupr  stores  are  closed — by  law — and  many  other  places 
of  business  are  not  opened  from  choice.  Men  are  not  at  work.  Tiiroughout  the  early 
part  of  the  day,  there  is  a  feeling  of  dullness  in  many  parts  of  the  city.  Towards  noon, 
however,  things  b.^'.n  to  appear  more  lively.  In  the  different  wards  there  is  a  polling 
booth,  about  the  doors  of  which  are  congregated  a  small,  and  apparently  listless  crowd  of 
on-lookers,  with,  perhaps,  a  couple  of  policemen  in  the  midst.  Inside  the  polling  booth, 
ore  stationed  the  "  Inspectors  of  Elections." 

The  voter  who  has  obtained  his  ticket,  and  scored  out  the  names  of  the  candidates  he 
docs  not  wish  to  vote  for — leaving  one  name  not  scored  out — proceeds  to  the  polling 
place,  and  on  entering  is  asked  by  tlie  Inspectors  of  Elections  his  name,  business,  and  ad- 
dress, all  of  which  is  written  down  in  the  books,  in  the  possession  of  the  Inspectors,  which 
being  done,  the  voter  hands  his  ticket  folded  up,  to  the  Inspector,  who  deposits  it  in  the 
ballot  box — in  the  presence  of  the  voter — no  one,  not  even  the  Inspector,  knowing  for 
whom  the  vote  has  been  given.  Thus  ends  a  transaction,  which,  in  the  minds  of  some 
men,  amount  to  a  sort  of  mysterious  bugbear,  but  which  in  reality  is  nothing  of  the  sort, 
but  the  performance  of  a  privii.iged  duty  executed  in  an  exceedingly  quiet  and  becoming 
manner. 

The  reason  why  the  inspector  deposits  the  ticket  in  the  ballot-box  is,  that  on  election  day 
there  are  a  variety  of  ballot-boxes  in  use  that  day — one  for  every  officer  of  State,  as  well 
as  for  members  for  Congress ;  so  that  when  the  voter  gives  perhaps  six  or  eight  tickets  into 
the  hands  of  the  inspector,  he  arranges  them,  and  places  each  one  in  its  proper  ballot-box. 
He  knows  which  box  each  ticket  is  for,  as  although  the  tickets  are  given  in  all  folded  up, 
yet  the  denomination  of  the  office  is  printed  on  the  outside  of  the  ticket  or  slip  of  paper, 
whilst  the  names  of  the  cnndidotcs  are  printed  inside,  and  unseen  by  him.  Thus,  therefore, 
the  ticket  for  member  for  Congress  has  "  Member  for  Congress"  printed  on  the  outside,  see- 


78 


ELECTIONS  IN  AMERICA. 


ing  which,  the  Inppector  deposits  It  In  lt«  proper  box,  and  so  on  with  the  ticket  marked 
"  For  (Jovernor  of  State,"  or  "  For  Comptroller  of  State,"  etc.,  etc.,  into  their  proper  ballot- 
boxof. 

We  have  observed,  that  a  small  crowd  is  generally  collected  about  the  doors  of  the  poll- 
ing-booths. Amongst  such  is  recognized  the  "  scouts"  belonging  to  the  opposition  political 
party,  who  there  watch  the  opportunity  to  challenge  the  vote  of  any  one  presenting  a  ticket 
who  is  not  a  voter.  When  a  vote  is  challenged,  the  voter  is  sworn  by  the  inspector  of  elec- 
tions ns  to  his  having  the  right  to  vote,  after  which  be  is  allowed  to  vote;  but  if  it  can  be 
afterwards  proved  that  he  has  sworn  falsely,  he  is  then  handed  over  to  be  prosecuted  for  a 
serious  misdemeanour.  If  it  can  be  proved  in  the  polling-booth  that  he  has  no  right  to  vote, 
he  is  then,  probably,  handed  over  to  the  police  who  are  in  waiting. 

In  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  polling-booths,  outside,  are  erected  two  temporary  offices 
on  the  pavement — one  l>elonging  to  each  of  the  two  political  parties.  At  such  places  elec- 
tors are  supplied  with  tickets,  if  they  have  not  been  provided  beforehand  with  them. 

The  scenes  which  take  place  on  election  days  in  some  of  the  wards  in  the  city  of  New 
York  are  dangerous  as  well  as  disgraceful.  These  occur  in  some  of  tbe  most  rowdy  or 
lowest  wards  in  the  city — where  it  is  a  notorious  fact,  the  Irish  largely  predominate,  ond 
to  whom  are  attributed  many  of  the  riots  which  occur,  and  which  sometimes  terminate 
fatally. 

Whatever  may  be  said,  however,  of  elections  in  America,  and  voting  by  ballot  there,  in 
general,  it  is  well  that  we  should  remember  the  wo  king  of  the  boasted  electoral  system 
enjoyed  by  the  "  free  and  independent  electors"  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland — more  par- 
ticularly in  the  "  pocket  boroughs"  in  England,  the  manufacture  of  "  faggot  votes"  in  Scot- 
land, and  where  honesty  in  open  voting  in  Ireland,  is  often  followed  by  agrarian  despotism 
and  outrage.  And  when  we  hear  also  of  riots,  and  the  free  use  of  revolvers  in  some  of  the 
rowdy  wards  in  the  city  of  New  York,  we  should  recollect  that  these  wards,  all  put 
together,  form  only,  after  all,  a  mere  atom  of  sand  on  the  great  electoral  shores  of  the  vast 
continent  of  America. 

Readers  who  are  in  the  habit  of  measuring  their  standord  of  electoral  affairs  in  America 
commit  a  grave  error  in  taking  their  cue  from  what  passes  in  the  city  of  New  York  in  en 
nection  with  such  matters ;  and  disgraceful  as  the  scenes  are  even  there,  we  question  if 
they  are  excelled  by  what  passes  in  manufacturing  districts  even  in  England,  where  the 
"  bottling  up"  system  is  carried  out  occasionally  under  the  auspices  of  some  cotton,  woolcni 
or  worsted  lord,  where  his  workmen,  or  those  of  his  committee,  are  engaged  to  play  the  puit 
of  ruffians  in  securing  the  votes  of  needy  or  imbecile  voters  by  the  basest  of  means ;  where 
voters  are  held  ae  prisoners  in  their  own  homes  on  the  night  of  nomination  day,  and  there 
filled  drunk  to  overflowing,  or  forcibly  bundled  off  in  cabs  to  the  head-quarters  of  the  elec- 
tioneering camp,  where  the  "  bottled-up  voters"  are  congregated  like  a  herd  of  hogs  ready 
for  the  butcher,  and  where,  between  the  fumes  of  tobacco  and  the  immoderate  use  of  intox- 
icating drinks,  they  are  secured,  and  half  poisoned  (and  sometimes  wholly  poisoned)  with 
liquor,  and  next  morning,  or  election  day,  driven  in  cabs  to  the  polling-booths  to  register 
their  names  in  favour  of  a  particular  candidate,  unless  it  be  that  they  are  considered  not  al- 
together "  good  men  and  true"  by  the  previous  night's  debauch, — in  that  case  they  are 
driven  off  to  the  country  for  an  airing,  in  the  charge  of  keepers,  till  after  the  polling-booths 
close  at  4,  p.  M. 

As  well  may  we,  with  truth,  apply  the  "bottling"  system  as  applicable  to  all  the  elec- 
tions in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  as  we  may  those  of  brawling  and  riotous  voters  iu  New 
York  to  the  elections  all  over  America. 

With  all  their  faults,  we  believe  that  the  Americans  in  general  display  a  spirit  of  inde- 
pendence, and  require  the  protection  of  the  ballot  a  great  deal  less  than  it  is  required  in 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  and  that  they  are,  in  genera],  above  demoralizing  influences, 
Buch  as  the  "  bottling  up"  system  referred  to,  and  that  the  American  workmen  who  enjoy 
the  franchise,  will  not  be  so  easily  bought  over,  by  either  the  bland  smiles  or  the  hypocri^ 
leal  despotism  of  an  employer,  and  who,  in  the  exercise  of  their  electoral  privilege,  act  a 


ELECTIONS   IN   AMERICA — THE  SHAKERS. 


7i 


more  manly  and  independent  part  compared  to  ehopkeopers  in  country  townn  in  Britain, 
who,  in  tendering  their  votes,  act  only  the  part  of  a  sort  of  duor-mat,  foot-stool,  or  lackey 
to  the  influential  lord  of  tlio  manor,  or  it  may  be  to  the  manufacturing  lord  of  the  village, 
whose  chief  qualifications  for  a  seot  in  the  House  of  Commons  are  frecjuently  only  a  heavy 
purse  ond  local  influence,  by  means  of  which  alone,  such  hove  been  known — however  un- 
popular to  the  people — to  succeed  in  defeating  some  of  the  mc>«t  accomplished,  popular,  and 
valued  of  British  statesmen. 

We  selected  New  York  as  the  pLc  ;  where  we  should  see  the  systenj  of  electing  by  bal- 
lot carried  out  under  the  most  disadvantageous  circumstanceg,  and,  so  for  os  our  experience 
goes,  we  felt  somewhat  agreeably  disappointed  that  it  did  not  turn  out  more  in  accordance 
with  our  previous  erroneous  ideas  of  the  nutter,  and  pleased  that  it  is  conducted  in  a  mon- 
ner,  upon  the  whole,  vastly  superior  to  the  open  voting  system  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland 
— where  bribery  ond  intimidation,  in  innumerable  Instonces,  defeat  tlie  ends  of  honesty  and 
fair  ploy. 


THE  SHAKERS.        ' 

"  Shaker  seeds  and  herbs,"  and  "  Shaker  flannels,"  are  amongst  the  multifarious  signs 
exhibited  at  doors,  and  in  the  windows  of  retail  stores  throughout  the  United  States — the 
excellence  of  these  articles,  as  sold  by  a  section  of  the  Society  of  Friends  in  America — gen- 
erally known  as  "  The  Shakers" — having  rendered  them  famous  throughout  the  country. 
The  stranger  in  America  who  is  deeirous  of  seeing  something  of  one  of  the  "  Institutions" 
peculiar  to  this  country,  may  easily  visit  one  of  the  Shoker  villages  when  at  New  York, 
by  toking  the  railrooa,  or  steamboat  up  the  Hudson,  to  Hudson  City,  118  miles  from  New 
York,  ond  thence  for  a  few  miles  per  roll  to  Lebanon  Springs,  in  the  County  of  Columbia, 
State  of  New  York.  In  this  trip,  the  tourist  con  enjoy  the  trip  up  the  Hudson — visit 
Lebonon  Springs,  and  the  Quoker  Settlement,  two  miles  from  there — the  Cotskill  Moun- 
tains, in  the  vicinity — noticed  elsewhere — and  all  in  the  course  of  a  few  doys,  at  compar- 
atively little  expense. 

Tlie  Society  whose  establishment  we  at  present  purpose  noticing,  reside  at  the  Shaker 
village  of  New  Lebanon,  as  we  have  said,  two  miles  from  Lebanon  Springs,  in  a  beautiful 
and  fertile  agricultural  district.  The  village  is  situated  on  the  face  of  a  hill,  and  com- 
mands a  fine  view  of  the  valley  in  the  vicinity  and  surrounding  country. 

The  village  is  exclusively  tenanted  by  the  members  of  the  Community.  The  principal 
building  consists  of  a  large  Meeting-House,  where  the  devotional  exercises  are  conducted,  and 
in  the  summer  time,  on  Sundays,  in  the  presence  of  vast  numbers  of  strongers  who  ore  sojourn- 
ing ot  tlie  Springs.  Tlie  Extract  House  is  another  of  the  chief  buildings.  In  it  is  the  La- 
boratory, where  the  herbs,  and  tinctures  from  them,  are  pressed  by  means  of  crushing  mills, 
vacuum  pan,  etc.,  under  u  skillful  chemist,  one  of  themselves.  The  estimation  in  which 
such  are  held,  may  be  judged  of  from  the  fact,  that  in  one  year  about  14,000  pounds'  weight 
have  been  sold — the  extracts  of  butternut  and  dandelion  forming  two  of  the  principal  ones 
sold.  In  onother  part  of  the  village  is  the  Seed  House,  formerly  the  old  Meeting-House, 
near  which  is  the  Tannery,  Dairy,  and  workshops  where  wooden-ware,  door-mats,  etc.,  ore 
made.  The  Herb  House,  with  its  drying  rooms,  store  rooms,  etc.,  is  another  portion  of  the 
manufacturing  premises.  There,  about  70  tons  of  herbs  and  roots — the  produce  of  about 
75  acres  of  their  garden  land — are  pressed  annually,  by  means  of  a  hydraulic  press  of  300 
tons  pressure.  In  various  parts  of  the  building  may  be  seen  both  men,  women,  and  chil- 
dren busily  engoged  in  the  different  processes  of  manufacturing  the  articles  named,  or 
packing  them  up  ready  for  market 

Tlie  Community  at  New  Lebanon  consist  of  about  500  persons,  divided  into  eight  fami- 
lies, as  they  ore  called,  each  family  being  presided  over  by  two  elders  and  two  elderesses, 
each  of  whom  have  an  equal  position  in  the  management,  and  to  whose  orders  the  members 
yield  perfect  obedience. 

The  management  of  the  temporal  affairs  of  the  Society  is  entrusted  to  trustees,  who  are 


80 


THE   SHAKERS — COSTUME,  ETC. 


elected  by  the  ministry  and  eldero,  and  'who  are  legally  in  posBession  of  all  real  estate 
belonging  to  the  community.  The  chief  business  trustee  is  a  Mr.  Edward  Fowler,  a  man 
of  about  66  years  of  age. 

The  principles  they  profess  are  Christian,  although  their  views  of  Christianity  are  pecu- 
liar. It  would  take  up  too  much  of  our  space  to  go  into  detail  respecting  these ;  but  we 
may  briefly  say  that  they  believe  the  millennium  has  come ;  tliat  theirs  is  the  millennial 
Church  ;  that  marriage  prevents  people  from  being  assimilated  to  the  character  of  Clirist; 
thot  the  wicked  are  punished  only  for  a  seoson  ;  thot  the  judgment-day  has  begun  in  their 
Church  being  established ;  and  tliat  their  state  of  existence  is  the  beginning  of  heaven. 
They  entertain  the  doctrines  of  the  spiritualists  to  a  certoin  extent,  and  profess  to  have 
had  their  regular  "  manifestations  of  tlie  spirit"  for  many  years  past,  and  that,  for  instance, 
the  hymns  they  sing — both  words  and  music — are  reveoled  to  them  every  week  in  time  for 
devotional  exercises  on  Sunday. 

In  the  Meeting-House  they  assemble  at  about  half  past  10  o'clock  every  Sunday  morn- 
ing, and,  Quaker-like,  the  sexes  are  seated  separately,  with  the  men  and  women  facing 
each  other ;  all  the  men,  excepting  the  elders,  being  in  their  shirt  sleeves,  and  wearing  blue 
cotton  and  woolen  trowsers  and  vests,  with  calf-skiii  shoes,  gray  stockings,  and  large  turned- 
down  collars,  as  seen  in  figure  1  in  engraving  of  costume.  The  women  wear,  for  the  most 
part,  pure  wiiite  cotton  dresses,  with  white  cotton  handkerchiefs  spread  over  their  necks 
and  shoulders,  with  a  white  lawn  square  tied  over  their  heads,  with  boots  similar  in  ap- 
pearance  to  the  high-heeled  boots  lately  in  fashion — the  fashion  of  the  time  when  the 
.Society  was  estiiblisbed — and  miide  of  a  light  blue  prunella.  See  figure  1  in  engraving  of 
costume. 


SHAKER  COSTUME. 

The  above  enp-avlng  repre»ent»  the  various  coitumes  worn  by  the  Shake™,  both  at  home,  and  when  from 
home.  Figures  1  and  7  represent  the  worship  costume,  and  attitude  of  man  and  woman.  Figure  2,  that 
of  li  field-labourer,  or  storekeeper's  assistant.  Figure  3,  an  elder.  Figures  4  and  6,  travelling  costume,  and 
Figure  6,  a  half-dress  costume. 

i 

After  sitting  a  short  time  in  silence,  the  members  from  the  extreme  ends  of  the  room 
approach  the  centre,  when  the  scats  are  removed,  and  the  wiiole  congregation  place  them- 
gelves  in  marching  order  in  serried  rows,  three  or  four  men  and  women  alternately.    Whilst 


THE  SHAKERS'    RELIGIOUS  DANCE. 


81 


thus  standing  silently — the  women  with  their  eyes  looking  to  the  floor — one  of  the  elders  in 
tlie  midst  of  them  makes  a  few  remarks,  after  which  a  hymn  is  sung  to  a  very  lively  tune, 
the  whole  of  the  congregation  keeping  time  with  their  feet 

After  the  hymn  the  worshippers  commence  a  dance,  an  illustration  of  one  of  the  move- 
ments or  steps  of  which  we  give.  The  dance  consists  of  a  series  of  evolutions  of  different 
forms,  presenting  iu  each  all  the  precision  of  well-trained  pupils,  moving  as  if  with  only  ono 
step.     The  illustration  will  give  an  idea  of  a  backward  and  forward  dance  or  march,  with 


SHAKERS'  RELIGIOUS  DANCE. 


them  keeping  time  to  the  hymns  they  sing,  at  the  same  time,  following  the  example,  as 
tJioy  say,  of  David,  when  he  danced  before  the  Lord  with  all  his  might.  After  this,  and 
when  all  the  seats  are  replaced,  and  the  congregation  seated  as  before,  one  of  the  elders 
delivers  a  discourse,  when  the  seats  are  removed  again  to  give  place  to  another  danCe  of  a 
different  style,  and  to  another  hymn.  This  time  the  dance  is  of  a  more  livdy  character, 
with  the  action  of  the  arms,  thrown  up  and  down,  and  clapping  of  hands  in  regular  order. 
In  this  way  are  several  hymns  sung  and  danced  to,  and  addresses  delivered  ;  and  however 
much  parties,  on  reading  the  accounts  of  such,  may  be  disposed  to  smile,  no  one  can  wit- 
ness the  devotional  exercises  of  these  people,  such  as  they  are,  without  being  impressed 
with  feelings  of  the  deepest  respect  and  solemnity  ;  and  however  much  they  may  differ  from 
the  Shakers  in  opinion,  they  will  be  ready  to  give  them  full  credit  for  thorough  conscien- 
tiousness, and  faith  in  what  they  believe  to  be  right. 

Occasionally  the  "spirit  manifests  itself"  by  one  or  more  of  the  congregation  getting 
lip  and  dancing  or  whirling  round  and  round  with  extraordinary  rapidity,  and  the  parties 
iipparently  being  perfectly  unconscious  of  every  tiling  passing  around  them.  In  this  way 
will  they  continue  to  whirl  and  dance  for  nearly  an  hour  without  intennission. 

As  may  be  well  known,  all  property  belonging  to  the  Society  is  held  in  common  by 
the  members.  All  who  join  it  do  so  voluntarily,  after  perusing  the  rules  and  regulations 
of  the  Society,  whicli  are  submitted  to  all  before  they  join.  The  Society  is  divided  into 
throe  divisions,  or  classes,  viz. :  the  senior,  junior,  and  noviciate  class.     The  senior  class 


82  SHAKER  SETTLEMENT,   NEW   LEBANON. 

dedicate  themselves  and  all  they  are  possessed  of  "  to  the  service  of  God  and  the  support 
of  the  pure  gospel,  forever,"  after  they  have  had  time  for  reflection  and  experience.  After 
being  thus  admitted  as  partners  in  the  Community,  the  relationship  is  binding  forever. 
The  second  class  of  members  are  those  who  have  no  families,  but  who,  in  joining  the  So- 
ciety, retain  the  ownership  of  any  private  property  they  had  when  they  entered  it  It  is 
according  to  the  laws  that  if  any  one  leaves  the  Community  they  can  take  nothing  with 
them  but  what  they  brought ;  that  they  receive  no  wages  for  the  services  they  may  have 
performed,  and  cannot  recover  any  property  they  may  have  presented  to  the  Community. 
The  noviciates,  again,  are  those  who,  on  joining  the  Society,  choose  to  live  by  themselves 
and  retain  the  management  of  their  temporal  affairs  in  their  own  hands.  Such  are  received 
as  sisters  and  brothers  so  long  as  they  fulfil  the  requirements  of  the  Society  in  every  other 
respect. 

Every  one — male  and  female — works,  from  the  preacher  down  to  the  youngest  child 
who  is  able ;  and  not  a  moment  of  the  hours  of  labour  is  occupied  but  by  the  i)usy  and 
attentive  performance  of  their  duties. 

Throughout  their  workshops,  meeting-houses,  dwellings,  etc.,  the  utmost  order  prevails, 
accompanied  by  the  most  scrupulous  cleanliness  of  place  and  person.  Although  they 
have  none  of  the  anrieties  of  life,  or  that  frightful  spectre — the  fear  of  want — ever  before 
them,  and  with  no  personal  or  private  ambition  to  carry  out,  yet  all  are  willing,  diligent, 
and  faithful  workers,  and  all  appear  to  be  cheerful,  comfortable  and  happy. 

The  Community  at  New  Lebanon  are,  from  all  we  can  understand,  a  most  intelligent 
body.  They  pursue  the  same  system  of  education  as  that  of  the  conunon  schools  of  the 
United  States,  for  although  they  lead  a  life  of  celibacy  after  they  join  the  body,  the 
children  of  those  who  come  from  the  "  outer  world"  are  regularly  taught  and  brought  up 
in  the  doctrines  and  with  the  ideas  of  the  Community,  and  from  that  source,  as  well  as  re- 
ceiving all  orphan  children  who  are  sent  to  them,  there  is  a  never-failing  supply  of  schol- 
ars. The  children  are  dressed  similarly  to  grown-up  members.  They  possess  an  excellent 
library,  and  from  the  newspapers  regularly  received,  the  members  are  kept  "  posted  up" 
as  to  whatever  is  going  on  in  the  wicked  world  around  them. 

Their  conduct  and  character,  from  all  accounts,  is  of  the  most  exemplary  kind,  living  up, 
in  a  high  degree,  to  the  principles  they  profess.  In  their  relations  with  the  world  around 
them  their  business  character  for  honour  and  uprightness  is  most  undoubted,  whilst  the 
articles  they  manufacture  stand  deservedly  high  in  public  estimation,  the  very  term 
"  Shaker"  being  a  sort  of  guarantee  that  the  article  is  genuine. 

They  carry  on  their  botanical  and  all  oiher  operations  in  the  most  scientific  manner,  and 
have  machinery  of  the  most  improved  description  for  enabling  them  to  produce  the  arti- 
cles manufactured  in  the  best  possible  manner. 

We  may  mention  the  somewhat  singular  fact,  of  this  society,  having  taken  root  so  far 
back  as  exactly  one  hundred  years  ago,  in  the  City  of  Manchester  (Eng.).  In  the  year 
1758,  a  woman  named  Ann  Stanley,  then  the  wife  of  a  blacksmith,  embraced  the  views  of 
Shakerism  from  the  disciples  of  some  French  religionists  who  held  these,  or  similar  views 
there,  but  suffering  great  persncution  on  account  of  her  belief,  she,  along  with  a  few 
others,  emigrated  to  America,  where  she  founded  a  Community  at  Niskaynna,  (Watervliet,) 
near  Albany,  where  the  sect  still  have  a  Community.  When  she  arrived  in  America,  slie 
took  her  maiden  name  of  Lee,  and  thus  the  name  of  Mother  Ann  Lee  is  devoutly  remem- 
bered till  this  day  by  the  sect,  they  looking  upon  her,  as,  they  say,  the  revelation  of  the 
female  nature  of  God  to  man,  in  the  same  way  as  The  Christ  was  manifested  in  the  person 
of  Jesus,  as  the  revelation  of  the  male  nature  of  God  to  man.  During  a  great  revival 
movement  in  1780,  large  numbers  joined  Ann  Lee's  Community,  and  since  then  they  have 
spread  into  different  sections  of  the  States — now  numbering  eighteen  Communities — with  a 
total  of  about  4,000  members,  and  affording  a  curious,  interesting,  and  instructive  feature 
In  social  economies. 


FURNITURE. 


0> 

83 


FURNITURE. 

FuRNiTUBE  and  chair-making  is  in  America  what  cotton  manufacturing  is  in  certain 
districts  in  England.  The  factories  are  upon  an  immense  scale,  equalling  in  size  the  Oxford 
Road  Twist  Mills,  Manchester,  or,  in  fact,  any  of  the  mills  of  Manchester  or  Preston,  or 
Samuel  Higginbotham  and  Sons'  cotton  mills  at  Glasgow  (Scotland).  Instead  of  employing 
girls,  however,  as  in  the  cotton  mills  of  Britain,  all  are  men,  mostly,  who  are  employed  in 
the  furniture  and  chair  factories  in  America,  and  chiefly  Germans.  In  New  York  anc* 
Cincinnati  alone,  there  are  six  or  eight  immense  establishments  in  each,  in  "  full  blast," 
and  whether  it  is  turning  a  bed-post,  or  leg  of  a  chair,  carving  out  some  exquisite  scroll- 
work for  some  drawing-room  piece  of  furniture,  planing  the  rough  lumber  into  the  smooth 
table-top,  or  any  of  the  other  numerous  matters  connected  with  producing  furniture,  fit  for 
either  kitchen,  bed-room,  parlor  or  drawing-room — the  saw,  plane,  turning  lath,  and  mor 
ticing  machine  does  all ;  consequently  there  is  not  the  number  of  hands  employed  which 
one  would  expect  to  find  in  one  of  these  large  mills.  The  great  wonder  is,  where  all  the 
furniture  goes  to.  Some  of  these  factories  turn  out  nothing  but  chairs,  and  whilst  you 
stand  looking  at  their  great  proportions,  out  pops  a  chair,  newly  put  together  on  the  first 
floor,  with  rope  attached,  and  finding  its  way  outside  by  pulleys,  to  the  top  floor  of  the 
mill,  to  be  there  finished  off ;  then  another  and  another  follow  in  quick  succession.  We  do 
not  think  that  any  people  in  the  world  beat  the  Americans  in  the  rich  and  handsome  fur- 
niture they  have  in  their  houses.  Mahogany  is  an  every-day  material  in  the  better  class 
of  houses.  The  very  doors  in  their  lobbies  and  out  side  doors  are  characterized  by  great 
masaiveness  of  expensive  wood,  with  great  expense  bestowed  upon  carving  the  same,  giv- 
ing their  door- way  (with  outer  door  open  and  inner  one  shut)  a  most  palatial  appearance 
with  the  handles,  bell-pull,  and  name  plate  all  silver  gilt.  Wild  cherry  and  black  walnut 
wood  are  generally  used,  although  we  have  seen  very  little  use  made  of  the  "  black  birch," 
(although  an  American  wood,)  so  much  used  in  Great  Britain. 

In  connection  with  furniture  making,  we  have  noticed  at  several  cities  a  new  style  of 
furniture,  made  exclusively  for  schools.  The  youngest  to  the  oldest  scholar  sits  in  a  seat — 
in  some  cases,  by  himself,  or  along  with  another — with  a  handsome  little  desk  before  him. 
All  are  fixed  to  the  floor,  so  that  all  are  obliged  to  keep  their  seats  in  their  proper  places, 
and  there  is  no  shaking  of  desks  when  writing,  etc.  We  saw  a  school  in  operation,  so 
fitted  up,  and  could  not  help  thinking  it  was  a  very  great  improvement  on  the  old-fash- 
ioned system  of  forms  and  long  dei,  vS.  Places  for  holding  books,  pens,  ink,  etc.,  are  fixed  to 
the  desks.  Such  furniture  making  is  carried  on  as  a  separate  business  in  several  of  the 
cities  in  the  United  States,  and  amongst  others,  at  Buffalo,  State  of  New  York,  by  Messrs. 
Chase  A  Son,  who  have  established  an  agency  for  its  sale  in  Glasgow,  where  samples  may 
be  seen  in  the  warehouse  of  Messrs  Wylie  iSe  Lochead,  Buchanan  St. 


84 


EXEMPTION   LAWS. 


EXEMPTION  LAWS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES, 

SBO^nNO  what  description  of  property  is  exempt  from  attachment  and  exocution  for  debt 
throughout  the  different  States,  aud  the  law,  as  applicable  in  oach  one. 


ALABAMA. 

The  homestead  law  exempts  from  execution  real 
estate,  not  to  exceed  40  acres,  or  In  value  |400,  If  re- 
served for  the  use  of  the  family,  and  not  situate  within 
the  limits  of  any  corporate  town  or  city. 

ARKANSAS. 

For  all  debts  contracted  since  December  8th,  1852, 
160  acres  of  land,  or  one  town  or  city  lot,  with  all  im- 
provements, without  reference  to  value,  are  exempt 
from  sale  under  execution.  A  widow  is  entitled,  as 
dower,  to  one-third  of  the  personal  property  on  hand 
at  the  death  of  her  hutband,  absolutely  as  against 
creditors;  also  to  one-third  of  the  real  estate  and 
slaves,  and  if  no  children,  to  one-half  of  both  real  and 
personal  property,  except  choses  in  action. 

CALIFORNIA. 

The  law  exempt*  from  forced  sale  or  execution,  or 
any  other  final  process  from  a  court,  for  any  debt  or 
liability  contracted  or  incurred  after  the  Ist  day  of 
June,  iSCl ;  or  if  contracted  or  Incurred  at  any  time. 
In  any  other  place  than  in  this  State,  the  homestead, 
consisting  of  a  quantity  of  land,  together  with  the 
dwelling-house  thereon  and  its  appurtenances,  and 
not  exceeding  in  value  the  sum  of  $5,000,  to  be  selected 
by  the  owners  thereof. 

This  exemption  does  not  extend  to  mechanics'  or 
vendors'  liens,  or  to  any  mortgage  lawfully  obtained. 

CONNECTICUT. 
Certain  personal  property  is  exempt  from  execu- 
tion. 

DELAWARE. 

Certain  household  goods  of  free  white  citizens  are 
exempt  fron;  .ttachnient  or  execution ;  also  the  li- 
brary, tools  and  implements  of  the  debtor  necessary 
for  carrying  on  his  profession  or  trade,  to  the  value 
of  $50.  It  Is  provided,  however,  that  all  the  articles 
exempted  shall  not  exceed  $100  in  value. 

DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 

There  is  no  homestead  exemption. 

FLORIDA. 

Every  actual  housekeeper  with  a  family  may  claim 
as  exempt  such  portion  of  his  property  as  may  be  ne- 
cessary for  the  supiiort  of  himself  and  family,  to  the 
value  of  $100,  waiving  all  right  to  all  other  exemptions, 
•rhe  defendant  must  make  and  sign  a  fair  and  full 
statement  of  all  his  property,  verified  by  aflldavit, 
which  must  accompany  the  return  of  the  process. 

A  farmer  owning  40  acres  of  land,  of  which  he  cul- 
tivates 10,  can  hold  the  same  exempt,  provided  the 
property  does  not  exceed  $200  in  value.  Kvery  owner 
of  a  dwelling-house  In  a  city,  town  or  village,  pro- 
vided he  actually  resides  in  the  house,  and  that  it 
does  not  exceed  $300  in  value,  may  hold  It  free  from 
execution,  attachment,  or  distress. 

GEORGIA. 

The  law  exempts  from  execution,  for  every  white 
citiien  of  the  State,  being  head  of  a  family,  50  acres 
of  laud,  which,  including  dwelllng-luiuse  and  improve- 
ments, must  not  exceed  in  value  $200;  also,  5  acres 
additional  for  every  child  under  15  years  of  age.  If  in 
city  or  town,  lot  not  lo  exceed  $200  in  value. 

The  statute  of  this  State  provides,  that  the  security 
on  a  note,  or  the  endorser,  can  give  notice  to  sue,  and 
unless  the  suit  is  brought  in  three  months  after  matu- 
rity, be  released. 

Merchants  selling  goods  to  persons  In  Georgia, 
should  reriuire  notes  in  every  Instance,  for  open  ac- 
counts bear  no  Interest. 

INDIANA. 

Every  debtor  is  entitled  to  .SOO  dollars'  worth  of  per- 
eonnl  or  real  property  exempt  from  execution,  except 
for  liibourers'  and  mechanics'  ileus. 

Estates  of  dower  are  abolished,  and  in  lieu  thereof, 


the  widow  takes  one-third  of  the  real  estate  In  fee 
simple,  in  (lejUanee  of  creditoi-n  and  the  husband's 
will,  unless  the  value  of  the  real  estate  be  more  than 
$10,000;  If  more,  then  a  less  proportion.  This  is  a  bad 
provision,  and  endangers  the  collection  of  debts,  in 
case  of  the  death  of  the  debtor. 

The  widow  Is  entitled  to  800  dollars'  worth  of  per- 
sonal property,  as  against  creditors,  etc. 

Property  taken  in  execution  cannot  be  sold  for  less 
than  two-thirds  its  appraised  value,  where  the  judg- 
ment was  obtained  upon  an  open  account,  or  upon 
paper,  unless  the  paper  contained  the  clause,  to  wit: 
"  Without  any  relief  whatever  from  valuation  or  ap- 
praisement laws,"  which  should  always  be  inserted. 

The  debtor  cannot  waive  the  exemption  or  stay  laws 
in  a  binding  form. 

On  negotiable  paper,  (being  bills  of  exchange  and 
notes  payable  at  a  chartered  haiU;)  protested  for 
non-payment,  all  parties  thereto  are  jointly  liable  to 
suit.  The  notary  should  add  to  his  protest  a  certi- 
ficate that  notices  of  protest  were  duly  sent  to  the 
several  parties— naming  them — which  is,  under  the 
statute,  all  the  proof  thereof  required. 

ILLINOIS. 
The  law  exempts  from  levy  and  forced  sale,  undei 
any  process  or  order  from  any  court  In  the  State,  the 
lot'of  ground  and  the  buildings  thereon,  occupied  as 
a  residence,  and  owned  by  the  debtor,  being  a  house- 
holder, and  having  a  family,  to  the  value  of  $1,000. 
Such  exemption  shall  continue  after  the  death  of  such 
householder,  for  the  benefit  of  the  widow  and  family, 
some  one  or  more  of  them  continuing  to  occupy  such 
homestead  until  the  youngest  child  shall  become  21 
years  of  age,  and  until  the  death  of  such  widow  ;  and 
no  release  or  waiver  of  such  exemption  shall  be  valid, 
unless  the  same  shall  be  in  writing,  subscribed  by  such 
householder,  and  acknowledged  in  the  same  manner 
as  conveyances  of  real  estate. 

IOWA. 
The  law  exempts  from  judicial  sale  out  of  the  prop- 
erty of  residents,  or  of  any  person  coming  to  this  State 
with  the  intention  of  remaining,  the  customary  articles 
necessary  to  the  living  of  the  family,  including  pro 
visions  and  fuel  for  six  months'  use  ;  also  the  earnings 
of  the  debtor  for  his  personal  services,  or  those  of  his 
family  for  ninety  days ;  and  as  a  homestead,  any 
quantity  of  laud  not  exceeding  40  acres,  used  for  agri- 
cultural purposes,  the  dwelling  thereon  and  appurten- 
ances, or  instead  thereol,  a  lot  not  exceeding  one-half 
of  an  acre,  being  within  a  recorded  town-lot,  city,  or 
village,  the  dwelling-house  thereon,  and  the  appur- 
tenances, owned  and  occupied  by  any  resident  of  the 
State,  provided  that  such  exempted  homestead  or 
town-lot,  and  dwelling-house  thereon,  shall  in  no  case 
exceed  in  value  $500.  This  exemption  is  not  to  affect 
any  labourers'  or  mechanics'  lien,  or  mortgage,  law- 
fully obtained,  which  shall  expressly  stipulate  that  the 
homestead  Is  liable.  A  mortgage  or  conveyance  of 
the  homestead  Is  void  unless  johied  by  both  husband 
and  wife.  The  exemption  descends  to  the  surviving 
head  of  the  family,  or  to  their  Issue.  The  debtor  must 
select  his  own  homestead,  and  have  it  marked  out, 
l>lotted,  and  recorded  In  the  homestead  book  ;  or  the 
oflicer  having  an  execution  must  have  it  done,  and 
add  the  expenses  to  the  writ. 

KENTUCKY. 

About  $100  worth  of  household  and  kitchen  furni- 
ture is  exempt  from  attacliment  and  execution. 

LOUISIANA. 

By  the  Act  of  1850,  widows  and  minor  children  were 
allowed  $1,000  out  of  the  decedent's  estate,  if  left  In 
necessitous  circumstances. 

No  homestead  exemption  laws  In  this  State. 

MAINE. 
A  few  articles  of  household  furniture,  tools,  pro- 


"%, 


w 


EXEMPTION  LAWS. 


85 


▼Islons,  etc.,  are  not  liable  to  be  taken  on  attachment 
or  execution  ;  also,  any  one  may  have  real  estate  to 
the  value  of  |S00  exempted,  provided  he  shall  file  In 
the  registry  of  deeds.  In  the  county  where  it  Is  situate, 
a  certificate  for  that  purpose,  he  being  a  householder 
In  actual  possession  thereof. 

MARYLAND. 

The  Constitution  directs  the  Legislature  to  pass  laws 
exempting  from  Judicial  sales  property  not  exceeding 
$fiQO,  but  DO  Legislature  has  yet  acted  upon  the  sub- 
ject. 

MISSISSIPPI. 

The  law  exempts  furniture,  etc.,  of  a  head  of  a 
family,  to  the  value  of  $500,  the  agricultural  lmi)le- 
ments  of  a  farmer,  th"*  tools  of  a  mechanic,  the  library 
of  an  attorney,  physician,  or  minister,  to  the  value  of 
$2fiO ;  also,  to  the  head  of  a  family  160  acres  of  land, 
with  the  dwelling  and  improvements  theron  ;  or,  if  in 
a  town  or  city,  the  residence,  not  exceeding  in  value 
11.800. 

Widows  are  entitled  to  the  same  amount  of  property 
out  of  the  deceased  husband's  estate  that  Is  exempt 
from  sale  under  an  execution  against  an  insolvent 
debtor,  which  Is  $500  worth  of  household  and  kitchen 
furniture,  etc.,  and  have  as  her  dower  one-third  inter- 
est in  all  the  lands  of  which  her  husband  died  seized 
and  possessed. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 
The  homestead  of  a  debtor  to  the  volue  of  $800, 
wearing  apparel,  certain  articles  of  household  furni- 
ture, in  value  say  from  $100  to  $150 ;  provisions,  $50 ; 
the  stock,  tools,  etc.,  of  a  mechanic  or  handicrafts- 
man, $200;  books,  $60;  1  cow,  6  sheep,  1  swine,  2 
tons  of  hay,  fuel  $10. 

MICHIGAN. 

Household  goods,  furniture,  etc.,  not  exceeding  In 
value  $250 ;  tools,  stock,  etc.,  to  enable  any  one  to 
carry  on  his  occupation  or  business,  not  exceeding 
$260  In  value ;  library  not  exceeding  $160  In  value, 
and  other  minor  articles  usually  enumerated,  are  ex- 
empt from  sale  on  execution ;  and  the  debtor  cannot 
waive  such  exemption. 

The  statute  also  exempts  to  householders  a  home- 
stead consisting  of  any  c|uantity  of  land  not  exceed- 
ing forty  acres,  and  the  dwelling-house  thereon,  and 
Its  appurtenances,  to  be  selected  by  the  owner  there- 
of, and  not  Included  in  any  recorded  town-plot,  or 
city,  or  village ;  or.  Instead  thereof,  at  the  option  of 
the  owner,  a  quantity  of  land  not  exceeding  in 
amount  one  lot,  being  within  a  recorded  town-plot, 
or  city,  or  village,  and  the  dwelling-house  thereon 
and  its  appurtenances,  owned  and  occupied  by  any 
resident  of  this  State,  (not  exceeding  In  value  $1500, 
by  the  tlonstltutlon  of  1851.) 

Said  homestead  Is  exempt  during  the  minority  of 
his  children,  and  the  occupation  of  his  widow. 

Any  person  owning  and  occupying  any  house  on 
land  not  his  own,  and  claiming  such  house  as  his 
homestead,  shall  be  entitled  to  the  exemption. 

MISSOUUL 

The  law  exempts  the  usual  articles  of  domestic  use, 
and  also  property,  real  or  personal,  not  exceeding  in 
value  $180,  chosen  by  the  debtor,  if  he  is  the  head  of 
a  family,  with  the  usual  bedding,  and  other  necessary 
household  and  kitchen  furniture,  not  exceeding  $26 
in  value ;  lawyers,  physicians,  and  ministers  may 
select  books  necessary  to  their  profession  In  place  of 
other  property,  at  their  option,  and  physicians  also 
may  select  their  medicines.  The  husband's  property 
is  exempt  from  all  liabilities  contracted  by  tlie  wife 
before  marriage. 

NEW  YOnK. 

In  addition  to  the  household  articles  usually  enu- 
merated as  exempt  from  sale  under  execution,  and 
tlie  tools  of  any  mechiuiic,  not  exceeding  $25,  there 
is  exempted  to  the  value  of  $150,  other  furniture, 
tools,  or  team  ;  also,  the  lot  and  buildings  thereon  to 
the  value  of  $1000,  the  same  being  occupied  as  a 
residence,  and  owned  by  the  debtor,  he  being  a  house- 
holdiT,  ami  having  a  famil.v.  Such  exemption  to  be 
continued  after  tlie  death  of  said  householder,  for  the 
bencflt  of  his  widow  and  children,  some  ov  one  of 
them  continuing  to  occup.v  such  homestead  until  the 
youngest  child  becomes  21  years  of  age,  and  until 


the  death  of  the  widow.  And  no  release  or  waiver 
of  such  exemption  shall  be  valid  unless  the  same 
shall  be  in  writing,  subscribed  by  such  householder, 
and  acknowledged  in  the  same  manner  us  convey- 
onces-  of  real  estate  are  by  law  required  to  be  ac- 
knowledged. 

To  entitle  any  property  to  such  exemption,  the  con- 
veyance of  the  same  shall  show  that  it  is  designed 
to  be  held  as  a  homestead  under  thU  act,  or  if  already 
purchased,  or  the  conveyance  does  not  show  such  de- 
sign, a  notice  that  the  same  is  de8igne<l  to  be  so  held 
shall  be  executed  and  acknowledged  by  the  person 
owning  the  said  property,  which  shall  contain  a  full 
description  thereof,  and  shall  be  recorded  in  the 
office  of  the  clerk  of  the  county  In  which  the  said 
property  is  situate,  In  a  book  to  be  provided  for  that 
purpose,  and  known  as  the  "  Homestead  Exemption 
Book."  But  no  property  shall,  by  virtue  of  this  act, 
be  exempt  from  sale  for  non-payment  of  taxes  or  as- 
sessments, or  for  a  debt  contracted  for  the  purchase 
thereof,  or  prior  to  the  recording  of  the  aforesaid 
deed  or  notice. 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

There  is  a  homestead  exemption  law  in  the  value 
of  $600,  which  descends  to  the  widow  or  rainor  chil- 
dren, and  a  mechanics'  lien  law. 

There  is  no  waiver  of  right  to  the  exemption  ex 
cept  by  deed. 

NEW  JERSEY. 

Personal  property  to  the  value  of  $200,  the  prop- 
erty of  a  resident  head  of  a  family  is  exempt  from 
sale,  appraised,  under  oath,  by  three  persons  ap- 
pointed by  the  sherilT;  under  certain  stringent  statu- 
tory provisions,  the  lot  and  buildings  tliereon  occu- 
pied as  a  residence  and  owned  by  the  debtor,  being 
a  householder  and  having  a  family,  to  the  value  of 
$1000;  such  exemption  shall  continue  after  the  death 
of  such  householder,  for  the  beneHt  of  the  widow  and 
family,  some  or  one  of  them  continuing  to  occupy 
such  homestead  until  the  youngest  child  shall  become 
21  years  of  age,  and  until  the  death  of  the  widow ; 
and  no  release  or  waiver  of  such  exemption  shall  be 
valid. 

The  act  provides  for  the  sale  or  division  of  the 
homestead  on  execution,  when  its  value  exceeds 
$1000. 

The  widow  or  administrator  of  a  deceased  person 
may  claim  the  same  exemption  of  jiersonal  jiroperty 
to  the  amount  of  $200,  as  against  the  creditors. 

NORTH   CAROLINA. 

In  addition  to  the  wearlufapparel,  etc.,  exempted, 
there  is  also  exempt  from  seizure  the  following  prop- 
erty, provided  the  same  shall  have  been  set  apart  be- 
fore seizure,  to  wit. :  1  cow  and  calf,  10  bushels  of 
corn  or  wheat,  50  pounds  of  bacon,  beef,  or  pork,  or 
1  barrel  of  fish ;  all  necessary  farming  tools  for  I  la- 
bourer, 1  bed,  bedstead  and  covering,  for  every  2 
members  of  tlie  family,  or  such  other  property  as  the 
freeholders  appointed  for  that  purpose  may  deem 
necessary  for  the  comfort  and  support  of  such  debtor's 
family ;  such  other  property  not  to  exceed  in  value 
$50  at  cash  valuation. 

OHIO. 

The  family  homestead  of  every  head  of  a  family 
not  exceeding  in  value  $500,  Is  exempt  so  long  as  the 
delitor,  the  widow,  or  the  unmarried  minor  child  shall 
reside  thereon,  although  the  title  to  the  land  shall  be 
in  another.  In  case  there  is  no  family  homestead, 
$S00  additional  personal  property  to  be  selected  by 
appraisers  is  allowed  to  the  head  of  a  family. 

The  earnings  of  the  debtor  for  his  personal  services 
at  any  time  within  3  months  next  preceding,  cannot 
be  applied  by  law  towards  the  satisfaction  of  a  judg- 
ment, if  necessary  for  the  use  of  a  family  supported 
wholly  or  partly  by  his  labour. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

The  law  exempts  from  execution  property,  either 
real  or  personal,  to  the  value  of  $;iOO,  if  claimed  by 
the  debtor,  exclusive  of  ail  wearing  apjiarei,  bibles, 
and  school  books  In  the  use  of  the  family.  This 
privilege  may  be  waived  by  the  debtor  in  the  body 
of  a  note  or  in  a  confesr.ion  of  judgment. 

The  widow  or  children  of  any  decedent  may  retain 


I 


86 


EXEMPTION  LAWS — TIME   INDIOATOB. 


the  Bame  additional  amount  from  the  estate  for  her 
or  their  use. 

TENNESSEE. 

The  usual  simple  articles  of  household  furniture, 
farming  utensils,  and  mechanics'  tools,  etc. 

Also  the  homestead  of  every  hea<l  of  a  family,  to 
the  value  of  $&00,  provided  he  has  had  a  declaration 
and  due  notice  of  such  intention  signed,  sealed,  and 
wltneued,  and  duly  registered  in  the  olSce  of  the 
Register  of  the  County,  and  permanently  '-jldes  on 
the  homestead.  The  widow  of  a  housekeeper,  and 
the  children  during  their  minority,  are  entitled  to  all 
the  benefits  of  the  exemption. 

TEXAS. 

The  lav  exempts  from  sale  on  execution,  and  en- 
titles the  widow  of  decedent  to  200  acres  of  land,  or 
any  town  or  city  lot,  or  lot«,  not  to  exceed  in  value 
92000,  as  the  homestead  of  a  family,  household  and 
kitchen  furniture,  not  to  exceed  in  value  $200.  All 
Implements  of  husbandry,  etc.,  etc.  By  a  recent  de- 
cision of  the  Supreme  Court,  an  unmarried  man  Is 
entitled  to  the  same  exemption,  except  the  200  acres 
of  land.  He  may  retain  a  town  lot  and  improve- 
ments to  the  value  of  $M<>. 

VERMONT. 

The  Homestead  Exemption  Law  is  for  the  value  of 
tSOO.    Mechanics  have  a  lien. 

VIRGINIA. 
In  the  caie  of  a  husband  or  parent,  a  few  house- 


hold articles  of  furniture  and  provisions ;  and  in  case 
of  a  mechanic,  the  tools  and  utensils  of  his  tra<le,  not 
to  exceed  $26  in  value.  Family  portraits  and  en- 
gravings are  expressly  exempted  ftrom  distress  or 
levy.  Slaves,  also,  without  the  debtor's  consent, 
where  there  are  other  goods  and  chattels  of  such 
debtor  sufficient  for  the  purpose. 


WISCONSIN. 

The  law  exempts  from  forced  sale  a  homestead  con- 
sisting of  any  quantity  of  land,  not  exceeding  40  acres, 
used  for  agricultural  purposes,  and  the  dwelllng- 
hoi-se,  and  Its  appurtenances  thereon,  to  be  selected 
by  the  owner  thereof,  and  not  included  In  any  town- 
plot,  or  city,  or  village;  or  instead  thereof,  at  the 
option  of  the  owner,  a  lot  of  land  nc  ^«c»prtlnir  one- 
quarter  of  an  acre,  being  within  a  rccordeu  lowu- 
plot,  or  city,  or  village,  and  the  dwelling-house  there- 
on, and  its  appurtenances.  This  exemption  does  not 
aOTect  any  lal)ourcr's  or  mechanic's  Hen. 

The  law  also  exempts  the  dwelling-house  owned  by 
any  person  and  situate  on  land  not  his  own,  but 
which  land  he  Is  rightfully  in  possession  of  by  lease 
or  otherwise,  provided  be  claims  such  house  as  his 
homestead. 

Owners  of  homesteads  may  remove  ft-om  and  sell 
the  same,  and  such  removal  or  sale  shall  not  render 
the  homestead  subject  to  forced  sale  on  execution 
hereafter  Issued  in  the  State  or  United  States  Courts 
against  the  owner,  except  in  judgment  for  fore- 
closure of  mortgages.  The  homestead  to  descend  to 
the  widow,  who  shal'  hold  It  during  widowhood. 


COMPARATIVE  TIME  INDICATOR, 


iv 


Showing  the  Time  at  the  Principal  Cities  of  the  United  States  and  Canada,  compared  with  Noon 
at  Washington,  New  York  and  Montreal. 

There  is  no  standard  railroad  time  in  America  as  in  Great  Britain.  Each  railroad  com- 
pany odopts  the  time  of  its  own  locality. 

Travellers  are  apt  to  experience  considerable  annoyance  in  consequence  of  such  difference. 
The  only  way  is  to  observe  what  difference  there  is  between  the  time  in  each  particular 
place,  and  arrange  accordingly. 

For  difference  of  time  between  Washington  and  the  chief  cities  in  the  United  States  and 
Canada,  see  Time  Indicator  on  following  page : — 


NOON   AT   NEW  YORK. 

At  ItmUU 

Augusta,  Oa 11  30  a.  m. 

Baltimore,  Md 11  50    " 

Boston 12  12  P.  M. 

Buffalo,  N.  Y 11  40  A.  M. 

Charleston,  S.  C 1186    " 

Chicago.Ill 11    6   " 

Cincinnati,  0 1118    " 

Cleveland,  0 1130    " 

Columbus,  0 11  24    " 

Detroit,  Mich 11  24    " 

Indianapolis,  Ind 11  14    " 

Louisvifie,  Ky 11  14    " 

New  Orleans,  La 10  54    " 

Philadelphia 1155    " 

Pittsburg,  Pa 11  35    " 

Portland,  Me 12  16    " 

Richmond,  Va 11  46    " 

St.  Louis,  Mo 10  55    " 

StPaul,Min 10  45    " 


NOON  AT  MONTREAL. 
At  Ilwittbt 

Boston 12  12  P.  M. 

Buffalo 11  40  A.  M. 

Collingwood,  C.  W 11  33    " 

Goderich,  C.  W 11  28    " 

Hamilton,  C.  W 1135    " 

Kingston,  C.  W 11  49    " 

London,  C.W 1130    " 

New  York  City 11  58    " 

Ottawa,  C.W 1152    " 

Paris,  C.W 1137    " 

Peterborough,  C.  W 11  40   " 

Port  Hope,  C.W 1140    " 

Portland,  Me 12  14  p.  m. 

Quebec,  C.  E 12  10    " 

Richmond 12    6    " 

Sarnia,  C.  W 11  25  a.  M. 

St.  Thomas,  C.  E 12  13    " 

Three  Rivers,  C.  E 12   4  p.  m. 

Toronto,  C.  W 11  36    " 

Windsor,  C.  W 1123  a.m. 


DIFFERENCE 


OF  TIME 

WHEN 


BETWEEN  EUROPE  AND  AMERICA. 


IT  18   NOON 
At  It  Kill  be 

London 4  55  p.  m. 

Liverpool 4  44    " 

Dublin 4  30    •' 

Edinburgh 4  43    " 

Glasgow 4  44   " 


at  new  tokk, 

At  II  t'ili  *• 

Madrid 4  40  p.  m. 

Rome 5  46    " 

Hamburg 5  :i')    " 

Constantinople 6  01    " 

Paris 


mm 


^^S^BS^aM 


■miHHHHE^ 


II 


■M! 


88 


BUSINESS — PAST,   PBESENT,  AND  FUTURE. 


BUSINESS— PAST,   PRESENT,   AND  FUTURE. 

As  upon  the  commercial  positiou  of  affairs  geDerally  depends  the  progress  of  the 
country,  and  happiness  and  comfort  of  the  people,  we  purpose  noticing  here,  briefly, 
tlie  leading  characteristics  of  the  business  done  in  the  United  Stotes  and  Canada  during 
the  year  1867,  comparing  its  disasters  with  those  of  1868,  and  ascertain  something,  if  pos- 
sible, of  the  future. 

From  statistics  published,  we  find  that  in  1867,  throughout  the  entire  United  States, 
there  were  4,932  failures,  involving  an  amount  of  liabilities  of  $291,760,000,  (or  about 
£68,:!60,000  stg.,)  against  which  we  find  that  in  1868  there  were  4,226  failures,  with  lia- 
bilities of  $96,749,662  (or  about  £19,149,982  stg.).  This  shows  a  difference  of  £39,210,- 
068  stg.,  between  the  amount  failed  for  in  1867  and  that  in  1858,  but  in  reality  nearly  the 
whole  of  the  amounts  of  both  years'  failures  are  connected  with  the  trade  of  1857,  and 
thot  which  was  done  previous  to  the  panic  which  set  in  in  October  that  year — tlie  effects 
of  which  were  carried  into,  and  throughout  the  most  part  of  the  year  1868 — thus  showing 
u  grand  total  of  1(387,499,662,  or  within  a  trifle  of  seventy-teven  million*  and  a  half  of 
pounds  ntcrling  of  liabilities. 

Tlie  only  natural  conclusion  is,  as  we  have  stated,  that  this  large  amount  of  money,  has 
accrued  nearly  entirely  from  the  panic,  as  it  is  well-known  that  the  bona-fido  trade  done 
during  the  year  1858,  lias  been  characterized  by  tlie  greatest  caution,  and  there  has  been 
no  business  done  of  a  speculative  kind. 

As  one  of  the  pleasing  features  connected  with  the  panic  of  1867,  is  the  undoubted  fact, 
of  an  immense  amount  of  debts  due  by  parties  with  whom  compromises  were  made,  and 
to  others,  again,  to  whom  time  was  granted  during  the  pressure — having  paid  up  in  full — 
and  even  now,  houses  are  to  be  found  anticipating  the  time  in  paying  up  their  dividends, 
and  paying  in  full.  Independent  of  largo  concerns,  we  believe  that  amongst  the  small- 
er class  of  tradesmen  the  honourable  and  independent  spirit  of  paying  up  every  cent  for 
the  dollar  past  due,  has  been  largely  carried  out,  and  speaks  well  for  the  confidence  which 
is  mutually  exchanged  between  parties,  which,  after  all,  is  more  valuable  in  commercial 
communities,  than  bank  bills. 

Eighteen  hundred  and  fifty-eight,  then,  may  be  said  to  have  seen  the  end  of  the  great 
commercial  disasters,  which  broke  out  first  in  Cincinnati  in  September,  1857,  (in  the  fail- 
ure of  the  Ohio  Life  and  Trust  Company,)  and  which  has  extended  to  very  neorly  every 
corner  of  the  earth.  No  doubt  but  that  in  some  districts,  particularly  in  the  large  cities  of 
the  Northern  and  Western  States,  a  large  amount  of  old  outstanding  debts  are  yet  to  col- 
lect, where  possible;  but  people  now  know  the  extent  of  the  mischief  which  has  been  done, 
and  are  regulating  accordingly.  The  trade  of  the  past  year,  1858,  has,  therefore,  been  the 
commencement  of  another  new  era  in  commercial  affairs,  and  which  will,  no  doubt,  for 
some  time  at  least,  exhibit  more  caution  than  was  shown  for  some  years  previous  to  the 
panic. 

That  the  country  is  already  exhibiting  signs  of  reviving  health  and  strength  in  its  manu- 
facturing, agricultural  and  commerciol  department?  is,  undoubtedly,  a  cheering  fact,  de- 
spite those  complaints  which  now  am'  then  appear  on  the  surface,  when  balancing 
the  books  of  some  of  the  public  companies,  or  fast  young  cities  in  the  west — rising, 
like  the  excrescences,  from  an  unhealthy  body,  to  get  cured,  and  thereby  leaving  the  great 
parent-system  sounder  and  healthier  than  before. 

In  some  of  the  manufacturing  concerns  of  New  England,  two  to  three  months'  orders 
are  in  hand  for  goods  at  present  rates,  und  more  orders  refused,  excepting  at  the  market 
prices,  when  the  goods  are  ready  for  delivery. 

In  commercial  circles,  wholesale  men  nre  looking  forward  to  doing  a  moderately  large 
and  safe  trade  throughout  the  year,  as,  fi/om  the  manner  in  which  all  classes  of  store-keep- 
ers have  been  running  down  their  stocks  for  the  last  fifteen  months,  their  shelves  ore  com- 
paratively bare  of  goods,  so  that  an  ordinary  supply  must  be  had ;  and  judging  frum  the 


BUSINESS — PAST,    PRESENT,    AND  FUTURE. 


89 


indicationB  which  the  spring  trade  already  gives,  tliere  ia  every  reason  for  encouragement 
for  the  future. 

The  emigration  from  Europe  during  1868,  has  fallen  off  very  considerably  compared  with 
previous  years,  no  doubt  owing  to  the  general  stagnation  of  affairs,  together  with  the  in- 
ducements hitherto  held  out  for  emigrating  to  the  Australian  colonies ;  but  as  the  policy 
of  emigrating  even  there  at  present,  is  questionable,  we  have  no  doubt  but  that  in  the 
natural  course  of  events  the  United  States  and  Canada  will  be  enjoying  as  large  a  share  of 
European  emigratbn  as  ever  they  have  done,  as,  what  with  the  banks  full  of  idle  capital, 
the  reeuperative  powers  of  the  country,  the  character  of  the  people,  and  the  favourable 
commercial  prospects  for  the  future,  every  thing  bids  fair  to  see  an  early  revival  of  the 
time  when  things  will  be  going  "  aheud,"  as  usual,  ic  "  full  blast." 

We  invite  attention  to  the  very  valuable  table  of  statistics,  drawn  up  by  Messrs.  B. 
Douglass  dc  Co.,  of  the  Mercantile  Agency,  given  elsewhere,  in  which  will  be  found  some 
interesting  particulars  in  connection  with  the  failures  of  1857  and  1868.  From  it  we  ex- 
tract the  following  statistics,  respecting  the  failures  in  Canada : — 


CANADA.       TOTAL  NUHBEB  OF  FAILURES  FBOM    IST  OF  JANUARY  TO  25tH   DECEMBER. 


Number  of  Failure. 
1857.  1858. 

In  Toronto,  0.  W 25  16 

Remainder  of  Canada  West 109  211 

In  Montreal,  0.  E 15  40 

Remainder  of  Canada  East 15  22 


Total  Liahilvtm.  Total  ZiaMlHieg. 

1857  1858 

f  2,714,000.    [£542,800]  I    $883,876.    f  £76',676l 

2,172,000.    [£484,400]  J  1,805,879.    [£261,1751 

Increase  of  failures  in  Canada  West  in  1858.  08 

Increase  in  Canada  East  in  1858 82 


From  the  above  it  will  be  seen  that  business  has  been  more  healthy  in  Toronto  in  1868 
than  in  1867,  there  being  a  decrease  there  of  9  failures  during  the  12  months  just  ended. 
Whilst  throughout  the  other  portions  of  Canada  West,  there  has  been  an  increase  of  109 
failures,  during  the  same  period.  This  may  be  accounted  for  from  the  fact  of  many  of  the 
failures  in  Toronto  during  the  panic  of  the  last  3  months  of  1857  having  occurred  before 
their  effects  reached  the  country  towns  in  the  province  of  Canada  West. 

In  Montreal  again  the  case  is  reversed,  there  having  been  26  more  failures  in  1868  than 
there  were  there  in  1867,  owing  probably  to  the  same  cause  as  already  alluded  to — that  the 
failures,  during  the  panic  of  1867-8,  were  not  announced  in  Montreal  until  after  1868  came 
in,  and  thus  have  been  included  in  the  returns  for  1868.  In  the  remainder  of  the  province 
of  Canada  East,  the  number  of  faUures,  announced  as  being  22  in  number  for  1868,  also 
shows  an  increase  of  7  over  the  previous  year  (1857). 

Although  these  facts  show,  in  1858,  an  increase  of  failures  in  Canada  West  to  the  extent 
of  sixty-two  per  cent.,  and  in  Canada  East  of  one  hundred  per  cent,  over  those  of  1857,  it 
must  be  borne  in  mind  that  such  increase  is  to  be  entirely  attributed  to  the  eflfects  of  the 
great  panic  which  set  in,  in  October,  1857 — and  that  tliat  increase  more  properly  belongs  to 
the  trade  of  1867  than  that  of  1858,  as  the  trade  of  1868  has  been  characterized  by  extreme 
caution — and  what  has  been  done,  has  been  done  safely — to  a  very  great  extent.  During 
that  time  the  fraudulent  and  weak  in  business  have  been  pretty  well  weeded  out — and  had 
the  last  wheat  crop  not  proved  to  a  very  large  extent  a  failure,  things  would. have  been 
much  better  throughout  Canada  for  the  last  six  months  than  they  were.  Business  matters 
are  now,  however,  upon  a  sound  footing — the  principal  thing  requred  being  good 
crops  for  the  uext  few  years  in  Canada — and  more  particularly  if  the  crops  prove  short 
in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland — this,  together  with  an  addition  to  the  capital  of  the 
country,  is  what  is  wanted  to  render  things  in  Canada  as  lively  and  prosperous  as  ever 
they  were.  ,  '     '      >  .„ 


11^ 


h 


90 


STATISTICS  OF  FAILURES. 


FAILURES  IN  AMERICA  IN  1867  AND  1868. 

Thk  following  tables  of  Statistics  regardin;;  the  number  of  failures  which  havo  occurred 
in  the  United  States  and  Canada,  have  been  compiled  by  Messrs.  B.  Douglass  &  Co.,  of  the 
Mercantile  Agency,  New  York,  from  the  immense  mass  of  information,  which  the  magn 
tudo  of  their  establishment  and  business  relations  has  placed  them  in  possession  of. 

Apart  from  the  facts  with  which  they  are  pregnant,  they  will  form,  in  all  time  coming, 
interesting  memento  of  a  most  eventful  commercial  epoch. 

STATISTICS  AS  TO   FAILURES    FROM   DEO.    26,    1867,  TO   DEC    26,    1&68. 


ZocalUitt, 


Nbv  York— 

N.  Y.  Citj  (incl.  Brooklyn  and  Wmsburg.). 

Albany 

Buifalo 

Oswego 

Rochester 

Syracuse 

Troy 

Utica 

Balance  of  State 

Pknnsylvania — 

Philadelphia 

Pittsburg 

Balance  of  State 

Ohio — 

Cincinnati 

Cleveland 

Balance  of  State 

Indiana 

MiCHIIAN — 

Detroit 

Balance  of  State 

Illinois — 

Chicago .  

Balance  of  State 

lOVA— 

Jub'ique 

£::'.'"ce  of  State 

Wisconsin — 

Milwaul;ee 

Balance  of  Statf. 

MiNNKSOTA  AKP    l  '<CRR1T0RIBS 

Dblawabb  and  F'istrict  of  Coldhbia 

Massachcsstts — 

Boston 

Balance  of  State 

Rhode  Island — 

Providence 

Balance  of  State ... 

CoNNBCiicnr 

Mainb 

Kbw  Hahpshirb 

Vbbmont 

Nbw  Jbrset 

locisiana — 

New  Orleans 

Balance  of  State 

Missouri — 

St.  Louis 

Balance  of  State 

Maryland — 

Baltimore 

Balar.ce  of  State 


1 

i 

>: 

3 

fc-- 

1' 

No. 

;!,- 

•1 

No. 

Dols. 

Dols. 

915 

406 

147,682 

48,777 

86 

22 

23,943 

15,714 

72 

86 

58,667 

16,665 

13 

8 

12,885 

9,200 

81 

15 

27,419 

28,000 

'2» 

19 

15,0;!4 

21,500 

24 

10 

66,958 

27,857 

2(» 

10 

29,250 

21,222 

447 

840 

15,188 

12,698 

280 

109 

117,093 

91,765 

28 

22 

42,250 

27,761 

226 

232 

10,102 

20,088 

96 

51 

40,608 

26,383 

80 

17 

20,438 

15,000 

220 

214 

10,714 

7,817 

139 

127 

11,,  o9 

9,092 

34 

27 

44,580 

38,812 

98 

120 

10,246 

14,  .29 

117 

87 

56,171 

41,272 

199 

805 

13,900 

16,322 

86 

26 

20,417 

81,738 

108 

94 

12,342 

23,363 

19 

21 

20,000 

14  •'b 

101 

];i7 

12,816 

17,V<9 

63 

90 

27,063 

15,176 

20 

46 

13,050 

6,025 

o^j 

i23 

162,095 

38,975 

230 

128 

11,852 

15,139 

35 

17 

180,400 

22,000 

4 

13 

26,250 

21,071 

61 

89 

18,508 

24,870 

81 

61 

13,087 

10,591 

70 

87 

13,257 

10,896 

57 

40 

8,299 

6,968 

86 

60 

13,279 

12,930 

58 

45 

108,862 

77,000 

5 

13 

49,200 

26,300 

49 

22 

112,694 

35,590 

29 

29 

14,931 

21,000 

58 

76 

55,275 

32,140 

41 

92 

17,683 

5,663 

•4 

II 


Dols. 

135,129,000 
838,000 

4,224,000 
161,000 
850,000 
436,000 

1,607,000 
585,000 

6,789,000 

82,954,000 
1,183,000 
2,283,000 

8,898,000 

613,000 

2,857,000 

1,636,000 

1,514,000 
1,004,000 

6,572,000 
2,766,tOC 

785,000 
1,338,000 

880,000 
1,244,000 
1,705,000 

261,000 

41,010,000 
2,611,000 

4,564,000 
105,000 

1,129,000 

1,060,000 
928,000 
473,000 

1,142,000 

6,285,000 
246,000 

5,522,000 
438,000 

8,206,000 
725,000 


Dols. 

17,778,462 
846,708 
599,940 
78,600 
845,000 
408,500 
27^.570 
213,220 
4,815,020 

10,002,885 

610,742 

4,647,656 

1,345,533 

255,000 

1,672,838 

1,154,684 

1,047,924 
1,731,480 

8,590,664 
4,978,210 

825,058 
2,196,122 

814,475 
2,435,723 
1,365,840 

277,150 

4,178,925 
1,937,792 

374,000 
273,923 
2,213,430 
646,051 
40:!,152 
278,720 
775,800 

8,465,000 
341,900 

782,980 
609,000 

2,442,640 
620,996 


STATISTICS  OF  TAILURES. 


01 


BTATIBTIOB  AS  TO  rAILUBU    FROM    DEC.    26,    1807,   TO   DEO.    26,    1868. 

[t'ontintted.] 


LoecUUiu. 


Ebntcckt — 

Louisville 

Balance  of  State. 
Virginia — 

Richmond 

Balance  of  State. 

Grorqia 

Arkansas 

AltABAMA 

Mississippi 

Tennesskb 

Texas 

North  Carolina..., 
South  Carolina — 

Charleston 

Balance  of  State. , 
Florida 


Total  United  States 

Canada  West — 

Toronto 

Balance  Canada  West 

Canada  East — 

Montreal 

Balance  Canada  East 

Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brusnwick. 


v2 


19 
81 

80 

90 

82 

7 

16 
11 
40 
15 
6ii 

31 
24 

7 


4932 

25 

109 

15 
15 
22 


Total  United  States  and  British  Provinces..  5118  4537 


::! 


18 


2 
244 

71 
17 
48 
3« 
103 
28 
90 

20 

21 

6 


4225 

16 

211 


89,842  80,859 
82,484  11,000 


20,033 
10,011 
28,906 
'.4,143 1 
18,437 
40,455; 
17,C.U0, 
26,200 
18,887, 


19,965 
8,950 
19,933 
43,500 
43,474 
29,250 
15,505 
16,694 
16,060 


29,742  28,909 
12,708  11,900 
85,715  23,740 


108,500  28,961 
19,026j  6,189 


40  84,860  27,751 
22;  84,466  28,035 
23 1  62,500  44,428 


i 


1^ 


757,000 
1,007,000 

7S1,000 
882,000 
925,000 
809,000 
295,000 
445,000 
712,000 
898,000 
1,171,000 

922,000 
805,000 
250,000 


291,750,000 

2,714,000 
2,172,000 

523,000 
1,267,000 
1,375,000 


655,462 
682,000 

499,125 
2,183,800 
1,415,243 

739,500 
2,038,752 
1,053,000 
1,597,015 

467,432 
1,499,400 

578,180 
249,900 
142,440 


95,749,662 

383,376 
1,305,879 

1,110,040 

016,770 

1,021,844 


299,801,000  100,187,571 


states  in  which  failures  increased  in  1858. 

Michigan 15 

Illinois 76 

Wisconsin 38 

Minnesota  ond  Territories 27 

Delaware  and  District  of  Columbia 26 

Connecticut 28 

Maryland 69 

Kentucky , 30 

Virginia '. 149 

Georgio 39 

Arkansas 10 

Alabama 32 

Mississippi 25 

Tennessee 63 

Texas 18 

North  Carolina. 28 

Canada  West 93 

Canada  East 32 

Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick 1 


states  in  wmcii  failures  decreased  in  1858. 

New  York  City  and  State 720 

Pennsylvania 171 

Ohio 64 

Indiana 12 

lowii 24 

Massachusetts 232 

Rhode  island , 9 

Maine 20 

New  Hampshire 33 

Vermont 17 

New  Jersey 26 

Louisiana 6 

Missouri 27 

South  Carolina 11 

Florida 1 


M 


FARES  AND   DISTANCES  FROM   NEW   YOKK. 


DISTANCES  AND  FARES  FROM  NEW  YORK. 

In  the  following  table*  will  be  found  the  fare*  and  dUtancea — as  near  as  can  be  ascer- 
tained— from  New  York  to  the  principal  cities  and  towns,  more  particularly  in  the  north 
nad  north-west  districts. 

The  fares  given,  are  first  class,  as  well  as  emigrant  fares  per  railroad  all  the  way ;  also, 
per  railroad  and  steamboats,  where  the  latter  run. 

Although  the  fares  from  New  York  to  the  north  and  west,  are  profetnedly  the  same,  by 
all  the  different  routes,  yet  the  railroad  compaiiics  object  to  publish  emigrant  fares,  which 
ren<lers  a  compilation  of  such  more  than  usually  ditilcult.  The  fares  as  stated,  however, 
we  believe  will  be  found  correct,  or  a'«y  difference  there  may  be,  will  be  trifling.  ITie 
lutinner  fares  are  lower  than  those  now  btated. 

To  the  north  and  west,  the  following  are  the  great  leading  routes; — 

Tub  New  York  and  Ebie  IlAitBOAo. — (Station,  West  street,  foot  of  Duaae  street,)  extend- 
ing to  Buffalo  and  Dunkirk. 

Tub  Hudson  IIiveb  Railroad. — (Station,  corner  of  Warren  street  and  College  Place,)  or 
Link  or  SrEAUEBa  to  Albany — thence  the  New  York  Central  Railroad,  and  others,  from 
there. 

Tur  Pennsylvania  Centbal  Railroad,  by  woy  of  Philadelphia  ond  Pittsburg,  one  of  the 
best  made  lines  in  the  country,  and  through  a  beautiful  district,  now  connected  right 
through  to  Chicago. 

TiiK  Baltimobe  and  Ohio  Ratlkoad,  through  tne  far-famed  scenery  of  the  Alleghany 
Mountains,  and  one  of  the  finest  routes  which  can  be  taken  by  tourists. 

Parties  at  a  loss  for  amount  of  fares  to  any  given  point,  may  calculate  at  the  rate  of  3 
cents  per  mile  first  class,  and  one  cent  a  mile  for  emigrant  class. 

Strangers  will  observe  that  the  fares  are  stated  In  ($)  dollars,  and  (cts.)  cents.  For 
every  dollar  count  4«.  2d.  stg.,  and  for  every  cent,  one-halfpenny  stg.,  which  will  give 
travellers  from  Europe  an  Idea  of  the  fares  In  British  money. 

The  fares  in  the  second  emigrant  column,  do  not  include  meals  on  board  the  steamers 
on  the  Ohio,  Missouri,  and  Mississippi  rivers. 

Emigrants  proceeding  from  New  York,  are  booked  at  Castle  Garden,  or  at  the  office  262 
Canal  street,  near  Washington  street 


name  or  PLACI. 


statb. 


Auburn New  York 

Aurora Illinois 

Alton 1     "        

Albany New  Yoric 

Ann  Arbour Michigan 

Atcliison Kansas  Territory. . 

Batavia New  York 

Burlington Vermont 

Boonevllle Missouri 

Ballin.ore Maryland 

Boston Massachusetts 

Brunswick Missouri 

Belloit Wisconsin 

Bellefontalne Ohio 

Burlington Iowa 

Blooniington Illinois 

Buffalo New  York 

Brockvilie Canada  West 

Cincinnati Ohio 

Camden Missouri 

Chariton Iowa 

Cayuga New  York 

Crestline Ohio 

Colllngwood Canada  West 

Chatham I  "  

Cobourg I " .... 


out.  from  Fint  cUu 
N.Vort.  Fares  iier 
Rallotd.      Rallnuul. 


Milea. 

810 

961 

1U&8 

144 

715 

1605 

405 

805 

1806 

188 

842 

1872 

1071 

6»0 

1148 

1086 

442 

478 

765 

1461 

1260 

829 

680 

628 

680 

606 


9  cti. 

6  48 

25  86 
80  25 

8  00 

17  10 
44  00 

8  26 

7  60 
89  00 

9  00 

8  00 
41  00 

26  86 

18  16 
80  00 

27  00 

9  00 

10  90 
21  00 
41  00 
88  10 

6  70 
10  26 
14  82 
14  60 
18  82 


KMIQRAMT  TARBS. 


Per  lUil- 
road. 


9  c(a, 

11  00 
18  60 

1  60 
9  00 
20  00 
6  00 
6  00 

6  00 
6  00 

12  60 
8  60 

14  00 

12  60 

6  00 

6  60 

10  00 


4  00 
7  76 

5  25 
7  60 

6  00 


Railroad 
A  SUnw. 


9  CU. 

960 
12  00 

7  00 
19  00 


260 

11  00 

760 

12  50 
11  00 


900 


6  "lU 
760 


ft 


FARES  AND  DISTANCES   FROM   NEW   YORK. 


93 


OantiiMaUon  </  Uu  prietding  pagt. 

Him  or  plaoi. 

nATa 

DIM.  IWim 

N,  York. 
Rallnwl. 

V\nX  riMt 
Kunt  Mr 
Hullnwl. 

■MIORAXT 

PnlUll. 
nwl. 

rARM. 

iUFlr<i^ 

Copetown , 

CanadAWeRt 

New  York 

Ohio .!..'.... 

Miles. 

609 

680 

066 

688 

686 

908 

969 

1400 

705 

678 

989 

901 

1096 

1006 

490 

1142 

1204 

469 

996 

497 

1278 

761 

1044 

1064 

1089 

1198 

1270 

499 

as4 

1076 

1070 
620 
696 

1887 
008 
886 
8M 
474 
609 

1044 
490 

1260 

1160 
818 
999 
848 

1198 
821 
948 

1480 

1198 
870 
854 
888 
464 

1608 
800 
666 

1006 

1193 
897 
4nl 
090 
705 
250 
729 
900 

1116 

I4sn 

1211 

993 
1150 
1184 

401 

1085 

1939 

1638 

17 

622 
2219 
1950 

447 

$     Cli. 

10  66 
a  60 

M  00 
\!  00 
24  00 
81  00 
68  60 
19  50 

16  00 
24  50 

26  76 
29  60 

27  00 
10  44 
29  80 

28  80 

10  10 
28  60 

11  50 

85  10 

19  75 

28  00 

29  60 

27  60 

81  15 
89  86 

10  66 
7  00 

29  no 

29  10 

11  40 
18  47 

40  00 
18  88 

20  70 

21  60 
9  81 

10  86 

28  25 

10  60 

82  60 
80  60 

22  60 

27  00 

24  26 

86  on 

20  00 

25  65 

41  (M) 
82  75 

9  10 
24  8f 

22  0^) 
9  fO 

42  0') 

23  no 

12  75 
20  00 
82  60 

23  no 

11  no 

20  70 

17  40 
10  00 

16  25 
22  00 

21  60 
40  00 
37  00 

26  60 

28  60 

29  90 
9  86 

29  60 

61  no 
47  no 
on  25 

17  25 
54  00 
61  00 

9  00 

•    cls. 

6  26 
8  00 
4  60 
6  60 

8  60 

10  00 
14  60 

9  60 

8  60 

11  60 

10  no 

16  00 

12  65 
6  25 

26  00 
18  00 

6  00 
18  60 

6  00 

9  60 
18  75 
16  60 
18  60 
16  00 

6  25 
4  60 

18  60 
14  60 

7  00 
6  60 

18  00 

8  00 
10  00 
10  00 

6  00 
6  75 

18  on 

6  25 

16  no 
14  00 

10  60 
18  00 
12  00 

17  00 

9  50 
12  00 
20  00 

17  00 

11  00 
10  50 

6  00 
20  00 

10  75 

7  75 

11  60 

1  ;■  00 

12  00 

6  00 
12  00 

8  60 

8  00 
10  00 

14  00 

15  00 

12  50 

13  50 

18  75 

7  00 
18  60 

16  00 

00  18 

8  65 
20  00 
15  00 

6  00 

t  Oil. 

6  60 

7  60 

8  60 
18  00 

8  60 

6  no 

0  60 

860 

18  60 

11  26 

18  50 

11  60 

12  60 

7  60 
12  26 
14  00 
12  00 

12  00 

18  00 

IT  00 

860 

8  60 

12  00 

14  60 
12  60 

9  60 
11  60 
11  00 
16  00 

8  00 

9  60 

19  00 
16  00 

6  00 
10  00 

860 

10  00 
8  75 

10  00 

16  60 

11  00 

10  60 

7  60 

8  60 

12  60 
18  00 
18  00 

9  50 
12  00 
12  76 

11  60 

17  75 

18  00 

Ctpo  Vincent 

Oanandalguft 

Cleveland ; 

Golumbua 

II 

Chicago 

Illlnoli 

Cairo 

II 

Council  UluIIli 

Iowa. 

Ohio 

Detroit 

Michigan 

Illinois 

Uanvllle 

Decatur 

II 

Dunleltb 

II 

Dixon 

II 
Canada  West.!!!! 

Dundaa 

Dubuque 

Davenport 

11 

Dunkirk 

New  York 

Indiana 

Pennsylvania 

Iowa 

EvansvlUe 

Erie 

Eddyvllle 

Kort  Wayne 

Indiana 

Fulton 

Illinois 

Fond  du  Lao 

Wisconsin 

Illlnolg 

Freeporl 

Fahfleld 

Iowa 

Fort  dea  Moines 

II 

Flatnborough 

floneva  

Canada  West 

New  York 

Illinois 

II 

Ouelph 

Canada  West 

II 

Glasgow 

Goderich 

Grand  KaplJii 

Canada  West 

Michigan. 

Canada  West 

11 

Wisconsin 

Canada  West 

Grand  Haven 

Grimsby 

Hamilton 

Hannibal 

Iowa  City 

Iowa 

Indianapolis 

JanesvlUe 

Wisconsin . 

Indiana 

JelTersonville 

Jefferson  City 

Minsourl            .... 

Kalamazoo 

Kenosha 

Michigan 

Wiscoiuln 

Kansas 

Kansas  City 

Keokuk 

Kingston 

Canada  West 

Kentucky  .         ... 

Lexington 

Logansport 

Indiana ■.... 

New  York 

Lewlston 

Leavenworth  City 

Lafayette 

Indiana  .           ... 

London 

Canada  West 

Illinois 

Lasalle 

Wisconsin 

Louisville 

Canada  East 

Illinois 

Mount  Vernon 

Ohio 

Mount  Vernon 

Virginia 

Ohio 

Mansfield 

Michigan  City 

Illinois        

Memphis,  via  St.  Louis  . . . 

"        via  Cairo 

Milwaukee 

Tennessee 

II 

Wisconsin 

II 

Madison .... 

Muscatine 

New*irg 

Naples 

Natchez 

Napoleon 

Newark 

Newark 

New  Orleans,  via  St.  Louis 

via  Cairo  . . . 

Niagara  Falls 

CftnaiU  West 

Illinois 

MlssLs.sippi 

New  Jersey 

Ohio 

1        II 

i  New  Y'ork 

'/! 


94 


FARES  AND  DISTANCES  FROM  NEW  YORK. 


ContinuaUon  qfprtoeding  pag». 


/ 


KAin  Of  PLACK. 

BTATI. 

Dlit.  ttom 
N.  York. 
Ritllnwd. 

Pint  cIm 
FurMiMr 
Railroad. 

KUIOHAMT 

FA  BBS. 

Per  R«U- 
itwd. 

Railroad 
a.  SiM'er 

Oiwego *........ 

NewYork 

Canada  West.  .... 

New  fork 

Pennsylvania' 

Illinois 

MUes. 

2TT 

460 

463 

00 

1069 

840 

788 

112S 

1466 

602 

466 

619 

609 

449 

443 

1100 

1196 

804 

1150 

867 

998 

1095 

868 

1000 

254 

289 

1466 

607 

678 

660 

246 

1080 

728 

242 

405 

447 

1078 

1589 

1899 

1*} 

629 

090 

886 

744 

289 

944 

1668 

1088 

886 

1048 

1800 

»»8 

1816 

226 

676 

007 

low 

685 
602 

$  cts. 

700 
11  87 
10  25 

8  00 

28  00 
21  50 
20  50 

81  25 

40  50 
10  86 

10  50 

11  16 
18  86 

10  60 
18  00 
87  00 

29  76 

8  26 

82  00 

9  00 
26  00 
28  86 

7  60 
26  76 
6  20 
660 
89  60 
50  10 
16  86 

16  00 
606 

28  00 
18  90 

6  00 
15  00 

9  00 
81  00 
44  00 

42  00 
4  00 

11  60 

17  00 

24  75 

18  70 
490 

26  75 
49  00 
28  00 

7  70 
28  26 

41  60 

25  00 
86  60 

7  50 

15  87 

16  50 

43  00 

19  60 
18  76 

%  Cts. 
450 

0  90 
12  50 

10  25 
9  00 

16  26 
14  00 

1  00 

7'66 
600 

f'oo 

16  76 

16  60 
600 

12  28 

13  00 
5  00 

12  60 
8  60 

18  00 

7  50 

7  75 

8  00 
12  76 

900 
8  76 
S  60 
5  00 

14  00 
21  00 
18  26 

2  50 
660 

8  25 

11  60 

9  00 
2  50 

12  60 

15  Oo 
14  00 

4  00 
18  00 

11  50 
18  00 

5  50 

8  00 

926 

9  00 

$  Cts. 

760 

11  00 

826 

8  00 

14  76 

18  00 

7  00 
TOO 

600 

14  25 

14  00 

960 
11  50 

2  76 
17  00 

6  00 

11  00 

8  00 

12  00 
16  76 

6  00 

10  60 

11  50 

13  60 
11  50 

9  00 
16  60 

600 

880 
800 

Ottawa 

Offdensbursr. 

PhiladelphTa 

Peoria 

Peru 

Ohio 

Prairie  du  Clilen 

Wisconsin 

11 

Canada  West 

41 
11 

11        WW 

Maine 

Prescott 

Preston 

Prescott 

Paris 

Port  Hope , 

Portland. 

Pittsbflrg 

Pennsylvania 

Portage  City 

Plattsburg 

Wisconsin 

Illinois 

Rouse's  Point 

New  York 

Wis'^onsin 

Illinois 

New  York 

Illinola 

Roclcford 

Rome 

New  York 

Vermont 

Rutland 

Red  Wing 

Minnesota 

Towa 

Ohio 

Sidney 

Sanduslcy 

Shelby 

11 

SoriDfirfleld  ... 

Sprtngfleid 

Springfield 

Illinois 

Ohio 

Syracuse 

Steubenviile 

Suspension  Bridge 

St.  Louis 

New  York 

Ohio 

Niagara 

Missouri 

St.  Joseph 

11 

St.  Paul 

Minnesota 

New  York 

Canada  West 

Ohio 

Toronto 

Toledo. . , 

Terre  Haute 

Indiana    

Urbana 

Ohio 

Utlca 

Vincennes 

Vlcluburg 

Watertown 

Watertown 

New  York 

Mississippi 

Wisconsin 

New  York 

Wisconslo.  .„ 

Iowa.  ..,,,, 

Whitewater 

WInterset 

Waukegan 

Wisconsin 

Minnesota 

Dist.  of  Columbia. 

Canada  West 

Virginia 

Missouri 

Ohio 

Washington 

Wheeling 

Weston 

Xenla 

ZanesvlUe 

11 

14«. 
23«. 
24«. 

28«. 

20». 
26«. 


26«. 
IS«. 
14«. 
15«. 
22«. 

27«. 
8«. 
22». 
8«. 
4«. 
12». 

22*. 
16». 


12«. 
Us. 
14#. 
16«. 
1S«. 

18#. 
29«. 
20«. 
12«. 


16«. 


■P 


lHiiiiiiHyii|i[    jil»ill.JtM       .    lillimii  II.-.IH.IT" 


FARES,  DISJ'iO^CES,  AND  ROUTES  FROM  QUEBEC. 


96 


DISTANCES  AND  FARES  FROM  QUEBEC. 


EXPLANATION  OF  THB   INITIALS  IN  THB   B0DTB9. 


G.  T.  E,— Grand  Trunk  Ralliray. 

0.  8.  A  H,  R. — Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Huron  Railway. 

G.  W.  R.— Great  Western  Railway. 


0.  &  P.  R.— Coburg  and  Peterborough  Railway. 
P.  &  0.  R.— Presoott  and  Ottawa  Railway. 
£.  T.— Eastern  Townihlpa,  Lower  Canada. 


Emigrant  Fare 
by  Railway. 


Sterling.    $  ct«, 


22«. 
26«. 
lit. 
2^. 
12«. 
16«. 
22«. 
26«. 


24«. 
188. 
28«. 
18«. 
28«. 
10«. 
17«. 
8«. 
11«. 


14«. 
23«. 
Us. 

28*. 

208. 
268. 


PLACES 
IN   OANABA. 


B  50 
6  CO 

8  eo 

6  bO 
8  00 
4  00 
660 
6  26 


600 
4  60 
7  00 
460 
T  00 
2  60 
4  26 
2  00 
2  T6 


8  50 
6  75 
6  00 

6  76 

6  00 
6  60 


268. 

660 

168. 

8  76 

148. 

8  60 

158. 

8  75 

228. 

660 

278. 

6  76 

88. 

200 

228. 

5  60 

88. 

2  00 

48. 

1  00 

128. 

8  00 

228. 

660 

168. 

400 

128. 

8  00 

248. 

6  00 

148. 

860 

168. 

8  76 

188. 

4  60 

188. 

8  26 

298. 

7  26 

208. 

6  00 

128. 

8  00 

2S8. 

6  76 

188. 

4  00 

188. 

460 

n». 

6  50 

u«. 

6  00 

S28. 

660 

lActon.West 

jBarrte 

Belleville 

{ Bondhead  

Brockville 

Brighton 

Brampton 

Berlin 

Baltimore 

Bradlns 

Bradford 

BowmanvlUe 

Chatham 

COBOURG 

COLLINGWOOD 

Cornwall 

Colbome 

Compton 

Dickenson's  Landing 

Duffln's  Creek 

Davenport 

Eckfried 

!  Edwardsbnrg 

Uananoque 

'  Georgetown 

I  Guelph 

'  Glourester 

iGalt 

Grafton 

HAMILTON 

'  Hamburg 

Holland  Landing 

Uarrisburg 

Harwood 

Indian  Tillage 

Ingersoll , 

KINGSTON 

Kemptville 

Kelley's , 

Keene 

King 

LONDON 

Lennoxville 

Lefroy 

Lancaster 

MONTREAL 

Matilda 

Morgan's 

Niagara  

Napanee 

Newtonvlile 

Newcastle 

!  Norton 

Newmarket 

OTTAWA 

Oliver's  Ferry,  (Rldeau  Canal) 

Oshawa 

Oxford 

Osgoode 

Owen  Sound 

Oakvllle 

I'rescott 

Paris 

Perth,  (Uathursi  District). 


PORT  HOPE.. 

'  Peterboro.   

j  Preston 

Richmond  Hill. 


S  . 

680 
666 
888 
493 
298 
410 
622 
668 
J86 
,14 
j44 
467 
679 
481 
698 
286 
417 
184 
246 
478 
607 
686 
278 
323 
6.S0 
660 
824 
670 
424 
639 
676 
583 
568 
440 
449 
592 
840 
804 
816 
462 
669 
616 
128 
60P 
22i 
168 
267 
466 
687 
867 
448 
464 
167 
642 
886 
853 
467 
298 
812 
680 
618 
281 
565 


487 
459 
673 
517 


By  G.  T.  R.  from  Toronto 

"  0.  8.  and  H.  R.  from  Toronto. 

"  G.T.R 

"       '•       and  Steamer 


ROUTES. 


"        "        from  Toronto.  , 

"  Railway  from  Cobourg. 
It       i(  i( 

from  Toronto.  , 


"  G.  T.  R. 

"  O.  W.  R.  from  Hamilton 

"  G.  T.  R.  and  Steamer 

"  0.  S.  and  H.  R.  from  Toronto. 
"  G.T.R 


"     via  Richmond 

"     or  Steamer  from  Montreal, 
u 

0.  S.  and  H.  R.  from  Toronto.  . . 

G.  W.  R.  from  Hamilton 

G.  T.  R 


from  Toronto. 


"  G.  T.  and  P.  and  0.  R.  [rlsburg, 
From  Hamilton  by  G.  W.  R.  via  Har- 
By  Steamer  on  G.  T.  R 


"  G.  T.  R.  from  Toronto 

"  0.  S.  and  U.  R 

"  G.  W.  R.  from  Hamilton 

"  G.  and  P.  R.  from  Cobourg. 


"  G.  W.  R.  from  Hamilton.  . . 

"  G.  T.  R.  or  Steamer 

"  P.  and  0.  K.  from  Prescott. 


'  C.  and  P.  R.  from  Cob."  urg. . . . 
"  0.  S.  and  H.  R.  from  T  jronto. 

"  G.  W.  R.  from  Hamllt  in 

"  G.  T.  R.  via  Richmond 

"  0.  8.  and  H.  R.  from  Toronto. 
"  G.  T.  R.  or  Steamer 


"  C.  and  P.  R.  from  Cobourg. 

From  Toronto  by  Steamer 

By  G.  T.  R 


Emigrant  Fare 

by  Steamer 

and  Railway. 


Sterling. 


21«. 

2l8. 
168. 
178. 
108. 


158. 
168. 


t  Ota. 


188.  «d. 
248.  6<;. 
188.  6d. 
228.  M. 
ls.6d. 


9s. 

198. 

228. 

28s. 

98. 
108. 
22s. 
208. 
128. 
198. 

178.  M. 
288. 

2l8. 

228. 
18». 

188. 

228. 
128. 
128. 

138. 
198. 

288. 
248. 

198.  ed. 
6s.  6(1. 

88. 

108. 

188. 
198. 

138.  6d. 


"        "        via  Richmond 

"  0.  S.  and  H.  R.  from  Toronto.  . 

"  P.  and  0.  R.  from  Prescott 

"  "  via  Kemptville ! 

"  O.  T.  R.  or  Steamer I 

"  P.  and  0.  R.  from  Prescott ' 

ti  a  (.  a 

"  0.  S.  and  H.  R.  from  Toronto.  '. '.  \ 
"  Steamer  or  G.  T.  R 


"  O.  W.  R.  from  Hamilton 

"  Riillroad  from  Brockville,  nearly 

opened 

"  G.  T.  R.  or  Steamer 

"  C.  and  P.  R.  from  (^bourg 

"  G.  W.  R.  from  Hamilton  via  Gait. 
"  0.  8.  and  H.  R 


288. 

6  76 

118.  6(1. 

2  87 

lis. 

2  76 

168. 

400 

128. 

3  00 

13*. 

«  26 

26s.  6d. 

«  72 

168.6(2. 

4  12 

108. 

2  60 

208. 

6  00 

148. 

8  60 

18s.  6d. 

8  87 

198. 

4  76 

228.  6<i. 

6  62 

198.  6rf. 

4  87 

Continued  on  n€(ei  page. 


6  26 
625 
8  7S 
425 
2  60 


6  76 
8  76 
4  00 
6  00 
8  87 
6  12 
3  87 
6  62 
1  87 


2  26 

4  75 

6  50 

7  00 
2  25 

2  50 
6  50 

5  00 

3  00 

4  75 

4  87 

6  76 
6  26 
6  60 
460 
4  60 
6  60 

8  00 

3  00 
8  26 

4  76 
6  76 
6  00 

4  87 

1  62 
0  76 

2  50 
450 
4  76 

8  87 


wmmsam 


96 


DISTANCES  FROM  QUEBEC   AND  KOUTES  ON   ST.   LAWRENCE. 


Continuation  <if  preceding  page. 


Emigrant  Fare 
by  Railway. 

Ste-Ung. 

$Ct8. 

4«. 

1  00 

2  00 
660 

26«. 

6  60 

16«. 

4  00 

20«. 

2l8. 

600 
625 

16». 
19». 
26«. 
lis. 

8T5 
4  75 
6  60 
2  75 

2*9.  (W. 

7  13 

86«. 
40i. 

9  00 
10  00 

PLACES 
IN  CANADA. 


Richmond,  E.  T 

Ronianville 

Slierbroolie 

Bt.  Catliarine'g 

Sliakespeare 

Stratford  

Spencerville 

Simnonvllle 

gcarborougti 

TORONTO  

Tliorniilll , 

Tyandenaga 

Trenton  

Wliitby 

Woodstock 

Williamsburg 

Weston « 

Windsor,  (opposite  Detroit). , 


St.  Andrew's,  (N.  Brunswick)    629 
St.  John's,  "  i   676 


a  . 

o  u 

1=^ 


96 
468 
120 
660 
6S2 
689 
291 
881 
488 
500 
512 
877 
400 
471 
587 
260 
610 
681 


ROUTES. 


By  G.  T.  R. 


[  From 
ByG. 


Hamilton  by  G.  W.  R. 
T.  R.  from  Toronto. . . 


"  P.  and  0.  R.  from  Prescott. , 


Emigrant  Fare 

by  Steamer 

and  Railway. 


Sterling. 


O. 
0. 
0. 

G. 
O. 
G. 
G. 
G. 


T.  R.  or  Steamer 

S.  and  H.  R.  from  Toronto, 
T.R 


T.  R.  or  Steamer 

W.  R.  from  Hamilton 

T.  R.  or  Steamer.  [ronto. 
T.  or  O.  S.  and  H.  R.  from  To- 
W.  R.  from  Hamilton 


j  By  G.T.  R.  to  Portland,and  thence 
(         by  Steamer. 


20«. 

26«. 
12«. 


17«.  m. 
220. 

16«. 

16«.  M. 
28«. 

18«.  M. 
25«. 


lots. 


6  00 

6  26 

8  00 


48T 

660 

8  75 

4  12 

5  76 
2  12 
4  62 
626 


The  fares  quoted  above  are  emigrant  fares — equivalent  to  the  Ihh'il  class  of  Great  Britain. 

The  first  class  fare  from  Quebec  to  any  station,  per  rail,  la  about  three  cents  per  mile.  Through  fares — to 
Montreal,  $6  ;  to  Toronto,  $16. 

Second  ckiss  carriages  are  run  on  the  Grand  Trunk  Railroad.    Fare  about  two  cents  per  mile. 

Fares  being  subject  to  alterations,  we  cannot  guarantee  the  absolute  correctness  of  the  figures  stated  for 
the  whole  year,  but  any  difference  there  may  be  will  be  trifling. 

Children  under  12  years  of  age,  half  fare ;  under  H  years,  free. 

All  emigrants'  baggage  is  carried  free  along  the  railroads  In  Canada,  whereas  only  60  lbs.  weight  is  allowed 
free  on  the  lines  in  the  United  States.  ; 


STEAMBOAT  ROUTE  ON  THE  ST.   LAWRENCE. 


[Down  the  Blver  from  I.ewiston,  (Niagara,) 
to  Quebon.] 

From 
riacej.  Miles.  LewUtoii. 

LEWI8T0.N 0  0 

Youngstown 0  6 

Niagara,  Canada 1  7 

Charlotte,  or  Port  Genesee..  80  87 

Pultneyvllle 20  107 

Sodus  Point 10  117 

OswKoo 80  147 

Stoney  Point  and  Island.. . .  38  180 

Sackct's  Harbour 12  192 

Grand,  or  Wolfe  Island 28  220 

KiNusTos,  Canada 10  280 

(Thousand  Islands.) 

Clayton,  or  French  Creek  . .  24  254 

Alexandria  Bay 12  266 

Brockville,  Canada 22  2S8 

Morristown 1  289 

OoDKusBrBo,  or  Pbkscott  . .  11  800 

Gallop  liaplds 6  806 

Point  Iroquois 6  812 

Matilda 2  314 

Rapid  Plat 6  319 

WiLLiAusnrRO 2  821 

Farren's  Point 11  8)i2 

Dickenson's  Landing 4  886 

(Long  ii^aut  Rapid.) 

CoHNWAi.L 10  846 

St.  KegU 8  849 

(N.  Y.  State  Line.) 

Lancaster 18  862 

CoTKAu  DU  Lac 16  878 

Cedar  Rapids 6  888 

Split  Hock  Rapids 3  Sai 

Cascade  Rapids 8  888 

Beauharnols 1  8$9 

La  Chine 18  407 

MONTRKAL 9  416 

Wii.uAM  IIknby 46  401 

Lake  St.  Peter 10  471 

TnniK  RIVKR.S 85  600 

Richelieu  Rapids 85  511 

QUKHEC 45  686 


[Up  the  River  from  Quebec  to  Lewiston, 
(Niagara).] 

From 
Plnces.  Mllea.    Ouebeo. 

QUEBEC 0  0 

Richelieu  Rapids 46  46 

Thhkk  Rivkrs 86  80 

Lake  St.  Peter 80  110 

William  Hknhy 15  125 

MONTREAL 45  170 

La  Chink,  cia  Canal 9  179 

Beauharnols 18  197 

Cascade  Rapids 1  198 

Spilt  Hock  Uaplds. .   8  201 

CedarRapida 2  208 

CoTEAu  DU  Lao 6  208 

Lancaster 10  224 

St.  Regis 18  237 

(N.  Y.  State  Line.) 

Cornwall 8  240 

(liong  Saut  Rapid. 

Dickenson's  Landing 10  250 

Farren's  Point 4  264 

Williamsburg 11  266 

RapliI  Plat 2  207 

Matilda 6  272 

Point  Iroquois 2  274 

Gallop  Rapids 0  280 

Prescott,  or  Oodknsburq  . .     0  286 

Maltland 7  298 

Urockvillk 5  293 

(Thousand  Islands.) 

Alexandria  Bay 22  882 

Clayton,  or  French  Creek . .  12  844 

Grand,  or  Wolfe  Island 

KiNdSTiiN,  Canada 24  868 

Sacket's  Harbour 88  892 

Stoney  Point  and  Island... .  12  404 

OswEOD 83  416 

Sodus  Point 30  446 

Pultneyvllle 10  460 

Charlotte,  or  Port  Genesee.  20  476 

Niagara,  (  nnada 80  653 

Youngstown 1  6.57 

Lewihton 6  603 


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